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Grey Chief

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Grey chief

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Chief Wolf

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J.R.R. Tolkien

2025-09-21T18:58:21Z

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{{short description|Architect of Arda}}
{{disambig-more|J.R.R. Tolkien|[[J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{disambig-more|Tolkien|[[Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{author infobox
| image=J.R.R. Tolkien, ca. 1925.jpg
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien
| born=[[3 January]] [[1892]] [[Bloemfontein]], [[Orange Free State]]
| died=[[2 September]] [[1973]] (aged 81 years) [[Bournemouth]], England
| education=[[University of Oxford]]
| occupation=Academic Author Philologist Poet
| location=[[Wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com Tolkien: The official site of the Tolkien Estate]
}}

{{quote|I said, outside Lichfield Cathedral, to a friend of my youth – long since dead of gas-gangrene (God rest his soul: I grieve still) – ‘Why is that cloud so beautiful?’ He said: ‘Because you have begun to write poetry, John Ronald.’ He was wrong. It was because Death was near, and all was intolerably fair, lost ere grasped. That was why I began to write poetry.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], footnote to [[Letter 43]] to [[Michael Tolkien]]}}

'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], ([[3 January]], [[1892]] – [[2 September]], [[1973]]) was a philologist and writer, best known as the author of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He worked as reader and professor in English language at the [[University of Leeds]] from [[1920]] to [[1925]]; as professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] language at the [[University of Oxford]] from [[1925]] to [[1945]]; and of English language and literature from [[1945]] until his retirement in [[1959]]. Tolkien was a close friend of [[C.S. Lewis]], and a member of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group to which both Lewis, [[Owen Barfield]], and various other celebrated authors belonged.

Tolkien created a ''[[legendarium]]'', a fictional mythology about the remote past of Earth, of which [[Middle-earth]] in particular is the main stage. Included in his legendarium are ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' along with ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series (both posthumously published by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]). Tolkien's other published works include philological essays, modern adaptations of medieval literature and other stories not directly related to the legendarium, many of which were originally stories written for his children. Tolkien is often referred to as the "father" of modern fantasy and is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time.

==Biography==
===Family ancestry===
:''See also: [[Tolkien Family]] & [[Suffield Family]]''

Many of Tolkien's paternal ancestors were craftsmen.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183343/http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf|articlename=On J.R.R. Tolkien's Roots in Gdańsk|dated=November 2017|website=|accessed=24 February 2024}}</ref> According to Tolkien's own understanding,<ref group="note">As [[Ryszard Derdziński]] points out, Tolkien's knowledge of his family history came primarily from family legends.</ref> the [[Tolkien Family]] had its roots in Saxony (present-day Germany), but had been living in England since the 18th century, becoming "quickly and intensely English (not British)".<ref name="l165">{{L|165}}</ref> Tolkien believed that the name ''Tolkien'' was the anglicised form of ''Tollkiehn'' (i.e. German: ''[[Wiktionary:tollkühn|tollkühn]]'', "foolhardy", the etymological English calque would be "dull-keen", a literal translation of "oxymoron").<ref name="l324">{{L|324}}</ref> Research by linguist [[Ryszard Derdziński]] suggests that the family is of Low Prussian descent and consequently, the name is of [[Wikipedia:Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] origin and probably means "son/descendant of Tolk".<ref>[[Ryszard Derdziński]], Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena</ref> Tolkien was dismissive of this theory.<ref>{{L|349}}</ref> Tolkien's name was often misspelt ''[[Tolkein]]'', a source of irritation for him.<ref name="l324" /><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>

The [[Suffield Family]] had its origin in the small town of [[Evesham]], Worcestershire and for that reason he considered Worcestershire to be a home to him.<ref name="l44" /> By the time Tolkien was born, most of the family lived in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="BII" /> After [[Arthur Tolkien]]'s death and being raised around the Suffields, he developed a strong affection for them and later wrote "though a Tolkien by name, I am a Suffield by tastes, talents, and upbringing, and any corner of that county [Worcestershire] (however fair or squalid) is in an indefinable way 'home' to me, as no other part of the world is."<ref name="BII" /><ref name="l165" /><ref name="l44" />

===Childhood===
[[File:1984 Commemorative Plaque.JPG|thumb|left|[[Plaques and Memorials|Plaque]] commemorating J.R.R. Tolkien's birthplace on President Steyn Avenue, [[Bloemfontein]].]]

Tolkien was born on [[3 January]] [[1892]], in [[Bloemfontein]] in the [[Orange Free State]] (now the Free State province of South Africa) to [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]] ([[1857]] – [[1896]]), an English bank manager, and his wife [[Mabel Tolkien|Mabel, ''née'' Suffield]] ([[1870]] – [[1904]]). He was addressed by his family as “Ronald” as it had no history of use in the Tolkien family.<ref name="BII" /> He was christened later that month, on [[31 January]] at the [https://bloemcathedral.co.za/cathedral-history/ Cathedral of St. Andrew and St. Michael].<ref name="BII" />

Around the time he was learning to walk, he was bitten by a large tarantula,<ref group="note">Likely a baboon spider as they are the only tarantula species native to South Africa.</ref> which many believe echoes in his stories.<ref name="BII" /><ref>{{webcite|author= Emmet Asher-Perrin|articleurl=https://reactormag.com/we-can-probably-blame-the-tarantula-that-bit-j-r-r-tolkien-for-most-giant-spiders-in-fantasy/|articlename=We Can Probably Blame the Tarantula That Bit J.R.R. Tolkien For Most Giant Spiders in Fantasy|dated=4 November 2016|website=[https://reactormag.com/ Reactor Magazine]|accessed=31 March 2024}}</ref> However, Tolkien insisted that he did not develop a particular fear of spiders after this event, and when he was older, recalled picking small spiders up and putting them outside.<ref name="l163" /> Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary Arthur Reuel]], who was born on [[17 February]] [[1894]] when Tolkien was age two.<ref name="BII" />

Tolkien's health struggled in the South African environment, and as a result, he was forced to remain inside much of the day because of the heat. Believing that cooler air would help, when he was three, Tolkien's mother brought him and Hilary to England on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. During this visit, his father died in South Africa of a severe brain haemorrhage before he could join them. This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in [[Birmingham]], England. Soon after in [[1896]], they moved to Sarehole (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham. Tolkien later described his years in Sarehole as the most formative of his life.<ref name="BII" />

Mabel tutored her two sons, and Tolkien was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of botany, and she awoke in her son the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. But his favourite lessons were those concerning languages. His mother taught him the rudiments of [[Latin]] very early. He could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. The first story Tolkien could remember writing was a story about a [[Dragon]] written at about the age of 7, and later all he could recall of it was being perplexed by the rules regarding English adjective order.<ref name="BII">{{B|II}}</ref><ref name="l163" />

After originally failing the entrance exam in [[1899]], Tolkien was enrolled at [[King Edward's School]] in [[1900]]. Trains were too expensive and the trams did not run to their house so the 8-year-old Tolkien was forced to walk 8 miles to school every day. Shortly after they moved to a house in Moseley, a suburb of Birmingham, nearer to the city centre.<ref name="BII" /> While a student at King Edward's he helped "line the route" for the coronation parade of King George V, being posted just outside the gates of Buckingham Palace.<ref name="l306" />

His mother converted to Roman Catholicism in [[1900]], and afterwards raised her sons Catholic, despite vehement protests by her Anglican family. For the rest of his life, Tolkien felt that she had become a martyr for her faith; this had a profound effect on his own Catholic beliefs.<ref name="l44">{{L|44}}</ref> In [[1902]] she enrolled her sons at St Philip's Grammar School, where they could receive a Catholic education with a lower tuition and they moved to a house next door to the school. Tolkien quickly outpaced his classmates so after receiving a scholarship his mother pulled him out and reenrolled him in King Edward's School.<ref name="BII" />
[[File:Ronald and Hilary Tolkien.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Ronald and Hilary Tolkien in 1905]]
In April of [[1904]], Mabel Tolkien was hospitalized and diagnosed with diabetes and Tolkien went to stay with his Aunt [[Jane Neave|Jane]]. When she was well enough, they moved to a cottage in [[Wikipedia:Rednal|Rednal]] where she could recover in the country air. Unfortunately, his mother's health began to deteriorate again and she died on [[14 November]] after six days in a diabetic coma leaving the 10 and 12 year old, Hilary and Ronald.<ref name="BII" />

During his subsequent orphanhood, he was under the guardianship of [[Francis Xavier Morgan]] of the [[Birmingham Oratory]]. Where they should be raised quickly became an issue; several family members wished to contest Mable Tolkien's will and send them to a protestant boarding school but a few weeks after their mother's death they were sent to live with their aunt [[Beatrice Suffield]]. She was not a very caring guardian, at one point burning their mother's letters, not realizing they would want to keep them. As a result, they would end up spending much of their time at the Oratory which they came to view as their true home. In [[1908]] they moved to [[37 Duchess Road]] where a Mrs Faulkner gave them a room.<ref name="BII" />
===Youth===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - 1911.jpg|left|thumb|150px|J.R.R. Tolkien in 1911]]
While living at 37 Duchess Road, Tolkien met and fell in love with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Mary Bratt]], three years his senior, at the age of sixteen.<ref name="BII" /> After learning of their relationship, Father Francis forbade him from meeting, talking, or even corresponding with her until he was twenty-one.<ref name="l43">{{L|43}}</ref> They only once tried to disobey this rule but after Father Francis found out they didn't see each other aside from accidental sightings for another three years.<ref name="BII" />

In [[1911]], while they were at King Edward's School, Tolkien and three friends, [[Robert Quilter Gilson]], [[Christopher Wiseman]], and later [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]], formed a semi-secret society which they called "the [[T.C.B.S.]]", the initials standing for "Tea Club and Barrovian Society", alluding to their fondness of drinking tea in Barrow's Stores near the school and, illegally, in the school library. After leaving school, the members stayed in touch, and on [[25 December]] [[1914]], they held a "Council" in London, at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to writing poetry.<ref name="BII" />

In the summer of 1911, Tolkien went on holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in [[Letter 306|a 1968 letter]], noting that Bilbo's journey across the [[Misty Mountains]] ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of twelve hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen, and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn ("the Silvertine ([[Celebdil]]) of my dreams"). They went across the Kleine Scheidegg on to Grindelwald and across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen. They continued across the Grimsel Pass and through the upper Valais to Brig, and on to the Aletsch Glacier and Zermatt.<ref name="l306">{{L|306}}</ref>

[[File:Tolkien (1915–9) Colorized.png|thumb|Tolkien wearing his British Army uniform in a photograph from 1916 (colourized)]]

On the evening of his twenty-first birthday ([[1913]]), Tolkien wrote to Edith a declaration of his love and asked her to marry him. She replied saying that she was already engaged, but had done so because she had believed Tolkien had forgotten her. The two met up and beneath a railway viaduct renewed their love, with Edith returning her ring and choosing to marry Tolkien instead. They were engaged in Birmingham, in January [[1913]], and married on [[22 March]] [[1916]].<ref name="BII" /><ref name="l43" />

Tolkien and Edith had four children: [[John Tolkien|John Francis Reuel]] ([[16 November]] [[1917]] - [[22 January]] [[2003]])<ref name="bustle">{{webcite|author=Danielle Burgos|articleurl=https://www.bustle.com/p/what-happened-to-jrr-tolkiens-children-they-all-dealt-with-their-fathers-considerable-legacy-differently-17854171?scrlybrkr=b21a79f2|articlename=How J.R.R. Tolkien’s Children Dealt With Their Legendary Father’s Legacy|dated=9 May 2019|website=[https://www.bustle.com/ Bustle]|accessed=22 March 2024}}</ref>, [[Michael Tolkien|Michael Hilary Reuel]] ([[22 October]] [[1920]] - [[27 February]] [[1984]])<ref name="bustle" />, [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher John Reuel]] ([[21 November]] [[1924]] - [[16 January]], [[2020]])<ref>{{webcite|author= Katharine Q. Seelye; Alan Yuhas|articleurl=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/books/christopher-tolkien-dead.html|articlename=Christopher Tolkien, Keeper of His Father's Legacy, Dies at 95|dated=16 January 2020|website=[https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times]|accessed=22 March 2024}}</ref> and [[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla Anne Reuel]] ([[18 June]] [[1929]] - [[28 February]] [[2022]])<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2022/03/priscilla-tolkien-has-died/|articlename=Priscilla Tolkien has died|dated=2 March 2022|website=[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society]|accessed=22 March 2024}}</ref>.

By late 1914, his final year at the [[University of Oxford]], he joined the Officer's Training Corps. After his graduation (Exeter College, [[Oxford]]) with a first-class degree in English language in [[1915]], Tolkien joined the British Army effort in [[World War I]]. In late 1915 he received military training at Rugeley Camp in Staffordshire<ref>{{L|3}}</ref> and served as a second lieutenant in the eleventh battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers.<ref name="BII" />

Tolkien's battalion was moved to France on [[4 June]] 1916 where Tolkien served as a communications officer during the [[Battle of the Somme]], until he came down with trench fever on [[27 October]], and was moved back to England on [[8 November]]. Many of his fellow servicemen, as well as many of his closest friends, were killed in the war. During his recovery in a cottage in [[Great Haywood]], Staffordshire, England, he began to work on what he called ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', beginning with ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]''. Throughout [[1917]] and [[1918]], his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps, and was promoted to lieutenant. While he was stationed at Thirtle Bridge, East Yorkshire, he and Edith went on a walk in the woods at nearby Roos, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing thick with hemlock plants in bloom. This incident inspired the account of the meeting of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]].<ref name="BIII" /><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Bill Cater]]|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4726863/We-talked-of-love-death-and-fairy-tales.html|articlename=We talked of love, death and fairy tales|dated=4 December 2001|website=|accessed=13 January 2024}}</ref> Tolkien would later write in [[Letter 340|a letter]] to his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] that he considered Edith to be his Lúthien.<ref>{{L|340}}</ref>
===Leeds and Oxford===
Tolkien's first civilian job after World War I was at the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.<ref name="gilliver">Peter M. Gilliver, [[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference|''Mythlore'' 80]], "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/ At the Wordface: J.R.R. Tolkien's Work on the Oxford English Dictionary]"</ref> He later said of this, "I learned more in those two years than in any other equal period of my life".<ref name="BIII" /> In [[1920]] he took up a post as Reader in English language at the [[University of Leeds]],<ref name="l7">{{L|7}}</ref> and in [[1924]] was made a professor there.<ref name="BIII">{{B|III}}</ref> The start was rough: though Gordon found Tolkien a room in Leeds,<ref>{{L|46}}</ref> Edith and young John still lived in [[Oxford]]. Not until [[1921]] did Tolkien get full housing for his family, first at [[5 Holly Bank]]<ref name="Chronology1921">{{CG|C}}, "1921"</ref> and then at [[11 St. Mark's Terrace]].<ref name="BIII" /> They later moved to [[2 Darnley Road]].<ref name="BIII" />

Since [[1920]], Tolkien dedicated his time, even vacations, to finding extra work to supplement his family's income, especially for doctor bills<ref group="note">[[Christopher Tolkien]] suffered from a heart ailment.</ref> and to educate his children. He "stole" some free time for himself and his personal hobby of writing his own mythology.<ref name="l17" />

In 1925, [[William Craigie]] resigned from the post of [[Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon]] at Pembroke College, Oxford and Tolkien wrote a letter expressing his desire to return there,<ref name="l7" /> and was offered the position. During this time some of Tolkien's writings were published in local magazines such as [[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3|''The Gryphon'']] and he had several poems published in ''[[Northern Venture]]''.<ref name="BII" />

While at a Pembroke College faculty meeting, Tolkien met fellow professor [[C.S. Lewis]]. While initially wary of each other, the two men would become close friends. Their discussions, which often centred around religion, were an influence on Lewis's conversion to Christianity, though it would upset Tolkien when Lewis converted to Anglicanism rather than Catholicism.<ref name="BIV">{{B|IV}}</ref> After [[Wikipedia:Tangye Lean|Tangye Lean]] graduated Oxford, Tolkien and several friends took over the [[Inklings]] forming it into the group it is known as today. The informal literary discussion group consisted of Tolkien, C.S. and [[Warren Lewis]], [[Owen Barfield]], [[Hugo Dyson]], [[Robert Havard]] and other writers.<ref name="BIV" /> The Inklings were often the first to read Tolkien's manuscripts and their feedback was influential on his writing.
===''The Hobbit''===
It was during his time as Professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] at Pembroke College, in the late 1920s, that he semi-randomly scribbled the words "In a hole in the ground, there lived a hobbit" on the back of a School Certificate paper that he was marking. These words evolved into a story like the ones he was making up for his children. He did not go any further than that at the time, although in the following years, he drew up [[Thrór's Map]].<ref name="l163">{{L|163}}</ref>

The tale itself he wrote in the early 1930s. It was mostly enjoyed by his eldest son [[John Tolkien|John]] (13) than the younger ones.<ref name="l15" /> His peers at Oxford also "forced" him to lend copies to read.<ref name="l15">{{L|15}}</ref> Eventually he lent it to the Reverend Mother Superior of the Cherwell Edge girl's hostel and to his former pupil [[Elaine Griffiths]] who was staying at Cherwell Edge, and it was seen by her student, Susan Dagnall, who worked at [[Allen & Unwin]]. The book was given to 10-year-old [[Rayner Unwin|Rayner]] (son of Sir [[Stanley Unwin]]) who wrote an enthusiastic review of the book, encouraging his father to publish it.<ref name="L294">{{L|294}}</ref>

The [[1936]] lecture "[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]" has had a lasting influence on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' research.<ref>Patrick Ringwalk, ''The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian''</ref>
By [[January]] of [[1937]] Tolkien was corresponding with Allen & Unwin (who also showed interest in ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'').<ref>{{L|9}}</ref> Around the time ''The Hobbit'' was published ([[1937]]) Tolkien suffered from an ailment and had to use crutches, the only time he was free from examining work.<ref name="l105">{{L|105}}</ref>

===''The Lord of the Rings''===
:''See also: [[The Lord of the Rings#Writing process|The Lord of the Rings § Writing process]]''
The success of ''The Hobbit'' and a request by publishers for its sequel, was an opportunity for Tolkien to combine his personal desire for writing and financial needs, and he agreed to write a sequel.<ref name="l17">{{L|17}}</ref>

In the turn of [[1939]], and in the midst of writing ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien faced financial stress and was obliged to do exams and lectures: his son, Michael was preparing for university, and Christopher, being home-schooled for health reasons, wanted to go to school.<ref name="L35" /> In the summer of that year, while gardening, Tolkien fell and suffered a concussion which required stitches.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 21</ref> This, along with his fatigue, worries, obligations, Edith's illness, his loss of his chief assistant and understudy, prevented him from continuing his writing, including a [[Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment|foreword to ''Beowulf'']] as had promised.<ref name="L35" /> At the outbreak of WWII, his academic duties increased.<ref>{{FR|Foreword}}</ref> Juggling between work, "Civil Defence" and writing in intervals, he doubted that, because of the War, completing the book had any use.<ref>{{L|47}}</ref> Failing to progress during Christmas vacations, he resumed only [[1944|two years later]]. It was the enthusiasm of his friends and Christopher (to whom he was sending copies by mail to South Africa) who encouraged him to continue.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 25</ref>

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - TLOTR covers original design.jpg|thumb|[[The Lord of the Rings/Original dust-jacket designs|Cover design]] for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'' designed by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

In [[1945]], he moved to [[Merton College]], Oxford, becoming the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, in which post he remained until his retirement in [[1959]].

Tolkien spent the late summer (August-September) of [[1948]], at the home of Michael at Payables Farm, Woodcote. As Michael and his family were on holiday, Tolkien found the time and quiet he needed to finish ''The Lord of the Rings'', close to a decade after the first sketches.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 27</ref>

After a disagreement with Allen & Unwin concerning "The Silmarillion", and failing to reach an agreement with [[Collins]], he settled the dispute with the Unwins. He reported to [[Rayner Unwin]] that he had been unwell (having recovered from "a terrible bout" of fibrositis and neuritis of the arm) burdened and downhearted. In the prospect of a nearing retirement of poverty, during which he would work as an examiner to survive, and the rising paper costs, he had modified his views ("Better something than nothing!").<ref>{{L|133}}</ref> Tolkien readily agreed to the 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 32</ref> Between [[1953]] and [[1955]] Tolkien worked closely with Allen & Unwin on the production of ''The Lord of the Rings'', agreeing on the division of volumes, their titles, correcting proofs that arrived at intervals, complete and correct artwork, the maps and the dust-jacket designs.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 34</ref>

In 1954 Tolkien was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from both the [[Wikipedia:National University of Ireland|National University of Ireland]] and the [[Wikipedia:University of Liège|University of Liège]] for his work in his field of philology and medieval literature which delayed his work on the [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|appendices]],<ref name="BVI">{{B|VI}}</ref> which then delayed the publication of ''The Return of the King''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Patricia Reynolds]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/app/uploads/2016/11/LOTR-The-Tale-of-a-Text.pdf|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text|dated=|website=[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society]|accessed=12 June 2024}}</ref>
===Later life and recognition===
[[File:Jrrt_1972_tree.jpg|thumb|200px|The last known photograph of Tolkien, taken 9 August 1973, next to one of his favourite trees (a ''Pinus nigra'') in the Botanic Garden, Oxford|300px]]
During the 1950s, Tolkien spent many of his long academic holidays at the home of his son John Francis in Stoke-on-Trent, visiting his brother Hilary while he was there.<ref name="BVII">{{B|VII}}</ref>

In [[1959]] Tolkien went to compulsory retirement, which he found "both distressing, and extremely laborious", especially with his less than desirable pension.<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (December 1959)]]</ref> For him, [[1963]] was a "dreadful year", including the death of C.S. Lewis ([[22 November]]), an illness that prevented Tolkien and Edith from celebrating Christmas, and after that, [[Faith Faulconbridge]] leaving Christopher; Tolkien expressed "fear they have left their allegiance to our Mother [the Church]".<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (20–26 January 1964)]]</ref> In the 1960s he complained about the effects of old age, and other difficulties and anxieties, some of which were caused by his own family.<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letters to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (unknown date)]]</ref>

By the time of his retirement, Tolkien increasingly turned into a figure of public attention and literary fame. While at first, he wrote enthusiastic answers to reader inquiries, he became more and more suspicious of emerging [[fandom]]. In a [[1965]] letter, he warned [[W.H. Auden]] not to join the New York Tolkien Society, believing them to be "real lunatics",<ref>{{L|275}}</ref> and shortly after declined to join the [[Tolkien Society of America]] but wrote that he was complimented and would be happy to help them in an informal capacity.<ref>{{L|276}}</ref>

Fan attention became so intense that he and Edith moved to [[Woodridings]] in Branksome, Poole near [[Bournemouth]] to escape his fame in [[Oxford]] in June [[1968]],<ref name="TL838" /> and got two phone numbers, one a private number only given out to friends and family.<ref>{{L|332}}</ref> While preparing to move house, Tolkien fell down a set of stairs and had to stay in an [[Oxford]] hospital, leaving behind his obligations. He was expected to use crutches all summer.<ref>{{L|305}}</ref>

Queen Elizabeth II appointed [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the New Year Honours of [[1 January]] [[1972]] "For services to English Literature".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45554/supplement/9|articlename=Supplement to the London Gazette, p. 9|website=The London Gazette|dated=1 January 1 1972}}</ref> Tolkien received the insignia of the Order at Buckingham Palace on [[28 March]].<ref>{{L|334}}</ref> Later that year, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from Oxford University for his contributions to the field of philology.<ref name="BVII" />

The Tolkiens lived in Poole until Edith's death on [[November]] [[1971]].<ref name="TL838">{{webcite|author=Pieter Collier|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/838-Own_a_Piece_of_Tolkien_History.php|articlename=Here is your chance to own a piece of Tolkien history|dated=9 July 2008|website=[[TolkienLibrary.com]]|accessed=}}</ref> The widowed professor moved back to 21 Merton Street, Oxford in March 1972.<ref>{{webcite|author=Rodney Legg|articleurl=http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2009/11/tolkien-in-bournemouth-and-dorset/|articlename=Tolkien in Bournemouth and Dorset|dated=November 2009|website=Dorset Life|accessed=}}</ref><ref>{{L|333}}</ref> Tolkien had the name ''Luthien'' engraved on the stone at [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later of pneumonia on [[2 September]] [[1973]], at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with ''Beren'' added to his name,<ref>{{B|VIII}}</ref> so that the engraving now reads:
:''Edith Mary Tolkien, Luthien, 1889 – 1971''
:''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Beren, 1892 – 1973''
==Appearance==
{{blockquote|It has beautiful hands and ears (very long fingers) very light hair, ‘Tolkien’ eyes and very distinctly a ‘Suffield’ mouth. In general effect immensely like a very fair edition of its Aunt Mabel Mitton.|Arthur Tolkien in a letter written the day after Tolkien's birth<ref name=BII/>}}

The early images of J.R.R. Tolkien in school and university show a serious young man, average height, slender, clean-shaven, and with his hair parted in the middle. At school he was considered too light for the rugby team, and in order to join he tried to make it up with ferocity during the game, and eventually he was accepted.<ref>{{L|16}}</ref> During Tolkien's time at King Edward's School he was noted for his choice in coloured socks.<ref>{{L|58}}</ref> By [[1916]] Tolkien had joined the army he had changed to a more conventional haircut, as well as a moustache for a short period of time.<ref name="BIII" />

[[Clyde S. Kilby]], who spent some time with Tolkien in the summer of [[1966]], noted that he "was always neatly dressed from necktie to shoes. One of his favourite suits was a herringbone with which he wore a green corduroy vest [waistcoat]. Always there was a vest, and nearly always a sports coat. He did not mind wearing a very broad necktie which in those days was out of style".<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and the Silmarillion]]'' ([[1976]]), p. 24</ref> [[Dick Plotz|Richard Plotz]], who visited Tolkien that same year, described him as
{{blockquote|...a medium-sized man ... [who] looks much younger than his seventy-four years. Like one of his creations, the Hobbits, he is a bit fat in the stomach ...|"J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish", ''[[Seventeen]]'' (January [[1967]]), p. 92}}

In a letter on [[8 February]] [[1967]], to interviewers Charlotte & Denis Plimmer, Tolkien stated that he was not "tall, or strongly built. I now measure 5 ft 8 1/2, and am slightly built, with notably small hands. For most of my life I have been very thin and underweight. Since my early sixties I have become 'tubby'. Not unusual in men who took their exercise in games and swimming, when opportunities for these things cease".<ref name="L294" /> In "[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]", the Plimmers also noted that Tolkien had 'grey eyes, firm tanned skin, silvery hair and quick decisive speech'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Charlotte and Denis Plimmer|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/19/jrr-tolkien-film-my-books-its-easier-to-film-the-odyssey/|articlename=JRR Tolkien: 'Film my books? It's easier to film The Odyssey'|dated=19 April 2016|website=Telegraph|accessed=26 January 2020}}</ref>

Tolkien had a particular liking for decorative waistcoats: he told one correspondent that he had "one or two choice embroidered specimens, which I sometimes wear when required to make a speech, as I find they so fascinate the eyes of the audience that they do not notice if my dentures become a little loose with excitements of rhetoric"<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Nancy Smith (Christmas 1963)]]</ref>

Interviewers have noted that Tolkien almost clung to his smoking pipe, cradling it in his hand, or speaking with it in his mouth, sometimes making him difficult to understand. One of these, Richard Plotz, wrote that Tolkien "took out a pipe as he entered his study, and all during the interview he held it clenched in his teeth, lighting and relighting it, talking through it; he never removed it from his mouth for more than five seconds".<ref>{{CG|II}}</ref>

==Character, personality, views==
Tolkien attempted to describe himself for [[Deborah Rogers]]:
{{blockquote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I [[smoking|smoke]] a pipe, and like good plain food (unrefrigerated), but detest French cooking; I like, and even dare to wear in these dull days, ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of [[mushrooms]] (out of a field); have a very simple sense of humour (which even my appreciative critics find tiresome); I go to bed late and get up late (when possible). I do not travel much. I love Wales (what is left of it, when mines, and the even more ghastly sea-side reasons, have done their worst), and especially the [[Welsh]] language. But I have not in fact been in W. for a long time (except for crossing it on the way to Ireland). I go frequently to Ireland (Eire: Southern Ireland) being fond of it and of (most of) its people; but the Irish language I find wholly unattractive.|[[Letter 213]]}}

Tolkien was a devout [[Christianity|Roman Catholic]]. While his parents were both raised [[Wikipedia:Anglican|Anglican]], his mother converted to Catholicism when Tolkien was 8 years old. His mother's death had a profound impact on his religious beliefs and he came to view her as a martyr, citing stress from persecution (in large part from her intolerant family) as a root of her health issues.<ref name="BII" /><ref>{{L|267}}</ref> While his writings were not an allegory for Christianity, they contained religious elements.<ref>{{L|211}}</ref>

Tolkien had a great love for nature. He was especially fond of plants, and trees most of all,<ref name="l165" /> which may have been inspired by his father's garden and tree grove which Tolkien spent much time in as a child along with his mother's teaching of botany. He was saddened to learn that others didn't share his love for trees, one event that stuck with him was when as a child, a willow tree he enjoyed climbing was cut down only for the log to remain there unused.<ref name="BII" /> Tolkien had an intense dislike for the side effects of industrialization, which he considered a devouring of the English countryside. For most of his adult life, aside from a short period in which he owned a car (in which his driving was described as terrible, to the point that Edith refused to be in the car with him), he eschewed automobiles, preferring to ride a bicycle.<ref name="BIV" /> This attitude is perceptible in some parts of his work, such as the forced industrialization of [[The Shire]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

In retrospect, Tolkien claimed that from the age of seven or eight, two interests dominated his subsequent perception of everything: [[elves]] and [[orcs]].<ref group="note">It is not clear what he meant by this; possibly he understood the world as a struggle between people and elements who create beauty and do good; and those people or forces who defile and destroy nature or the "elves'" works.</ref> Throughout his life he collected every detail related to it, which, along with the "[[Atlantis-haunting|Atlantis complex]]" dream, was the embryo of his [[legendarium]].<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Maria Mroczkowska]]</ref>

Jesting on the name of [[Puffin Books]], Tolkien said he disliked penguins and puffins for eating other birds's eggs.<ref>{{L|225}}</ref> He considered that Siamese [[cats]] "belong to the fauna of Mordor"<ref>{{L|219}}</ref> He also disliked [[spiders]]<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Richard Lupoff]]</ref> although not that much as to kill them. He refused that this has anything to do with being bitten by a tarantula as a toddler.<ref name="l163" />

Tolkien was insecure and lacked confidence in his own work, even when he was assured that it had value for others.<ref>{{L|282}}</ref> Father [[Robert Murray]], Tolkien's personal friend, considered the professor "a complex and depressed man" and his work "projects his very depressed view of the universe".<ref>[[Richard C. West]], "A Letter from Father Murray", [[Tolkien Studies 16]], pp. 135-6</ref>

Tolkien boasted of himself to be "a world-class [[wiktionary:niggler|niggler]]".<ref name="rc43" /> He wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' laboriously, preoccupied with detail, consistency and careful consideration of every word.<ref>{{L|199}}</ref><ref name="L35">{{L|35}}</ref> In his lecture ''On Fairy-Stories'', he discussed the importance of “the inner consistency of reality” in creating realistic [[secondary world]]s.<ref name="fairy">{{MC|Fairy}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien said of his father's perfectionist tendencies, "However much my father desired to achieve consistency at every level of his work, from capital letters to the dates of dynasties, he was bound to fail. [...] His life was a perpetual battle against time (& tiredness) [...] But he 'niggled' on a grand and noble conception, & indeed its coherence in fine detail is a part of its power."<ref name="rc43">{{HM|RC}}, p. 43, quoting a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]]</ref>

Tolkien often overestimated the knowledge of those he was speaking to, to the extent that he was often described as talking more to himself than anyone else. He was also often difficult to understand due to his fast way of speaking, and unclear articulation. He was prone to long, parenthetical sentences which only grew more extreme with age. Despite this, he was described as a good listener and conversationalist. He was liked like by his students who felt he gave more regard to his audience than other lecturers and appreciated his sense of humor. Humphrey Carpenter commented on his ability to make others feel valued in conversations, making interesting conversation out of what Carpenter had felt were trivial comments.<ref name="BI">{{B|I}}</ref><ref name="BIV" /><ref name="BVII" />

Defining his own political opinions, Tolkien stated that leaned more towards anarchy or 'unconstitutional' monarchy without the existence of a State.<ref>{{L|52}}</ref> He disliked leftist ideas<ref name="bru">{{webcite|author=[[José Manuel Ferrández Bru]]|articleurl=https://www.josemanuelferrandez.com/vieja/ENguerra.html|articlename=Tolkien and the Spanish Civil War|dated=2011|website=[https://www.josemanuelferrandez.com josemanuelferrandez.com]|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref> and Communism<ref name="l83">{{L|83}}</ref> and considered Joseph Stalin "a bloodthirsty old murderer".<ref>{{L|53}}</ref> He accused Nazism of perverting and staining the noble northern spirit through its "Nordic propaganda"<ref>,{{L|49}}</ref> and called Adolf Hitler a "ruddy little ignoramus" while in the same time he criticised anti-German propaganda.<ref>{{L|45}}</ref> He also rejected socialism, as "the ‘planners’, when they acquire power, become so bad".<ref>{{L|181}}</ref> He retained an interest in South Africa, his birthplace, and as a child heard about apartheid from his mother<ref>{{L|61}}</ref> which he hated profoundly.<ref>[[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]]</ref> Due to his emotional connection with Fr. Francis Xavier Morgan, he was affected by the Spanish Civil War, and like many British Catholics,<ref name="bru" /> he supported the Franco movement; although this support was based on religious grounds, due to the persecution during that time caused by the republicans.<ref name="bru" /><ref>{{L|83}}</ref>
==Writing==
===Legendarium===
{{main|Legendarium}}
In a 1951 letter to [[Milton Waldman]], Tolkien wrote of his intention to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which:
{{Blockquote|The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama.|[[Letter 131]]}}

Tolkien's legendarium is the entirety of his works concerning his imagined world of Arda. Much of Tolkien's life was spent developing the legendarium.

Beginning with ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', written while recuperating from illness during World War I, Tolkien devised several themes that were reused in successive drafts of his legendarium. The two most prominent stories, the tales of [[Beren and Lúthien]] and that of [[Túrin]], were carried forward into long narrative poems (published in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''). Tolkien wrote a brief summary of the mythology these poems were intended to represent, and that summary eventually evolved into "[[The Silmarillion]]", an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. From around [[1936]], he began to extend this framework to include the tale of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]'', which was inspired by the legend of [[Atlantis]].<ref name="BII" />

Tolkien never expected his fictional stories to become popular, but he was persuaded by a former student to publish a book he had written for his own children called ''The Hobbit'' in 1937.<ref name="l163" /> However, the book attracted adult readers as well, and it became popular enough for the publisher, George Allen & Unwin, to ask Tolkien to work on a sequel.

This request prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic three-volume novel ''The Lord of the Rings'' (published 1954–55). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|appendices]] for ''The Lord of the Rings'', during which time he received the constant support of the [[Inklings]], in particular his closest friend C.S. Lewis, the author of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''. Both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are set against the background of "The Silmarillion", but in a later [[Ages|age]]. The book was originally intended to be published in a single volume but due to the cost of paper during war paper rationing and the length of the story, it was divided into three volumes, each containing two books.<ref>{{webcite|author=Robert T. Tally Jr.|articleurl=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809264|articlename=Three Rings for the Elven-kings: Trilogizing Tolkien in Print and Film|dated=2017|website=|accessed=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref group="note">As a result, ''The Lord of the Rings'' is often referred to as a "trilogy", but Tolkien always considered it to be one novel.</ref>

Tolkien at first intended ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a children's tale like ''The Hobbit'', but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing.<ref>{{L|34}}</ref> Though a direct sequel to ''The Hobbit'', it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense back story of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in ''The Silmarillion'' and other volumes. Tolkien originally felt uninspired, feeling he had used all his good ideas in ''The Hobbit'',<ref>{{L|23}}</ref> which had not been written with a sequel in mind,<ref>{{L|24}}</ref> and struggled to account for the discrepancies between ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', specifically in the role of the [[One Ring]].<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> This led to the publication of a revised edition of ''The Hobbit'' with changes made to the chapter "[[Riddles in the Dark]]".<ref>{{L|128}}</ref>

Tolkien continued to work on the history of his legendarium until his death. His son Christopher, with some assistance from fantasy writer [[Guy Gavriel Kay]], organised some of this material into one volume, published as ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in [[1977]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/29/guy-gavriel-kay-jrr-tolkien-interview-fionovar-tapesty-the-summer-tree|articlename=Guy Gavriel Kay: I learned a lot about false starts from JRR Tolkien|dated=29 October 2014|website=[https://www.theguardian.com/international The Guardian]|accessed=12 June 2024}}</ref> In [[1980]], Christopher Tolkien followed this with a collection of more fragmentary material under the title ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', and in subsequent years he published a massive amount of background material on the creation of Middle-earth in the twelve volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. All these posthumous works contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress, and Tolkien only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not even complete consistency to be found between ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', the two most closely related works, because Tolkien was never able to fully integrate all their traditions into each other. To account for some of these inconsistencies he portrayed himself as a "translator" of texts and that any mistakes could be translation errors or errors made by characters while documenting events.<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>
===Other writings===
In addition to his [[Mythopoeia|mythological compositions]], Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from [[Father Christmas]] for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as ''[[Letters from Father Christmas|The Father Christmas Letters]]''). Other stories included ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', ''[[Roverandom]]'', ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''. ''Roverandom'' and ''Smith of Wootton Major'', like ''The Hobbit'', borrowed ideas from his legendarium.
===Unpublished materials and manuscripts===
The John P. Raynor, S.J. Library at [[Marquette University]] in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, preserves many of Tolkien's original manuscripts, notes and letters; other original material survives at Oxford's [[Bodleian Library]]. Marquette has the manuscripts and proofs of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', and other manuscripts, including ''Farmer Giles of Ham'', while the Bodleian holds much of Tolkien's art, "The Silmarillion" papers and Tolkien's academic work.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/tolkien.php|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien collection|dated=|website=[https://www.marquette.edu/library/ Marquette University]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/english-faculty-library/collections-and-resources/special-collections|articlename=Special collections at the English Faculty Library|dated=|website=[https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Bodleian Library]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref> Much of Tolkien's work remains [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]] and can be viewed only by Tolkien scholars and researchers.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.tolkienestate.com/frequently-asked-questions-and-links/|articlename=Frequently Asked Questions and Links|dated=|website=[https://www.tolkienestate.com/ The Tolkien Estate]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref>
===Influences===
Tolkien was strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon literature, Germanic and [[Norse mythology|Norse mythologies]], Finnish mythology, the Bible, and Greek mythology. The works most often cited as sources for Tolkien's stories include ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'', the ''[[Kalevala]]'', the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', the ''[[Wikipedia:Völsunga saga|Völsunga saga]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks|Hervarar saga]]''. Tolkien himself acknowledged Homer,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref> Oedipus,<ref name="l131">{{L|131}}</ref> and the ''Kalevala'',<ref name="l163" /> as influences or sources for some of his stories and ideas. His borrowings also came from numerous [[Middle English]] works and poems. It has been suggested that a major philosophical influence on his writing is King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of ''Boethius''' ''Consolation of Philosophy'' known as the ''Lays of Boethius''. Characters in ''The Lord of the Rings'', such as [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Treebeard]] and [[Elrond]] make noticeably Boethian remarks.<ref>[[Kathleen E. Dubs]], ''Twentieth Century Literature 27, no. 1'' “Providence, Fate, and Chance: Boethian Philosophy in The Lord of the Rings.”</ref>

It is commonly accepted that Tolkien was influenced by World War I.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John Garth]]|articleurl=https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-world-war-i-is-at-the-heart-of-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Why World War I Is at the Heart of ‘Lord of the Rings’|dated=29 July 2014|website=[https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-world-war-i-is-at-the-heart-of-lord-of-the-rings The Daily Beast]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref> Despite denying this in [[Letter 226|one letter]],<ref>{{L|226}}</ref> in an earlier letter to his son Christopher, he revealed that his experience in the war had influenced him to write about [[Morgoth]] and the history of the [[Gnomes]]. Connections have also been drawn between [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Wikipedia:Batman (military)|batmen]].<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''</ref>

Tolkien acknowledged the interest many would have in his influences and the difficulty there would be in analyzing it, writing in 1971:
{{Blockquote|I fear you may be right that the search for the sources of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is going to occupy academics for a generation or two. I wish this need not be so. To my mind it is the particular use in a particular situation of any motive, whether invented, deliberately borrowed, or unconsciously remembered that is the most interesting thing to consider|[[Letter 337]]}}

==Languages==
{{Seealso|Languages}}
Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology. Aside from English (Modern, [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English|Middle]]), Tolkien knew (with varying levels of fluency) [[Hebrew]], [[Finnish]], French, [[Gothic]], Greek, Icelandic (Including Old Icelandic), [[Latin]], Spanish, [[Welsh]] (including medieval Welsh).<ref name="BII" /><ref name="l7" /><ref name="l163" /><ref>{{LE|196a}}</ref>

He could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. His mother taught him the rudiments of [[Latin]] very early. He took to this quickly, especially enjoying Latin phonetics. His mother, realizing his aptitude for languages then taught him French which he enjoyed much less. While living in Moseley he discovered [[Welsh]] which would become one of his favourite languages.<ref name="BII" />

In the early 1900s, he was introduced to a secret "code" created by his Incledon cousins, called [[Animalic]] replacing words with animal names. Soon after, with [[Mary Incledon|Mary]] they created [[Nevbosh]], a more sophisticated language, with Tolkien contributing to the vocabulary and influencing the spelling.<ref>{{MC|6}}</ref>

In [[1909]] he wrote the ''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'' in a notebook, with notes in Esperanto,<ref name="Seven">[[Arden R. Smith]], [[Patrick H. Wynne|Patrick Wynne]], "Tolkien and Esperanto", in [[SEVEN 17|''SEVEN'', Volume 17]], p. 29</ref> describing ''[[Privata Kodo Skauta]]'' ("Private Scout Code").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Arden R. Smith]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/arden-smith-writing-systems/|articlename=Writing Systems|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com/ tolkienestate.com]|accessed=27 December 2016}}</ref> "''consisting of a [[runes|rune]]-like phonetic alphabet and a sizable number of ideographic symbols''".<ref name="Seven" /> In the 1910s he composed [[Naffarin]], a private language,<ref>{{HM|MC}}, p. 141</ref>

Heavy emphasis was put on Latin and Greek at King Edward's School. It was here that Tolkien was introduced to Old English though he disliked Shakespeare's works and begrudged the usage of them to teach English.<ref name="BII" /> He specialised in Greek philology in college, and in 1915 graduated Exeter College with a first-class degree in English language with Old Icelandic as a special subject.<ref name="l7" /> While at Exter he discovered a Finnish grammar and focused intensely on learning the language. By the time of his military training in [[1915]] he was working on a "mad hobby": a "[[Qenya|nonsense fairy language]]"<ref>{{L|4}}</ref> which would become his "[[Quenya|elvenlatin]]",<ref name="l144">{{L|144}}</ref> the first seed of his legendarium.<ref name="BII" />

He worked for the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' from 1918 specifically on entries beginning with the letter W.<ref name="gilliver" /> In 1920, he went to Leeds as Reader in English Language, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty and even formed a "[[Viking Club]]". He gave courses in [[Old English]] heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory [[North Germanic languages|Germanic]] philology, [[Gothic]], Old Icelandic, and Medieval [[Welsh]]. In [[1925]], aged 33, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon.<ref name="l7" />

In the 1960s, while working on ''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'' as a translator, Tolkien prepared himself by learning a great amount of Hebrew.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "4. Tolkien as a Christian writer", p. 54</ref> He explained to his grandson [[Michael George Tolkien|Michael George]]: "I am at present immersed in Hebrew. If you want a beautiful but idiotic alphabet, and a language so difficult that it makes [[Latin]] (or even Greek) seem footling but also glimpses into a past that makes Homer seem recent - that is the stuff! (I am hoping when I retire to get included in a new Bible-translation team that is brewing. I have passed the test: with a version of the Book of Jonah. Not from Hebrew direct!)".<ref>{{LE|196a}}</ref>

Privately, Tolkien was attracted to "things of racial and linguistic significance",<ref>{{L|95}}</ref> and he entertained notions of an inherited taste of language, which he termed the "native tongue" as opposed to "cradle tongue" in his 1955 lecture ''[[English and Welsh]]'', which was crucial to his understanding of race and language.<ref>{{MC|5}}</ref> He considered west-midland Middle English his own "native tongue", and as he wrote to W.H. Auden in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)".<ref name="l163" />

Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for the construction of artificial languages. The best developed of these are [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], the etymological connection between which is at the core of much of Tolkien's legendarium. Language and grammar for Tolkien were a matter of aesthetics and [[Wikipedia: Phonaesthetics#Euphony and cacophony|euphony]], and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonæsthetic" considerations. It was intended as an "Elvenlatin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish and Greek.<ref name="l144" /> A notable addition came in late 1945 with [[Adûnaic]], a language of a "faintly Semitic flavour",<ref>{{SD|2cn}}</ref> connected with Tolkien's Atlantis myth, which by ''The Notion Club Papers'' ties directly into his ideas about inheritability of language, and via the "[[Second Age]]" and the [[Eärendil]] myth was grounded in the legendarium, thereby providing a link of Tolkien's 20th-century "real [[Primary World]]" with the mythical past of his Middle-earth.

Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages. In [[1930]] a congress of Esperantists was told as much by him, in his lecture ''[[A Secret Vice]]'', "Your language construction will breed a mythology",<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; ''[[A Secret Vice]]''</ref> but by 1956 he concluded that "Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c &c are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".<ref>{{L|180}}</ref>

Tolkien's often unusual and archaic way of writing led to frequent erroneous corrections from editors, most famously ''dwarfs'' to ''dwarves'' and ''elvish'' to ''elfish''.<ref>{{L|183}}</ref>. Tolkien's linguistic influence can be seen in the once rare spellings being now the most prevalent.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://roguish.wordpress.com/2023/11/20/how-tolkien-invented-dwarves-it-used-to-be-dwarfs/|articlename=How Tolkien Invented Dwarves (it Used to be “Dwarfs”)|dated=|website=[https://roguish.wordpress.com/ Roguish]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref>
==Art==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Taniquetil.jpg|300px|thumb|''[[Taniquetil]]'' by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
From as young as the age of three, Tolkien enjoyed creating art. He was taught to draw and paint by his mother. He in particular enjoyed drawing landscapes and trees.<ref name="BII" /> Tolkien was quite modest about his artwork, at one point telling his publisher that he "cannot draw".<ref>{{L|10}}</ref>

The first British edition of ''The Hobbit'' included ten drawings by Tolkien and the American edition had 4 watercolour paintings.<ref name="Holmes">John H. Holmes, "Art and Illustrations by Tolkien" in [[Michael D.C. Drout]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''</ref>

Tolkien often provided sketches to help artists illustrating his works.<ref>{{L|12}}</ref><ref>{{L|14}}</ref> He was often critical of the artists chosen by Allen & Unwin to design covers for his books.<ref>{{L|277}}</ref><ref>{{L|116}}</ref> Many illustrations for his books were done by [[Pauline Baynes]] whose artwork Tolkien was quite fond of.<ref>{{L|120}}</ref>

Tolkien (helped at times by his son Christopher) created several maps of Middle-earth and Arda, two of which were published in ''The Hobbit'', two in ''The Silmarillion'' and three in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Many of the [[Letters from Father Christmas]] featured art "made" by [[Father Christmas]] and the [[North Polar Bear]], depicting landscapes and happenings in the North Pole. Tolkien was also the illustrator of ''Mr. Bliss''.

From [[1973]] to [[1979]] (except for [[1975]]), Allen & Unwin released calendars featuring art by Tolkien. Many of these, along with previously unpublished art were published in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. In [[1976]] the Ashmolean Museum had an exhibit featuring Tolkien's art. [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have published 3 books about Tolkien's art, ''[[The Art of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ([[2011]]), ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ([[2015]]) and ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]] ([[2018]])''. Tolkien's art was also published in ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'' by [[Catherine McIlwaine]], whose 2018 publication coincided with an art exhibit of the same name, also curated by McIlwaine.<ref>{{webcite|author=Denis Bridoux|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/738152|articlename=Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth by Catherine McIlwaine, and: Tolkien Treasures by Catherine McIlwaine (review)|dated=|website=|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Holmes" />

Christopher Tolkien has stated that Tolkien research is incomplete without the study of Tolkien's artwork but despite this, early Tolkien scholarship focused on his writings with little attention given to his art. John R. Holmes writes in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'' that "Tolkien’s pictures and designs are nearly as important a window into his imagination as is his fiction."<ref name="Holmes" />
==Influence on fantasy==
Tolkien is often referred to as the "father" of modern fantasy,<ref>{{webcite|author=Felix Schlagwein|articleurl=https://www.dw.com/en/how-j-r-r-tolkien-became-the-father-of-fantasy/a-60316037|articlename=How Tolkien became the father of fantasy|dated=1 March 2022|website=[https://www.dw.com/en/top-stories/s-9097 Deutsche Welle]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Catherine Dent|articleurl=https://www.thecollector.com/jrr-tolkien-father-of-fantasy/|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien: The Beloved Father of Fantasy|dated=17 March 2023|website=[https://www.thecollector.com/ The Collector]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref> specifically high fantasy.<ref>{{webcite|author=Debadrita Sur|articleurl=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-jrr-tolkien-lord-of-the-rings-changed-fantasy-genre/|articlename=How J.R.R. Tolkien’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ changed the high fantasy genre|dated=2 December 2021|website=[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ Far Out Magazine]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref> Tolkien's influence on the fantasy genre was described in ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'' as "the greatest influence within the fantasy genre".<ref>Paul Harvey, ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', "Fantasy Fiction"</ref>

Tolkien has been credited with cementing fantasy as a respected genre. Prior to the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', fantasy was viewed by publishers as light reading or for children, and as a result, fantasy and science fiction stories were rarely longer than 130,000 words (around 130 pages). The popularity and commercial success of ''The Hobbit'' and especially ''The Lord of the Rings'' proved to readers and publishers that fantasy could have fully fleshed out stories and explore ethics in the same depths as any other genre.<ref name="tradition">Diana Paxson, ''[[Mythlore 39]]'', "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol11/iss1/19/ The Tolkien Tradition]"</ref>

Tolkien's lecture ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'', in which he discusses the fantasy genre (fairy-stories) has been described as one of the most influential explorations of fantasy. Many of the ideas he put forth have since become common fantasy elements. This includes the concepts of [[primary World|primary]] and [[Secondary world]]s, [[Subcreation]] and [[eucatastrophe]]. One element heavily touched on in this lecture was the concept of secondary belief. In Tolkien's words, "the story-maker's success depends on his ability to make a consistent Secondary World which your mind can enter. Inside it, what he relates is 'true', it accords with the laws of that world. You therefore believe it, while you are, as it were, inside".<ref name="fairy" /> For Tolkien, this meant complex languages, geographies and general world-building which have since become synonymous with the fantasy genre.<ref name="tradition" />

The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's revival of the spellings ''dwarves'' and ''elvish'' (instead of ''dwarfs'' and ''elfish''), which had not been in use since the mid-1800s and earlier.
====Adaptations and inspired works====
The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were [[Pauline Baynes]] (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'') and [[Donald Swann]] (who set the music to ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]''). Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] created illustrations for ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity to the style of his own drawings.

There have been many adaptations of Tolkien's works into films, tv shows and video games. The first film adaptation of ''The Hobbit'', was the short film, [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'']] which was released by [[William Lawrence Snyder]] in order to retain film rights for ''The Hobbit''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Gene Deitch]]|articleurl=http://www.awn.com/articles/profiles/hobbit-alized-first-attempt-animating-hobbit|articlename=Hobbit-alized: The First Attempt At Animating The Hobbit|dated=11 December 2001|website=awn.com|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'']]'' (1978) was the first film adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The screenplay was written by the fantasy writer [[Peter S. Beagle]]. This first adaptation, however, only contained the first half of the story.

Other well-known adaptations include ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[Rankin/Bass]], [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'']] and [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'']] film trilogies, and [[Amazon MGM Studios|Amazon]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Russell Holly|articleurl=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-everything-you-need-to-know-before-watching/|articlename='The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power': Everything You Need to Know Before Watching|dated=1 September 2022|website=[https://www.cnet.com/ CNET]|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref>

==Names and pseudonyms==
:''For an explanation of the name 'Tolkien' see [[Tolkien Family]].''
[[File:JRRT.jpeg|thumb|JRRT monogram]]
It was tradition in Tolkien's family to name the first-born son John. His father Arthur Tolkien wanted to name him John Benjamin Reuel and his mother, confident he would be a girl, liked the name Rosalind.<ref name="L309">{{L|309}}</ref> In a letter written by Arthur Tolkien to his family, he describes the thoughts for their baby's christening after his birth:

{{Blockquote|The boy’s first name will be ‘John’ after its grandfather,<ref group=note>Both of Tolkien's grandfathers were named John ([[John Tolkien]] & [[John Suffield]]). He was named after John Tolkien as it was custom in the Tolkien family for the oldest son to be named John.</ref> probably John Ronald Reuel altogether. Mab wants to call it Ronald and I want to keep up John and Reuel.|}}
Ronald had no familial precedent but Reuel was Arthur's middle name.<ref name="BII" />

Philip was Tolkien's [[Wikipedia:Confirmation#Confirmation name|confirmed name]], after Saint [[Wikipedia:Philip Neri|Philip Neri]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 99</ref>

He went by the name Ronald only with close family and others referred to him as John or John Ronald.<ref name="L309" />
===Pseudonyms===
*''[[Arcastar]]'' - [[Quenya]] rendition of ''Tolkien'' used in ''[[Tolkien in Oxford]]'', possibly meaning ''translator''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2017/06/arcastar-means-translator.html|articlename=''Arcastar'' means 'Translator'?|dated=16 June 2017|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/ tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=22 March 2022}}</ref>
*''Vectigalius Acer, Portorius Acer Germanicus, Eisphorides Acribus Polyglotteus' - Tag name in the annual Latin debates during studies at Oxford.<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]], "Part One: The immortal four", p. 19''</ref>
*''Fisiologus'' - From ''Physiologus'', signature of [[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus|a poem]] published in ''[[Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1927).<ref>{{AB|Comm}}, pp. 224</ref>
*''J.'' - Signature of [[Valedictory|a poem]] published in ''[[Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1913).<ref>{{CG|II}}, "From the Many-Willow’d Margin of the Immemorial Thames"</ref>
*''John Ronald Philip Reuel'' - Tolkien used this full name in an Elvish script written in 1931.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Holly Ordway]]|articleurl=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/fellows/whats-in-a-name-tolkiens-st-philip-neri-connection/|articlename=What’s in a Name? Tolkien and St. Philip Neri|dated=26 May 2023|website=[https://www.wordonfire.org/ Word on Fire]|accessed=27 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 70</ref>
*''JRRT'' or ''J.R.R.T'' - Abbreviation of ''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien'' frequently used by Tolkien.{{fact}}
*''J. Rsquared'' - Name given to him by friends.<ref name="L309" />
*''Kingston Bagpuize''- Signature of [[Progress in Bimble Town|a poem]] published in the ''[[Oxford Magazine]]'' (1931).<ref>[[David Bratman]], ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' "Tolkien and the Counties of England"</ref>
*''Luttro'' - [[Esperanto]] word for "otter", possibly referring to himself, in his private ''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'' ([[1909]]); possibly an allusion to [[Animalic]]<ref>{{HM|SV}}, p. 40-1 [note 19];</ref>
*''Rægnold Hrædmóding'' - [[Old English]] rendition of "Ronald Tolkien", used to sign the poem ''[[For W.H.A.]]'' (1967).
*''Ruginwaldus Dwalakôneis'' - "Gothicizied" version of "Ronald Tolkien".<ref>{{L|272}}</ref>
*''Tollers'' - Nickname used by intimate friends.<ref>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 624-627</ref>
*''N.N.'' - Signature of a [[The Clerkes Compleinte|poem]] published in ''[[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3|The Gryphon]]'' (1922), an abbreviation of ''[[wikipedia:Nomen Nescio|Nomen Nescio]]''.<ref>{{CG|RG}}</ref>
*''Oxymore'' - Signature of the poem ''[[The Mewlips|Knocking at the Door]]'', written c. 1927 and published in ''The Oxford Magazine'' (1937).<ref>{{CG|C}}, "1937"</ref>

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | MS |y| ART | | | | | | | | | | | |MS=[[Mabel Suffield]]|ART=[[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | HART |~| MM | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]|HART=[[Hilary Tolkien]]|MM=[[Magdalen Matthews]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | JOT | | MIT | |CHT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Bibliography==
:''For a complete list of all of Tolkien's published writings, see '''[[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''.''
===Fictional and poetic works===
*[[1936]]: ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]] (very few copies now exist)
*[[1937]]: ''[[The Hobbit|The Hobbit, or There and Back Again]]''
*[[1945]]: ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
*[[1945]]: ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'' (published in [[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|''Welsh Review'']])
*[[1949]]: ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
*[[1953]]: ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]'' (published with the essay ''[[Ofermod]]'')
*[[1954]]-[[1955]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (1954)</li><li>''[[The Two Towers]]'' (1954) </li><li>''[[The Return of the King]]'' (1955)</li></ol>
*[[1962]]: ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil|The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book]]''
*[[1964]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay)
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]'' (a collection of writings, published only in the US)
*[[1967]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
*[[1967]]: ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]'', with [[Donald Swann]]
**[[Bilbo's Last Song (at the Grey Havens)|Bilbo's Last Song]] (included in 1978 edition)

===Academic works===
*[[1922]]:' '[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]
*[[1925]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (edition)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]]
*[[1925]]: ''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]''
*[[1925]]: ''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''
*[[1929]]: ''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]''
*[[1932]]: ''[[The Name 'Nodens']]'' (published in ''[[Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire]]'')
*[[1932]]-[[1934]]: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'' parts I and II
*[[1934]]: ''[[Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale]]''
*[[1936]]: ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'' (lecture on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' criticism)
*[[1939]]: ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay on Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy)
*[[1939]]: ''[[The Reeve's Tale (version)|The Reeve's Tale: Version Prepared for Recitation at the 'Summer Diversions'<nowiki/>]]''
*[[1944]]: ''[[Sir Orfeo (booklet)|Sir Orfeo]]'' (translation of a Middle English poem)
*[[1953]]: ''[[Ofermod]]'' (published with the poem ''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'')
*[[1953]]: ''[[Middle English 'Losenger' (essay)|Middle English 'Losenger'<nowiki/>]]''
*[[1962]]: ''[[Ancrene Wisse]]''
*[[1963]]: ''[[English and Welsh]]''
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'' (contributing translator and lexicographer)

===Posthumous publications===
====1975—1990====
*[[1975]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo]]'', ed. [[Christopher Tolkien]]
*[[1976]]: ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'', ed. [[Baillie Tolkien]]
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1980]]: ''[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1980]]: ''[[Poems and Stories]]'' (a collection of stories)
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
**''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]''
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', eds. Christopher Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]]
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Old English Exodus]]'' (translation of an Old English poem, only limited copies were printed)
*[[1982]]: ''[[Finn and Hengest|Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode]]'', ed. [[Alan Bliss]]
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien (a collection of linguistic essays and lectures)
**''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]''
**''[[On Translating Beowulf]]''
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''
**''[[A Secret Vice]]''
**''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (lecture)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
**''[[English and Welsh]]''
**''[[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]]''
*[[1983]]–[[1996]] ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part One]]'' (1983)</li><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two]]'' (1984)</li><li>''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (1985)</li><li>''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (1986)</li><li>''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (1987)</li><li>''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' vol. 1) (1988)</li><li>''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 2) (1989) </li><li>''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 3) (1990) </li><li>''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 4) (1992)</li><li>''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (1993)</li><li>''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (1994)</li><li>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (1996)</li></ol>
**''[[The History of Middle-earth Index|Index]]'' (2002)
*[[1985]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'' (limited copies were printed)

====1990—today====
*[[1990]]: ''[[Bilbo's Last Song (at the Grey Havens)|Bilbo's Last Song]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' (a collection of stories and poems)
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
**''[[Roverandom]]'' (included in 2008 edition)
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (included in 2008 edition)
*[[1998]]: ''[[Roverandom]]'', eds. [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]
*[[1999]]: ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2001]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Mythopoeia]]'' (included in 1988 edition)
**''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]'' (newly included)
*[[2002]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'', ed. [[Michael D.C. Drout]] (a lecture series)
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Annotated Hobbit|The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'', ed. [[Douglas A. Anderson]]
**containing ''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'', among other writings (newly included)
*[[2005]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ed. [[Verlyn Flieger]]
*[[2007]]: ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'', ed. [[John D. Rateliff]]
*[[2007]]: ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]]'', eds. Verlyn Flieger, Douglas A. Anderson (an extended edition of the ''[[On Fairy-stories|essay]]'')
*[[2009]]: ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2014]]: ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]], together with [[Sellic Spell]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2014]]: ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
**containing ''[[Once upon a Time]]'', among other writings (newly included)
*[[2015]]: ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger
*[[2016]]: ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'', eds. [[Dimitra Fimi]], [[Andrew Higgins]] (an extended edition of the ''[[A Secret Vice|lecture]]'')
*[[2016]]: ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger
*[[2017]]: ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2018]]: ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2021]]: ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', ed. [[Carl F. Hostetter]]
*[[2022]]: ''[[The Fall of Númenor]]'', ed. [[Brian Sibley]]
*[[2023]]: ''[[The Battle of Maldon: together with The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]'', ed. [[Peter Grybauskas]]

===Artwork===
*[[1979]]: ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend]]'' ed. Judith Priestman
*[[1995]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2011]]: ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2015]]: ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine
*[[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Treasures]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine
*[[2022]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Art of the Manuscript]]'', eds. William M. Fliss, Sarah C. Schaefer

===Audio recordings===
''Note: for a detailed listing of all recordings of Tolkien, see [[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien|Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1967]]: ''[[Poems and Songs of Middle Earth]]'', Caedmon TC 1231
*[[1975]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his ''The Hobbit'' & ''The Lord of the Rings'', Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an [[1952 tape recording|August, 1952 recording]] by [[George Sayer]])''
==See also==
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[:Category:Images of J.R.R. Tolkien|Images of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[:Category:Audio of J.R.R. Tolkien|Audio of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien/Quotations|J.R.R. Tolkien Quotes]]
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien Timeline]]
*[[Chronology of Tolkien's writings]]
*[[Legendarium]]
*[[Plaques and Memorials]]
*[[Index:Unpublished material|Unpublished material]]

==Further reading==
A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works:
*Anderson, Douglas A., Michael D. C. Drout and Verlyn Flieger (founder eds.). ''[[Tolkien Studies (journal)|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review]]''
*Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends]]'' ISBN 0395276284
*Chance, Jane (ed.) (2003). ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]'', London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28944-0
*Chance, Jane (ed.) (2004). ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth]], a Reader'', Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-813-12301-1
*Duriez, Colin and Porter, David (2001). ''[[The Inklings Handbook]]: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends''. ISBN 1902694139
*Duriez, Colin (2003). ''[[Tolkien and C.S. Lewis]]: The Gift of Friendship''. , ISBN 1587680262
*Flieger, Verlyn and Carl F. Hostetter (eds.) (2000). [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's'' Legendarium'': Essays on'' The History of Middle Earth]], Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30530-7. DDC 823.912. LC PR6039.
*O'Neill, Timothy R. (1979). ''[[The Individuated Hobbit]]: Jung, Tolkien and the Archetypes of Middle-earth'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-28208-X
*Pearce, Joseph (1999). ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-628120-6
*Pearce, Joseph (1998). ''[[Tolkien: Man and Myth]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-274018-4
*Shippey, T. A. (2000). ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'', Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12764-X, ISBN 0-618-25759-4 (pbk)
*Shippey, T. A. (2004). '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Tolkien, John & Priscilla (1992). ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'', London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-26-110239-7
*White, Michael (2003). ''Tolkien: A Biography'', New American Library. ISBN 0451212428

==External links==
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/author/biography/ J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch] by [[The Tolkien Society]]
*{{WP|J.R.R. Tolkien}}

{{references|notes}}

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| pvac=None
| prev=Position created
| list=President of [[The Tolkien Society]]
| dates=[[27 June]] [[1972]] - ''In perpetuo''
| next=None; perpetual title
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, J.R.R.}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Cartographers]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Inklings]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:T.C.B.S.]]
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]
[[de:J. R. R. Tolkien]]
[[fr:tolkien:bio]]
[[fi:J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Dave Brons

2025-09-16T22:48:28Z

Éowyn: cleanup

'''Dave Brons''' is a Celtic Prog Rock independent musician and guitarist with two [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] related albums with a third one to be released this year according to his website.

==Tolkien Related Discography==

*'''Not all Those Who Wander are Lost''', January 6, 2020
*#The Song of Illuvatar – 04:56
*#EÄ – 06:09
*#Into the Perilous Realm – 05:10
*#Awakened by Starlight – 06:19
*#Under the Same Sun – 05:02
*#The Shire: A long expected party – 04:46
*#The Pass of Caradhras – 03:36
*#A Prayer for the Fallen – 02:11
*#The Riders of Rohan – 04:18
*#Minas Morgul – 04:30
*#The Ring Bearers – 06:56
*#The Houses of Healing – 03:50
*#At The End of All Things – 03:35
*#White Shores and a Swift Sunrise – 06:03
*'''Return to Arda''', 2022-11-01
*#The Primordial Chord – 01:04
*#Song of the Sea – 05:18
*#When the Snow Thaws – 05:56
*#Beyond where the Waves Break – 05:59
*#Song of the Earth – 05:00
*#The Call of the Mountain – 05:39
*#Beren and Luthien – 04:43
*#Joy Beyond the Walls of this World – 03:48
*#Into the Woods of Lothlorien – 02:48
*#The Tears of Nienna – 04:59
*#On Eagles Wings – 05:19
*#Yavanna’s Song – 01:38
*#Beauty and Starlight – 04:20
*#Gathering in the Clouds – 05:21
*#Last Journey across the Sea – 02:37
*'''Brons: Live in the Shire''', 2024-12-06
*#The Song of illuvatar (Live) 4:07
*#EA (Live) 6:39
*#Song of the Sea (Live) 5:19
*#Into the Perilous Realm (Live) 6:00
*#STAR (Live) 6:32
*#Awakened by Starlight (Live) 6:00
*#Beren and Luthien (Live) 5:47
*#The Ringbearers (Live) 7:09
*#Gathering in the Clouds (Live) 5:09
*#Over the River (Bonus Track) (Live) 7:18
*#The Riders of Rohan (Live) 4:42
*#Call of the Mountain (Live) 5:44
*#Song of the Earth (Live) 4:51
*#On Eagles Wings (Live) 5:41
*#At the End of all Things (Live) 3:45
*#White Shores and a Swift Sunrise (Live) 4:17
*#Last Journey Across the Sea (Live) 3:48
*#The Shire (Live) 6:21
*'''The Fellowship''' TBR mid 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.davebrons.com/about/|articlename=About|accessed=Aug 20, 2025}}</ref>

==Credits for '''Brons: Live in the Shire'''==
*'''Band'''
**Sally Minnear: Vocals
**Dave Brons: Lead Guitars
**Daniel Day: Bass Guitar , Irish Whistles
**John Biglands: Drums and Acoustic guitar on Ringbearers
**Mark Swift: Piano and Synths Catherine Ashcroft: Uilleann pipes, and whistles
**Matt Steady: Violin and Rhythm Guitar
**Ian Brons: Cello on Ringbearers
*'''Choir'''
**'''Sopranos'''
***Emma Bradnum
***Alice Fearnley
***Yvonna Georghiou
**'''Altos'''
***Hannah Rowlands
***Maisie Otterburn
**'''Brass'''
***Stephen Bradnum: French Horn & Bass Trombone
***John Dey: Trumpet
***Tom Wynn: Trumpet, Cornet & Flugel Horn
***Christopher Owen: Trumpet, Cornet & Flugel Horn
***Eli Clegg: French Horn
***Dave Lumb: Trombone
***Joseph Knight: Trombone & Euphonium
*'''Credits'''
**Brass and Choir Arrangements by Stephen Bradnum
**Live Sound and Recording by
**Darren Bishop and Ben Stinson forYorkshire PA Hire
**Mixed by Dave Brons
**Mastered by Nigel Palmer – Lowland Masters

{{References}}
===External links===
*https://www.youtube.com/@DaveBrons
*https://www.davebrons.com/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brons, Dave}}
[[Category:Composers]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Singers]]

Lori Kelley

2025-09-16T22:43:50Z

Éowyn: {{DEFAULTSORT:kelley, Lori}}

Lori Kelley is a Singer-Songwriter, and her music is in several different genres. <ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.instagram.com/thelorikelley/|articlename=@thelorikelley|website=Instagram|accessed=1 July 2025}}</ref> She has released two original albums inspired by ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'': ''A Tale or Two to Tell'' and ''Ladies of the Rings''.

==Links==
*[http://www.lorikelley.com/ Lori Kelley's website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/@lorikelleysongs Lori Kelley's YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiXxEtEb63vmDFlXPJ0gJUQ Lori Kelley - Topic]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:kelley, Lori}}
[[Category:Singers]]
[[Category:Composers]]

File:The First 'Silmarillion' Map in 3D - Airyyn.png

2025-09-16T22:38:38Z

Éowyn: Fixing category

Axonometric view of the First 'Silmarillion' Map.

Hydrography and places of interest have been removed. Two black triangles indicate the locations of Nargothrond (N) and Menegroth (M). The vertical scale is arbitrary and has been exaggerated to emphasise the relief. At this scale, the Tangorodrim mountain is as large as half the Pyrenees (mountain range between France an Spain), which shows that the relief is very coarse. This representation erase the topographical problems caused by a Tolkien's faulty plotting on the original map : a contour line (near Gondolin, square "7-c") labelled "4" at the top of the map becomes "7" (near the mention "ORC-RAIDS", square"11-f") at the bottom of the map.

[[Category:Maps of Beleriand]]
[[Category:Maps by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

File:The First 'Silmarillion' Map - Airyyn.png

2025-09-16T22:38:15Z

Éowyn: Fixing category

This map is based on the J.R.R. Tolkien's First 'Silmarillion' Map.

[[Category:Maps of Beleriand]]
[[Category:Maps by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Dírhaval

2025-09-05T16:07:22Z

Éowyn:

{{infobox character
| people=[[Edain|Adan]]
| name=Dírhaval
| image=Juliana Pinho - The Lay of the Children of Hurin.png
| caption=Dírhaval (left) in "The Lay of the Children of Hurin" by [[:Category:Images by Juliana Pinho|Juliana Pinho]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Dírhavel
| titles=of the Havens<ref name=WJII>{{WJ|II}}, pp. 311-313</ref>
| position=[[Minstrels|Poet]]
| location=[[Dor-lómin]], [[Havens of Sirion]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Taliska]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FA|538}}
| deathlocation=[[Third Kinslaying]]
| age=
| notablefor=author of the [[Narn i Chîn Húrin (tale)|Narn i Chîn Húrin]]<ref name=Index>{{UT|Index}}, entry "Dírhavel"</ref>
| house=[[House of Hador]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Dírhaval''' was a [[Men|Man]] of [[Dor-lómin]]<ref name=Index/> of the [[House of Hador]] who lived among the exiles and refugees at the [[Havens of Sirion]] during the closing century of the [[First Age]], at the time of [[Eärendil]].

== History ==
Dírhaval was known as a [[Minstrels|poet]], though he only produced a single poem in the [[Minlamad thent/estent]], one of the three Elvish [[Verse Modes]]. At the [[Mouths of Sirion]], he drew upon “all the tidings and lore” <ref name=WJII/> of the people of [[Dor-lómin]], [[Nargothrond]], [[Doriath]], and other lands of [[Beleriand]]. Dirhaval also learned from people such as [[Mablung]] and [[Andvír]]. He compiled and wrote it all in the ''[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (tale)|Narn i Chîn Húrin]]'' ("Tale of the Children of Húrin"), telling of the tragedy of [[Morgoth]]'s curse on [[Húrin]]'s children: [[Túrin]] and [[Nienor]]. It was written in [[Sindarin]], in which he had great skill, and it was the longest of all the lays to come out of Beleriand.

Dírhaval did not write other poems or lays, as the [[Silmaril]] [[Quest for the Silmaril|captured]] by [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] was in the keeping of [[Elwing]]: soon the [[Sons of Fëanor]] launched an attack on the exiles in the Havens of Sirion to claim it. Dírhaval was one of those who fell in the [[Third Kinslaying]].<ref name=WJII/><ref name=UT>{{UT|2n}}, introductory note</ref>

== Other versions ==
In the first draft of the introductory note, Tolkien's original spelling of the name ''Dírhaval'' was '''Dírhavel'''.<ref name=WJII/>

Christopher Tolkien used the earlier spelling within the [[Unfinished Tales]], but notes in [[The War of the Jewels]] that the name ''Dírhavel'' should have been spelled as ''Dírhaval'' since the latter spelling was the latest variation of the name.<ref>{{WJ|II}}, Note 5</ref>

== External links ==
* ''[http://www.forodrim.org/gobennas/chron_en.html The Chroniclers of Arda]'' by [[Måns Björkman]]

{{References}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dirhavel}}
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Hador]]
[[Category:Minstrels]]

[[de:Dírhaval]]
[[fi:Dírhaval]]

Umbar

2025-09-05T15:56:00Z

Éowyn: /* Haradrim rule */ Ar-Pharazon --> Ar-Pharazôn

{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Umbar
| image=Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg
| caption="Umbar" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=City of the Corsairs
| location=The coasts of [[Middle-earth]], to the south of [[Gondor]] and west of [[Harad]]
| type=Haven
| description=Natural harbour used as a seaport
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Variously held by the [[Númenóreans]], the [[Black Númenóreans]], the [[Gondorians]], the [[Corsairs]], and the [[Haradrim]]
| created=First fortified in {{SA|2280}}
| destroyed=
| events=[[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Kin-Strife]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Umbar''' was a realm<ref name="Herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}, statement of Damrod about Umbar, p. 659</ref> on the coast south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It included a great cape and a land-locked firth,<ref name="UmbarNote">{{App|Gondor}}, footnote concerning Umbar in the entry for king Eärnil I, p. 1044-5</ref> which formed a natural haven.<ref name="HM|UI">{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Umbar'', p. 466</ref> The name Umbar was used in conjunction with it being made into a great fortress,<ref name="SA2280">{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 2280, p. 1083</ref> it being laid siege to<ref name="Earnil">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, pp. 1044-5</ref> or it being invested.<ref name="Ciryaher">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher, p. 1045</ref> Since these statements imply a small fortified area, it is probable that Umbar was also the name of a fortified city in this realm.<ref>{{webcite|author=Michael Martinez|articleurl=https://middle-earth.xenite.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-umbar-the-city-name/|articlename=What is the Meaning of Umbar (the City Name)?|website=middle-earth.xenite.org|accessed=27 May 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
Umbar was located south of the mouth of the river [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a natural haven that was formed by a peninsula that extended west from the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea and then bent to the south and almost touched the coast that lay to its south. This form of the coastline left only a narrow entrance to the natural haven. The City of the Corsairs was at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar.<ref name="GeneralMap">[[Christopher Tolkien]], [[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref>

Umbar was the nearest of the realms of the Southrons to Gondor.<ref name="Herbs" /> It is possible that the realm of Umbar stretched along the coast up to the river [[Harnen]] and along the river Harnen as far its source in the [[Ephel Dúath]] before it became a part of Gondor or after it became an independent realm again, because Westron was still the native tongue in this area at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="F1">{{App|Languages}}, first and second paragraph, p. 1127</ref>

It is possible that Umbar had a climate that was fluctuating between mild winters and very hot and dry summers.<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 182-183</ref><ref group="note">J.R.R. Tolkien wrote on [[General Map of Middle-earth|his son's map of Middle-earth]] for [[Pauline Baynes]] that Umbar is approximately at the latitude of Cyprus and that Minas Tirith is approximately at the latitude of Ravenna, but more to the east near Belgrade. He wrote that these references are so that Pauline Baynes can roughly judge the climate and the fauna and flora for her [[A Map of Middle-earth|map of Middle-earth]]. In addition, he wrote in a [[Letter 294|letter to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer]] that the city of Pelargir is approximately at the latitude of ancient Troy. Cyprus is on the same latidue as Tangiers, a city in northwest Africa at the southern entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.</ref> It is also possible that Umbar had a vegetation of sparse woodlands,<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 184-5</ref> because Umbar seems to have had the natural resources to build a fleet of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count that had attacked Pelargir during the War of the Rings<ref name="Debate">{{RK|Debate}}, p. 875</ref> thirtynine years after Aragorn had burnt a great part of the ships of the Corsairs in the haven of Umbar.<ref name="Thorongil">{{App|Stewards}}, entry for Steward Ecthelion II and entry for Steward Denethor II, Denethor II succeeded his father in TA 2984 four years after Thorongil departed from Gondor after the attack, p. 1055</ref>

==History==
===Foundation and Númenórean rule===
It is possible that the bay of Umbar was discovered by [[Aldarion]], the son of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Meneldur]] when Aldarion scarcely escaped shipwreck in the Harad during a voyage with three ships,<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, in the first quarter of the chapter</ref> which lasted from {{SA|829}} to {{SA|843|n}}.<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', first paragraph</ref> After [[Sauron]] heard that Aldarion had become a great shipbuilder who sailed his ships to haven far down into the Harad, he chose [[Mordor]] as a stronghold to counter the threat of landings by the Númenoreans.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}, ninth paragraph</ref>

After Sauron was defeated by an alliance of the Númenóreans and the Elves of [[Lindon]] and [[Eriador]] in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]]<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> during the reign of Queen [[Tar-Telperiën]]<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry X ''Tar-Telperien''</ref> in {{SA|1700}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1700</ref> he retreated from the coasts of Middle-earth and did not dare to challenge the Númenóreans for a long time.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, twentyninth paragraph</ref>

Until the end of the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Minastir]] in {{SA|1869}},<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref> the Númenóreans came to Middle-earth as teachers and friends of the local population.<ref name="AfterMinastir">{{App|Numenor}}, entry after the entry for Tar-Minastir, p. 1036</ref>

Approximately in {{SA|1800|n}} the Númenóreans began to establish dominions on the coasts,<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1800, p. 1083</ref> which possibly already included Umbar. It is possible that the son of Tar-Minastir, [[Tar-Ciryatan|Ciryatan]] sailed to Umbar, because he voyaged south before he took the sceptre from his father in {{SA|1869|n}}.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean kings [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and [[Tar-Atanamir]], who were both greedy for wealth, the Númenóreans formed two parties, the party of the [[Faithful]], who remained faithful to the [[Valar]] and maintained their friendship with the [[Elves]] and the party of the [[King's Men]], who followed the policy of the King to oppose the [[Ban of the Valar]] that forbade to sail to [[Aman]] and did not maintain the friendship with the Elves.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, fifteenth to twentyfourth pargraph</ref> The King's Men sailed far away to the south of Middle-earth and established lordships and strongholds<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, twentyeighth paragraph</ref> in Umbar, Harad and many other places on the coasts of Middle-earth.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{PM|Second}}, manuscript T4, entry for the years 2000-3000</ref> The Númenóreans in the service of Tar-Ciryatan and Tar-Atanamir oppressed the men of Middle-earth and levied heavy tribute from the men of the coasts and their ships brought back metals and gems from Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan'' and entry XIII ''Tar-Atanamir''</ref> It is possible that Umbar was an important point from which tributes and other resources were shipped to Númenor.

After the [[Ringwraiths]] had appeared around the year {{SA|2251}}<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 2251, p. 1083</ref> and after the terror and mastery of Sauron over Men in Middle-earth had grown, Sauron began to attack the strongholds of the Númenóreans on the coasts of Middle-earth,<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, thirtieth paragraph</ref>
but he was not yet able to conquer Umbar.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §30</ref>

Before he had married the queen of Númenor [[Tar-Míriel]] and ursurped her throne, the Númenórean king [[Ar-Pharazôn]] had been a leader in the wars of the Númenóreans on the coasts of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, thirtysixth paragraph</ref> During this time in Middle-earth he became aware of the strength of the realm of Sauron and of Sauron's hatred against Númenor. After his ursurpation of the throne, Ar-Pharazôn received reports that Sauron was attacking with his might, was pressing down on the cities by the coasts and had openly declared to intend to drive the Númenóreans into the sea and to destroy Númenor, Ar-Pharazôn prepared an army and an armada of ships.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, thirtynineth and fourtieth paragraph</ref> In {{SA|3261|n}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, p. 1084</ref> Ar-Pharazôn landed with his armada at Umbar, marched with his army for seven days, and commanded Sauron to swear fealty to him. Sauron thought that he could not win by force, so he came and humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn and was taken as a hostage to Númenor.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, fourtyfirst and fourtysecond paragraph</ref> Umbar was remembered ever after with pride as the site of the landing of the Númenórean army that had humiliated Sauron.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar, p. 1047</ref>

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been settled by the King's Men, who were afterwards called the [[Black Númenóreans]], who hated the Faithful Númenórean survivors of Arnor and Gondor.<ref name="UmbarNote" />

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], rose to power among the Haradrim at the end of [[Second Age]]. When Sauron prepared to attack Gondor in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], he also gathered servants from the south, including many Númenóreans, because many of them had sailed east from Númenor so settle on the coasts of Middle-earth in the time when Sauron had lived in Númenór had already served him there and continued to serve him in Middle-earth.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Not all the servants of Sauron were killed at the end of the War of the Last Alliance<ref name="Rings" /> in {{SA|3429|n}}.<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 3429, p. 1085</ref> Some of them were routed and dispersed and many remembered Sauron in their hearts and hated Arnor and Gondor.<ref name="Rings" /> It is possible that Herumor and Fuinor were from Umbar - their fate is unknown, but it is possible that they died during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

The fate of the other settlements of the Númenóreans further south of Umbar is unclear, but it is said that they were 'absorbed', and that no attempt was made to involve them in the wars. This could imply that they were simply too isolated, geographically and politically, and acting on their own behalf. Whatever befell them, they fell out of the picture of the West.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] repaired the haven of [[Pelargir]], built a great navy and besieged Umbar by land and by sea.<ref name="Earnil" /> In {{TA|933}}, he took Umbar.<ref name="Third">{{App|TA}}, pp. 1085-6</ref> Umbar was only taken at great cost, because its Black Númenorean inhabitants as descendants of the King's Men inherited their hatred of Gondor as a realm of the followers of Elendil<ref name="UmbarNote" /> and probably defended Umbar vehemently because of that. As a result of the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Black Númenorean lords of Umbar were driven from Umbar and Umbar became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor.<ref name="Earnil" /> Only three years later, in {{TA|936|n}},<ref name="Third" /> King Eärnil was lost at sea with many ships and men in a great storm off Umbar.<ref name="Earnil" />

Eärnil's son [[Ciryandil]] continued to build ships.<ref name="Earnil" /> During his reign the Men of the Harad led by the Black Númenorean lords that had been driven from Umbar came with a large force and besieged Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil, p. 1045</ref> In {{TA|1015|n}} Ciryandil was killed in the siege of Umbar.<ref name="Third" />

The siege of Umbar lasted for many years, but Umbar could not be taken, because of the sea-power of Gondor,<ref name="Ciryaher" /> probably because Umbar could be resupplied and reinforced with ships from Gondor by sea. Ciryandil's son [[Ciryaher]] took enough time to gather an army and a navy, came down by land crossing the river [[Harnen]] and by sea and utterly defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name="Ciryaher" /> in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Third" /> As a consequence, Ciryaher took the name Hyarmendacil "South-victor" and the kings of the Men of the Harad had to acknowledge the overlordsip of Gondor. During his reign the realm of Gondor extended south to the river Harnen and along the coast to the peninsula and haven of Umbar and the sonst of the kings of the Harad lived as hostages in the court of king Ciryaher.<ref name="Ciryaher" />

After the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Gondorians built a great white pillar on the highest hill of the headland above the Haven as a monument of the submission of Sauron to the Númenorean king Ar-Pharazȏn. The pillar was crowned with a globe of crystal that reflected the rays of the sun and the moon and shone like a bright star that could be seen in clear weather even on the coasts of Gondor or far out upon the western sea.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, p. 1047</ref>

When King [[Valacar]] of Gondor grew old there was already a rebellion in the southern provinces. Some of the Dúnedain refused to accept his son [[Eldacar]] as their future King, because Eldacar had been born in a foreign country, had been named Vinitharya in a foreign language in his youth and they feared that Eldacar would have a shorter life, because his mother, who came from a foreign country and who they perceived to be of a "lesser" race had only had a short life compared to the longer life of the Dúnedain.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Valacar, p. 1046</ref> After the death of King Valacar in {{TA|1432|n}}, a civil war, called the [[Kin-strife]], began in Gondor.<ref name="Third" /> The people of the great havens of Umbar and Pelargir and of the coasts supported the Captain of Ships, [[Castamir]], who was one of those nearest by blood to the crown.<ref name="Eldacar">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, pp. 1046-8</ref> In {{TA|1437|n}},<ref name="Third" /> Castamir deposed Eldacar, who fled to his kinfolk in [[Rhovanion]].<ref name="Eldacar" /> Ten years later, in {{TA|1447|n}},<ref name="Third" /> Eldacar returned from the north with a great army of Dúnedain from the northern parts of the realm and of Northmen, who had been in the service of Gondor and killed Castamir in a great battle at the crossings of the river [[Erui]]. However the sons of Castamir escaped to Pelargir and Eldacar besieged Pelargir<ref name="Eldacar" /> in {{TA|1447|n}}.<ref name="Third" />

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[File:Ralph Damiani - Umbar Armada.jpg|thumb|''Umbar Armada'' by [[Ralph Damiani]]]]
In {{TA|1448}},<ref name="Third" /> after the sons of Castamir had gathered all the forces that they could in Pelargir, they sailed away to Umbar and established an independent lordship and a refuge for all enemies of the King of Gondor in Umbar.<ref name="Flight">{{App|Gondor}}, entry after the death of Castamir, p. 1047</ref> It is possible that the rebels took their wives and families with them to Umbar; they had held out long with others of their kin in Pelargir and were able to gather people at Pelargir because Eldacar had no ships to besiege Pelargir by sea. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a threat to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. The region of [[Harondor|South Gondor]] became a debatable land between the kings of Gondor and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name="Flight" /> As a result of the loss of Umbar the control of Gondor over the Men of the Harad decreased.<ref name="Flight" />

After the Kin-strife often close relatives of the kings of Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the kings fled to Umbar and joined the rebels.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry following the death of King Eärnur, p. 1052</ref>

In {{TA|1540|n}}, King [[Aldamir]] was killed in a war with the Harad and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name="Third" />

In {{TA|1551|n}}, his son<ref>{{App|South}}, entry for Hyarmendacil II (Vinyarion), p. 1038</ref> [[Hyarmendacil II]] defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name="Third" /> and crushed Umbar.<ref name="ElendilC">{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Heirs of Elendil, The Southern Line of Gondor: the Anarioni, 25. Minardil, p. 199</ref>

The leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar, [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], the great-grandsons of Castamir, learned through spies that [[Minardil]], the [[King of Gondor]], was in the [[Gondor]]ian port of [[Pelargir]] and that he did not suspect any danger, because his father had crushed Harad and Umbar.<ref name="ElendilC" /> In {{TA|1634|n}},<ref name="Third" /><ref name="T4">{{PM|Third}}, manuscript T4, entry for the year 1634</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar, led by [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], made a raid up the river [[Anduin]], killed Minardil in Pelargir,<ref name="Telemnar">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telemnar, p. 1048</ref> ravaged [[Pelargir]] and the coasts and escaped with great booty.<ref name="ElendilC" />

During the reign of King [[Telumehtar]], Minardil's great-grand nephew, the Corsairs raided the coasts of Gondor as far as the [[Anfalas]]. As a consequence, Telumehtar gathered his forces and took Umbar by storm<ref name="Telumehtar">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar, p. 1048</ref> and drove out the Corsairs in {{TA|1810|n}}.<ref name="Third" /> The last descendants of Castamir died during that war. After the reconquest of Umbar Telumehtar added the title Umbardacil (Umbar-victor) to his name.<ref name="Telumehtar" />

Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor, but was again lost in the new evils that soon befell Gondor and fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="Telumehtar" /> It is possible that Umbar was held by the kings of Gondor at least until {{TA|1975|n}}. In {{TA|1899|n}},<ref name="Third" /> King [[Calimehtar]] was free from other dangers when he led an army out of [[Ithilien]] to the plain of [[Dagorlad]],<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, sixth paragraph</ref> because his grandfather Teluhmetar had captured Umbar and smashed the power of the Corsairs and the peoples of Harad were occupied with wars and feuds of their own.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 9</ref> From that year to {{TA|1944|n}}, Gondor enjoyed a respite from war.<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, seventh paragraph</ref> In {{TA|1944|n}},<ref name="Third" /> during the war with the [[Wainriders]], the [[Haradrim]] and the Men of [[Khand]] the southern army of Gondor was smaller, because the danger from the south was considered to be smaller,<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, eleventh paragraph</ref> because assistance from Umbar for an attack on [[Ithilien]] by enemies proceeding from Near Harad was not avaible.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 14</ref> In the autumn of {{TA|1973|n}}, King Eärnil II felt sufficiently secure to be able to send aid to [[Arthedain]] and sent an army of power for a war of great kings, although it was just a small force of the whole army of Gondor, on so many ships that they could scarcely find harbourage, although they filled the [[Grey Havens]], [[Harlond]] and [[Forlond]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil II, p. 1050</ref> It seems unlikely that King Eärnil II would have felt sufficiently secure to send away such a large fleet from Gondor to the aid of Arthedain if he would have feared an attack on Gondor by ships from Umbar. It also seems unlikely that Gondor would not have been able to hold Umbar when it still had a fleet and a mighty army, because Umbar could not be taken in the past in the days of King [[Ciryaher]] during a siege by the Men of Harad that lasted for many years, because of the power of the fleet of Gondor.<ref name="Ciryaher" />

===Haradrim rule===
During the reign of Steward Cirion ({{TA|2489}}-{{TA|2567|n}}),<ref>{{App|South}}, ''Ruling Stewards'', year after Boromir and year after Cirion, p. 1039</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar attacked the coasts of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, ''The Stewards'', entry for Steward Cirion, p. 1053</ref>

In {{TA|2746|n}}, the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] was killed by the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth, entry for the 15th prince of Dol Amroth</ref>

The Corsairs spent a long time to prepare a great fleet. In {{TA|2758|n}} three fleets sailed from Umbar and [[Harad]] and landed at many places along the coasts of Gondor and even at the mouth of the river [[Isen]]<ref name="Beren">{{App|Stewards}}, ''The Stewards'', entries for Steward Beren and Steward Beregond, p. 1054</ref> and at the mouth of the river [[Lefnui]].<ref name="Helm">{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Helm, p. 1066</ref> The troops from Umbar and Harad helped the Dunlendings who were led by [[Wulf]], the son of [[Freca]], a lord with wide lands on both sides of the river Adorn who was said to have much Dunlending blood and who had been killed by King Helm of Rohan, to invade Rohan from the west over the river Isen and down from Isengard.<ref name="Helm" /> Before the spring of {{TA|2759|n}}, [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]], the son of Steward [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] defeated the Corsairs of Umbar and the Men of Harad that had invaded Gondor and subsequently sent troops to Rohan to help the Rohirrim to defeat the invaders.<ref name="Beren" /> As a result the Dunlendings were driven from Rohan and from Isengard.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Fréaláf, p. 1067</ref>

After the second arising of Sauron, Umbar fell under the domination of the servants of Sauron and the great white pillar that had been built on the highest hill of the headland above the haven by the followers of [[Elendil]] as a monument for the humiliation of Sauron by [[Ar-Pharazôn]] was thrown down.<ref name="Eldacar" /> It is possible that those servants of Sauron were Men of the Harad, because Umbar had fallen into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="Telumehtar" />

In {{TA|2980|n}}, [[Aragorn]] served Steward [[Ecthelion II]] as a captain in disguise under the name [[Thorongil]], gathered a small fleet, attacked Umbar by night, burned a great part of the ships of the Corsairs, overthrew the [[Captain of the Haven]] in a battle upon the quays and then withdrew his fleet with small losses.<ref name="Thorongil" />

===War of the Ring===
[[File:Per Sjögren - The Oath Fulfilled.jpg|thumb|''The Oath Fulfilled'' by [[:Category:Images by Per Sjögren|Per Sjögren]]]]
During the [[War of the Ring]], folk of Umbar and Harad had sailed up the river [[Gilrain]] to the city of [[Linhir]] and fought against men of [[Lamedon]] who defended the fords of the river. When [[Aragorn]] came to Linhir with the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]], both the defenders and the attackers fled to the east in the direction of [[Pelargir]]. The main fleet of Umbar consisting of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count had sailed to Pelargir. Many of the rowing slaves that were chained to the oars of those ships were folk of Gondor that had been taken by the Corsairs of Umbar during raids. When the Army of the Dead reached Pelargir and came to the ships that were drawn up and to the ships that were anchored all the terrified mariners leaped overboard. Some ships had put off to try to escape down the river or to reach the far shore and many of the smaller craft were burning. Aragorn was able to capture the remaining ships, to man them with troops from [[Lebennin]], the [[Ethir Anduin]] and Lamedon and to row and sail them up the river [[Anduin]] to relief the city of [[Minas Tirith]] from the siege by the troops of Sauron.<ref name="Debate" />

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], Aragorn, made peace with the peoples of Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 968</ref> It is possible that king Elessar completely subdued Umbar<ref name="Flight" /> in a war on the far fields of the South with the aid of king [[Éomer]] and the cavalry of the [[Rohan|Mark]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, last paragraph, p. 1071</ref>

==Culture==
===Politics and rule===
It is not known how the Númenórean colony of Umbar was ruled before the Downfall of Númenor when it was a stronghold of the King's Men who were afterwards called the Black Númenóreans. No "King of Umbar" is mentioned in the Annals of the Kings and Rulers after the Down fall of Númenor. It is possible that the Black Númenóreans regarded the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers. It is also possible that they did not decide on a new King as the successor of King Ar-Pharazôn, because they did not know if Ar-Pharazôn had survived the invasion of Aman and had achieved his desire of immortality there or had died in Aman or in the Drowning of Númenor.

It is not known, if [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], who rose to power among the Haradrim in the wide lands south of Mordor,<ref name="Rings" /> were rulers of Umbar.

In {{TA|1634}}, Angamaitë and Sangahyando were the leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name="ElendilC" />

At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Umbar was occupied by hostile people whose lords were originally rebel Númenóreans and were currently pirates.<ref name="HM|UI" /> The names and the number of those lords who ruled Umbar during the War of the Rings are not known.

===Language===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron had become the native language of nearly all [[Men]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdom of [[Gondor]], including all along the coasts from Umbar northward and inland as far as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="F1" /><ref>{{PM|Atani}}, penultimate paragraph and its preceeding paragraph</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name ''Umbar'' was forgotten. Umbar already received its name before the ships of the Númenóreans sailed the sea.<ref>{{App|Men}}, sixth paragraph, p. 1129</ref> As a consequence, it is a name in one of the [[pre-Númenórean]] languages. Despite the coincidental similarity, the name Umbar is not related to the Quenya word ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'', which means fate.<ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters'', p. 1124</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
{{Incomplete}}
The label "Havens of Umbar" is written below a bay that lies south of South Gondor near the bottom edge of the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] that was included in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The City of the Corsairs lies at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar on this map.<ref name="GeneralMap" />

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Cape of Umbar map.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the Cape of Umbar in''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' ]]
'''2023: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The City of the Corsairs is known properly as "Umbar Baharbêl", and the realm also encompasses the Cape of Umbar and the few settlements upon it. Offshore from the cape is the shipwreck-strewn archipelago called "Zirâr Tarka, the Shield Isles" of Umbar, home to castaways, exiles, and freebooters. The Umbari language is partially inspired by Maltese.
:After the defeat at Pelargir and the downfall of Sauron, the Umbari people rebel against those those loyal to Sauron and the Haradrim "Empire of Ordâkh" occupying the city. Now a Free City, Umbar is ruled by a council of seven called the "Kindred of the Coins". At least some of the Kindred have designs against Gondor, and so the players must investigate on behalf of [[King of Gondor|King]] [[Aragorn|Elessar]] and [[Queen of Gondor|Queen]] [[Arwen]], while befriending and assisting the citizens.

==See also==
*[[Corsairs of Umbar]]
*[[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031156/http://www.guildcompanion.com/scrolls/2003/feb/rethinkingumbar.html Rethinking Umbar] by [[Chris Seeman]]
*[https://nolondil.tumblr.com/post/174550667841/who-is-a-n%C3%BAmen%C3%B3rean Who Is a Númenórean?] by Nolondil (Ellie Keener)
*[https://middle-earth.xenite.org/were-the-corsairs-of-umbar-numenoreans/ Were the Corsairs of Umbar Numenoreans?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[https://middle-earth.xenite.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-umbar-the-city-name/ What is the meaning of Umbar (the City Name)?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[https://middle-earth.xenite.org/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Regions of Gondor]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Talk:Woodcraft

2025-09-05T14:34:16Z

Éowyn: /* Do we need this page? */ Reply

==Do we need this page?==
Woodcraft isn't a a particularly important topic in Tolkien's writings (word is used once in LOTR & UT, twice in the Silmarillion) and his usage of the word doesn't seem to differ from the dictionary definition of the word.{{user:Éowyn/sig}}

:The term "woodcraft" is also used one more time in the Children of Hurin ("but the woodcraft of Beleg and the valour of Túrin made them seem to their enemies as a host") and once in the Lays of Beleriand ("to his proven lore / and wise woodcraf"). In the LotR it is also said that the Druedain were "woodcrafty beyond compare. So overall there are at least 7 usages of this word. This word also seems quite interesting and unusual to me, so maybe it deserves its own article? --[[User:Angon|Angon]] ([[User talk:Angon|talk]]) 22:59, 4 September 2025 (UTC)
::I do not find ”woodcraft” and “woodcrafty” to be particularly interesting or unusual words. Such opinions isn’t really notable to give something a page. However, [[wood]] as a material is probably notable enough given that there are other pages on other materials.[[User:Dour1234|Dour1234]] ([[User talk:Dour1234|talk]]) 00:13, 5 September 2025 (UTC)
:::I have not been able to find pages on other materials(I.e. wood, stone, glass, etc); however such a page might be useful still. Does wood have any cultural significance for and races or groups in Tolkien's world? [[User:Taurlumiel Celegsûltaur|Taurlumiel Celegsûltaur]] ([[User talk:Taurlumiel Celegsûltaur|talk]]) 11:39, 5 September 2025 (UTC)
:If we keep this page, we should probably make it about [[wood]] in Tolkien’s works in general rather than specifically woodcraft.[[User:Dour1234|Dour1234]] ([[User talk:Dour1234|talk]]) 00:13, 5 September 2025 (UTC)
::Maybe it could be merged with [[Trees]]? {{user:Éowyn/sig}} 14:34, 5 September 2025 (UTC)

The Children of Húrin

2025-09-05T00:38:05Z

Éowyn: Turin --> Túrin

{{short description|Book published in 2007}}
{{disambig-more|Narn i Chîn Húrin|[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (disambiguation)]]}}{{book
| title=The Children of Húrin
| image = Children of Húrin 2007.png
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=[[17 April]] [[2007]]
| format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe edition
| pages=320
| isbn=0007246226
| precededby=[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]] (2006)
| followedby=[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]] (2008)
}}
'''''The Children of Húrin''''', also known as '''''Narn i Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin''''', is a novel based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s writings, edited by his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] and published on [[17 April]] [[2007]]. The main text had been previously published as "[[Narn i Hîn Húrin]]" in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', here edited by Christopher to form a consistent narrative as an independent work. The first and most subsequent editions include illustrations by [[Alan Lee]].

The plot consists in the expanded account of the story of the wanderings and deeds of [[Túrin Turambar]], son of [[Húrin]], and his sister [[Niënor]], in their struggle against fate (and the curse cast upon Húrin's kin). It is considered to be among the darkest examples of any of Tolkien's works.

The story is one of three "[[Atanatarion|great tales]]" set in the [[First Age]] of Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]], the other two being ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'' and ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''.

==Synopsis==
"There are tales of Middle-earth from times long before ''The Lord of the Rings'', and the story told in this book is set in the great country that lay beyond the [[Grey Havens]] in the North: lands where [[Treebeard]] once walked, but which were drowned in the great cataclysm that ended the [[First Age]] of the World.

"In that remote time [[Morgoth]], the first Dark Lord, dwelt in the vast fortress of [[Angband]] in the North; and the tragedy of [[Túrin]] and his sister [[Niënor]] unfolded within the shadow of the fear of Angband and the war waged by Morgoth against the lands and secret cities of the Elves.

"Their brief and passionate lives were dominated by the elemental hatred that Morgoth bore them as the children of Húrin, the man who had dared to defy and to scorn him to his face. Against them he sent his formidable servant, [[Glaurung]], a powerful spirit in the form of a huge wingless [[dragon]] of fire. Into his story of brutal conquest and flight, of forest hiding-places and pursuit, of resistance with lessening hope, the mythological persons of the God and the Dragon enter in fearfully articulate form. Sardonic and mocking, Glaurung manipulated the fates of Túrin and Niënor by lies of diabolic cunning and guile, and the curse of Morgoth was fulfilled.

"The earliest versions of this story by J.R.R. Tolkien go back to the end of the First World War and the years that followed; but long afterwards, when ''The Lord of the Rings'' was finished, he wrote it anew and greatly enlarged it in complexities of motive and character: it became the dominant story in his later work on Middle-earth. But he could not bring it to final and finished form. In this book I have endeavoured to construct, after long study of the manuscripts, a coherent narrative without any editorial invention." —Christopher Tolkien

==Contents==
[[File:Alan Lee - Beleg Departs from Menegroth.jpg|thumb|''Beleg Departs from Menegroth'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
* Preface
* Introduction
* Note on Pronunciation

* '''Narn I Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin'''
# "[[The Childhood of Túrin]]"
# "[[The Battle of Unnumbered Tears]]"
# "[[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]]"
# "[[The Departure of Túrin]]"
# "[[Túrin in Doriath]]"
# "[[Túrin among the Outlaws]]"
# "[[Of Mîm the Dwarf]]"
# "[[The Land of Bow and Helm]]"
# "[[The Death of Beleg]]"
# "[[Túrin in Nargothrond]]"
# "[[The Fall of Nargothrond]]"
# "[[The Return of Túrin to Dor-lómin]]"
# "[[The Coming of Túrin into Brethil]]"
# "[[The Journey of Morwen and Niënor to Nargothrond]]"
# "[[Niënor in Brethil]]"
# "[[The Coming of Glaurung]]"
# "[[The Death of Glaurung]]"
# "[[The Death of Túrin]]"

* Genealogies
** The House of Hador & the People of Haleth
** The House of Bëor
** The Princes of the Noldor
* Appendix
** The Evolution of the Great Tales
** The Composition of the Text
* List of Names
* Note on the map

==Writings and publication==
A brief version of the story formed the base of [[Of Túrin Turambar|Chapter 21]] of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', setting the tale in the context of the wars of [[Beleriand]]. Although based on the same texts used to complete the new book, Christopher Tolkien abridged the tale to avoid overcharging his edition.

Other incomplete versions have been published in previous publications:
*The "[[Narn i Hîn Húrin]]" in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''.
*Items in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series, including:
**"[[Turambar and the Foalókë]]", from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two]]''
**"[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]" (a narrative poem), from ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
None of these writings forms a complete and mature narrative. The published ''Children of Húrin'' is essentially a synthesis of the ''Narn'' and of the account found in ''The Silmarillion''.

{{blockquote|It has seemed to me for a long time that there was a good case for presenting my father's long version of the legend of the Children of Húrin as an independent work, between its own covers, with a minimum of editorial presence, and above all in continuous narrative without gaps or interruptions, if this could be done without distortion or invention, despite the unfinished state in which he left some parts of it.|Christopher Tolkien}}

==Publication history and gallery==
;UK editions
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="125px" heights="125px">
File:Children of Húrin 2007.png |2007 hardcover
File:Children-of-hurin-deluxe-edition-w-stamp.jpg |2007 hardcover deluxe edition [[The Children of Húrin: Deluxe Edition|1]]
File:The Children of Hurin Signed Limited Edition - 2.jpg |2007 hardcover limited deluxe [[The Children of Húrin Signed Limited Edition|2]]
File:Children of Húrin 2007 large.png |2007 hardcover large print
File:Children of Húrin 2008.jpeg |2008 paperback
File:Children of Húrin 2008 special 2.jpeg |2008 paperback overseas edition
File:Children of Húrin 2008 special.jpeg |2008 paperback 7th impression
File:Children of Húrin 2014.png |2014 paperback
File:Children of Húrin 2014 large.png |2014 paperback large print
File:Children of Húrin 2024.png |2024 paperback
</gallery>
* [[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2007]]), pp. 320. ISBN 0007246226
* [[HarperCollins]] hardcover with slipcase ([[2007]]), ISBN 0007252234
* [[HarperCollins]] hardcover with traycase ([[2007]]), ISBN 0007252242 - (limited deluxe edition)
* [[HarperCollins]] hardcover ([[2007]]), ISBN 0007252250 - (large print edition)
* [[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2008]]), ISBN 0007252269
* [[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2008]]), ISBN 0007309368 - (special overseas edition)
** 2008 overseas edition, 7th? impression ([[2014]])
* [[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2014]]), ISBN 0007597339
* [[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2014]]), ISBN 0008108323 - (large print edition)
** 2014 paperback edition, 14th impression ([[2024]])

;Audiobook editions
[[Image:The Children of Hurin Audiobook.jpg|150px|thumb|''The Children Of Húrin'' Audiobook]]
An unabridged [[The Children of Húrin (audiobook)|audio recording]] of ''The Children of Húrin'' read by [[Christopher Lee]] was released in November 2007. Lee spent five days in the studio recording the book for HarperCollins.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090825011552/http://www.christopherleeweb.com:80/content/children-hurin-0?s=2fe5c0abd7a86ace5f51d633fba86a37] The audiobook also features [[Christopher Tolkien]] reading his preface and introduction to the story.
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2007]], ISBN 9780007269648
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2007]], ISBN 9780007269631
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2007]], 1st edition CD Audio, ISBN 9780007263455
* [[HarperCollins]], [[2008]], ISBN 9780007298136

==See also==
*"[[Of Túrin Turambar]]" (chapter of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'' (the precursor to ''The Children of Húrin'')
*[[:Category:Images from The Children of Húrin|Images from ''The Children of Húrin'']] illustrated by [[Alan Lee]]
*[[The Children of Húrin Release Party|Release party]]

==External links==
* Nicholas Birns, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/240232 Review of the book], [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5|Tolkien Studies. 5]]
* [[The Children of Húrin reviews|Other reviews of the book]]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/Children-of-Hurin-FAQ.htm Children of Húrin FAQ]
* [http://www.lotrplaza.com/archive5/display_topic_threads.asp?ForumID=24&TopicID=207607 Discussion at LotRPlaza.com]
* [http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2006/09/j.html Blog post] by [[Michael D.C. Drout]]
* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/childrenofhurin.htm Article on TolkienLibrary.com]

{{title|italics}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Children of Hurin, The}}
[[Category:The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Die Kinder Húrins]]
[[fr:Les Enfants de Húrinn]]
[[fi:Húrinin lasten tarina (teos)]]
[[fi:The Children of Húrin]]

Tulkas

2025-09-05T00:37:36Z

Éowyn: Turin --> Túrin

{{infobox character
| people=[[Valar|Vala]]
| name=Tulkas
| image=Steamey - Tulkas.jpg
| caption="Tulkas" by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamey]]
| pronun={{IPA|[ˈtulkas]}}
| othernames=''Tulukhastāz'' ([[Valarin|V]]) ''Astaldo'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Tolchas'' ([[Noldorin|N]]) The Valiant The Strong
| titles=
| position=Champion of the [[Valar]]
| location=[[Valinor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Quenya]]
| notablefor=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Nessa]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Golden (hair and beard)<ref name=vala>{{S|IIb}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=His hands
| steed=
}}
{{quote|So came Tulkas the Strong, whose anger passes like a mighty wind, scattering cloud and darkness before it|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Beginning of Days]]"}}

'''Tulkas''' was a [[Valar|Vala]]. He was the most warlike of the Valar and the spouse of [[Nessa]].

==Attributes==
Tulkas was so strong and quick that he needed no weapon or steed. He delighted in deeds of prowess and strength such as wrestling and fighting. But he was not dreadful; he laughed loudly in sport and war and his anger dispelled [[darkness]] and clouds.<ref name="vala">{{S|IIb}}</ref><ref name="s1">{{S|1}}</ref>

He was a hardy friend and slow to wrath, but also slow to forgive. He was however not forward-thinking and did not learn from the past; always quick in action, he was not good in counselling.<ref name="vala" /><ref name="Quenta">{{LR|Quenta}}</ref>{{rp|206}}

His flesh was ruddy and his hair and beard golden.<ref name="vala" />

Tulkas represents the good side of ‘violence’ in the war against evil. This is an absence of all compromise which will even face apparent evils (such as war) rather than parley; and does not (in any kind of pride) think that any one less than Eru can redress this, or rewrite the tale of Arda.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}</ref>{{rp|522}}

==History==
Tulkas was [[Creation of the Ainur|created]] by [[Eru]] with the other [[Ainur]] and sang in the [[Song of the Ainur]], and chose to enter [[Eä]]. His spirit was wandering Ea and did not participate in the formation of [[Arda]] with the other [[Valar]]: He heard of their [[First War]] with [[Melkor]] [[Valian Year 1500|1500]] [[Valian Years]] after their arrival, and descended to them from the far heavens. The Dark Lord might have defeated the Valar by himself, but hearing the sound of Tulkas' laughter and beholding his wrath, Melkor fled before him.<ref name="s1" />

Thanks to him, the Valar now continued their work in peace, and the [[Spring of Arda]] was begun. After the [[Two Lamps]] were erected and the Valar had made their first dwelling at [[Almaren]], Tulkas wedded [[Nessa]] in a great feast. Being weary and content he slept, and Melkor decided his hour to retaliate had come, and ruined the Lamps, causing a cataclysm.<ref name="s1" />
[[File:Antonio Vinci - Tulkas.jpg|thumb|left|''Tulkas'' by [[:Category:Images by Antonio Vinci|Antonio Vinci]]]]
After the cataclysm, the Valar and their people went to [[Valinor]]. Anticipating the [[Awakening of the Elves]] he urged the other Valar to wage war against Melkor.

But when [[Oromë]] announced that the [[Elves|first Children of Ilúvatar]] did awake, Manwë called a council at the [[Ring of Doom]] and announced the will of Eru that, for the sake of the Elves, the Valar should regain guardianship of the world from Melkor. Tulkas was glad of this decision. In the [[Battle of the Powers]], after a long siege at [[Utumno]], it was Tulkas who wrestled with Melkor and cast him upon his face. Tulkas [[Chaining of Melkor|chained]] Melkor with the enchanted chain [[Angainor]], forged by [[Aulë]]. For a while the world was free from Melkor's influence.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref>

When his sentence was fulfilled, Melkor repented of his actions and was pardoned by [[Manwë]]; Tulkas was disappointed with this decision, ever distrustful. But having fought Melkor in the name of authority, he could not rebel himself, and accepted Manwë's decision.<ref>{{S|6}}</ref>

After the lies spread by Melkor were known, Tulkas and Oromë seached him in the north of Aman, but he was already escaped south. And when Melkor and [[Ungoliant]] caused the [[Darkening of Valinor]], Tulkas and Oromë searched in vain for them, unable to penetrate the unlight cast by Ungoliant.<ref>{{S|8}}</ref> Shortly after, Tulkas hurried [[Fëanor]] to take a decision about surrendering the [[Silmarils]].<ref>{{S|9}}</ref>

It is said that in the [[Dagor Dagorath]], Tulkas will once more oppose [[Melkor]], and will directly fight him in the battle. The victor is unknown, But probably Melkor, For it will be [[Túrin]] who will slay Melkor.<ref name="Quenta">{{LR|Quenta}}</ref>{{rp|333}}

==Etymology==
The name ''Tulkas'' means in [[Quenya]] "steady, firm".<ref name="Etymologies">{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "TULUK"</ref> '''''Tulukhastāz''''' ("the golden-haired")<ref group="note">''Tulukhastāz'' is said to consist of the Valarin elements ''tulukha(n)'' ("yellow") and ''(a)šata-'' ("hair of head").</ref> was the original [[Valarin]] name for Tulkas.<ref>{{WJ|AD1}}, p. 399</ref>

==Other names==
He was also called '''''Astaldo''''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "the Valiant").<ref name="vala" /> ''Astaldo'' replaced the earlier name ''Poldórëa''.<ref>{{HM|IX}}, p. 361</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 181 (forms: ''Poldórea'', ''Poldor'', ''Poldomo'')</ref><ref name="LT1III">{{LT1|III}}</ref><ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Poldórëa"</ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Tulkas is referred as ''Afodfrea'' "Strength-ruler".<ref>{{SM|QA1}}</ref>

In an early manuscript, a considered surname was: '''''Ender''''', derived from '''''Enderō''''' ('[?virile] young bridegroom').<ref>{{VT|45a}}, p. 11</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| AUL |~| YAV | | VAN |~| ORO | | NES |~| TUL | |AUL=[[Aulë]]|YAV=[[Yavanna]]|VAN=[[Vána]]|ORO=[[Oromë]]|NES=[[Nessa]]|TUL='''TULKAS'''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In some versions it is said that Tulkas was of the spirits who didn't come into [[Eä]]. In other versions, it is said that Tulkas was one of the spirits who entered the vast regions of Eä, until he came to Arda to help Manwë.<ref>{{MR|P2a}}, p. 52, §13</ref>

In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' he did not come last and he was young but not the youngest of the great Valar ([[Ómar|Ómar Amillo]] was).<ref name="LT1III" /> [[Telimektar]] was his son.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}</ref>

In [[Noldorin]], his name was '''''Tolchas'''''.<ref name="Etymologies" />

{{References|note}}
{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Qenya names]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Valar]]

[[de:Tulkas]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/tulkas]]
[[fi:Tulkas]]

Azaghâl

2025-09-05T00:37:20Z

Éowyn: Turin --> Túrin

{{infobox character
| people=[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]
| name=Azaghâl
| image=Jenny Dolfen - Azaghal.jpg
| caption="Azaghâl" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Lord of Belegost]]
| position=
| location=[[Belegost]]
| affiliation=[[Union of Maedhros]]
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Khuzdul]]
| birth=Before {{FA|260}}<ref>{{UT|Departure}}</ref>
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FA|472}} (aged 212+)
| deathlocation=[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]
| age=
| notablefor=Injuring [[Glaurung]]
| house=[[Broadbeams]] or [[Firebeards]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Axe and knife<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>
| steed=
}}
'''Azaghâl''' was the [[Lord of Belegost]] during the [[First Age]].

==History==
===Early History===
While traveling on the [[Dwarf-road of Beleriand|Dwarf-road]] in [[East Beleriand]], Azaghâl was waylaid by [[Orcs]]. [[Maedhros]] came to his rescue, saving his life and treasure, and as a token of gratitude, the Dwarf king gave him his [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin|helm]] made by [[Telchar]].<ref>{{UT|Narn}}, p. 75</ref>

===Union of Maedhros===
Azaghâl and his [[Dwarves of Belegost|Dwarves]] joined the [[Union of Maedhros]], and during the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the [[Dwarves of Belegost]] covered the retreat of the [[Sons of Fëanor]] by surrounding the Dragon [[Glaurung]]. They hewed at him with their axes, for his scales were not strong enough to shield him from the blows of Dwarven axes. In his rage Glaurung struck down Azaghâl, and crawled over him. With his last breath Azaghâl drove a knife into Glaurung's belly, so wounded him that he fled the field with many of the dismayed beasts of [[Angband]] following.
[[File:Joona Kujanen - The Fall of Azaghal.jpg|thumb|left|Joona Kujanen - ''The Fall of Azaghal'']]
The Dwarves raised up the body of their lord and bore him away; and with slow steps they walked behind singing a dirge in deep voices, as it were a funeral pomp in their country, and gave no heed to their foes; and none dared attack them.<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref> [[Túrin]] would later recount the tale of Azaghâl to the [[Haladin]].<ref>{{CH|16}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Azaghâl'' is one of the few [[Khuzdul]] names known. It is not determined whether this was his birthname or an epithet. Its meaning is not known, but it has been argued that it is of the same [[Sundocarmë|Root]] as the [[Adûnaic]] verb ''azgara'', "to wage war" and even perhaps ''[[Azog]]''. ''Azaghâl'' would then mean "warrior".<ref>http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azaghal}}

[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Khuzdul words]]
[[de:Azaghâl]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/1a/azaghal]]
[[fi:Azaghâl]]

Captain of the guard

2025-09-05T00:32:00Z

Éowyn: i --> í in Fíli and Kíli

{{unnamed}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Northmen|Northman]]
| name=Captain of the guard
| image=The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Braga Promo.jpg
| caption=The "captain of the guard" from ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=Captain
| titles=
| position=Captain of the guard
| location=[[Lake-town]], [[Long Lake]]
| affiliation=[[Lake-men]]
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=Possibly {{TA|2941}}
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}

The '''captain of the guard''', or just the '''captain ''', was a [[Lake-men|Man]] of [[Lake-town]] who served as the captain of the guard for the [[Master of Lake-town]] during the late [[Third Age]].<ref name="H14">{{H|14}}</ref>

== History ==
The captain of the guard served the [[Master of Lake-town]]. One day in {{TA|2941}}, the guards under his command were surprised by the appearance of [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] in their hut without any prior warning. After [[Thorin]] announced himself and his intention to see the Master of Lake-town, the captain of the guard asked to know who [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], and [[Bilbo Baggins]] were. After Thorin answered, the captain demanded that they all needed to lay down any weapons they had if they came in peace, though Thorin revealed that they had none and would not be able to fight them even if they did. When the captain revealed that the Master was in a feast, Fíli grew impatient and demanded to be taken for them to make haste, threatening the captain that the Master may not like waiting long.<ref name="H14"/>

The captain obliged him and led the company with six men through the market-place and into the [[Great House]], where Thorin announced his identity to the Master before the captain could get a word in.<ref name="H14"/> It is unknown if the captain of the guard survived the attack by [[Smaug]] and the later [[Battle of Five Armies]].

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Ian Thompson provided the voice of the captain of the guard, who is credited as the '''Herald of Esgaroth'''.

'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''
:The captain of the guard is referred to as a '''Man''' and is portrayed by Heinz Theo Branding.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:The captain of the guard was given the name '''Braga''' and is portrayed by [[Mark Mitchinson]]. He has light brown hair, green eyes, and wields a spear. Unlike in the book, he was given a slightly expanded role. Braga and his guards track [[Bard]] when he first arrives with [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Thorin and Company]], though Bard manages to keep them hidden, with help from the Dwarves themselves. Later, he is ordered by the [[Master of Lake-town]] to arrest Bard and lock him up, though not without a struggle from Bard himself.<ref>''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''</ref>

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:During [[Smaug|Smaug's]] attack on Lake-town, Braga and a few other soldiers assist the Master in emptying the town's treasury into a boat in which they then attempt to flee the wreckage. Braga presumably perishes along with the Master and everyone else in the boat when the slain [[Dragons|Dragon's]] lifeless body falls on top of them while plummeting to its final resting place at the bottom of the [[Long Lake]].<ref>''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Lake-men]]
[[Category:Positions and occupations]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

The Gathering of the Clouds

2025-09-05T00:31:26Z

Éowyn: i --> í in Fíli and Kíli

{{chapter
| title=The Gathering of the Clouds
| book=The Hobbit
| image=Alan Lee - The Gathering of the Clouds.jpg
| number=15
| event=[[Bard]] confronts [[Thorin]] at the [[Front Gate]].
| location=[[Dale]], [[Erebor]], [[Front Gate]]
| previous=Fire and Water
| next=A Thief in the Night
}}

'''The Gathering of the Clouds''' is the 15th chapter of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

==Summary==

When morning came, [[Thorin and Company]] noticed a large gathering of birds in the sky; [[Bilbo]] espied the thrush from the mountain-side destroyed earlier by Smaug.
[[Balin]] told Bilbo of the great friendship that used to exist between the ravens and the people of [[Thror]], and that ravens would often bring secret news to the dwarves in exchange for rewards. Bilbo learned that a pair of wise ravens, old [[Carc]] and his wife, used to live nearby.
Upon hearing this, the thrush flew away and returned with a very old raven — [[Roäc]], son of Carc.
Roäc spoke to [[Thorin]] and Balin in the common tongue, telling of tidings from the south speaking of the death of [[Smaug]] at the hands of the men of [[Esgaroth]]. When they heard this, the dwarves were overjoyed.
But Roäc cautioned Thorin that while the treasure may be his for the moment, the tales of the death of Smaug, and the riches of Thror in the [[Lonely Mountain]] had travelled far. Elves, men, and carrion birds were approaching the mountain, hoping for a share in the spoils. Roäc counselled Thorin to trust not the [[Master of Lake-town]], but instead to trust [[Bard]], the slayer of Smaug, and that to see peace would cost him a large share of gold.
But Thorin was prideful, saying that no thieves would share in the gold. He asked Roäc to send messages to his kin led by [[Dain]] in the [[Iron Hills]] to come to their aid. As Roäc left, the dwarves returned to the mountain, where, over the next few days, they worked to fortify the only remaining entrance to the mountain: the [[Front Gate]]. During this time, they learned from the ravens that the [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves]] had joined the men at [[Lake-town]].

One morning, the dwarves saw a company of elves and men approaching the mountain from the south. From behind the stone walls the dwarves had reared in front of the entrance, Thorin spoke, asking ''"who are you, arriving as if for war?"'' But the newcomers said nothing, and returned to their camp. Soon the [[Thorin and Company|Company]] heard the pleasant sounds of Elven harps, and Bilbo longed to escape the cavernous halls under the mountain and join in the Elven pleasantries. In response, the dwarves took up their instruments and began to sing songs pleasing to Thorin. But Bilbo was dismayed, for he perceived their talk and their songs to be too like to war-mongering.

The next morning, another company of elves and men approached the fortified Front Gate. [[Bard]] strode forth speaking of his joy at finding the dwarves alive, but also of his puzzlement at Thorin's decision to confine himself inside the mountain. He explained that much of the wealth of his forebear, [[Girion]] of [[Dale]], was mingled in the dragon-hoard, and that the people of Esgaroth were living in sorrow and ruin following the [[Fire and Water|attack of Smaug]].
However, long hours in the dragon hoard had created in Thorin a lust for gold, and he replied that ''"the treasure was not his that his evil deeds should be ammended with a share of it"''. At this, banner-bearers for the men of the Lake cried forth, issuing an ultimatum to Thorin that he give at least a twelfth of the share of the treasure to Bard to restore Esgaroth. In his rage, Thorin shot an arrow at the speaker, striking his shield. Thus, the mountain was besieged by elves and men. A darkness had overcome Thorin in his greed for gold which most of the others shared, save [[Bombur]], [[Fíli]], and [[Kíli]], and Bilbo most of all.

[[Category:The Hobbit chapters|Gathering of the Clouds]]
[[fi:Pilvet kerääntyvät]]

On the Doorstep

2025-09-05T00:30:58Z

Éowyn: i --> í in Fíli and Kíli

{{chapter
|image=Ted Nasmith - When the Thrush Knocks.jpg
|previous=A Warm Welcome
|next=Inside Information
|map=J.R.R. Tolkien - Map - Doorstep route.png
|location=[[Lake-town]], [[River Running]], ruins of [[Dale]], [[Ravenhill]], [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
|date=c. [[October 7]]—[[Durin's Day]] {{TA|2941}}
|event=[[Thorin and Company]] reach Erebor
|number=11
|title=On the Doorstep
|book=The Hobbit
}}
'''On the Doorstep''' is the 11th chapter of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.
==Summary==
[[File:John Howe - Thorin and Roac.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Thorin and Roac'']]
After leaving [[Lake-town]], [[Thorin and Company]] journeyed towards the [[Lonely Mountain]]. Following the [[River Running]], they arrived at the [[Desolation of the Dragon]].

[[Thorin]] sent [[Balin]], [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], and [[Bilbo]] to spy out the [[Front Gate|front gate]] of [[Erebor]]. Across the river, they saw the ruins of [[Dale]]. Balin explained that he had been one of Thorin's companions [[Dale#Destruction|when the dragon came]] and wrought ruin upon the town. Following the river a little further, they espied the gate, and many crows, which Balin took to be an ill omen.

When the four returned, the whole Company began searching the western side of the mountain for the [[Back Door|hidden gate]]. They did this for days without success, until Bilbo, Fíli, and Kíli found traces of a track that took them to a narrow ledge at the top of a cliff. They did not doubt they had found the door, but they could not open it, no matter how vigourously they beat on it. The Company made their way up to the ledge, with the exception of [[Bombur]]. Using tools from Lake-town, they tried to break the door, but their tools splintered. Bilbo sat dejected, staring west towards [[Mirkwood]] and beyond, towards his Hobbit-hole in [[The Shire]].

Realising they didn't have much time, Thorin and Company discussed sending Bilbo in through the front gate. Perturbed by this, Bilbo sat gloomily staring at the stone ground, hoping for [[Gandalf]] to return. As the sun turned west, the light caught the tops of a distant forest, and he espied a thin new moon in the sky. Then he heard a crack behind him, and saw a large, black thrush knocking a snail against the stone of the wall. Recalling [[Thrór's Map#Description|the words]] of [[Thrór's Map]], he suddenly understood, and, setting aside all danger he called urgently for the Dwarves and explained the knocking of the thrush to them. But the sun sank lower and their hopes fell, until it sank into cloud and disappeared. As they had almost given up, a red ray of sunlight gleamed onto the smooth rock wall: ''the last light of [[Durin's Day]]''. The thrush gave a trill, and with a loud crack, flakes of rock fell, opening a hole in the lower part of the stone wall. The Company pushed, but Bilbo called for Thorin to use the key that went with the map. Thorin put it in the hole, and turned it. They all pushed together, and the outline of a door appeared in the wall, opening inwards.

Darkness oozed out of the door, and the passageway beyond appeared to them as a yawning mouth, leading ominously downwards.

[[Category:The Hobbit chapters]]
[[fi:Kuistilla]]

Nori

2025-09-05T00:29:13Z

Éowyn: Gloin --> Glóin

{{Disambig-two|the Dwarf from Thorin's company|Harfoot invented for The Rings of Power TV series|[[Elanor Brandyfoot]]}}{{infobox character
| people=[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]
| name=Nori
| image=Blake Henriksen - Nori.jpg
| caption="Nori" by [[:Category:Images by Blake Henriksen|Blake Henriksen]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]] [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=Between {{TA|2763}} and c. {{TA|2814|n}}[[Nori#Family and birth|NB]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor= [[Quest of Erebor|The Quest of Erebor]]
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=
| siblings=[[Dori]]<ref name=Person>{{HH|7iv}}</ref>
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Purple hood and a silver belt<ref name=Person />
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Nori''' was one of [[Durin's Folk]] and likely dwelt in the northern [[Blue Mountains]] with [[Thorin]] after the latter had settled there.<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> He was one of the thirteen Dwarves of [[Thorin and Company|Thorin's company]] who journeyed to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] to challenge the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]]. After the death of Smaug, Nori lived with his share of the treasure at the Lonely Mountain.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==History==
===Family and birth===
Nori's parentage is unknown, although he was a remote kinsman of Thorin and a member of the [[House of Durin]].<ref name="Durin"/> He was also the brother of [[Dori]], and a cousin of [[Ori]].<ref name=Person /> His birth year is also unknown.

However, in [[Bilbo Baggins]]' account of the quest to Erebor he stated that the brothers [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]] were the youngest of the thirteen "by some fifty years",<ref name="Hill">{{H|Hill}}</ref> and that when Thorin was missing [[Balin]] was "the eldest left".<ref>{{H|Barrels}}</ref> Since Kíli was born in {{TA|2864}} and Balin was born in {{TA|2763|n}},<ref name="Durin"/> this would put Nori's birth between {{TA|2763|n}} and c. 2814, and he would have been between c. 127 and 178 years old during the quest to Erebor.

===The Quest of Erebor===
Nori was one of the five Dwarves in the fourth group to arrive at [[Bag End]]. He wore a purple hood. During the evening when Thorin called for music, Nori (along with Dori and Ori) played the flute.<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref> In Beorn's Halls, when [[Gandalf]] was telling the story of the company's adventures to [[Beorn]], Nori and Ori were the second two Dwarves to show up.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref> Nori fought in and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. He was given his share of the treasure by [[Dáin Ironfoot]], and made his home in Erebor alongside with Dori and Ori.<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

===Later life===
Nori lived a wealthy life after the quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain. His date of death is unknown but he was still alive during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="Meetings"/>

==Etymology==
''Nóri'' is a dwarf from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It most likely means "Little shaver, small bit of something".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | DUR | | | | | | |DUR=[[Durin I]] ''fl. [[First Age]]''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | |F|~|~|~|~|^|~|~|~|~|~|7| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree| |,|~|~|~|^|~|~|~|.| | | | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree| |:| | | | | | | |:| | | | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree| |:| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree| ORI | | | | DOR | | NOR | | | THO |ORI=[[Ori]] ''d. {{TA|2994}}''†|DOR=[[Dori]] ''fl. {{TA|2941}} - {{TA|3018|n}}''|NOR='''NORI''' ''fl. {{TA|2941}} - {{TA|3018|n}}''|THO=[[Thorin|Thorin II]] ''{{TA|2746}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Nori in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Nori.png|Nori in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
File:The Hobbit (film series) - Nori.jpg|Nori in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Nori.jpg|Nori in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''1967: [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 film)]]:'''
:Nori is omitted. [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Nori's voice is provided by [[Jack DeLeon]]. However, he only ever speaks in unison with the rest of the Dwarves.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Nori is played by [[Jed Brophy]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Nori in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio:

:{{Blockquote|Perhaps the most elusive member of The Company of Thorin Oakenshield, Nori is often in trouble with the dwarvish authorities. Deciding it might be a good time to leave town, he readily joins the Quest for the Lonely Mountain, not realizing the journey ahead may well lead him into far more trouble than he has left behind. Nobody ever quite knows what the quick-witted and wily Nori is up to, except that it’s guaranteed to be dodgy and quite possibly illegal. Despite rarely seeing eye-to-eye with his brothers Dori and Ori, he is nonetheless immensely loyal and will protect them by whatever means possible.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}

===Radio series===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Nori is played by [[Antony Viccars]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Nori.

'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:Nori is present, but no actor is specified for the role of Nori.

===Games===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Nori is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76, accessed [[24 April|April 24]] [[2011]]</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:No actor is credited for the role of Nori.

'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''

:After the Quest of Erebor, Nori has the position of Keeper of Coffers in Erebor. He is first found in the Gatehouse of the [[Lonely Mountain]], where he and his brother [[Dori]] brief the player on breaking the [[Siege of Erebor]]. After the battle, Nori and the other surviving dwarves of the Company join [[Dís]] in paying respect at the tomb of [[Thorin Oakenshield]].

:Sometime later the [[cold-drake]] who slew King [[Dáin I]] is thwarted in an attack on Erebor. Thinking "Thikil-gundu, the Steel Keep", capital of [[Dáin's Halls]] of old, must now lie unguarded, Nori secretly leads a small expedition to reclaim its lost wealth for the Longbeards. His brother Dori forms a small band of dwarves to rescue him from his folly, including his old companions [[Bofur]] and [[Glóin]], and together with the player they follow Nori's trail across Ered Mithrin. They eventually find him in the Steel Keep.

'''2014: ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]'':'''
:Nori is featured in the game, with his appearance being based in the Peter Jackson's movies, but in the form of a [[LEGO]] minifigure, with Jed Brophy voicing the role through archive footage from the first two films.

{{references}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
{{companyroute}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Nori]]
[[fi:Nori]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/3a/nori]]

Legolas

2025-09-05T00:28:49Z

Éowyn: Gloin --> Glóin

{{short description|Member of the Fellowship}}
{{sources}}
{{rewrite}} 
{{disambig-two|the Elf of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]|Elf in ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]''|[[Legolas (elf of Gondolin)]]}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Sindar|Sinda]]
| name=Legolas
| image=Līga Kļaviņa - Legolas (cropped).jpg
| caption="Legolas" by [[:Category:Images by Līga Kļaviņa|Līga Kļaviņa]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|['lɛgolas]}}
| othernames=''Laicolassë'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) Greenleaf
| titles=Prince of [[Woodland Realm]]
| position=
| location=[[Woodland Realm]] [[Ithilien]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=[[Sindarin]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| sailedwest={{FoA|120}}
| sailedfrom=[[Ithilien]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Thranduil]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Over 6 feet (1.83 m)<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, "Heights", p. 195</ref>
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Green and brown garb
| weapons=[[Bow of the Galadhrim]] and "long white knife"
| steed=[[Arod]]
}}
{{Quote|There was also a strange Elf clad in green and brown, Legolas, a messenger from his father...|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Council of Elrond]]"}}

'''Legolas''' was a [[Sindar|Sinda]] Elf, the prince of the [[Woodland Realm]] of [[Mirkwood]]. His grandfather [[Oropher]] was of the [[Sindar]] of [[Doriath]], and his father [[Thranduil]] was king of Mirkwood ([[Greenwood the Great]]). His birthdate is unknown, as are his earliest exploits. His most notable role is the part he played in the [[War of the Ring]], during which he represented the [[Elves|Elven]] in the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. His Elven abilities, such as superior sight and hearing, lightness of foot, and skilled archery, were invaluable to his eight companions.

Legolas' unlikely friendship with the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]], [[Gimli]] son of [[Glóin]] was considered odd. As such a friendship was rare between the two races, due to the long-standing grievances between [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]] dating back to the [[Elder Days]]. And, unlikely because of the grudge between their two particular houses for the rough treatment Glóin and the rest of [[Thorin Oakenshield]]'s company was given by Thranduil on an earlier occasion.<ref>{{H|8}}; {{H|9}}</ref>

==History==
Little is known about his life before or during the [[Third Age]], except for the few things he himself has said on the matter.

During the [[War of the Ring]], the creature [[Gollum]] was captured by [[Aragorn]], and put under lock and key by the [[Elves of Mirkwood]]. Through their over-kindliness to him, however, Gollum managed an escape with the help of [[Sauron]]'s [[Orcs]]. Legolas was dispatched to [[Rivendell]] to deliver this ill news to [[Elrond]] and [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

Legolas was present at the [[Council of Elrond]] and related the news of Gollum's escape, quickly adding that it was not through lack of vigilance that he slipped their grasp, and provided a detailed account of the whole affair to the Council.<ref name="Council" /> He spoke little if at all after his report, but was later chosen to represent the Elves in the [[Nine Walkers]] of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to participate in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. His skills would prove invaluable to the Fellowship.

===Fellowship of the Ring===
For the early part of the quest, the nine companions walked single file, Gandalf leading, Legolas, with his keen eyes, providing the rearguard. When the Company came to [[Hollin]], Legolas was very deeply moved: the wholesome air yet spoke of the Elves that dwelt there long ago, and his sharp ears heard the very stones crying out for grief at their departure and memory of their ways.<ref name="South" />

[[File:Peter Xavier Price - 'I go to find the Sun!'.jpg|thumb|''I go to find the Sun!'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
As they ascended [[Caradhras]], Legolas in his light shoes could walk on top of the snow, whereas the others were forced to trudge and wade their way forward. But snow or no snow, nothing could dampen his buoyant Elven spirit, and he joked lightly with Gandalf even at the darkest moments. He scouted ahead and behind the company, dancing over the snow with great ease, and brought news that the storm was, as they had been fearing, put out to stop them by some Power greater than they. When this report arrived, Gandalf reluctantly decided to abandon the idea of crossing by the [[Redhorn Gate]]. Legolas stayed near the [[Hobbits]] on the dangerous descent.<ref name="South">{{FR|South}}</ref>

At the bottom of the mountain, the company took a vote on attempting passage through [[Moria]]. Legolas was silent until asked for his opinion, and then said simply and seemingly reluctantly, "I do not wish to go to Moria." His loyalty and respectful deference to the decisions of the two leaders, Aragorn and Gandalf, extended even to following them through darkness and unknown horror; of all the Company, he was arguably the most loyal to leadership. When the voices of the [[Wargs]] were heard and the attack began, Legolas did perhaps more than anyone save Gandalf, shooting numerous Wargs and even collecting his spent arrows to fire again, retrieving them, like a responsible bowman, after the fight ended.<ref>{{FR|Journey}}</ref>

The Fellowship reached the West Gate of Moria, and were halted by the doors fast shut. At last gaining entrance, the Company, following Gandalf's staff, began their march through Moria, a pit so profoundly dark that even Legolas' eyes could see nothing. He served his turn, like the others, in lookout duty through the night on the march. When they came to the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] and were attacked by the Orcs, Legolas dispatched at least two before following the others out the east door, having to drag Gimli away from [[Balin]]'s tomb. When [[Durin's Bane]] made its frightful appearance, Legolas was the first to spot it when he turned to shoot an arrow towards the Orcs. He recognized it immediately as a [[Balrog]], and it is the only recorded time he was ever truly afraid: a Balrog held far more terror for an Elf than for any other, for only they remembered where the Demons of Fire had come from and whom they had first served.<ref name="Bridge">{{FR|Bridge}}</ref>
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Crossing Nimrodel.jpg|thumb|''Crossing Nimrodel'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
After the fall of Gandalf, Aragorn led the Fellowship eastwards to the borders of the forest of Lórien. Legolas was seized with a deep excitement, for none of his kindred had been into the wood for many years, and he himself had only heard of it from tales. He was grieved, though, that it was winter, and the full glory of the ''[[Mellyrn]]'' was departed. The Fellowship splashed across the [[Nimrodel]] river, feeling their weariness drained away by its cool waters. As they rested on the shore, Legolas told the tales of [[Lothlórien]] still remembered by the Mirkwood Elves and sang to them part of the [[Lay of Nimrodel]]. At last, the Company turned aside from the path in order to shelter in the trees for the night, not caring to be caught on the ground by the Orcs pursuing them from Moria. Upon being surprised and questioned by the Elves of Lórien who were watching from a tree, Legolas responded cautiously in their own tongue. When [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] queried as to what they were saying, Legolas slyly responded, "They say that you breathe so loud they could shoot you in the dark." He hastened to add that they need not fear the Elves.

Legolas was called up to meet with the [[Galadhrim]], bringing Frodo, though Sam followed, as always. The Galadhrim had heard Legolas' singing and knew him for one of their northern kindred. They had had tidings from the sons of Elrond as to the Quest upon which the Company was embarked, and readily accepted all of the fellowship save Gimli, who was only grudgingly allowed, for the suspicion of the Elves of Lórien towards the Dwarves was especially acute. Legolas was forced to answer for the company, with the reminder to keep an eye on "that dwarf". The next morning, when the Elves took the company across the river [[Celebrant]] on their way to [[Caras Galadhon]], they told Gimli he would have to be blindfolded, but he was outraged and refused. When Aragorn offered for all of the Company to wear blindfolds, Gimli said if only Legolas would wear one, he would. Legolas was outraged in turn, but Aragorn settled the dispute by asking to blindfold the whole of the Company. In the end, Legolas had no choice but to agree.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref>

[[Image:Michael Kaluta - Legolas Draws the Bow of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Legolas Draws the Bow of Galadriel'' by [[Michael Kaluta]]]]
In Lothlórien, many Elves sang of Gandalf, and their language was such that only Legolas could understand. Legolas would not translate the lamentations for the rest of the Company, saying that he had neither the skill nor the heart. During their time in Lórien, however, with the influence of the Lady [[Galadriel]] permeating the air, he became fast friends with Gimli, a friendship that would never be broken.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}}</ref> He was one of the Company that could handle boats, and when the Fellowship prepared to leave Lórien, he was assigned to paddle one with Gimli. From the lady Galadriel, he received an Elven cloak and brooch, like the others, and a long, stout bow and quiver of arrows, such as the Galadhrim used.<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}</ref>

When the Company was ambushed by orc-archers on the [[Anduin]], Legolas quickly leaped out onto dry ground and up the riverbank with his bow, searching in the darkness for any sign of the Orcs. From Frodo's low position in the boats, he appeared to be crowned with white stars as he stood tall upon the bank. Suddenly, the south wind chased the clouds away, and a chilling dread fell on the Company. Legolas looked up, and sighed, "[[Elbereth Gilthoniel]]!" as if to draw strength to face the terror riding high in the wind. As the Shadow approached, he bent the great bow of Lórien and shot the descending [[Fell beasts|Fell beast]] from the sky, one of his most masterful deeds. He was praised by the rest of the Company for this, especially Gimli.<ref>{{FR|River}}</ref>

===Three Hunters===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Awaiting the Riders of Rohan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Awaiting the Riders of Rohan'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
When the company was ambushed on [[Amon Hen]], Legolas shot many Orcs until his arrows ran out, and then used his knife.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> Upon the [[breaking of the Fellowship]], when he learned that Boromir had fallen, he sang a lament with Aragorn, taking the part of the South Wind, which came from the Sea.<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref> Legolas was of great aid to Aragorn in the days following, as he helped to track the [[Uruk-hai]] across [[Rohan]]. His eyes could see many leagues, and for a while he could see their quarry far ahead of them.<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

When accosted by the [[Riders of Rohan]] led by [[Éomer]], Legolas stood by his friend Gimli when confronted by the haughty Marchwarden, threatening him with death if he attempted to harm the dwarf. When Éomer lent them horses to speed them on their way, Legolas was given [[Arod]], a very high-spirited horse. But Legolas had the Elvish way with beasts, and after he had leaped lightly upon Arod, the horse was docile beneath him. Legolas let Gimli ride behind him on the way to [[Fangorn Forest]] in their search for [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. When they arrived by the smoking pile of Orc ashes, they combed the battlefield for any sign of the Hobbits for several hours, but gave up as night approached. Camping under the eaves of the forest, Legolas noticed how the tree beneath which they sat seemed glad of the fire they lit, stretching out its limbs and leaves to the heat. Though the night was very dark, he was also the first to notice the absence of the horses. Later he asserted to Aragorn that the beasts sounded joyful, confirming Aragorn’s own guess.<ref name="White">{{TT|White}}</ref>

Upon entering Fangorn, Legolas declared that he almost felt young again beside those trees. He commented that in earlier days he could have been happy there. Gimli snorted, saying, “''I dare say you could. You are a Wood-elf, anyway, though Elves of any kind are strange folk.''” Legolas would later reverse this declaration at the [[Hornburg]]. When the [[Three Hunters]] met with the apparition of an old man, whom they believed to be [[Saruman]], despite Gimli’s encouragement Legolas did not shoot him. The old man declared, "''Put away that bow, Master Elf.''" Legolas dropped his bow, but later picked it up again, and was about to shoot when it was seen that beneath the old man’s robes there was white. Yet he recognised that it was [[Gandalf]] just in time, and shot his arrow high in the air to be consumed by fire. Gandalf coolly added, "''Well met, I say to you again, Legolas!''"<ref name="White" />

===With the Rohirrim===
Legolas was the first to ask Gandalf about Merry and Pippin, and Gandalf’s apparently miraculous escape. After the story, Gandalf delivered [[Galadriel's messages]] to each of them, Legolas' being:

{{blockquote|Legolas Greenleaf long under tree 
In joy thou hast lived. Beware of the Sea! 
If thou hearest the cry of the gull on the shore, 
Thy heart shall then rest in the forest no more.<ref name=White/>}}

Later, Legolas again used his eyes for the help of the company, as he spied both of [[Isengard]] and [[Edoras]] from afar. He played only a passive role in the healing of [[Théoden|Théoden King]], and later was arrayed in shining mail beside Aragorn. Gimli would not ride on Éomer's horse unless Legolas rode beside them, which he did gladly. Éomer declared, "''Legolas upon my left, and Aragorn upon my right, and none will dare to stand before us!''"<ref>{{TT|King}}</ref>

[[Image:John Howe - Legolas and Gimli at Helm's Deep.jpg|thumb|right|''Legolas and Gimli at Helm's Deep'' [[John Howe]]]]
As Legolas stood at the [[Hornburg]] at the eve of battle, he said that he did not like the place. Gimli comforted him, and he was glad that the dwarf stood by his side. He also wished that a hundred archers of [[Mirkwood]] were there, noting the small number of bowmen among the [[Rohirrim]]. At the opening of the battle, Legolas shot twenty at least, this figure being taken as precise by Gimli. When Gimli returned to the elf for the second time to declare that he slew twenty-one, Legolas counted his kills as twenty-four. By the time the [[Fire of Orthanc]] blew out a piece of the wall, his quiver was nearly empty. With the last arrow the elf saved Aragorn’s life when he stumbled while pursued. At the end of the battle, Legolas had shot a total of forty-one, though Gimli surpassed his count by one.<ref name="Road">{{TT|Road}}</ref>

Legolas showed great interest in the [[Huorns]] on the way to [[Isengard]], discussing them with Gandalf and a less willing Gimli. Legolas promised Gimli that he would go to [[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]] after the war upon hearing the dwarf’s eloquence, if only Gimli would accompany him on a return to Fangorn. At Isengard he enjoyed a meal in the company of Gimli, Aragorn, and the [[Hobbits]], Merry and Pippin.<ref>{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>

===Return of the King===
When Aragorn made clear his purpose as to the taking of the [[Paths of the Dead]], Legolas and Gimli willingly volunteered to go with him. Legolas predicted, when Gimli suggested that Galadriel might have sent them soldiers from their own lands, that they need not ride away to find war.

Amidst the Paths of the Dead, riding with the [[Grey Company]], Legolas alone, save for [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], [[Elrond|Elrond's]] sons, felt no fear of the [[Oathbreakers]],<ref>{{RK|Company}}</ref> and it may be remembered that the High Elves had power both in the worlds of the seen and unseen. Yet his turn came to be struck to the heart in the opposite sense – when he heard the gulls at [[Pelargir]], fulfilling Galadriel’s prediction and warning. While telling this story later, he stopped there, while Gimli promptly said, "''For my part I heeded them not''". Legolas saw as Aragorn led the Dead Men what a mighty lord he might have been if he had taken the [[One Ring]].<ref name="Debate">{{RK|Debate}}</ref>

Legolas came with Aragorn from the ships during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]], and fought there beside his comrades. He survived the battle, and afterward commented on the longevity and eventual domination of [[Men]] to the dubious Gimli.<ref name="Debate" />

===Battle of the Morannon and aftermath===
Legolas rode for the last time into battle beside his friends to the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. He witnessed the Fall of the Dark Tower, and after the battle attended the ceremonies of the [[Field of Cormallen]] in honour of Frodo and Samwise and their victory. That night Legolas would not go to bed, but instead went away to walk in the woods, singing of the Sea.<ref>{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>

At the urging of Aragorn, Legolas remained in [[Minas Tirith]] for a time, after attending the coronation of [[Aragorn|Elessar]]. During the parting of the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]], Legolas went with Gimli to [[Aglarond]]. After that, he rode off with Gimli to return to [[Fangorn Forest]].<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===After the War of the Ring===
[[File:Turner Mohan - Legolas and Gimli depart.jpg|thumb|''Legolas and Gimli depart'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
In the early Fourth Age Legolas brought south [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves out of Greenwood]], and they dwelt in Ithilien, which became once again the fairest country in all the westlands.<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>{{rp|1080}} During his stay in Ithilien, Legolas devised the renowned gardens of Prince Faramir's new home in the Hills of [[Emyn Arnen]].<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, Commentary on ''The Stewards of Gondor'' ("Faramir"), p. 220</ref>

Legolas and the [[Silvan Elves|Wood-Elves]] later worked together with Gimli and the Dwarves to rebuild and improve [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="Durin" />{{rp|1080}} After King Elessar died in {{FoA|120}}, Legolas built a grey ship in Ithilien and sailed down the Anduin and onwards into the [[Aman|West]],<ref name="AppB">{{App|Later}}, entry '''1541''', p. 1098</ref> reportedly taking Gimli with him.<ref name="Durin" />{{rp|1081}}<ref name="AppB" />

==Characteristics==
===Appearance and equipment===
[[Christopher Tolkien]] recounts that his father wrote the following "wrathful" comment protesting against a "pretty" or "ladylike" depiction of Legolas:
{{blockquote|He was tall as a young tree, lithe, immensely strong, able swiftly to draw a great war-bow and shoot down a Nazgûl, endowed with the tremendous vitality of Elvish bodies, so hard and resistant to hurt that he went only in light shoes over rock or through snow, the most tireless of all the Fellowship.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', p. 327}}

At Rivendell, Legolas was dressed in green and brown garb,<ref name="Council" /> and he was probably dressed similarly for the duration of the quest.
He bore a bow from Mirkwood, and later a [[Bow of the Galadhrim]]. He also had a long white knife.<ref name="South" /> He was a master archer, unmatched by any other during his time, capable of shooting adversaries from afar, and on occasion kill more than one with a single arrow, as shown when he nailed two orcs through the throat in Moria.<ref name="Bridge" /> His skill with a bow was even more formidable due to his keen eyesight. At the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], he also proved skilled at knife-fighting in close quarters.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref>

===Personality===
Legolas showed almost irrepressible cheerfulness throughout the journey, passing through Caradhras and even the Paths of the Dead without hesitation or complaint. His youthful nature can be seen from the mocking way he spoke of the "strong men" on Caradhras, who Boromir (meaning himself and Aragorn) had said could forge a way out through the snow.<ref name="South" /> He is perhaps most remembered for his friendship with Gimli the Dwarf, and it was during this friendship that we see his faithfulness, and also his love of beauty. Gimli's words moved him when the dwarf spoke of the [[Glittering Caves]].<ref name="Road" />

==Etymology==
The name ''Legolas'' is a [[Silvan Elvish|Silvan]] dialect form of pure [[Sindarin]] ''Laegolas'', which means "Greenleaf". At one point he is called "Legolas '''Greenleaf'''" by Gandalf, coupling his name and its translation like an epithet.<ref group="note">''Greenleaf'' is not his surname, as is sometimes erroneously believed; nor is it an epithet (like ''[[Oakenshield]]'').</ref>

''Legolas'' consists of the [[Sindarin]] words ''laeg'', a very rare, archaic word for "green" (cf. ''Laegrim, Laegel(d)rim'', the [[Green Elves]]), which is normally replaced by ''calen'' (cf. ''[[Calenhad]], [[Parth Galen]]'' and ''[[Pinnath Gelin]]''); and ''golas'', a collection of leaves, foliage (being a prefixed collective form of ''[[lass|las(s)]]'', "leaf").<ref>{{L|211}}</ref><ref name="pe17">{{PE|17}}</ref>{{rp|84}}

In one note, [[Tolkien]] considered ''Legolas'' to be a non-Sindarin name, instead being [[Ossiriand]]ish in which ''laiquā'' > ''lēgo'' (shortened in trisyllabic names to ''lěgo'').<ref name="pe17" />{{rp|153}}

The [[Quenya]] cognate of ''Laegolas'' was '''''Laicolasse'''''.<ref name="pe17" />{{rp|56}}

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| ORO |ORO=[[Oropher]] ''d. {{SA|3434}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| THR |THR=[[Thranduil]] ''Unknown''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| LEG |LEG='''LEGOLAS''' ''Sailed West {{FoA|120}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The name "''[[Legolas (elf of Gondolin)|Legolas Greenleaf]]''" appeared first in "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]" in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', applied to a character who guided some survivors of the sack of the city to safety.<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}, ''Entries in the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin'', p. 217</ref> However, this character had no further development in the [[Legendarium]] and is unrelated to the Legolas of the Fellowship of the Ring.

While writing ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien first considered [[Glorfindel]] to be the Elven character of the Fellowship, however he dropped the idea, and Legolas was created to replace him. Perhaps this is the reason why Legolas is considered the most underdeveloped character of the Fellowship, playing only a minor role in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com/post/53965333513/why-is-legolass-character-so-underdeveloped|articlename=Why is Legolas so underdeveloped?|website=[http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com Ask About Middle-Earth]}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Legolas in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Legolas 2.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Legolas at Amon Hen.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Legolas.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Legolas.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''
File:Lego Legolas poster.png|Legolas as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Legolas.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Frank Duncan]] was the voice of Legolas.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Legolas was voiced by [[Anthony Daniels]]. In the film, he takes [[Glorfindel]]'s place in the Flight to the Ford sequence; he meets Strider and the hobbits on their way to [[Rivendell]], and sets Frodo on his horse before he is chased by the Nazgûl to the ford of [[Bruinen]]. Here, he is apparently from Rivendell, because he answers to Elrond; he is not identified as a Wood-elf.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:[[John Vickery]] provided the voice of Legolas.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:Neither Legolas nor Gimli appeared in this film, as they were essentially followers irrelevant to the plot.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[David Collings]] provided the voice of Legolas.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Michael Reisz]] provided the voice of Legolas.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Legolas was portrayed by [[Orlando Bloom]].

:In the "official movie guide" for ''The Lord of the Rings'', a birthdate for Legolas is set to 87 of the [[Third Age]]. This would make him 2931 years old at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]. This date for Legolas' birth was made up by the movie writers. Curiously, the year 2931 was the year Aragorn was born; the writers may have picked the number at random from the ''Tale of Years'' in the [[Appendix B|Appendices]].

:He is presented as an unstoppable fighter, arguably to the point of stealing the show; he performs show-stopping yet implausible stunts in battle scenes. For example, in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], he slides down a staircase using a shield, shooting arrows all the while, and in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], he takes down an [[Oliphaunts|Oliphaunt]] all by himself. However, in the books, Legolas's exploits in battle are not presented in great detail. Aside from shooting the fell beast, he undertakes no major actions other than to make peace with Gimli, overcoming their longstanding mutual racial animosity — he and Gimli are followers, rather than leaders. The film-makers later stated that the entire scene of Legolas killing the Oliphaunt and its entire crew was filmed during pick-ups (months after original filming) to insert a major action scene showcasing him, because at that point they realized that he simply doesn't get to do much in the third part of the trilogy.

:Legolas bears two long knives, while in the book he bears only one. Another, more trivial change, was the number of Orcs he and Gimli kill at [[Helm's Deep]]: 42 and 43, respectively. It is not clear whether this was an intentional change on the part of the filmmakers, though it seems likely that it was, since the original numbers were so clear in Tolkien's own text.

:Playing Legolas in the trilogy was Orlando Bloom's breakout route to superstardom. His handsome features and Legolas's "coolness", so to speak, as depicted in the film, have led to the character becoming an unprecedented fan favourite with both fangirls and fanboys, not to mention other Tolkien fans. Many debaters on the Internet during earlier stages of production were worried that a film portrayal of Legolas might render him as far too effeminate for popular consumption. Later, many felt that Bloom was able to avoid this entirely.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Legolas is provided by Richard Stanke.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Legolas is a non-playable character, accompanying the Ring-bearer since Rivendell.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Legolas is one of the three playable characters.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Legolas is a playable character, skilled in both ranged and melee. He and Gimli accompany Aragorn through Paths of the Dead, later he fights on Pelennor fields and at the Black Gate.

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]'''
:Legolas makes a cameo as one of the Wood-elves that Bilbo must avoid in the "Barrels Out of Bond" level. He is recognizable due to his resemblance to Thranduil. While he is unnamed in-game, his identity is confirmed in the game files. No voice actor is specified for the character.<ref>''The Hobbit (2003 video game)'', "Barrels Out of Bond"</ref>

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Grant George]] provides the voice of Legolas.<ref>http://www.dynamicduovo.com/aboutgrant.html</ref> The game depicts Legolas's hunt for [[Gollum]] in northern Mirkwood, which is interrupted by the orcs.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Legolas is a Hero Unit for the Rohan faction in skirmishes, and accompanies the Fellowship in the storyline mode. He specializes in powerful ranged attacks.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Legolas is now the Hero for the Elven faction.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Legolas is first met in [[Rivendell]], where before the Fellowship's departure he helps the player in the search for the missing Nazgul. Later, the player catches up with Legolas at several points during the Fellowship's journey such as [[Cerin Amroth]], [[Meduseld]], [[Hornburg]] and the [[Pelennor Fields]]. After [[Sauron]]'s defeat, Legolas and [[Gimli]] accompany soldiers of [[Gondor]] who on the orders of King Elessar begin exploring and securing the Land of Shadow; Legolas assists the player in their exploration of the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]]. Afterwards, Legolas for a brief time returns home to his father's halls in [[Eryn Lasgalen]], where he introduces the player to [[Grimbeorn]]. He soon returns back to [[Minas Tirith]] for the wedding of Aragorn and [[Arwen]], after which he continues the exploration of the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], eventually discovering the entrance to [[Shelob's Lair]].

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:[[Crispin Freeman]] plays Legolas, who is available as a Hero in several missions.<ref>http://groups.yahoo.com/group/crispin_freeman_fansite/message/9438</ref>
:In the game's Evil Campaign, Legolas makes a final stand at Rivendell when it is invaded by the armies of Sauron.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Legolas can be found and talked to in Rivendell, he retains the appearance from the movies. While he provides insight into many events, interactions with him do not affect the main plot.

'''2012: ''[[Lego|LEGO The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit]]'':'''
:A mini figure of Legolas based on his appearance in ''The Lord of the Rings'' films is included in the [[Lego#Sets|set]] The Mines of Moria
<ref name="2012 sets">{{webcite|author=Calisuri|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/02/12/53563-more-lord-of-the-rings-lego-details-from-toy-fare-2012/|articlename=More Lord of the Rings LEGO Details from Toy Fare 2012|dated=12 February 2012|website=TORN|accessed=18 February 2012}}</ref>, as well as in the set Pirate Ship Ambush and a fun pack for ''[[Lego Dimensions]]''. In the ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'' in 2012, Legolas plays largely the same role as in the films, though with additional comedic elements. He also joins the members of the Fellowship at the Grey Havens to witness the departure of Frodo and Gandalf.
:A second Legolas figure based on his appearance in ''The Hobbit'' films appears in the sets Legolas Greenleaf, Escape from Mirkwood Spiders, and The Battle of Five Armies. Legolas also appears in ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]''.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Orlando Bloom reprised his role as Legolas in [[Peter Jackson]]'s adaptation of the Hobbit.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ/posts/10150265634081558|articlename=Ten years ago,...|dated=27-May-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> Bloom was [[Wikipedia:de-aging in film|digitally de-aged]] to match his appearance as Legolas in ''Lord of the Rings'' 13 years ago.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mat Bradley-Tschirgi|articleurl=http://www.gamesradar.com/7-movie-actors-made-impossibly-young-by-cgi/|articlename=7 movie actors made impossibly young by CGI|website=[http://www.gamesradar.com/ GamesRadar]|accessed=30-May-2017}}</ref> He is one of the Elves who capture [[Thorin and Company]] who traverse Mirkwood. His company, including [[Tauriel]], were ordered by Thranduil to clean up the [[spider]] nests. As he examines [[Glóin]], he finds a locket with a picture of Gimli, his future friend, and comments on his ugliness. His father notices Legolas's affection for [[Tauriel]], which he doesn't approve because she is a pure Silvan-elf. However he joins her in pursuit of the pack of Orcs (led by [[Bolg]]) who are after [[Thorin]]. Thranduil and Legolas later interrogate [[Narzug]], a captured Orc. Alarmed by the news, Thranduil orders his Realm to be sealed from the outside world, but when Legolas hears that Tauriel has run after Kili, he leaves to find her.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:Legolas appears after the destruction of [[Lake-town]]. With Tauriel he goes to investigate the Orcs' armies in [[Gundabad]] where his mother was killed during an old battle, something about which his father never talks. He returns to the ruins of [[Dale]] where the [[Lake-men]] are regrouping. He participates in the [[Battle of Five Armies]] and goes with Tauriel to the [[Ravenhill]] to support [[Thorin]]. In order to save Tauriel from Bolg, he uses a mutilated [[Trolls|Troll]] to demolish an ancient tower and duels with Bolg. Bitter with his father's treatment towards Tauriel, he says that he won't return to Mirkwood; Thranduil advises him to go to [[Eriador|the North]] and find the [[Rangers of the North|Dúnedain]] and a young ranger called "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]." Before parting, Thranduil assures him that his mother loved him more than anything else.

==See also==
*[[Legolas/Disputes]]

{{references|n}}
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}
{{hobbitfilms}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Mariners]]
[[Category:Moriquendi]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Silvan Elvish names]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Legolas (Thranduils Sohn)]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/teleri/standard/legolas]]
[[fi:Legolas]]

Lonely Mountain

2025-09-05T00:28:21Z

Éowyn: Gloin --> Glóin

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Lonely Mountain
| image=J.R.R. Tolkien - Smaug flies round the Mountain.jpg
| caption="Smaug flies round the Mountain" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Erebor'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| location=North-east of [[Rhovanion]]
| type=Mountain
| description=A large mountain apart from any other ranges.
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Generally, [[Dwarves]]. It was once occupied by [[Smaug]] the [[Dragon]].
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Sack of Erebor]], [[Siege of Erebor]]
| gallery=the Lonely Mountain
}}

The '''Lonely Mountain''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Erebor''''') was a large mountain in the north-east of [[Rhovanion]]. It was the source of the river [[River Running|Running]] and a major [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] [[Dwarf realms|stronghold]] of the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] at the end of the [[Third Age]] and well into the [[Fourth Age|Fourth Age]].

==History==
The [[Longbeards]] had control of Erebor since at least the early [[Second Age]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}</ref>

With the awakening of [[Durin's Bane]] in the capital of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], [[Thráin I]] led a group of Dwarves to Erebor. Once there, the dwarves dug caves and halls to form an underground city, thus establishing the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] in {{TA|1999}}.<ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}, p. 1087</ref> During Thráin's rule many riches were mined from the depths of the mountain, including the [[Arkenstone]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], "Durin's Folk", p. 1072</ref>

Thráin's son, [[Thorin I]], abandoned the Mountain in {{TA|2210}} in favour of the [[Grey Mountains]], which were largely unexplored and richer. Thorin I also hoped to reunite the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]]. These mountains were likely larger than Erebor; but after the [[war of the Dwarves and Dragons]] in {{TA|2590}}, King [[Thrór]] led a group back to the Lonely Mountain and re-established it as the capital of Durin's folk, though some would follow his brother [[Grór]] into the [[Iron Hills]].<ref name="ta" />

Erebor grew prosperous once more, and the increased prosperity of the region led to the establishment of the town of [[Dale]],<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[The Hobbit]], [[An Unexpected Party]]</ref> which was built by [[Men of Dale|Men]] between Erebor's slopes. The Dwarves mined and made larger tunnels and halls than those from their previous time in the Lonely Mountain. The Dwarves of Erebor were treated with Reverence by the Men of Dale. The Market and relationship between these two settlements was the wonder of the North. However, the happiness of this time did not last long.

===[[Sack of Erebor]]===
[[File:Donato Giancola - The Coming of Smaug.jpg|left|thumb|''The Coming of Smaug'' by [[Donato Giancola]]]]
The great dragon [[Smaug]] had lust for the Dwarven riches and had heard of the Prosperous Kingdom of Erebor. In {{TA|2770}} he descended on the mountain, driving out the Dwarves and destroying the town of [[Dale]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, p. 1088</ref> Afterward, Lonely Mountain was empty for almost two hundred years. Its sole inhabitant was Smaug, who slept in the innermost chamber on a great pile of wealth. None dared approached it while the Dragon lived.

In the year {{TA|2941}}, with Gandalf's council and planning, King [[Thorin II]] and a small company of friends and family actually made it to the Lonely Mountain. After the Dragon Smaug had realized that the Dwarves had been helped by the [[Lake-men]] he went to their town of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] intent on destroying them, only to be killed by a man named [[Bard]].<ref name=":0">{{App|TA}}, p. 1089</ref>

===Return of the Longbeards===
With the help of a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] named [[Bilbo Baggins]], Thorin and company were able to retake the city and the treasure, thus allowing Thorin II to proclaim himself [[King under the Mountain]]. But, now succumbing to [[Dragon Sickness]], Thorin refused to give any of the treasure to the Men of Esgaroth. For compensation for the fallen Men of [[Esgaroth]] and [[Elves of Mirkwood]], [[Thorin and Company]] were placed under siege (not to be confused with the later [[Siege of Erebor]].)<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Matt Stewart - The Battle Under the Mountain.jpg|thumb|''The Battle Under the Mountain'' by [[Matt Stewart]]]]
Things nearly came to blows when Thorin's cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot]] (Grór's grandson) arrived as aid to his kinsman and nearly went to battle against the besiegers. But Gandalf interceded and warned them all of a great host of [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] coming to take the mountain. So the Elves, Men, and Dwarves made an alliance, and fought the bloody [[Battle of Five Armies|Battle of Five Armies]] against their foes in the valley before the gate.<ref name=":0" />

In the end, the defenders were victorious against the Orcs and Wargs, thanks to the late arrivals of the [[Eagles]] and [[Beorn]]. Though the battle was won, Thorin was mortally wounded. Finally, after many years of longing, Dáin took up the kingship of Durin's folk and returned the Longbeards to the Lonely Mountain, restoring Erebor to its former glory.<ref name=":0" />

The Longbeards would set about the task of rebuilding their kingdom, which included various improvements to the Mountain itself. [[Glóin]] would tell [[Frodo Baggins]] of creations such as towers built on the Mountain, and roads dug deep underground.<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}, p. 229</ref> Yet neither the Lonely Mountain nor its occupants would escape the eye of the great [[Sauron|Shadow]] that rose in the last years of the Third Age.

During the [[War of the Ring]], at the same time [[Minas Tirith]] was besieged, an army of [[Easterlings]] under [[Sauron]]'s rule invaded the [[Kingdom of Dale]] after [[Brand]] was driven back to Dale and Erebor. The Dwarves aided the [[Men of Dale]] who fought in the [[Battle of Dale|Battle of Dale]] at the feet of the Mountain for three days, before King [[Brand]] and King Dáin were killed at its very gates on [[17 March]] [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]], forcing the Men and Dwarves to retreat into the mountain. They held out for several days until word reached the ears of the Easterlings that the great hosts of Sauron in the south had been defeated, causing them to despair and lose hope. When the besieged saw this they came forth from the Lonely Mountain and attacked their enemy, driving them from Dale across the river Running.<ref>{{App|TA}}, The Great Years, p. 1089</ref>

Erebor and Dale continued to prosper well into the [[Fourth Age]], with it still prospering and going strong even after the Longbeards reclaimed [[Khazad-dûm]].

==Geography==
{{Sources}}[[File:Jef Murray - The Lonely Mountain 2.jpg|thumb|''The Lonely Mountain'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]
The Lonely Mountain was possibly 3,500 meters tall and was star-shaped, with six ridges radiating as spurs from the peak. which was snow-capped at spring. Geologically, it was rich in metals and jewels.<ref>[[Karen Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref>

The south-western spur contained [[Ravenhill]] housing a Dwarven guardpost.<ref name=":1">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Not at Home]]"</ref> Between the two western spurs and behind an overhanging cliff, there was a narrow vale which was the exit of the [[Back Door]].<ref name=":2">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[On the Doorstep]]"</ref> Rough steps ascended to the top of the southern ridge along a narrow ledge turning east behind a boulder into a steep bay.

Inside, the mountain was dug with passages and tunnels leading to cellars and halls and mansions such as the great chamber of Thrór near the Front Gate. A secret tunnel led to the "bottom-most cellar".

The main entrance into the mountain was the [[Front Gate|Gate of Erebor]] on the south side, opening onto a valley between two great spurs of the mountain. The [[River Running]] sprang from beneath the mountain and issued from the [[Front Gate]], forming a waterfall that fell into the valley below.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Thrór's Map#The illustration of the Map|Thrór's Map]]"</ref>

Inside the gate was a broad paved road that went alongside the river in a wide curve leading into the mountain. Not very far from the entrance was the [[Great Chamber of Thrór]], where feasts and councils were held.<ref name=":1" />

In the Lower Halls, there was a vast chamber called the [[Great Hall of Thráin]] at the root of the mountain.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Inside Information]]"</ref> From there, a secret passageway led to a hidden door in the western side of the mountain. The [[Back Door]] was invisible from the outside except on [[Durin's Day]], when the light of the setting sun would reveal the keyhole.<ref name=":2" />

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Erebor.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Erebor'' is the [[Sindarin]] translation of "Lonely Mountain" and can be analyzed as ''[[ereb]]'' ("lonely" or "isolated")<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "Appendix: Elements in Quenya and Sindarin Names", entry ''[[er]]''</ref> and ''[[orod|or(od)]]'' ("mountain").<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "Appendix: Elements in Quenya and Sindarin Names", entry ''orod''</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===The Lonely Mountain in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Erebor.jpg|The Lonely Mountain, as it appeared in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film trilogy]]
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Lonely Mountain.jpg|The Lonely Mountain in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:The Dwarves enter when the Dragon is still inside. When Smaug notices them, they lead him to the smithies where they make him start them up, so they can smelt gold. This gold they cast in a giant mold, making a giant golden statue. They remove the mold and, because it did not yet dry, the hot gold flows towards Smaug, severly wounding him. Wanting to take revenge, he flies towards [[Lake town]].

'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:After a minor appearance depicting the [[Siege of Erebor]], Erebor proper was added in 2018 as part of [[Eryn Lasgalen]] and the [[Dale]]-lands. After the breaking of the siege, it is now ruled by King [[Thorin Stonehelm]] who must deal with some of the enemy's army still remaining near his lands. Other than the main hall of Erebor, players can also visit the living quarters, the burial tombs as well as several hidden chambers within the Mountain.

{{references}}
{{companyroute}}{{durinskings}}
[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Mines]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[de:Erebor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/rhovanion/erebor]]
[[fi:Erebor]]

Bifur

2025-09-05T00:27:54Z

Éowyn: Gloin --> Glóin

{{infobox character
| people=[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]
| name=Bifur
| image=Andy Smith - Bifur.jpg
| caption="Bifur" by [[:Category:Images by Andy Smith|Andy Smith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]] [[Lonely Mountain]]
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=Between {{TA|2763}} and c. {{TA|2814|n}}[[Bifur#Family and birth|NB]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Large<ref>{{HH|7iv}} p. 900</ref>
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Yellow hood
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Bifur''' most likely lived in the [[Blue Mountains]] with [[Thorin]] after the loss of [[Thráin|Thráin II]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> Bifur was one of the thirteen [[Dwarves]] of [[Thorin and Company|Thorin's company]] who journeyed to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] to challenge the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]]. After the death of Smaug, Bifur lived at the Lonely Mountain.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==History==
===Family and birth===
While Bifur was descended from the Dwarves of [[Moria]], he himself was not of [[Durin]]'s line.<ref name="Durin" /> He was a cousin<ref name="Inside">{{H|Inside}}</ref> of the brothers [[Bofur]] and [[Bombur]].<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref>

Bifur was older than [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]] (b. {{TA|2864}}<ref name="Durin" />) at least "by some fifty years",<ref name="Hill">{{H|Hill}}</ref> but younger than [[Balin]] (b. {{TA|2763|n}}<ref name="Durin" />), since it was said that Balin was "the eldest left" after Thorin's capture.<ref>{{H|Barrels}}</ref>

Therefore, Bifur was born anytime between {{TA|2763|n}} and c. 2814, and he would have been between c. 127 and 178 years old when he joined King [[Thorin]]'s operation to reclaim [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]].

===The Quest of Erebor===
In {{TA|2941}}, Bifur was one of the four Dwarves in the fifth group to arrive at [[Bag End]], wearing a yellow hood. He asked for raspberry jam and apple-tart. During the evening when Thorin called for music, Bifur (along with [[Bofur]]) played a clarinet.<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>

In the wolves' glade Bifur shared a pine tree with Bofur, [[Bombur]], and Thorin.<ref>{{H|Pan}}</ref>

When [[Gandalf]] was telling the story of the company's adventures to [[Beorn]], Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur were the last of the Dwarves to show up.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

After the barrel ride down the [[River Running]] both Bifur and Bofur came out fairly dry and not very knocked about, but they lay down and refused to do anything.<ref>{{H|Welcome}}</ref>

On the doorstep on the side of the Lonely Mountain, when Thorin commented that the next day was the beginning of the last week of autumn, Bifur pointedly added, "And winter comes after autumn".<ref>{{H|Doorstep}}</ref>

Bifur fought in and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. He was given his share of the treasure by [[Dáin Ironfoot]], and made his home in Erebor.<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

===Later life===
By {{TA|3018}} Bifur was living in Erebor, as [[Glóin]] told [[Frodo Baggins]] at [[Rivendell]].<ref name="Meetings" />

==Etymology==
The name of ''Bívurr'' originates in the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It is of Old Frisian origin, meaning "[[Beavers|Beaver]]" or, by extension, "Hard Worker".<ref>{{HM|IE}}, "Giving of Names", p. 223</ref><ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{familytree| |:| | | | | | | |:| | | | |}}
{{familytree| |:| | | | | | | |:| | | | |}}
{{familytree| |:| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{familytree| BIF | | | | BOF | | BOM | |BIF='''BIFUR''' ''fl. {{TA|2941}} - {{TA|3018|n}}''|BOF=[[Bofur]] ''fl. {{TA|2941}} - {{TA|3018|n}}''|BOM=[[Bombur]] ''fl. {{TA|2941}} - {{TA|3018|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In one of the earliest manuscript fragments of ''The Hobbit'', Bifur and Bofur went into the hall and came back with their walking sticks, which they ''turned into'' clarinets.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, p. 36</ref> In the published text the two Dwarves came back from the hall with clarinets that they ''had left'' with their walking sticks.<ref name="Party" /> [[John Rateliff]] (author of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'') said that in the earliest phase Tolkien had added fairy tale touches of Dwarven magic to emphasize the uncanny, other-worldly nature of the Dwarves as opposed to Bilbo.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, (iii) ''Dwarven Magic'', p. 54</ref>

Originally, when Bombur needed propping up in [[Mirkwood]] after being cut from the spiders' webbing, it was ''his cousins'' Bifur and Bofur who provided support.<ref>{{HH|Mirkwood}}, p. 313</ref> In the published story this was changed to Bombur's cousin Bifur and brother Bofur.<ref name="Flies" /> Also, in the earlier version, when [[Smaug]] first came out and the Dwarves in the valley had to be hauled up to the [[Back Door]], Bifur cried out to save Bombur and Bofur, who were both his ''brothers''.<ref>{{HH|Conversations}}</ref> In the published text Bifur cried out for his two ''cousins''.<ref name="Inside" />

In Tolkien's unfinished [[1960]] rewrite of ''The Hobbit'', Bifur, Bofur and Bombur were Thorin's attendants.<ref>{{HH|5}}, "[[A Well-Planned Party]]", p. 774</ref> [[John D. Rateliff]] assumes this made them either courtiers or honor-guard.<ref>{{HH|5}}, "[[Arrival in Rivendell]]", note 32</ref>

==Notes==
In the earliest partial manuscript of ''The Hobbit'' more of the dialogue later assigned to a few of the Dwarves is more evenly distributed. In the opinion of [[John Rateliff]] (author of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'') this streamlining strengthened the story through simplification, but at the cost of relegating some of the Dwarves to obscurity since they barely speak at all. Bifur is one of these "silenced" members of the company.<ref>{{HH|Pryftan}}, (i) ''The Lost Opening'', p. 14</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Bifur in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Bifur.png|Bifur in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
File:The Hobbit (film series) - Bifur.jpg|Bifur in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Bifur.jpg|Bifur in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''1967: [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 film)]]:'''
:Bifur is omitted. [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Bifur. If he does speak, it is only ever in unison with the rest of the Dwarves.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Bifur is played by [[William Kircher]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Bifur in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio:

:{{Blockquote|Born in the West, Bifur has the rusting remains of an Orc axe embedded in his forehead, which has rendered him inarticulate and occasionally feisty! He communicates only with grunts and hand gestures. Unlike most of the others in The Company of Dwarves, Bifur is not related to Thorin, nor is he of noble lineage, but rather is descended from miners and smithies – simple folk with simple tastes.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}
:Due to the [[Orcs|Orc]] axe stuck in his head, Bifur can only speak [[Khuzdul]] through most of the film series. In the [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)|extended edition]] of ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'', he loses the axe during the [[Battle of Five Armies|battle]]. After head-butting an Orc, the axe becomes stuck in his opponent's head; after the two are separated with help from [[Bofur]] and [[Bombur]], he declines Bombur's offer to put it back, and is able to speak [[Westron]] again.

===Radio series===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Bifur is played by [[Brian Haines]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:No actor is specified for the role of Bifur.

'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:Bifur is present, but no actor is specified for the role of Bifur.

===Games===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Bifur is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76, accessed [[24 April|April 24]] [[2011]]</ref>
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:No actor is credited for the role of Bifur.
'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:During and after the [[War of the Ring]] Bifur lives in [[Erebor]], holding the position of the Keeper of the Hammers. His son Bósi and grandson Bori play a major part in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' expansion in which they lead an expedition to reclaim Khazad-dûm on the orders of King [[Dain Ironfoot]]. Along with his cousin [[Bofur]] he appears in the "The Fires of Smaug" instance, which takes place during the [[Battle of Dale|Siege of Erebor]]. After the battle Bifur and the other surviving dwarves of the Company join [[Dís]] in paying respect to tomb of [[Thorin Oakenshield]]. When [[Nori]] goes on an unauthorized expedition to the [[Grey Mountains]], his brother [[Dori]] recruits his old companions [[Bofur]] and [[Glóin]] to go after him, but Bifur declines, saying that his adventuring days are behind him.

{{references}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
{{companyroute}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Bifur]]
[[fi:Bifur]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:bifur]]

Coffee

2025-09-05T00:26:14Z

Éowyn: o --> ó in Óin and Glóin

'''Coffee''' was a beverage known at least by the [[Hobbits]] and the [[Dwarves]] in the Third Age. When [[Bilbo Baggins]] entertained [[Thorin and Company]] and [[Gandalf]] in [[Bag End]] in April {{TA|2941}}, he had to set a big jug of coffee in the hearth, because one of the five dwarves who entered together ([[Dori]], [[Ori]], [[Nori]], [[Óin]], and [[Glóin]]) asked for it.<ref>{{H|1}}</ref>
==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Coffee beans can be grown by farmers,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://lotro-wiki.com/index.php/Item:Westemnet_Coffee_Recipe|articlename=Item:Westemnet Coffee Recipe|dated=11 December 2013|website=LOTROW|accessed=3 January 2017}}</ref> and characters with the cooking craft can produce a "Cup of Westemnet Coffee".<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://lotro-wiki.com/index.php/Item:Bag_of_Coffee_Beans|articlename=Item:Bag of Coffee Beans|dated=25 January 2015|website=LOTROW|accessed=3 January 2017}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Drinks]]
[[fi:Kahvi]]

The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul

2025-09-05T00:21:56Z

Éowyn: Eotheod --> Éothéod

{{incomplete}}
{{video game infobox
| image = LOTRO - Minas Morgul logo.png
| name= ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul''
| developer= [[Standing Stone Games]]
| publisher= [[Daybreak Game Company]]
| platform= Microsoft Windows
| releasedate= [[5 November]] [[2019]]
| genre=MMORPG
| modes=
| rating=
| distribution=
}}

'''''The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul''''' is the seventh expansion for ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.
Features:
*The expansion consists of two new areas, "Mordor Besieged" consists of the upper half of [[Gorgoroth]] during the final stages of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] in the Second Age, and the [[Morgul Vale]], which consists of the areas between [[Ithilien]] to the west, and Gorgoroth to the east. The city of [[Minas Morgul]] is also available for exploration.
*A new playable race, the "Stout-axe dwarves", became available.
*New Crafting updates, including a new tier to crafting guilds.
*A new instance cluster taking place in the Morgul Vale, with four three-man instances, three six-man instances, and a raid, the Remmorchant, featuring battling with [[Shelob]] in [[Torech Ungol]].
*A new level cap of 130 is introduced.

==Updates==
===Update 26: Mists of Wilderland===
''Mists of Wilderland'' is the the twenty-sixth update, released on [[23 April]], [[2020]].
* A new region, the Wells of Langflood was released, featuring the upper-lands of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and the merging of the [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]] rivers into the Anduin. In addition, there is the [[beorning]] settlement of Limlok, the [[stoor]] village of Lyndelby, and the ruins of [[Framsburg]], once the capital of the [[Éothéod]].
* A new reputation faction, the "Protectors of Wilderland", situated in Limlok was introduced.
* A brand new epic questline, "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" is introduced to follow the Black Book of Mordor, and follows Prince Durin's efforts in leading the united dwarves to retake [[Mount Gundabad]] from the orcs who dwell there. Two initial chapters were released.

===Update 27: The Great Wedding===
''The Great Wedding'' is the twenty-seventh update, released on [[30 June]], [[2020]].
* A new area, [[Minas Tirith]] (Midsummer), was introduced, situated after the destruction of the [[One Ring]], situated around the wedding of King [[Aragorn Elessar]] and [[Arwen Undomiel]].
* The [[Midsummer]] Festival was introduced, based in Midsummer Minas Tirith, featuring all new quests, items and deeds for players. In addition, the Summer and Farmer's Faire festivals were merged to make way for the Midsummer Festival.
* The Epic Questline continues with Volume V- The Peace of Middle-earth, in it's first book.

{{lotro}}
{{Videogames}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings Online expansions|Minas Morgul]]
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]
[[Category:Daybreak Game Company games]]

Angmar conflict

2025-09-05T00:21:39Z

Éowyn:

{{unnamed}}{{War
| previous=[[War of the Last Alliance]]
| next=[[War of the Ring]]
| name=Angmar conflict
| image=
| begin={{TA|1356}}
| end={{TA|1974}} (fighting finally ended in {{TA|1977}})
| place=Throughout [[Eriador]] and the upper [[Vales of Anduin]]
| result=Victory for the [[Free Peoples]]
*Fall of [[Arnor]]
*Destruction of [[Angmar]]
*Remaining [[Northern Dúnedain]] become [[Rangers of the North]]
*The [[Eótheód]] settle the upper [[Vales of Anduin]]
| battles=First attack on Amon Sûl, [[fall of Cardolan]], [[fall of Amon Sûl]], [[Second Siege of Imladris|second siege of Imladris]], [[fall of Fornost]], [[Battle of Fornost]], Eótheód incursion
|side1=[[Men of Arnor]] [[Gondorians]] [[Men of the Vales of Anduin]] [[Eótheód]] Forces of [[Rivendell]] [[Galadhrim]] [[Elves of Lindon]] [[Shire-hobbits]]
|side2=Forces of [[Angmar]]
|commanders1=
* [[Argeleb I]]†
* [[Arveleg I]]†
* [[Araval]]
* [[Araphor]]
* [[Arvedui]]
* [[Eärnur]]
* [[Frumgar]]
* [[Círdan]]
* [[Elrond]]
* [[Glorfindel]]
|commanders2=
* [[Witch-king of Angmar]]
|}}

The '''Angmar conflict''' was a centuries-long struggle between the [[Men of Arnor]] and the forces of [[Angmar]] that was led by the [[Witch-king]]. The three successor realms of Arnor ([[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) were slowly weakened by strife and pushed back, ending in the destruction [[Arnor]] at the [[fall of Fornost]] in {{TA|1974}}. A [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] and [[Elven]] army then destroyed the armies of Angmar at the [[Battle of Fornost]] in {{TA|1975}}. The conflict devastated [[Eriador]], leaving large swaths of land mostly uninhabited for the next thousand years.<ref name="eriador" />

==Background==
After the death of King [[Eärendur]], his sons split the kingdom of [[Arnor]] into three parts: [[Arthedain]] to the west, [[Cardolan]] to the south and [[Rhudaur]] to the east. The three kingdoms were weakened by strife, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' of [[Amon Sûl]], which both Cardolan and Rhudaur desired.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

==History==
===Prelude===
[[Image:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|left|thumb|Eliot Gould - ''The Witch King'']]
During the reign of [[Malvegil]] of Arthedain (c. {{TA|1300}}), the realm of [[Angmar]] was established by the [[Witch-king]], north of the [[Ettenmoors]] and in the upper [[Vales of Anduin]], with the purpose of destroying [[Arnor]]. It was not yet known that he was the chief of the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]. He filled his domain with [[Orcs]], evil Men and fell creatures.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Early Conflicts===
Malvegil's son [[Argeleb I]] claimed kingship of all of Arnor since no descendants of [[Isildur]] remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur. Rhudaur resisted the claim, and few Dúnedain remained there. Power was seized by a lord of the [[Hillmen]], who was secretly in league with Angmar. Argeleb fortified the [[Weather Hills]], but was killed in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar in {{TA|1356}}.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> His son [[Arveleg I]] drove the enemies back from the Hills with the help of Cardolan and [[Lindon]]. Arthedain and Cardolan established a frontier along the Weather Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]]. At this time, the Witch-king [[Second Siege of Imladris|besieged Rivendell]] but failed to take it.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Fall of Cardolan===
{{Main|Fall of Cardolan}}
In {{TA|1409}}, the Witch-king invaded [[Cardolan]] with a massive force and surrounded [[Amon Sûl]]. Arveleg I and the [[last prince of Cardolan]] were killed and Amon Sûl was destroyed, but its [[Palantíri|palantîr]] was saved and brought to [[Fornost Erain]]. The remaining [[Dúnedain]] in Rhudaur were slain or driven west. Most of Cardolan was ravaged, but a remnant held out in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]] and in the [[Old Forest]] behind. Arthedain was beset, but king [[Araphor]] (then only eighteen) repelled the enemy from [[Fornost Erain]] and the [[North Downs]] with aid from [[Círdan]].<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

Angmar was subdued for the next centuries by combined [[Elves|Elven]] forces from [[Lindon]], [[Rivendell]], and [[Lothlórien|Lórien]].<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

In {{TA|1601}}, [[Argeleb II]] granted [[The Shire]] to the [[Hobbits]], who had slowly been migrating west partly to escape the forces of Angmar.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> Later in his reign, the [[Great Plague]] came into [[Eriador]]. Most of the people in Cardolan died, especially in [[Minhiriath]], and the Dúnedain there came to an end. Evil spirits from Angmar and [[Rhudaur]] entered the [[Barrow-downs]]. Arthedain was relatively unaffected. The Hobbits of the Shire saw great loss, but their numbers recovered in time.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

In {{TA|1851}}, King [[Araval]] won a victory over Angmar with the help of Lindon and Rivendell, but was unable to reclaim Cardolan.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> In the same year, [[Gondor]] was attacked by the [[Wainriders]] for the first time.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>

===Alliance with Gondor===
Realizing that their enemies were coordinated by a single power, King [[Araphant]] renewed the ancient alliance with [[Gondor]]. In {{TA|1940}}, his son [[Arvedui]] wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of King [[Ondoher]] of Gondor. Angmar renewed its attack on Arnor at the same time as [[Wainriders]] attacked Gondor. In {{TA|1944}}, Ondoher and both his sons were killed. Arvedui claimed the throne of Gondor, but the lords of Gondor chose [[Eärnil II]] as their king. Nonetheless, the kingdoms retained good relations. Arvedui succeeded his father in {{TA|1964}}. In {{TA|1973}} he sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault. Eärnil sent his son [[Eärnur]] with a great army, including many horsemen from [[Vales of Anduin]], for Arnor by sea. They did not arrive in time.<ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

===Fall of the North-kingdom===
During the harsh winter of {{TA|1974}}, the Witch-king launched his final assault on Arthedain. He [[Fall of Fornost|captured Fornost]] and drove most of the remaining Dúnedain over the Lune, including the king's sons. Arvedui held out for a short time in the North Downs, before he and some of his guard were forced to flee to the abandoned mines of the northern [[Ered Luin]]. They were driven by hunger to seek refuge with the [[Lossoth]] of [[Forochel]]. Receiving word of the King's whereabouts, Círdan sent a ship to the [[Icebay of Forochel|icebay]] to rescue him. Arvedui boarded the ship against the advice of the Lossoth chieftain. In the night, a storm came from the North and wrecked the ship. Arvedui drowned, and with him were lost the ''palantíri'' of Fornost and Amon Sûl. Thus ended the kingdom of Arnor.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

===Defeat of Angmar===
{{main|Battle of Fornost}}
When Eärnur and the Gondorian host arrived in Lindon, Fornost had already fallen. But the Elves and Men were filled with joy, amazed by the size of the army which was only a small part of Gondor's might. The fleet filled [[Forlond]], [[Harlond (Lindon)|Harlond]], and the [[Grey Havens]]. Círdan summoned the remains of the forces of Lindon and Arnor (including some Hobbits),<ref name="eriador" /> and the allied [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched across the [[Lune]].<ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

The Witch-king was now dwelling in Fornost. Confident and proud after his recent victories, he did not prepare for a siege, but led his army out to face the enemy in the open. The Host came down on him from the [[Hills of Evendim]] and the forces clashed in the plains between [[Nenuial]] and Fornost. The forces of Angmar were already retreating towards Fornost when the main body of the cavalry, which had passed around the Hills, came down from the north and scattered them in a great rout. The Witch-king gathered what troops he could and fled northwards towards [[Carn Dûm]], but he was overtaken by the cavalry of Gondor led by Prince [[Eärnur]]. At the same time, a force of Elves led by [[Glorfindel]] came from [[Rivendell]], and the remnants of Angmar's army were utterly destroyed. Near the end of the battle, the Witch-king attacked [[Eärnur]], but fled upon the appearance of [[Glorfindel]]. Eärnur attempted to make chase, but Glorfindel stopped him, prophesizing: "Not by the hand of man will he fall."<ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

Two years later, [[Frumgar]] led the [[Éothéod]] into the northern [[Vales of Anduin]] and destroyed the final vestiges of Angmar on the east side of the Mountains, thus ending the centuries-long conflict.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
The conflict left Eriador heavily depopulated. The Kingdom of Arnor was destroyed, and Fornost became a ruin feared by the [[Men of Bree]], who called it [[Deadmen's Dike]]. But the royal line continued in Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]], who took the title of [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]. The remaining Dúnedain took to a [[Ranger of the North|secretive, nomadic lifestyle]], but continued to protect Eriador from evil.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

The [[Shire-folk]] survived, though war had swept over them and most had fled into hiding. In {{TA|1979}} they elected [[Bucca of the Marish]] as the first [[Thain]], to replace the King. In the peace that followed, the Hobbits were content and prospered.<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

The Kingdom, including its great cities [[Annúminas]] and [[Fornost Erain]], was restored one thousand years later by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{RK|VI7}}</ref>

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq
| prev=[[War of the Last Alliance]]
| list=Major events of [[Middle-earth]]
| dates={{TA|1409}} - {{TA|1974}}
| next=[[Watchful Peace]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]
[[Category:Wars]]

Marhwini

2025-09-05T00:21:05Z

Éowyn: Eotheod --> Éothéod

{{infobox character
| people=[[Northmen|Northman]]
| name=Marhwini
| image=Liz Danforth - Marhwini.jpg
| caption="Marhwini" by [[Liz Danforth]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Lord of the Éothéod]]
| position=
| location=[[Rhovanion]]
| affiliation=
| language=language of the [[Éothéod]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=from {{TA|1856}}
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Marhari]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Forthwini]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Marhwini''' was a [[Northmen|Northman]] and a member of the noble family of the [[Rhovanion|Kingdom of Rhovanion]]. His father [[Marhari]] was a descendant of King [[Vidugavia]] of Rhovanion.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, Note 5</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|1851}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1851 of the Third Age</ref> Rhovanion was invaded by a tribe of [[Easterlings]] known as the [[Wainriders]]. The soldiers of the Kingdom of Rhovanion, together with the armies of [[Gondor]], met the Wainriders at the [[Battle of the Plains]] in {{TA|1856|n}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1856 of the Third Age</ref> which was a disaster. The [[King of Gondor]], [[Narmacil II]], was killed and Marhwini's father Marhari died leading the rearguard. Much of the Kingdom of Rhovanion was lost and its people were enslaved. Some Northmen escaped, and Marhwini led one band of refugees to the west.<ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Northmen}}</ref>

The refugees wandered until they reached the untamed land between the eastern bank of the [[Anduin|River Anduin]] and the western edge of [[Mirkwood|Mirkwood Forest]]. Settling there in the [[Vales of Anduin]], the refugees would become the [[Éothéod]], the ancestors of the mighty [[Riders of Rohan]].<ref name="Cirion"/>

In {{TA|1899}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1899 of the Third Age</ref> Marhwini warned [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] that the Wainriders were plotting to raid [[Calenardhon]] over the [[Undeeps]] but the enslaved Northmen also prepared a revolt against the Wainriders. Calimehtar provoked the Wainriders out of [[Ithilien]]; the Wainriders came down with all the strength that they could spare, and Calimehtar gave way before them, drawing them away from their homes. At the peak of the battle, horsemen that Calimehtar had sent over the [[Undeeps]] (left unguarded by the enemy) joined with a great [[éored]] led by Marhwini and he drove the Wainriders back to the [[East]].<ref name="Cirion"/>

==Etymology==
According to [[Christopher Tolkien]] ''Marhwini'' is [[Gothic]] in form. The first element of the name is the Gothic word ''marh'' ("horse"), which corresponds to [[Old English]] ''mearh'' whose plural ''[[mearas]]'' is used in ''The Lord of the Rings''. The second element ''wini'' ("friend") corresponds to Old English ''wine'', which is used in the names of some of the [[King of Rohan|Kings of the Mark]].<ref>{{UT|8e}}, Note 6</ref>

[[David Salo]] suggests it means "friend of horses", but could also mean "friend with a horse", in other words a companion-in-arms versed in the equestrian arts.<ref>Didier Salamon & David Giraudeau, Le Livre de la Marche, 2006, p. 161</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | VID |VID=[[Vidugavia]] ''fl. {{TA|1250|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree | MAR |MAR=[[Marhari]] ''d. {{TA|1856|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | MAN |MAN='''MARHWINI''' ''fl. {{TA|1856|n}} - {{TA|1899|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | FOR |FOR=[[Forthwini]] ''fl. {{TA|1944|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree | FRU |FRU=[[Frumgar]] ''fl. {{TA|1977|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Marhwini.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Marhwini in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2020: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Marhwini appears in a flashback narrating the history of the [[Éothéod]]. His son is named Forthwini and grandson Forthári, both of whom die in battle to the [[orcs]], leaving Forthári's son [[Frumgar]] as Marhwini's only heir.

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
|race=northmen
}}
{{seq
|pvac=None
|prev=position established
|list=1st [[Lord of the Éothéod]]
|dates={{TA|1856}} – unknown
|next=[[Forthwini]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Éothéod]]
[[Category:Gothic names]]
[[Category:Lords of the Éothéod]]
[[Category:Northmen]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Marhwini]]
[[fi:Marhwini]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes du nord/marhwini]]

Frumgar

2025-09-05T00:20:47Z

Éowyn: Eotheod --> Éothéod

{{infobox character
| people=[[Northmen|Northman]]
| name=Frumgar
| image=The Lord of the Rings Online - Frumgar.jpg
| caption=Frumgar in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=chieftain of the Éothéod
| position=
| location=North-west [[Rhovanion]]
| affiliation=
| language=language of the [[Éothéod]]
| birth=before {{TA|1977}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=c. {{TA|1977}}
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Fram]]<ref name=Frumgar>{{App|Eorl}}, entry for chieftain Frumgar, p. 1064</ref>
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Frumgar''' was a chieftain of the [[Éothéod]] who led his people from the middle to the northern [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref name=Frumgar/> It is possible that Frumgar was the fourth [[Lord of the Éothéod]] and the grandson of [[Forthwini]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Michael Martinez|articleurl=https://middle-earth.xenite.org/how-many-lords-of-eotheod-were-there/|articlename=How Many Lords of Éothéod Were There?|dated=10 October 2013|website=middle-earth.xenite.org|accessed=20 February 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
Before {{TA|1977}} the [[Éothéod]] lived in the middle vales of Anduin between the [[Carrock]] and the [[Gladden Fields]] with most of them living on the west side of the river [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, second paragraph</ref> At that time many men lived in the middle vales of Anduin and the shadow of [[Dol Guldur]] was lengthening.<ref name=Eorl>{{App|Eorl}}, first paragraph, p. 1064</ref>

In {{TA|1975}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1975, p. 1086</ref> the evil [[Angmar|Kingdom of Angmar]] was [[Battle of Fornost|destroyed]]. The Éothéod heard of the destruction of Angmar,<ref name=Eorl/> probably because some of them had fought with their horses with the expeditionary force from [[Gondor]] in [[Arthedain]] against the troops from Angmar<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eärnil II, p. 1050</ref> in {{TA|1975}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/>. As a consequence, Frumgar, then the chieftain of the Éothéod, led the Éothéod,<ref name=Frumgar/> who sought more room, to the North and drove away the remnants of the people of Angmar on the east side of the [[Misty Mountains]]<ref name=Eorl/> in {{TA|1977}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1977, p. 1087</ref>.

The Éothéod settled in the land between the [[Misty Mountains]] on the west, the [[Forest River]] in the east and the confluence of the rivers [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]] in the south.<ref>{{UT|Ride}}, second paragraph</ref> The only fortified ''burg'' of the Éothéod was located at the confluence of the Greylin and the Langwell.<ref>{{UT|Ride}}, third paragraph</ref> It is possible that this ''burg'' was the settlement known as [[Framsburg]]<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed/|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|website=tolkiensociety.org|accessed=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Michael Martinez|articleurl=https://middle-earth.xenite.org/what-was-eotheod-like/|articlename=What Was Éothéod Like?|dated=7 December 2011|website=middle-earth.xenite.org|accessed=20 February 2022}}</ref> and that it was named after Frumgar's son, [[Fram]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, entry ''Framsburg'', p. Ixv</ref> Frumgar was remembered in the songs of the [[Rohirrim]].<ref name=Frumgar/>

== Etymology ==
''Frumgar'' means "chieftain", "leader", "prince" or "patriarch", literally "first spear" in [[Old English]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 703</ref><ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.bosworthtoller.com/ Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]|articleurl=https://bosworthtoller.com/12535|articlename=frum-gár|accessed=1 November 2024}}</ref>

It its a compound of ''frum'' ("first")<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.bosworthtoller.com/ Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]|articleurl=https://bosworthtoller.com/12525|articlename=frum|accessed=1 November 2024}}</ref> and ''gár'' ("spear")<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.bosworthtoller.com/ Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]|articleurl=https://bosworthtoller.com/13290|articlename=gár|accessed=1 November 2024}}</ref>.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | MAN |MAN=[[Marhwini]] ''fl. {{TA|1856|n}} - {{TA|1899|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | FOR |FOR=[[Forthwini]] ''fl. {{TA|1944|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree | FRU |FRU='''FRUMGAR''' ''fl. {{TA|1977|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | FRA |FRA=[[Fram]] ''fl. c. {{TA|2000}}''}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree | LEO |LEO=[[Léod]] ''{{TA|2459|n}} - {{TA|2501|n}}''†}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2020: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Frumgar appears in a flashback narrating the history of the [[Éothéod]]. He is shown befriending [[dwarves]] and [[Wizards]] at a young age, and his decision to move his people to the Wells of [[Langflood]] is partially motivated by his wife being killed in an [[Orcs|Orc]] raid. It was he who gave [[Gandalf]] his northern name by calling him Wandalb, "the Elf of the Wand".

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=northmen}}
{{seq
| pvac=Unknown
| prev=eventually [[Forthwini]]
| list=[[Lord of the Éothéod]]
| next=[[Fram]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Éothéod]]
[[Category:Lords of the Éothéod]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Frumgar]]
[[fi:Frumgar]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes_du_nord/eotheod/frumgar]]

Felaróf

2025-09-05T00:19:34Z

Éowyn: Eotheod --> Éothéod

{{infobox character
| people=[[Horses|Horse]]
| image= Catherine Chmiel - Felarof and Leod.jpg
| caption="Felarof and Leod" by [[Catherine Chmiel]]
| name=Felaróf
| pronun=
| othernames=Mansbane
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Éothéod|Lands of the Éothéod]]
| affiliation=[[Léod]]; ''later [[Eorl]]''
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{TA|2545}}
| deathlocation=[[The Wold]], alongside [[Eorl]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=Ancestor of the [[Mearas]]
| race=[[Horses|Horse]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=White
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Felaróf''' was the famous steed of [[Eorl the Young]], the first [[Kings of the Mark|King of Rohan]], and to whom all of the [[Mearas]], mighty horses of [[Rohan]], were descendants.

==History==
According to later tradition among the [[Rohirrim]], the ancestors of the Mearas were brought from the [[Uttermost West|West]] by [[Béma]].<ref name=eorl/> Therefore, Felaróf might be a descendant of those horses according to said tradition.

[[Léod]] was a tamer of horses among the [[Éothéod]], who captured this wild white horse while it was still a foal. In {{TA|2501}}<ref group="note">Eorl was 16 when his father died. Since Eorl was born in {{TA|2485|n}} Léod died in 2501.</ref> he tried to tame it himself, but when he attempted to mount it, it threw him and escaped. So Léod died, leaving a sixteen-year-old son, [[Eorl]]. Eorl hunted the white horse, found it, called it "Mansbane" and demanded that it give up its freedom in payment for the death of his father. The horse agreed, and took the name that Eorl gave it: Felaróf.

It was on Felaróf that Eorl rode to the aid of [[Gondor]] and earned a famous victory,<ref>{{TT|King}}, p. 508</ref> one that would lead [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Cirion]] to grant them the wide empty land of [[Calenardhon]], which would come to be called [[Rohan]]. For more than thirty years afterwards, Felaróf had the freedom of those wide grasslands, but a new invasion of [[Easterlings]] saw Eorl ride to battle once again. In [[The Wold]], the far northern reach of Rohan, Eorl and Felaróf met their ends, and were laid together in a mound raised outside the gate of [[Edoras]].

Felaróf was a very remarkable horse indeed. It is even recorded that he could understand the speech of [[Men]]. He gave rise in turn to a race of wonderful horses, the [[Mearas]], who according to tradition could only be ridden by the [[Lord of the Mark]], Eorl's descendants. It was from this line that [[Gandalf]]'s horse [[Shadowfax]] came, making him a descendant of Felaróf himself.<ref name=eorl>{{App|Eorl}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Felaróf'' is a poetic word in [[Old English]]: "very valiant, very strong".<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, note 28</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | NAH | | | | |NAH=Possibly [[Nahar]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | FEL | | | | |FEL='''FELARÓF''' }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | SHA | | | | |SHA=[[Shadowfax]] }}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Felaróf.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Felaróf in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2020: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Felaróf appears briefly in the flashback narrating the history of the [[Éothéod]].

{{references|n}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Felarof}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[de:Felaróf]]
[[fi:Felaróf]]

Eorl

2025-09-05T00:19:15Z

Éowyn: Eotheod --> Éothéod

{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Eorl
| image=Jan Pospisil - Eorl the Young at Celebrant.jpg
| caption="Eorl the Young at Celebrant" by [[:Category:Images by Jan Pospíšil|Jan Pospíšil]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''the Young''
| titles=[[Lord of the Éothéod]] [[King of Rohan]]
| position=
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=[[Oath of Eorl]]
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2485}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2501}} - {{TA|2510}} (Lord) {{TA|2510}} - {{TA|2545}} (King)
| death={{TA|2545}} (aged 60)
| deathlocation=[[The Wold]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=founded the [[House of Eorl]]
| parentage=[[Leod]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Brego]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Yellow<ref name="Eorl"/>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=[[Felaróf]]
}}
'''Eorl the Young''' ([[Third Age]] 2485 – 2545, aged 60 years) was the son of [[Léod]] of the [[Éothéod]], and founder of [[Rohan]].<ref name="Eorl">{{App|Eorl}}</ref>

==Life==
When Eorl was only 16 years old, his father was killed while trying to tame the horse [[Felaróf]], making Eorl [[Lord of the Éothéod]] at that young age. Young Eorl swore to avenge his father and managed to tame the horse. He "doomed" the horse to carry him for the rest of their lives, and the horse seemingly accepted this burden.<ref name="Eorl"/>

In {{TA|2510}}, [[Borondir|Borondir Udalraph]] came to the north seeking aid, as the [[South-kingdom]] was attacked by the [[Orcs]] and the [[Balchoth]]. On April 15, Eorl came to the [[Field of Celebrant]], and joined the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant|battle]]. For his service to [[Gondor]], he was granted [[Calenardhon]] to dwell in. As a return, Eorl and his descendants would have to come to the aid of Gondor when they requested; this was known as the [[Oath of Eorl]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>

Eorl ruled from a green hill under the [[White Mountains]].<ref name="Eorl"/>

Even in his older years Eorl never lost his yellow hair. He died in battle against the [[Easterlings]] in {{TA|2545}}. He was buried in the first royal mound, and Felaróf was buried with him.<ref name="Mark"/>

==Legacy==
Eorl was the founder of Rohan, its first King, the ancestor of the [[House of Eorl]] and all the [[Kings of Rohan]]. His horse Felaróf was the first of the [[Mearas]].

Eorl was known as "the Young" because he became [[Lord of the Éothéod]] at the age of 16 and because he never lost his yellow hair.

His Oath would be answered at least thrice: once by [[Folcred]] and [[Fastred (son of Folcwine)|Fastred]], once by [[Théoden|Théoden Ednew]] and by [[Éomer]].<ref name="Mark">{{App|Mark}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Eorl'' is an [[Old English]] translation of genuine [[Rohanese]] '''''þuron''''', which has perhaps influence from [[Elvish]] [[sundocarme|root]] [[TUR]].<ref>{{PE|22}}, p. 159, where Tolkien gives ''þorunahim'' as the genuine form of [[Eorlingas]]</ref>

'''Eorl''' is an Old English word referring to a person of noble rank. It is the ancestor of modern "earl". It was the highest rank of nobility in North Germanic culture, not introduced to Britain until the late 9th century, when it replaced the equivalent Old English title ''ealdorman''. The Old Norse equivalent is ''jarl.''<ref>[[Wikipedia:Jarl in Sweden|Jarl in Sweden]] at [[wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]]</ref> [[Þórsteinn Thorarensen]] used ''Jarl'' as the name for the character throughout his Icelandic translation of ''The Lord of the Rings'', along with [[Helm|Hjálmur]], for Helm, [[Thengel|Þengill]] for Thengel, [[Théoden|Þjódan]] for Théoden, and [[Éomer|Jómar]] for Éomer.<ref>{{VT|42}}, [[Arden R. Smith]], ''Transitions in Translations: Upphaflega íslensk heiti'', pages 35-37</ref> Compare ''[[Ceorl]]'', the second rank.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | FRA | | | | |FRA=[[Fram]] ''fl. c. {{TA|2000}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | LEO | | | | |LEO=[[Léod]] ''{{TA|2459|n}} - {{TA|2501|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | EOR | | | | |EOR='''EORL''' ''{{TA|2485|n}} - {{TA|2545|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BRE | | | | |BRE=[[Brego]] ''{{TA|2512|n}} - {{TA|2570|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | BAL | | ALD | | EOF |BAL=[[Baldor]] ''d. {{TA|2570|n}}''†|ALD=[[Aldor]] ''{{TA|2544|n}} - {{TA|2645|n}}''|EOF=[[Eofor]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Eorl in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Eorl.jpg|Eorl in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Eorl crosses the Anduin at the Fields of Celebrant.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' tapestry: Eorl crosses the Anduin at the Fields of Celebrant
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - The Oath of Eorl.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' tapestry: The Oath of Eorl
</gallery>

'''2020: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Eorl appears in a series of flashbacks narrating the history of the [[Éothéod]]. Additionally, he is depicted on tapestries found throughout Rohan. A statue of Eorl and Cirion is erected near the site of their first meeting.

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=rohirrim
| house=House of Eorl
| born={{TA|2485}}
| died={{TA|2545}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Léod]]
| list=[[Lord of the Éothéod]]
| dates={{TA|2501}} – {{TA|2510|n}}
| nvac=None
| next=Himself as [[King of Rohan|King]]
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| next=Himself as [[Lord of the Éothéod]], [[Brego]]
| list=1st [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]
| dates={{TA|2510}} – {{TA|2545|n}}
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rohankings}}
[[Category:Éothéod]]
[[Category:Kings of Rohan]]
[[Category:Lords of the Éothéod]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Eorl]]
[[fi:Eorl]]

Dunlendings

2025-09-05T00:18:37Z

Éowyn: Spelling, grammar, Eotheod --> Éothéod

{{people infobox
| name=Dunlendings
| image = Turner Mohan - Men of Dunland.jpg
| caption="Men of Dunland" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Gwathuirim'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| origin=
| location=[[Dunland]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]], [[Saruman]]
| rivalry=[[Rohirrim]]
| language=[[Dunlendish]]; some could speak "broken" [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F1}}</ref>
| members=[[Freca]], [[Wulf]], [[Squint-eyed southerner]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=Dark
| skin=Dark
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}

'''Dunlendings''', also known as the '''Gwathuirim''', were the ferocious, tall and vicious [[men]] that lived in [[Dunland]], close to [[Rohan]]. Also called the ''Wild Men of Dunland'', they had long been enemies of the [[Rohirrim]], because they were jealous that the rich lands of the old [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] province of Calenardhon were granted by the Gondorians to the Rohirrim instead of them.

== History ==
=== Origins ===
{{seealso|Pre-Númenóreans}}
The ancestors of the Dunlendings were also the ancestors of the [[Haladin]],<ref name="PM|Atani">{{PM|Atani}}, p. 314</ref> the second of the Three Houses of the [[Edain]] who were reclusive, kept separate from the [[House of Bëor|Bëorians]] or the [[House of Hador|Hadorians]] and their language was different from [[Taliska|those spoken]] by the other Edain.

Those who remained in [[Eriador]], settled upon either side of the [[Gwathló]] or in the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]; especially those in [[Minhiriath]], were (as later [[Gondorian]] historians recognised) akin to the Haladin.

In the [[Second Age]] those peoples ranged over much of future [[Gondor]] and [[Eriador]], and dwelt in the forests of the shorelands. But the [[Númenóreans]] returning to [[Middle-earth]] treated them ruthlessly and devastated their forests. While the [[Men of the Mountains]] survived in isolated places, others (overcoming their fear of the Elves) fled from Minhiriath into [[Eryn Vorn]]; those from [[Enedhwaith]] took refuge in the eastern mountains that would become [[Dunland]].<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> Some moved even further north until they reached what became the [[Bree-land]], those were the [[Men of Bree]] who would be absorbed into [[Arnor]].

===Third Age===
[[File:John Howe - Dunlending.jpg|thumb|''Dunlending'' by [[John Howe]]]]
Because of the Númenórean advance, those peoples, including the Dunlendings, remained bitter enemies of the [[West]].<ref name="PM|Atani"/> The hostility of the Dunlendings prevented the [[Dúnedain]] from populating permanent settlements in Enedhwaith except in the fortified town of [[Tharbad]].<ref name=note76>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 76</ref>

While some of the [[Pre-Númenóreans]] were absorbed into the population of Gondor and Arnor, the Dunlendings remained unaffected, independent and even unfriendly to the Dúnedain, holding their own manners and [[Dunlendish|language]].<ref name="OfMen">{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref> However the Dunlendings also remained hostile to those with [[Orc]]-blood.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> The Dunlendings also dwelled alongside the [[Stoors|Stoor]] Hobbits during their [[Wandering Days]] and the latter even formed a related language to theirs.<ref>{{App|Hobbits}}, p. 1130</ref>

The Dunlendings suffered from the [[Great Plague]] less than other peoples owing to their isolation<ref name="OfMen"/> and were still found in the foothills of the Misty Mountains. By the time of the [[Ruling Stewards]] they ceased to be subjects of Gondor and, being surrounded by barbarous folk,<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> they moved to settle the region of [[Calenardhon]] as Gondor ceased to man the garrisons during the [[Watchful Peace]].<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

Some Dunlendings approached the Gondorian fortress of [[Isengard|Angrenost]] that was manned by a small garrison led by a hereditary Gondorian chieftain, the [[Lord of Isengard]], and mingled with the Gondorians. With time the line of the original chieftains eventually failed.<ref name="Isen"/>

=== Arrival of the Rohirrim ===
[[Image:Angelo Montanini - Dunlendings.jpg|thumb|right|''Dunlendings'' by [[Angelo Montanini]]]]
In {{TA|2510}} Gondor granted Calenardhon to the [[Éothéod]] who came from [[Rhovanion]] and the wild hillmen and herd-folk whom the Dunlendings viewed as competitors and usurpers. As the ensuing enmity did not concern the [[Stewards of Gondor]], the Dunlendings kept hostilities to the [[Rohirrim]] and attacked whenever the latter were weak or in trouble.<ref name="Isen"/>

Because of their connections, the people of Isengard remained friendlier to the Dunlendings than to the 'wild Northmen', allowing them to settle in and around the [[Ring of Isengard]]. Eventually the Dunlendings seized control of the fortress and killed any of the ancient guards who didn't merge with them.<ref name="Isen"/>

[[Kings of Rohan|Kings]] [[Brego]] and [[Aldor]] drove the Dunlendings out of [[Rohan]] beyond the Isen until Enedhwaith. After the death of King Aldor, and as Isengard became more friendly to them, the Dunlendings passed and settled northern [[Westfold]], the mountain glens around the Ring, and southern eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]], becoming openly hostile.<ref name="Isen"/> In some places, the two peoples mingled in some peaceful circumstances; and the dark-haired Landlord [[Freca]] from the lands near [[Adorn]] had Dunlendish blood.<ref name="Mark">{{App|Mark}}</ref>

During the reign of King [[Déor]], they began raiding over the Isen; when it became clear that the raiders were coming from near Isengard, in {{TA|2710}} Déor led an expedition to the north. He found and defeated a host of Dunlendings, but discovered that Isengard was hostile. He was unable to drive them out as [[Egalmoth (Steward of Gondor)|Steward Egalmoth]] could not send help.<ref name="Isen"/> The occupation lasted through the reign of King [[Gram]] and they continued to raid and harass the Rohirrim.<ref name="Mark"/>

===Usurpation===
The worst of these incidents was when Freca's son, [[Wulf]], allied with the [[Corsairs of Umbar]] who were in turn stirred by [[Sauron]], keeping safe his properties at [[Adorn]]. Joining his kin from outside of Rohan with enemies of Gondor that had landed in the mouths of [[Lefnui]] and Isen, Rohan was invaded from the East, the Isen and Isengard, and finally Wulf took [[Edoras]] in {{TA|2758}}. Gondor, fighting Corsair fleets, could not help<ref name="Mark"/> as the people of Rohan survived the crisis due to the leadership of King [[Helm|Helm Hammerhand]], the usurping Dunlendings were reduced after the [[Long Winter]] and finished off by [[Fréaláf]]. The Rohirrim now kept a strong force in North Westfold.<ref name="Isen"/>

Eventually many Dunlendings were found later in the Westfold of Rohan, until [[Folcwine]], aided by Gondor, reconquered it.<ref name="Mark"/> But the people remaining between [[Isen]] and [[Adorn]] were largely of mixed blood, and not loyal to Edoras.<ref name="Isen"/>

The Dunlendings were employed by the [[wizard]] [[Saruman]] to serve Sauron's purposes by attacking and raiding the cities and settlements of Rohan. Since [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]] had corrupted the mind of King [[Théoden]], the fighting men of the Rohirrim were absent for the most part. As a result, the Dunlendings easily overpowered the old men and young boys who remained.

Wild Men were also present at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] (Battle of Helm's Deep), as well as [[Half-orcs]], derived from [[Orcs]] and the [[Men]] of Dunland. The fighting was vicious, but the Dunlendings surrendered after [[Gandalf]] appeared. In contrast, the Orcs fled into the forest of [[Fangorn Forest|Fangorn]] and were destroyed by [[Huorns]].

[[Saruman]]'s defeat at Isengard put a stop to Dunlending aggression in Rohan. However, the [[Battle of Bywater|Scouring of the Shire]] by Saruman, under the alias of [[Sharkey]], was carried out with the backing of a considerable number of Dunlendings.

== Etymology ==
''Dunlendings'' is a name in [[Rohanese]]<ref name=Dunlendings>{{HM|N}}, p. 755, entry "Dunlendings"</ref> (represented by [[Old English]]<ref>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1136</ref>) given to them by the [[Rohirrim]], which refers to the people's swarthy and dark-haired appearance.<ref name=OfMen>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref> The name ''Dunlendings'' contains the [[Old English|English]] element ''dunn'',<ref name=OfMen/> which means "dark, dusky, dull-hued".<ref name=Dunlendings/><ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 769, entry "Dunland"</ref> The name appears to be derived from ''Dunland'' and the suffix ''-ings'', which denotes a people-group (as in ''[[Rohirrim|Eorlings]]'', ''[[Bardings]]'', ''[[Beornings]]'', etc.).

A [[Sindarin]] name for the Dunlendings was '''''Gwathuirim'''''.<ref name=note76/> It is suggested that the name ''Gwathuirim'' contain the elements ''[[gwathui]]'' ("shadowy") + ''[[-rim]]'' ("people").<ref name=Eldamo>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-391631781.html|articlename=S. ''Gwathuirim'' coll.|website=Eldamo|accessed=10 March 2022}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In an earlier draft of the chapter Flotsam and Jetsam Aragorn comments that the regiments of rather tall, dark-haired, not particularly evil-looking men that Merry watched coming from Isengard to attack Rohan are Dunlanders. Aragorn describes them as an upland folk from the west of the Misty Mountains, remnants of the old peoples that once dwelt in Rohan and all about to the north and south of the White Mountains (which were called Black Mountains in this earlier draft).<ref>{{WR|1|IV}}, p. 51 and p. 52</ref> In the earliest draft of the chapter the Muster of Rohan it is mentioned that the forgotten men who built [[Dunharrow]] went away to mingle with the people of Dunland or the folk of Lebennin. It is also mentioned that some folk reckoned as Rohirrim and that spoke the language of Rohan, but dark with grey eyes with the blood of the forgotten men in their veins lived at Dunharrow. In this earliest draft no Pûkel-men are mentioned.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, (ii) The Muster of Rohan, draft A, p. 236</ref> In a later draft it is also mentioned that Dunlanders came to the muster at Dunharrow to fight against the forces of Sauron.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, (ii) The Muster of Rohan, draft F, p. 247 and draft G. p. 249</ref> In an outline for Book Five some folk from Dunland come to Minas Tirith to join Gondor in the fight against Sauron.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, (iii) Sketches for Book Five, p. 253</ref>

==Inspiration==
It is possible that the rivalry between the primitive Dunlendings and the blond-haired, pseudo-Anglo-Saxon Rohirrim who migrated into the lands neighbouring them was meant by Tolkien to be analogous to the real life conflicts that arose between the Anglo-Saxons in England and neighbouring [[Celtic]] peoples.

This is supported by the fact that placenames of [[Bree-land]] like [[Bree]],<ref>{{HM|N}}, pp. 766 entry '''Bree'''</ref><ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 16 entry ''Bree''</ref> [[Archet]]<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 765 entry '''Archet'''</ref> and [[Combe]]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 150</ref> are Celtic. The [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] (who had stayed long in [[Dunland]]<ref>{{App|TA}}, entries for the year 1150 and ''c.'' 1630, pp. 1085</ref>), have Celtic elements in their names,<ref name=Translation>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1135</ref> such as [[Gorhendad Oldbuck|Gorhendad]]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 115</ref> or [[Saradoc Brandybuck|Saradoc]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 422</ref><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 6 "the folk of the Marish, and of Buckland, [...] came for the most part later into the Shire from south-away; and they sill had many peculiar names"</ref> Tolkien mentioned that the survival of traces of the older language of the Stoors and the Bree-men resembled the survival of Celtic elements in England.<ref name=Translation/>

==Portrayals in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Dunlendings.jpg|thumb|left|Men and Women of Dunland]]
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'''''
:The Dunlendings are not a unified entity, but rather a collection of clans named after their spirit animal (ox, boar, stag, falcon, dragon etc.) who often raid one another, with some weaker clans either enslaved or outright wiped out. Many wish to see all of Dunland unified as one and that dream was exploited by [[Saruman]], although not all clans joined with him and many oppose his influence either openly or in secret. Large clans span over multiple villages, and each village is led by a hereditary "Brenin" advised by a council of "Brehures". Most Dunlendings are simple farmers and herdsmen and their buildings are made of wood, straw and raw stone. All Dunlending men and women of age feature prominent facial markings, whether they are face paint or permanent tattoos is not specified.

{{references}}
[[Category:Dunlendings| ]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Dunländer]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:dunlendings]]
[[fi:Mustainmaalaiset]]
[[pt-br:Terrapardenses]]

Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin

2025-09-05T00:15:04Z

Éowyn: Beor --> Bëor

{{Incomplete}}
{{silmarillion-chapters}}
'''Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin''' is the eighteenth chapter of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' section within ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

==Synopsis==
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fingolfin's Wrath.jpg|thumb|left|''Fingolfin's wrath'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
After the tribes of the [[Edain]] had entered [[Beleriand]] and strengthened the forces of the [[Noldor]], [[Fingolfin]] began trying to rally the Noldor and Edain together for an attack against the fortress of [[Morgoth]]. He was met with resistance, however, for the Noldor had grown complacent, loving their new realms and power. They were also fearful of the wrath of Morgoth, knowing that even a victory would come at heavy cost.

At last, during winter, Morgoth attacked the Noldor. Great fires erupted out of the [[Iron Mountains]] and burned the great plains of [[Ard-galen]], forever scarring them into a vast desert. Many Noldor were killed in the blaze, which reached as far down as [[Dorthonion]] before stopping.

Great armies poured forth from Angband as well, led by the great dragon, [[Glaurung]]. The combined strength of these armies was enough to break the power of the elves, ending the [[Siege of Angband]] forever.

Many of the [[Sindar]] fled to the realms of [[Doriath]] or [[Ossiriand]]. Others took refuge in the realm of [[Nargothrond]]. The king, [[Finrod Felagund]], went north to aid his brothers [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]. But he was too late, as they were both killed. And he himself soon came into peril, being saved only by the timely intervention of the man [[Barahir]] of the house of [[Bëor]], who intervened at the [[Fen of Serech]] to stop the Orcs. Finrod gave Barahir his [[Ring of Barahir|emerald eyed ring]] in gratitude. and swore to aid the house of Barahir should they need it.

In the northwest, Hithlum was hard pressed by the Orcs as well. [[Hador|Hador Golden-head]] was slain, leaving his house to his son [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]]. Due to their strength, and the strength of the Elves, Hithlum remained in the face of Morgoth's attack. But they were cut off from the rest of the Elves by legions of Orcs.

The [[Sons of Fëanor]] suffered a [[Battle of the Pass of Aglon|catastrophic defeat]] as well. [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]] were driven to seek refuge in Nargothrond. [[Maedhros]] led a defence and stopped the Orcs for a small time, but soon Glaurung attacked and opened [[Maglor's Gap]], forcing the Fëanorian elves south. [[Caranthir]], [[Amrod]], and [[Amras]] were all driven south and joined with the [[Green-elves]] of Ossiriand. Maedhros and [[Maglor]] eventually joined on the hill of [[Himling]] and defended against the onslaught as best they could.

Word would reach Fingolfin of all of these catastrophes, causing him to perceive the complete devastation of the Noldor. In madness and grief, he mounted his horse and rode out from Hithlum across [[Dor-nu-Fauglith]]. His rage was so great that he was mistaken for [[Oromë]], the huntsman of the [[Valar]]. Fingolfin rode up to the very gates of Angband, challenging Morgoth to single combat.

Fingolfin openly insulted Morgoth, calling him a coward and a tyrant. Morgoth had no choice but to answer Fingolfin's challenge, lest his own captains think him unfit to lead. Taking the great hammer of the underworld called [[Grond]], Morgoth emerged from the black depths of Angband and attacked Fingolfin.

Fingolfin's great sword [[Ringil]] wounded Morgoth seven times, and whenever Morgoth attacked, Fingolfin would leap out of the way, causing the great hammer to leave a massive rend in the earth where the elf-king once stood. This duel raged on, and the forces of Morgoth quailed, their cries filling the North.

But Fingolfin was an Incarnate, and Morgoth was an [[Ainu]]. Fingolfin could grow tired, where as Morgoth did not, so at last, his strength failed, and Morgoth struck Fingolfin, smashing him with his great hammer. Morgoth placed his boot onto Fingolfin, intending to crush him to pieces, but with his last stroke, Fingolfin stabbed the foot of Morgoth with Ringil. The hurt was so great that Morgoth would limp forever after, and the pain of his wounds would never subside.

Fingolfin died after this, but Morgoth could not even exact revenge, for [[Thorondor]] swept down from the heavens and clawed at his face, scarring it forever. Thorondor grabbed the king's body and flew away, taking it to [[Gondolin]], where [[Turgon]] would build a great [[Fingolfin's Cairn|cairn]] (or tomb) that no Orcs could ever pass by while Gondolin endured. Fingolfin would be succeeded by his son [[Fingon]] as [[High King of the Noldor]].

Morgoth's wrath would turn to the men with Barahir. Barahir fought the Orcs for all of the land he had, but the fight was soon desperate enough that his wife [[Emeldir]] took the women and children and fled to [[Brethil]]. Barahir became an outlaw, leading a [[Barahir's outlaws|band of outlaws]] against Morgoth along with his son [[Beren]].

For two long years, the Noldor endured against Morgoth, defending the [[Pass of Sirion]] in the west. [[Orodreth]] was their leader, manning the tower of [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]]. Their defence was broken by the greatest of Morgoth's servants, the powerful necromancer known as [[Sauron]]. He would turn the tower into [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], a place of evil and dark sorcerery. This opened the passes for Morgoth, who sent his armies into Beleriand and captured all of the Elves he could. He would break their wills and bring them into his sway. He would also force them to man his great smithies and work his mines in Angband. This sewed distrust among the Elves for any escaped prisoners, who were suspected to be servants of Morgoth, willing or no.

Morgoth also tried to sway the Edain, but few among them would listen to him. This earned them his ire, and he would seek to destroy them.

At this time, the first [[Easterlings]] came forth into Beleriand. Many would swear allegiance to the Sons of Fëanor. Some such as [[Bor]] indeed were faithful, but others such as [[Uldor]] were secretly in the employ of Morgoth, but for now they were content to feign service to the Noldor. There was a rivalry between the Easterlings and the Edain, but the Edain suffered great losses. The [[House of Bëor]] was almost destroyed. The [[House of Hador]] was shut into Hithlum. The [[House of Haleth]] was spared at first, but they would soon face the Orcs before being saved by the coming of [[Beleg Strongbow]], who helped them to defend the northern borders of Doriath.

At this time, two members of the house of [[Hador]], [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]], were living with the lord of the House of Haleth, as was the custom of Men. Both of these Men went to the battle with the Orcs who invaded Brethil. But their company was cut off, and they fled to the [[Ford of Brithiach]]. A mist arose from the river Sirion and hid them, and the great eagle Thorondor saw them and brought them before Turgon in the hidden city of Gondolin.

They won the heart of Turgon and learned much from the elves there. Yet after a year there, both Húrin and Huor desired to return to the battles with the Orcs and aid their fellow men. Turgon was reluctant to have them leave, but they swore oaths never to reveal the location of Gondolin. With that, Turgon allowed them to depart with the aid of Thorondor, such that they were unsure of the exact location of Gondolin.

Turgon, having learned of the events outside, began to send parties of Elves to the isle of [[Balar]], where they created ships to sail west to the Undying Lands. Yet these ships never reached the Undying Lands, due to the curse of [[Mandos]] forbidding the return of the Noldor.

Morgoth's victory was great, but not complete. He could not learn the location of Nargothrond, and he knew nothing of Gondolin or the whereabouts of Turgon. In addition, he had underestimated the strength of his enemies and suffered losses himself, so that he could not wholly conquer his opponents. He recalled his forces back to Angband, and Beleriand was given a short reprieve.

Within seven years, Morgoth renewed his attack against Hithlum. His forces attacked Ethel Sirion, killing [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]], but they were driven back by his son Húrin. Fingon was also attacked, but was saved by the arrival of ships sent by Círdan the shipwright. The lordship of [[Dor-lómin]] passed to Húrin.

==External links==
* [http://www.entmoot.com/showthread.php?t=9866 Chapter discussion at Entmoot.com]

[[fr:tolkien/resumes/silm/qs18]]
[[fi:Beleriandin häviö ja Fingolfinin tuho (Silmarillion)]]

Glǽmscrafu

2025-09-05T00:13:10Z

Éowyn: Adunaic --> Adûnaic

'''Glǽmscrafu''' (the [[Old English]] name for the [[Glittering Caves]]<ref>{{UT|Isen}}, Appendix (ii)</ref>) is a linguistic website authored by Benjamin Babut and Bertrand Bellet, hosted by Cédric Fockeu on JRRVF and launched in [[2006]]. It is dedicated especially to the [[Wikipedia:Phonoesthetics|phonoesthetics]] of [[Tolkien]]'s constructed [[languages]].

It provides authentic texts written by Tolkien in his constructed languages, [[Quenya]]/[[Qenya]], [[Sindarin]]/[[Noldorin]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Khuzdul]] and others, with sound samples.

The database also provides historical excerpts and sound samples from real-life languages whose philology or phonotactics influenced Tolkien's languages or [[legendarium]]. There are samples of [[Finnish]] (the main source of Quenya), [[Welsh]] (the main source of Sindarin), [[Old English]] (exemplified as the [[Rohan language]]), [[Old Norse]] (exemplified the names of the [[Longbeards]], including a sample of the ''[[Voluspa|"Catalogue of Dwarves"]]''), [[Gothic]] (including a sample of ''[[Bagmē Blōma]]'') and [[Latin]].

Since [[25 March]] [[2016]], the site contains "Glǽmscribe", a feature transriber of texts into [[Sarati]], [[Tengwar]], [[Gothic]] or [[Runes]]/[[Cirth]].

==External links==
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/index.html Glǽmscrafu website] (English section)
{{references}}
[[Category:Linguistic websites]]
[[fi:Glǽmscrafu]]

Shadow

2025-09-05T00:12:21Z

Éowyn: Adunaic --> Adûnaic

{{cleanup}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|339x339px|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
The '''Shadow''' is a very broad and abstract term that is used in reference to [[Darkness (concept)|Darkness]] and the extent of evil and its influence to the minds of people as a result of the [[Arda Marred|Marring of Arda]]. Because [[Morgoth]] tainted [[Arda]] with his rebellious spirit, his will could continue to affect the hearts of people living on Earth after he was gone. At different points, the Shadow refers to the Darkness of the Enemy, [[Sauron]] or their servants, the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], also called "Shadows" (and their [[Black Breath]]). Sauron was called the "Shadow of the Forest" (while he dwelt in [[Dol Guldur]]) or the "Shadow of the East" (in [[Mordor]]). Shadow also described the [[Unlight]] of [[Ungoliant]].

"Shadows" was also a name for the [[Oathbreakers]], having become [[Wraiths]], also called "Shadow-hosts", or "Shadow-men."

Peoples that came under the sway of this corrupting power were said to be "under the Shadow". The term is also a euphemism that alludes to the seduction of [[Men]] by Morgoth in the beginning of their history: "''Men came forth in the East of the world; but they fell under the shadow of the [[Morgoth|Enemy]]''". This usage is similar to the other examples above, but is more far-reaching in that all Men living at that time were said to have succumbed to Morgoth's power. The Men fell under the Shadow already in [[Hildórien]] and became afraid of the [[Gift of Men]]. A similar fear came in the realm of [[Númenor]] when its people became restless and began to envy the [[immortality]] of the [[Elves]].

A few kindred of [[Dwarves]] also fell under the Shadow, especially among those clans that lived in the mountains to the far east of Middle-earth. Some Dwarves fought on Sauron's side during the [[War of the Last Alliance|War of the]] [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]].

Though the Shadow was less evident among populations of the Elves, the Shadow of the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|Kinslaying]] lay upon the kindred of the [[Noldor]].

The Shadow, however, also referred to more concrete and evident things, like the Shadow covering Mordor, the [[Storm of Mordor]] that covered [[Gondor]] on the [[Dawnless Day]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Siege of Gondor]]"</ref>

When he met [[Durin's Bane]], [[Gandalf]] expelled it to return to the Shadow it came from, perhaps the [[Void]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]", pp. 330-1</ref>

During the [[Quest of the Ring]], a mysterious [[Shadow over Hollin|shadow]] passed over the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the night, darkening the stars as it moved over [[Eregion|Hollin]]. The origin of this shadow is unclear, as it was moving fast and against the wind.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Ring Goes South]]" p. 286</ref>

After the passing of Sauron, the Shadow was lifted from the hearts of the [[Free Peoples]] and they managed to fight the remnants of his forces.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref>

In more general applications, "Shadow" is a term that apparently refers to the bewilderment and darkness accompanying certain enchantments. [[Sauron|Sauron's]] tower of [[Barad-dûr]] was surrounded by Shadow, and the word is also associated with the land of [[Lothlórien]] and with the [[Ents]].

[[Saruman]] referred to the [[Ents]] and [[Huorns]] as the "Shadow of the Wood".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[The Lord of the Rings|''The Lord of the Rings'']], [[The Two Towers|''The Two Towers'']], "[[The Voice of Saruman]]", p. 580</ref>

==In other languages==
*In [[Quenya]], the word ''huine'' meaning "darkness, gloom" is used with negative connotations such as [[Sauron]]. The word ''unuhuine'' is used to refer to Númenor "under the Shadow".<ref>{{LR|P1III2}}, p. 47</ref>
*In [[Adûnaic]], the word of the same meaning is ''ugru''. The expression "under shadow" is ''ugru-dalad''.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, p. 247</ref>

{{references}}
*{{HM|Guide}}, pp. 349–351
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Evil]]

Minhiriath

2025-09-05T00:12:04Z

Éowyn: Adunaic --> Adûnaic + spelling

{{location infobox
| name=Minhiriath
| image=The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Miniriath map.jpg
| caption=Map showing Minhiriath from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{respell|min|hear|ee-ath}}
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], [[Elves]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[War of the Elves and Sauron]]
}}
'''Minhiriath''' was a region in [[Eriador]] between the river [[Baranduin]] and the river [[Gwathló]].

==Geography==
Minhiriath was located between the river Baranduin in the west and the river Gwathló in the east.<ref name=FirstParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, first paragraph</ref> Its southern border was the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea from the mouth of the Baranduin to the mouth of the Gwathló. The northern border of Minihiriath is not recorded and could have been anywhere between the [[Greenway]] and the [[Great East Road]].<ref name=Map>{{UT|Map}}</ref><ref group=note>The entry in the Annals of the Kings that most of the people of Cardolan died in the Great Plague, especially in Minhiriath, implies that Minhiriath is only a part of Cardolan. According to those Annals the northern border of Cardolan was the Great East Road.</ref> Minhiriath consisted primarily of open plains without mountains.<ref name=FirstParagraph/>

[[The Shire]] was northwest of the river Baranduin across the [[Sarn Ford]]. The dark forest of [[Eryn Vorn]] was on a cape on the coast of Minhiriath. The region [[Enedwaith]] was east of the Gwathló. The city of [[Tharbad]] was on the Gwathló on the border between Minhiriath and Enedwaith. The port of [[Lond Daer]] was also on the Gwathló where it flowed into the Sea.<ref name=Map/>

==History==
===Earliest inhabitants===
Many of the inhabitants of the forests in Minhiriath were of the same kind as the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]], the second folk of the [[Edain]]. They moved westwards later than the Folk of Haleth and had stayed in [[Eriador]] either in settlements or wandering around and had not moved on to [[Beleriand]]. The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]] from which [[Adûnaic]], the language of the Númenóreans was descended.<ref name=Atani>{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref>

===Second Age===
At the time of the explorations of [[Aldarion]], the heir of the King of [[Númenor]], Minhiriath was covered by an almost continuous forest with the exception of the great fens of the [[Swanfleet]] and near the ford of Tharbad. The native inhabitants were quite numerous and warlike and lived in scattered communities in the forests without a central leadership. In the beginning the native inhabitants of Minhiriath were in awe of the Númenóreans.<ref name=ThirdParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the river Gwathló, third paragraph</ref> It is probable that the felling of trees by Númenóreans in Minhiriath was on a small scale during the the time of the explorations of Aldarion and during his reign and that he even had trees replanted in Minhiriath, because it is recorded that Aldarion only sailed with a small number of ships to Middle-earth, built only a small number of ships in Middle-earth and returned only with a small number of ships with a cargo of timber from Middle-earth. It is also mentioned that Aldarion always planted new trees where trees had been felled in Númenor and that he offered to show his betrothed Erendis forests wider than Númenor wild and free in Middle-earth. During a voyage from {{SA|829}} to {{SA|843}} Aldarion found out that his recently built harbour and shipyard of [[Vinyalondë]] at the mouth of the river Gwathló had been overthrown by storm floods and plundered by hostile men. During another voyage to Middle-earth from {{SA|863}} to {{SA|869}} Aldarion learned that Men near the coasts were growing afraid of the Númenóreans or had become openly hostile to the Númenóreans and heard rumours of a lord in Middle-earth that hated the Númenóreans.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

It is probable that the felling of trees for shipbuilding by Númenóreans in Minhiriath continued to be on a small scale or stopped after the death of Aldarion, because it is told that his daughter [[Tar-Ancalimë]] neglected all policies of her father and provided no further aid to [[Gil-galad]] in [[Lindon]] after the death of her father. At the time of the earlier settlements of the Númenóreans Minhiriath was still covered with a dense forest.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> In the beginning the Númenóreans felled trees along both banks of the river Gwathló and floated the logs down the river to the timber-port and ship-building harbour of Lond Daer at the mouth of the Gwathló that was formerly called Vinyalondë.<ref name=ThirdParagraph/>

At the latest during the rule of Queen [[Tar-Telperiën]] the Númenóreans built great tracks and roads into the forests northwards and southwards from the Gwathló and the felling of the trees for the building of a large fleet of ships at the shipyards of Lond Daer and other shipyards in Middle-earth and in Númenor became devastating to the forests, because the Númenóreans did not replant new trees. As a reaction, the native inhabitants who lived in those forests became hostile and ambushed the Númenóreans when they had an opportunity. As a consequence, the Númenóreans treated the native inhabitants as enemies. The natives that survived the conflicts with the Númenóreans fled into the dark woods of the cape of Eryn Vorn.<ref name=ThirdParagraph/>

After the forces of Sauron had invaded Eriador in {{SA|1695}}<ref name=Concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> the exiled natives welcomed Sauron and hoped that he would defeat the Númenóreans and acted as spies and guides for the raiders of Sauron. The raiders of Sauron set fire to the woods on the edges of the forest and burned the woodstores of the Númenóreans, but he could not spare enough forces to attack the forts that the Númenóreans had built on the banks of the river Gwathló.<ref>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the river Gwathló, fourth paragraph</ref>

In the year {{SA|1700}} the forces of Sauron had reached the line of the river [[Lhûn]]. This was defended by Gil-galad and by a force of [[Númenóreans]] that had been stationed in Lindon after Gil-galad had asked the Númenóreans for help when he feared that Sauron could invade Eriador. After a Númenórean force of the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had landed at the [[Grey Havens]], the forces of the [[Elves of Lindon]] and the Númenóreans defeated the forces of Sauron and drove them back. The forces of Sauron suffered heavy casualties at [[Sarn Ford]] and were driven further to the south-east. At [[Tharbad]] the forces of Sauron were joined by reinforcements that had come from the south-east, but they were surprised by another force of Númenóreans in their rear, who had landed at Lond Dear. Sauron's forces were utterly routed in the [[Battle of the Gwathló]] and Sauron narrowly escaped with a small remaining force to the south-east to [[Calenardhon]].<ref name=Concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

After the defeat of Sauron at the end of the War of the Elves and Sauron most of the old forests on sides of the Gwathló had been destroyed.<ref>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the river Gwathló, fifth paragraph</ref>

In {{SA|3320}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 3320, p. 1084</ref> Minhiriath became a part of the kingdom of Arnor.<ref>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Glanduin, first paragraph</ref>

===Third Age===
[[Image:Matěj Čadil - Minhiriath.jpg|thumb|left|[[Matěj Čadil]] - ''Minhiriath'']]
When the Kingdom of Arnor was divided in {{TA|861}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> Minhiriath became a part of [[Cardolan]], one of the three successor states of Arnor.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', first paragraph, p. 1039</ref> After the [[Great Plague]] spread north-west from Gondor in {{TA|1636}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> most of the people of Cardolan died, especially in Minhiriath.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', entry for king Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref> After that Minhiriath was almost completely deserted, but a secretive folk of hunters lived in the woods.<ref name=SecondParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref>

After the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]] of {{TA|2911}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911, p. 1089</ref> Minhiriath was devastated by great floods and Tharbad was ruined and deserted in {{TA|2912}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2912, p. 1089</ref>

Although Minhiriath was still thickly forested in several places by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], most of the plains were grasslands.<ref name=SecondParagraph/>

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was reestablished by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1042</ref> It is probable that Minhiriath was resettled, because [[Gandalf]] announced that the Greenway would be opened again, that there would be people and fields where there was wilderness before and that there would be room enough for people along the shorelands south of the Baranduin.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}, p. 992</ref>

==Etymology==
''Minhiriath'' is a [[Sindarin]] name.<ref name=Eldamo>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1206108635.html|articlename=S. ''Minhiriath'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=08 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 691</ref> It means "Between the Rivers" (in reference to the rivers Baranduin and Gwathló).<ref name=FirstParagraph/> It is a compound of ''[[min]]'' ("between") and the [[Lenition|lenited]] form ''hir'' of ''[[sîr]]'' ("river") and the class-plural suffix ''-ath'', which yield ''hiriath''.<ref name=Eldamo/><ref name=RC/>

In a letter to Mr [[Paul Bibire]] (dated [[30 June]] [[1969]]), [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] used the name Mesopotamia in brackets after Minhiriath.<ref>{{NM|P3xxii}}, p. 378</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 650</ref><ref>{{VT|42a}}</ref> Mesopotamia means "[land] between rivers" in Ancient Greek.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#Etymology|articlename=Mesopotamia|website=en.wikipedia.org|accessed=23 March 2022}}</ref>

==Navigation==
{{navigation
| title=Minhiriath
| north-west=[[Gulf of Lune]]
| north=[[The Shire]]
| north-east=[[South Downs]]
| west=[[Harlindon]]
| east=[[Enedwaith]]
| south-west=[[Belegaer]]
| south=[[Belegaer]]
| south-east=[[Enedwaith]]
|}}
{{references|n}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Minhiriath]]
[[fi:Minhiriath]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/eriador/minhiriath]]

Enedwaith

2025-09-05T00:10:53Z

Éowyn: Adunaic --> Adûnaic

{{location infobox
| name=Enedwaith
| image=Matěj Čadil - Enedwaith.jpg
| caption="Enedwaith" by Matěj Čadil
| pronun={{respell|eh|ned|weyeth}}
| othernames=Central Wilderness<ref name=n76>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 76</ref>
| location=Between the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Isen]]; south of [[Minhiriath]] and north-west of [[Rohan]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=[[Dunland]]
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}

'''Enedwaith''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[eˈnedwa͡ɪθ]}}), also known as the '''Central Wilderness''',<ref name="n76" /> was a region in the west of [[Middle-earth]] between the river [[Gwathló]] and the river [[Isen]].

==Geography==
Enedwaith was a region between the river Gwathló and the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea from the mouth of the Gwathló to the mouth of the river Isen in the west, the river [[Glanduin]] in the north, the [[Misty Mountains]] in the east and the river Isen in the south.<ref name="Glanduin">{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name ''Glanduin'', first paragraph</ref><ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> Enedwaith consisted primarily of open plains without mountains.<ref name="GwathloFirst">{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, first paragraph</ref>

==History==
===Earliest inhabitants===
Many of the inhabitants of the forests in Enedwaith were of the same kind as the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]], the second folk of the [[Edain]]. They moved westwards later than the Folk of Haleth and had stayed in [[Eriador]], either in settlements or wandering around, and had not moved on to [[Beleriand]]. The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]].<ref name="Atani">{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

===Second Age===
At the time of the explorations of [[Aldarion]], heir to the throne of [[Númenor]], Enedwaith was covered by an almost continuous forest with the exception of the great fens of the [[Swanfleet]]. The native inhabitants were quite numerous and warlike and lived in scattered communities in the forests without a central leadership. In the beginning, the native inhabitants of Enedwaith were in awe of the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name="ThirdParagraph">{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the river Gwathló, third paragraph</ref> Enedwaith was still covered with a dense forest at the time of the earlier settlements of the Númenóreans.<ref name="Atani" />

The native inhabitants started to ambush the Númenóreans when the felling of trees by the Númenóreans became devastating to the forests. As a consequence, the Númenóreans treated the native inhabitants as enemies. The natives of Enedwaith that survived the conflicts with the Númenóreans fled into the eastern mountains to a region that would later be known as [[Dunland]].<ref name="ThirdParagraph" />

In the time of the Númenórean King [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] settlers between [[Pelargir]] and the [[Gulf of Lune]] classified the inhabitants of the forests of [[Minhiriath]] as [[Men of Darkness|Men of Shadow]] instead of as [[Middle Men]]. This was due to their hostility to the Númenóreans. It was also because the Númenóreans did not recognize them as kinsmen of the Edain. This was due to the language of the inhabitants of the forests of Minhiriath not being related to the languages of the Folk of Hador and the Folk of Beor, which were the languages from which the [[Adûnaic]] language of Númenor was descended.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref>

After the establishment of the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor in {{SA|3320}}, Enedwaith belonged to neither of those two kingdoms.<ref name="Glanduin" />

===Third Age===
In the earlier centuries of Arnor and Gondor<ref name="NM">{{NM|P3xxii}}, p. 378</ref><ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, p. 650</ref><ref name="VT">{{VT|42a}}</ref> Enedwaith belonged to neither of the two kingdoms.<ref name="Glanduin"/> In those ancient days, the [[Gwathló]] was the eastern border of Arnor and the Isen was the western border of Gondor.<ref name="Isen">{{UT|11c}}, note to the text, first paragraph</ref> Until the decay of Arnor, both kingdoms shared an interest in this region, but were mainly concerned with the building and maintenance of the [[North-South Road]], which was the main route of transport between the two kingdoms except by sea, and of the bridge at the fortified town and haven of [[Tharbad]] and of the long causeways on which the road ran to Tharbad on either side of the Gwathló across the fens in the plains of Enedwaith.<ref name="Glanduin" /> There were no permanent settlements of people of Númenórean origin in Enedwaith,<ref name="Glanduin" /> except at Tharbad,<ref name="NM" /><ref name="RC" /><ref name="VT" /> where a large garrison of soldiers, mariners, engineers<ref name="Glanduin" /> and river-wardens was stationed.<ref name="NM" /><ref name="RC" /><ref name="VT" /> In addition, the drainage works were built and maintained and the banks of the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Gwathló were strengthened.<ref name="NM" /><ref name="RC" /><ref name="VT" />

After the decay and receding of the kingdom of Arnor, which had originally included Minhiriath,<ref name="NM" /><ref name="RC" /><ref name="VT" /> Enedwaith became a part of Gondor during the days of the Kings of Gondor. Like before, Gondor was mainly concerned with the maintenance and patrolling of the North-South-Road.<ref name="Isen" />

After the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} the region fell quickly into decay and turned back into wild fenlands long before the War of the Ring.<ref name="Glanduin" /> A fairly numerous, barbarous folk<ref name="GwathloSecond" /> of [[Drúedain]] continued to live as fishers and fowlers in the marshlands of the mouths of the Gwathló and the Isen<ref name="Isen" /> and between the mouths of those rivers<ref name="GwathloSecond" /> and the remnants of the people that the Rohirrim later called Dunlendings continued to live in the foothills of the western side of the Misty Mountains<ref name="Isen" /> in the east of Enedwaith.<ref name="GwathloSecond" />

After the death of the last king of [[Arthedain]], [[Arvedui]], and the end of the kingdom of Arthedain, in {{TA|1975}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1975</ref> and the death of the last king of Gondor, [[Eärnur]], in {{TA|2050}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2050</ref> the weakened realm of Gondor retreated from Enedwaith and the Isen and the Gap of [[Calenardhon]] became the western border of Gondor. As a consequence, the Dunlendings of Enedwaith ceased to be subjects of Gondor.<ref name="Isen" />

After the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]] of {{TA|2911}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911, p. 1089</ref> Enedwaith was devasted by great floods and the city of [[Tharbad]] was ruined and deserted in {{TA|2912}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2912, p. 1089</ref>

At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] the south-east of Enedwaith was still in places well-wooded, but most of the plains were grasslands.<ref name="GwathloSecond">{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref>

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was reestablished by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1042</ref> It is probable that Enedwaith was resettled, because [[Gandalf]] announced that the [[Greenway]] would be opened again, and that there would be people and fields where there was wilderness before and that there would be room enough for people between the Isen and the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]].<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}, p. 993</ref>

==Etymology==
''Enedwaith'' is a [[Sindarin]] name.<ref name="Eldamo">{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2452686109.html|articlename=S. ''Enedwaith'' pn.|website=Eldamo|accessed=15 March 2022}}</ref> It means "middle-region" or "middle-people".<ref name="Letter168">{{L|168}}</ref> It contains the element ''ened(h)'' ("middle, centre").<ref name="Letter168" /> Its second element is probably the [[Lenition|lenited]] form ''waith''<ref name="Eldamo" /> of ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people").<ref>{{S|Elements}}, entry ''gwaith''</ref>

The form ''Enedwaith'' appears in the [[General Map of Middle-earth]], but [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] suggested ''Enedhwaith'' in his annotations to [[Pauline Baynes]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed/|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|website=The Tolkien Society|accessed=5 August 2018}}</ref>

While writing ''[[Of Dwarves and Men]],'' Tolkien typed ''Enedwaith'' and subsequently added ''h'' manually on the typed text, until he started typing ''Enedhwaith,'' which he maintained in ''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]''. [[Christopher Tolkien]] preferred the spelling ''Enedwaith'' for the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' for agreement with the published ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 66</ref> It exists a letter from J.R.R. Tolkien to Pauline Baynes where "he has decided that the spelling Enedwaith should not be changed"<ref>{{CG|2C}}, entry "1 October 1969".</ref>, however Pauline Baynes ignored it for some reason, since the modified name does appear on [[A Map of Middle-earth|the map]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Enedwaith map.jpg|thumb|Map of Enedwaith from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The game's Enedwaith region encompasses the north-eastern part of that land, between [[Eregion]] and [[Dunland]]. It is a mysterious place, haunted by spirits, though it is also inhabited by [[Dunlendings|Dunlending]] outliers called "''Algraig''", as well as a village of [[Stoors]]. "Thrór's Coomb" in the [[Misty Mountains]] is where the [[Longbeards]] settled for a time during their exile. The territory just east of the [[Gwathló]] and [[Tharbad]], south of "Western Eregion", and surrounding the [[Old South Road]] is considered part of the [[Swanfleet]] region.
{{references}}
{{navigation
| title=Enedwaith
| north-west=[[Minhiriath]]
| north=[[Eregion]]
| north-east=[[Lothlórien]]
| west=[[Belegaer]]
| east=[[Misty Mountains]]
| south-west=[[Belegaer]]
| south=[[Gondor]]
| south-east=[[Rohan]]
}}
[[Category:Pre-Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rohan]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

Dunlendish

2025-09-05T00:10:30Z

Éowyn:

'''Dunlendish''',<ref name=Hobbits>{{App|Hobbits}}, p. 1130</ref> also known as the '''Dunland tongue''',<ref name=Deep>{{TT|Deep}}, p. 537</ref> was a [[Mannish]] [[Languages|language]] that was spoken by the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Dunland]].<ref name=Men>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref>

== History ==
The [[Pre-Númenórean]] language that was spoken by ancestors of the Dunlendings in the forests south of the [[Blue Mountains]] in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] during the [[Second Age]]<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> was related to the language of the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]] of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 72 and note 69</ref> The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]] from which [[Adûnaic]], the language of the [[Númenóreans]] was descended.<ref name=Atani>{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref> Dunlendish was not related to or only remotely akin to [[Westron]],<ref name=Men/> because Westron was descended from Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of other Men.<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

It appears that a language related to Dunlendish was adopted by the southern group of [[Hobbits]] of [[Stoors|Stoor-kind]] while they settled between [[Tharbad]] and the borders of Dunland<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> between {{TA|1150}} until about {{TA|1630|n}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085 and entry for the year ''c. '' 1630, p. 1086</ref> before they migrated north to [[the Shire]], but by the later [[Third Age]] their descendants in the Shire and in [[Bree]] had long abandoned it for the [[Westron|Common Speech]].<ref name=Hobbits/>

The [[Men of Bree]] once spoke a language that was related to Dunlendish, because they were descended from the same [[Pre-Númenóreans|people]] as the Dunlendings, but the Men of Bree adopted [[Westron]] after they became subjects of the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref name=Men/> The odd names of [[Bucklanders]] and the name of Bree and the names of locations near Bree were traces of the older language of the southern Stoors and the Men of Bree.<ref name=Translation>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1135</ref>

On 3 March {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 3, p. 1093</ref> during the [[War of the Ring]] [[Gamling]] said that Dunlendish was once spoken in many western valleys in [[Rohan]] and was able to understand Dunlendish.<ref name=Deep/> It is not recorded if Dunlendish was still spoken by some inhabitants of Rohan as a native language at that time and how Gamling learned Dunlendish.

Apparently Dunlendish was known also beyond the other side of the [[Misty Mountains]]; the [[Great Gates]] of [[Moria]] included Dunlendish inscriptions in [[Cirth]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 8</ref>

To this language belongs the name ''[[Forgoil]]'', which was said to mean 'Strawheads' and was given to the [[Rohirrim]],<ref name=Men>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref> and was used as an insult during the battle of Helm's Deep.<ref name=Deep/> The only analysis that can be done with some degree of credibility, is that the final part -il could be the plural marker of the word; then, it would be reminiscent to the [[Elvish]] partitive plural -li, and perhaps related.<ref>{{webcite|website=Arda|articleurl=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm|articlename=Mannish|accessed=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==Translation==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] used [[Celtic]] names for many first names of male Hobbits of [[Buckland]] and for place names in the region of Bree.<ref name=Translation/>

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Dunlendings]]
[[Category:Mannish]]
[[fi:Mustainmaan kieli]]

Dunlendish

2025-09-05T00:09:48Z

Éowyn: Adunaic --> Adûnaic

'''Dunlendish''',<ref name=Hobbits>{{App|Hobbits}}, p. 1130</ref> also known as the '''Dunland tongue''',<ref name=Deep>{{TT|Deep}}, p. 537</ref> was a [[Mannish]] [[Languages|language]] that was spoken by the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Dunland]].<ref name=Men>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref>

== History ==
The [[Pre-Númenórean]] language that was spoken by ancestors of the Dunlendings in the forests south of the [[Blue Mountains]] in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] during the [[Second Age]]<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> was related to the language of the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]] of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 72 and note 69</ref> The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]] from which [[Adunaic]], the language of the [[Númenóreans]] was descended.<ref name=Atani>{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref> Dunlendish was not related to or only remotely akin to [[Westron]],<ref name=Men/> because Westron was descended from Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of other Men.<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

It appears that a language related to Dunlendish was adopted by the southern group of [[Hobbits]] of [[Stoors|Stoor-kind]] while they settled between [[Tharbad]] and the borders of Dunland<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> between {{TA|1150}} until about {{TA|1630|n}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085 and entry for the year ''c. '' 1630, p. 1086</ref> before they migrated north to [[the Shire]], but by the later [[Third Age]] their descendants in the Shire and in [[Bree]] had long abandoned it for the [[Westron|Common Speech]].<ref name=Hobbits/>

The [[Men of Bree]] once spoke a language that was related to Dunlendish, because they were descended from the same [[Pre-Númenóreans|people]] as the Dunlendings, but the Men of Bree adopted [[Westron]] after they became subjects of the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref name=Men/> The odd names of [[Bucklanders]] and the name of Bree and the names of locations near Bree were traces of the older language of the southern Stoors and the Men of Bree.<ref name=Translation>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1135</ref>

On 3 March {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 3, p. 1093</ref> during the [[War of the Ring]] [[Gamling]] said that Dunlendish was once spoken in many western valleys in [[Rohan]] and was able to understand Dunlendish.<ref name=Deep/> It is not recorded if Dunlendish was still spoken by some inhabitants of Rohan as a native language at that time and how Gamling learned Dunlendish.

Apparently Dunlendish was known also beyond the other side of the [[Misty Mountains]]; the [[Great Gates]] of [[Moria]] included Dunlendish inscriptions in [[Cirth]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 8</ref>

To this language belongs the name ''[[Forgoil]]'', which was said to mean 'Strawheads' and was given to the [[Rohirrim]],<ref name=Men>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref> and was used as an insult during the battle of Helm's Deep.<ref name=Deep/> The only analysis that can be done with some degree of credibility, is that the final part -il could be the plural marker of the word; then, it would be reminiscent to the [[Elvish]] partitive plural -li, and perhaps related.<ref>{{webcite|website=Arda|articleurl=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm|articlename=Mannish|accessed=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==Translation==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] used [[Celtic]] names for many first names of male Hobbits of [[Buckland]] and for place names in the region of Bree.<ref name=Translation/>

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Dunlendings]]
[[Category:Mannish]]
[[fi:Mustainmaan kieli]]

Azog

2025-09-05T00:09:17Z

Éowyn: Adunaic --> Adûnaic

{{infobox character
| people=[[Orcs|Orc]]
| name=Azog
| image=Pascal Yung - Azog.jpg
| caption="Azog" by [[:Category:Images by Pascal Yung|Pascal Yung]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=''the Goblin''<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>
| position=[[Orcs|Orc]]-chieftain
| location=[[Moria]] [[Dimrill Dale|Azanulbizar]]
| affiliation=[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]
| language=''Presumably'' [[Orkish]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=Before {{TA|2790}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{TA|2799}}
| deathlocation=[[Azanulbizar]]
| age=
| notablefor=Killing [[Thrór]]; igniting the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Bolg]]
| race=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall<ref name="App">{{App|Durin}}</ref>
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Azog''' was an [[Orcs|Orc]]-chieftain of [[Moria]], who started the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] when he slew [[Thrór]].<ref name="Party" /> He was himself slain by [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], and was succeeded by his son [[Bolg]].<ref name="App" /><ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref>

==History==
Little is known of Azog's origins, but he was the chief of the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Orcs of Moria]], and apparently the most important Orc warlord of the northern lands. The average lifespan of an Orc is unknown, but it is conceivable that he was one of those sent to Moria by [[Sauron]] in about {{TA|2480}}.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> He had one son, Bolg, who succeeded him after his death.<ref name="Burst" />

[[File:Steamey - Azog and Nár.jpg|thumb|left|''Azog and Nár'' by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamey]]]]

Azog entered history in the year {{TA|2790|n}} due to [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King]] Thrór's desire to revisit and perhaps refound the lost realm of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], in whose mighty ruins Azog dwelt.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> He entered the [[Great Gates]], but Azog and his orcs captured and slew him, and branded his hewn head with his own name, "AZOG". He flung the head at [[Nár]] who waited outside, then a money purse containing "few coins of little worth", warning that he would tolerate no future Dwarf beggars entering his domain at Moria.

When news of this reached Thrór's heir [[Thráin]], he was greatly angered, and mustered a force of [[Dwarves]] to seek revenge on Azog. So the War of the Dwarves and Orcs began: the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]] hunted Azog, and many battles were fought beneath the earth. After nine years of constant warfare, the climactic Battle of [[Dimrill Dale|Azanulbizar]] was fought before the gates of Moria itself in the year {{TA|2799|n}}.<ref name="TA" />

King Thráin II and his son [[Thorin]] were in that battle, near the end of which, Azog emerged from the inner gate with his guards, Náin was exhausted and half blind with rage. He tried to swing as hard as he could, but Azog darted aside and Náin missed, splintering his mattocks on the ground. The orc kicked him in the leg when he dodged the Dwarf's blow, making him stumble, at which point Azog attempted to thrust and behead him, succeeding only in breaking Náin's neck because of the strong mail he was wearing. At this point, Azog noticed his retreating forces and retreated back inside. As he did, Dáin II chased him up the steps and beheaded him with a single mighty strike, which became forever known as a deed of great valour considering Dáin's young age. Azog's head was impaled on a spike, with the same coin-filled purse stuffed in his mouth that he had flung at Nár after he killed Thrór nine years before.<ref name="App" />

Azog's underground dominions in the north, though greatly reduced in the War, fell to his son Bolg, who held them for almost 150 years until he too met his end at the [[Battle of Five Armies]] in the year {{TA|2941|n}}.<ref name="Burst" /><ref name="TA" />

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Azog.mp3|Ardamir}}
The meaning and origin of the name ''Azog'' is unknown. It is most likely a name in the [[Black Speech]], though [[Mágol]] may also be a possibility.<ref>{{HM|RB}}, p. 787, note 38</ref>

[[Andreas Moehn]] has noted an apparent but tentative similarity with [[Mannish]], in the [[Adûnaic]] word ''[[zagar]]'' meaning "sword", in which case ''Azog'' might refer to "warrior" or anything similar.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930151024/http:/lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Atani.html|articlename=Etymologies of the Atani languages|dated=18 July 2002|website=Middle-earth Science Pages (Internet Archive)|accessed=31.7.2019}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| AZO |AZO='''AZOG''' ''d. {{TA|2799}}'' }}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| BOL |BOL=[[Bolg]] ''d. {{TA|2941}}'' }}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Azog in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Hobbit - The Battle of the Five Armies - Azog.jpg|Azog as portrayed in ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Azog.jpg|Azog as portrayed in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Azog is played by [[Manu Bennett]] via motion-capture and CG (though he was originally intended to be played by [[Conan Stevens]] in a practical costume and makeup<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}).</ref>). He is a white-skinned Orc, known as the Pale Orc or Azog the Defiler. According to [[Balin]], he is from [[Gundabad]]. In the films, the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] appears in a flashback. [[Thrór]] is still alive at this time and is beheaded by Azog during the battle. [[Thorin]] fights with Azog and cuts off his left forearm, and the Pale Orc is dragged off by a few fellow [[Orcs]]. Thorin believes Azog to have died from his wounds, but, unlike in the book, he actually survived the battle and serves as Thorin's nemesis. The Pale Orc is also portrayed as a committed and trusted general of [[Sauron|the Necromancer]] - whereas in the source material his allegiance to the [[Dark Lord]] can only be assumed as a likelihood - and he is therefore tasked by his master first with hindering Oakenshield's quest and later with conquering the [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]].

:In the films, Azog speaks exclusively in [[Orkish]], whereas his literary counterpart was also known to use the [[Common Speech]]. He rides a gigantic [[Warg Matriarch|white warg]]. He also lacks the iron-clad head he featured in the books.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Azog leads a pack of Orcs on Wargs in hunting down [[Thorin and Company]] to wipe out the [[House of Durin|Line of Durin]] and to take his revenge on Thorin for his wound - even putting out a bounty on Thorin's head. In the film, it is his pack (not the Orcs of [[Goblin-town]]) that catch up to the Company on the other side of the [[Misty Mountains]]; after a brief fight with Thorin, he loses them when they are rescued by the [[Eagles]].

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:While still in pursuit of Thorin and Company as they come down from the [[Carrock]] and make their way to [[Beorn]]'s house, he is summoned to [[Dol Guldur]] by the Necromancer himself. Though annoyed that yet again he is unable to track down Oakenshield, Azog submits to his master and agrees to lead his armies to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], sending his son Bolg to pursue the Company in his stead. He later leads an unsuccessful attack on [[Gandalf]] when the [[Wizards|Wizard]] enters the fortress prior to the army's departure.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:In this movie, Azog's appearance is changed, as he now wears plate armor, and he replaced his claw arm with one that looks similar to a sword. Azog is first seen marching on Erebor. When [[Bolg]] tells him of the [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elven]] Army, he orders him to Gundabad for more troops. From [[Ravenhill]], Azog commands the Orcs in the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. Thorin, [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]] and [[Dwalin]] go to kill Azog, in order to leave the Orcs leaderless. But Azog captures Fíli and kills him in front of Thorin. Azog finally battles Thorin on a frozen lake and is knocked underwater. However, he breaks through the ice and stabs Thorin, mortally wounding him. Despite this, the Dwarf leader manages to stab Azog through the chest with [[Orcrist]] - finally killing the Pale Orc - shortly before succumbing to his own wounds.

===Games===
'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Azog appears in an extended flashback depicting the beginning and the end of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. Azog's youngest son "Komog" is slain in the halls of [[Gundabad]], while his eldest son "Urro" is killed by [[Thorin]] during the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in the same engagement that earns him the name "Oakenshield". [[Bolg]] survives as his only heir by escaping into [[Moria]] shortly before Azog is killed by Dáin.

:In the present day, Azog's descendants continue to plague Durin's Folk. Bolg's son "Mazog", Lord of Moria, is the major antagonist of the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood|Siege of Mirkwood]]'' expansions. Bolg's other son "Gorgar the Ruthless", Lord of Gundabad, is the chief antagonist of the ''War of Three Peaks'' expansion.

{{references}} 
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| name=Azog
| race=orc
| house=
| born=Before {{TA|2790}}
| died={{TA|2799}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=Unknown
| list=[[Orc]]-chieftain
| dates=Unknown - {{TA|2799}}
| next=[[Bolg]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azog}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Orcs]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Azog]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/orques/azog]]
[[fi:Azog]]

Herefara

2025-09-05T00:07:33Z

Éowyn: Hama --> Háma

{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Herefara
| image=The Lord of the Rings Online - Herefara.jpg
| caption=Herefara in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Rohanese]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Herefara''' was a man of [[Rohan]] during the [[War of the Ring]].

==History==
Herefara fought and died in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. His name is remembered in the poem [[Song of the Mounds of Mundburg]].<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Herefara'' is [[Old English]] for "war-traveller".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Herefara comes from the town of Woodhurst in the Stonedeans, a province in the western [[Rohan]] where many men have a mix of Rohirrim and Dunlending ancestry. His grandparents are Briant and Reeve Heremond; and his parents are Cynethryth and [[Herubrand]]. Under the influence of [[Saruman]], in early March {{TA|3019}} a conspiracy of men attacks the Reeve's family in the Mead Hall of Woodhurst. Heremond and Cynethryth are slain but Herubrand, who is wounded, is saved by his loyalist who hide him and his mother outside the city. They enlist the player, an outsider who could not have been involved the attack, to help them in uncovering the conspiracy and eventually take back the control of his city. Herefara is not present during these events, as he is leading the defence of Brockbridge, a village ruled by [[Háma]]'s father Léoferth to the south from the forces of [[Isengard]].
:Herubrand and Herefara are later met in the [[Druadan Forest]] during the march of Rohirrim towards [[Minas Tirith]]. Herefara joins the player in patrolling the lands around beacons [[Nardol]] and [[Eilenach]]. During the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]] the father and son fight side by side, but are slain by [[Gothmog]]'s orcs.

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Herefara]]
[[fi:Herefara]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes du nord/rohirrim/herefara]]

Michael Spice

2025-09-05T00:07:03Z

Éowyn: Hama --> Háma

{{actor
| image=
| name=Michael Spice
| lifetime=[[20 May|May 20]], [[1931]]-[[2 November|November 2]], [[1983]]
| played=[[Háma]]
| film=[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|The Lord of the Rings 1981 radio series]]
| played2=
| film2=
| imdb=[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0818457/ IMDb Profile]
}}
'''Michael Spice''' ([[20 May|May 20]], [[1931]]-[[2 November|November 2]], [[1983]]) voiced the part of [[Háma]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|The Lord of the Rings 1981 radio series]] broadcasted on the BBC 4. He also did other voices, such as one of the [[Nazgûl]].

[[Category:Actors and actresses|Spice, Michael]]
[[Category:British people|Spice, Michael]]
[[Category:People by name|Spice, Michael]]

Many Meetings (scene)

2025-09-05T00:05:39Z

Éowyn:

{{scene
|name=Many meetings
|number=23 (extended) 
19 (theatrical)
|duration=3:29 (extended) 
3:31 (theatrical)
|event=[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] reunites with [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] and the other Hobbits.
|film=[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]
| image = The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Rivendell.jpg
|previous=[[Rivendell (scene)|Rivendell]]
|next=[[The Fate of the Ring]]
|characters=Frodo, [[Gandalf]], [[Elrond]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]
}}

'''Many Meetings''' is the nineteenth scene of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and the twenty-third scene of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (extended edition)]].

==Synopsis==
As Frodo continues to recover from the wound inflicted by the [[Nazgûl]]'s [[Morgul-knife]], he steps out onto a balcony and gets a proper view of [[Rivendell]] for the first time. As he and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] walk along the tree-lined pathways, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] run up and embrace their recuperating friend.

Amidst the reunion, Frodo realizes that [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] is present and runs to greet him. Bilbo warmly returns the greeting and shows Frodo his completed [[Red Book of Westmarch|book]]. Bilbo says that he intended to return to the spots of his old journey ([[Mirkwood]], [[Lake-town]], and the [[Lonely Mountain]]), but soon found himself in Rivendell and declined to move on. Age has visibly affected Bilbo far more than when he had the Ring, and he admits to feeling it more keenly than before. When turning to a page in the book depicting a map of [[The Shire]], Frodo laments that he misses home, and admits that the adventure he's gone through was very different to the stories Bilbo told him as a child.

Later on, Frodo catches Sam packing his things. While Sam had earlier expressed a desire to see the elves in [[Rivendell]], he now thinks that that since they have delivered the Ring and Frodo is on the mend, it is time they began preparing to return to [[the Shire]]. Frodo agrees with Sam and expresses a desire to return home.

==Differences==
The scene is an abridgement of the same chapter from the book. The banquet Elrond hosts before his council is omitted. Bilbo seems to be somewhat older in the movie than he appears in the book, as in the book, Bilbo is able to return to [[Dale]] and [[Erebor]] during the time gap between chapters 1 and 2.
{{title}}
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring scenes|23]]

Angmar

2025-09-05T00:02:19Z

Éowyn:

{{disambig-more|Angmar|[[Angmar (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=Donato Giancola - Ranging in Angmar.jpg
| name=Angmar
| caption="Ranging in Angmar" by [[Donato Giancola]]
| pronun=[[:File:Angmar.mp3|Angmar.mp3]]
| othernames=
| location=North-east of [[Eriador]], north-west of the [[Vales of Anduin]]
| capital=[[Carn Dûm]]
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Orcs]], [[Men]]
| language=
| govern1=[[Witch-king]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date=''c. ''{{TA|1300}}
| event2=Destroyed
| event2date={{TA|1975}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}

'''Angmar''' ([[Quenya|Q]]/[[Sindarin|S.]] ''Iron Home'') was a realm in the far north of the [[Misty Mountains]],<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> which was founded by the Lord of the [[Nazgûl]], who became known as the [[Witch-king]] of Angmar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry about King Eärnil II, p. 1051</ref><ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1409, p. 1086</ref> The capital of Angmar was [[Carn Dûm]].<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, "the evil king of Carn Dûm", p. 146</ref>

== History ==
Around {{TA|1300}}, [[Sauron|Sauron's]] [[shadow]] became stronger and evil things multiplied, heralded by the reappearance of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1300, p. 1086</ref> The lord of the Nazgûl came north and established the evil realm of Angmar between the [[Ettenmoors]] and the [[Mountains of Angmar]] on both sides of the [[Misty Mountains]], because he intended to destroy the [[Dúnedain of the North]] and to exploit the disunity of the splinter realms of [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. He gathered many evil men, Orcs and other fell creatures in Angmar and became known as the Witch-king of Angmar, but it was not known at that time that he was the lord of the Nazgûl.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about King Malvegil, p. 1040</ref>

Rhudaur was the first kingdom to fall. There were few [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnedain]] in Rhudaur and an evil lord of the Hillmen, who had a secret alliance with Angmar, seized the power. As a consequence, [[Argeleb I]], the king of Arthedain fortified the line of the [[Weather Hills]],<ref name=Argeleb>{{App|Eriador}}, entry for King Argeleb I, p. 1040</ref> which formed the eastern border between the realm of Arthedain and the realm of Rhudaur.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1040</ref> Nevertheless, Argeleb I was killed in a battle with the realms of Rhudaur and Angmar. However, his son [[Arveleg I]] managed to push back the forces of his enemies from the Weather hills with help from Cardolan and Lindon.<ref name=Argeleb/> After that Arthedain and Cardolan maintained a line of defence along the [[Weather Hills]], the [[Great East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]] for many years.<ref name=Arveleg>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about King Arveleg, p. 1040</ref>

In {{TA|1409}} a large army from Angmar invaded Cardolan and besieged [[Weathertop]]. The forces of Angmar defeated the Dúnedain, killed King Arveleg I and burned and destroyed the Tower of Amon Sûl, which stood on Weathertop. However, the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' that was located in the tower was evacuated during the retreat to [[Fornost Erain]]. Rhudaur was occupied by evil men, which were subject to the realm of Angmar and the Dúnedain that had remained in Rhudaur were killed or fled to the west. Cardolan was devastated, but a remnant of the Dúnedain of Cardolan defended the [[Barrow-downs]] or fled to the [[Old Forest]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, entries about King Arveleg and King Araphor, pp. 1040-41</ref> The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was slain in that year and was said to have been buried in the barrow in the Barrow-downs in which [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Frodo Baggins]] were trapped by a [[Barrow-wight]] almost 1700 years later.<ref name=ArgelebII>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about King Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref> King [[Araphor]], the brave young son of Arveleg I, drove away the forces of the enemy from Fornost and the [[North Downs]] with the aid of [[Círdan]] and the [[Elves of Lindon]]. The [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Elves of Lórien]] also attacked the forces of Angmar and managed to subdue Angmar for a time. Because of the war with Angmar and of their fear of Angmar, the [[Stoors]] who lived in the [[Angle]] in Rhudaur fled to the west, to the south or returned east to [[Rhovanion]] to live next to the river [[Gladden]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about King Araphor, p. 1040</ref>

During the reign of King [[Argeleb II]] most people of Cardolan, especially in [[Minhiriath]] died in the [[Great Plague]], which brought an end to the Dúnedain of Cardolan. As a consequence, evil [[Barrow-wights|spirits]] from Angmar and Rhudaur occupied the deserted mounds.<ref name=ArgelebII/>

King [[Araphant]] and his son King [[Arvedui]] continued to defend Arthedain against assaults of Angmar, but the strength of Arthedain was dwindling. In the autumn of {{TA|1973}} the kingdom of [[Gondor]] received messages that Arthedain was in great danger, because the Witch-king of Angmar was preparing an attack against it. In response, King [[Eärnil II]] of Gondor sent his son [[Eärnur]] north with a fleet as fast as he was able.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry about King Eärnil II, p. 1050</ref>

In {{TA|1974}} Angmar had recovered and invaded Arthedain from the north before the end of the winter.<ref name=Arvedui>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about King Arvedui, pp. 1041-43</ref> The Witch-king overran Arthedain and conquered [[Fornost]] before the end of the year<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1974, p. 1086</ref> and drove away most of the remaining Dúnedain over the river [[Lhûn]], including the sons of the king.<ref name=Arvedui/> King [[Arvedui]] of Arthedain defended the North Downs as long as he could until he had to flee to the north with some of his guards on horses. Arvedui hid in tunnels of old dwarf-mines at the northern end of the [[Blue Mountains]] until his supplies ran out and then fled to a camp of the [[Lossoth]] at the southern shore of the [[Icebay of Forochel]] where he was forced to wait. The Elves of Lindon heard of the flight of Arvedui to the north and sent a ship to rescue Arvedui, but it sank shortly after picking up Arvedui in the bay of [[Forochel]] when the ship was driven back to the ice by a storm and was crushed by further ice that was piled up against it in March<ref name=Arvedui/> {{TA|1975}}.<ref name=TA1975>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1975, p. 1086</ref>

When Prince Eärnur of Gondor arrived with his fleet at the havens of [[Lindon]] in {{TA|1975}}<ref name=TA1975/> it was too late, because Arthedain had already been conquered and King Arvedui was already dead. Círdan gathered a force from [[Lindon]] and [[Arnor]] and the combined forces of Lindon, Arnor and Gondor, which included tall and fair riders, princes from Rhovanion and horses from the [[Vales of Anduin]] crossed the river Lhûn and marched north. The Witch-king came from Fornost with the forces of Angmar to meet them, but was defeated in a battle on the plain between [[Lake Evendim]] and the North Downs. The Witch-king fled northwards with a remnant of his forces in the direction of Angmar, but his forces were overtaken by the cavalry of Gondor and by forces led by the Elf-lord [[Glorfindel]] who came north from Rivendell before they could reach the shelter of [[Carn Dûm]]. The Witch-king was able to escape from the north on a black horse, but the realm of Angmar was utterly defeated so that no Men and Orcs of Angmar remained on the west side of the Misty Mountains.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry about King Ondoher, p. 1049 and entry about King Eärnil II, pp. 1049-51</ref>

The [[Éothéod]], the ancestors of the [[Rohirrim]], lived in the vales of Anduin between the [[Carrock]] and the [[Gladden]] in those days. The middle vales of the Anduin were populated by many Men and the shadow of [[Dol Guldur]] grew at that time. When the Éothéod heard that the Witch-king of Angmar had been defeated, they wanted to obtain more territory in the north and drove away the remnants of the people of Angmar on the east side of the Misty Mountains.<ref name=Eorl>{{App|Eorl}}, p. 1064</ref> It is possible that the Éothéod heard of the defeat of Angmar from riders from the Vales of Anduin who defeated Angmar as part of the cavalry of Eärnur. As a result the Éothéod moved north from their old land to the region near the sources of the Anduin between the northernmost ranges of the Misty Mountains and the norhernmost parts of Mirkwood.<ref name=Eorl/>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Angmar.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Angmar'' seems to be a corrupted [[Sindarin]] or [[Quenya]] name.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, p. 20 citing from J.R.R. Tolkien's manuscript for ''Nomenclature''</ref> [[Paul Strack]] suggests that it means "Iron Home".<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3089760465.html|articlename=S. ''Angmar'' loc.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=2 May 2019}}</ref>
It is a compound of ''[[anga]]'' ("iron") and ''[[MBAR|mbar]]'' ("habitation"). The name would be ''angbar'' in pure Sindarin and ''angamar'' in pure Quenya.<ref name="RC"/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:Angmar is a playable faction in the game, featuring mostly heroes and units not found within Tolkien's [[Legendarium]]. Moreover, during the game's campaign, Angmar is besieged in [[Carn Dûm]] by [[Glorfindel]] and his [[Elves]], however he wins the siege and destroys [[Arnor]] and [[Fornost]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Angmar map.jpg|thumb|Map of Angmar from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
:Angmar was not completely destroyed after the [[Battle of Fornost]]. Rather, the Witch-King changed [[Eärnur]] into a wraith to watch over his kingdom until it could rise once more. By the time of the [[War of the Ring]] the kingdom of Angmar was once again strong enough to threaten [[Eriador]]. The [[Men]] of Angmar were of two distinct cultures. The ruling class of [[Carn Dûm]] consisted of the Angmarim, who had [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]] blood and were staunch followers of [[Sauron]] and his servants. The others were the tribes of [[Hill-men]], native folk who continued their old traditions. One tribe, the [[Trév Gállorg]], opposed the False King and is friendly to the [[Free peoples]]. Their rivals, the Trév Duvárdain, broke away from them to ally with the Angmarim. Angmar is also home to many creatures such as [[Wargs]], [[Drakes]], [[Spiders]], [[Vampires#Portrayal in adaptations|Merrevail]], and Gertheryg. Four tribes of [[orcs]], the Blogmal, the Krahjarn, the Ongbǘrz, and the Tarkrîp, originate from Angmar.

:The region was accessible from the [[North Downs]] by travelling through the Ram Dúath, a range of winding canyons in the south-west of Angmar. Within Ram Dúath were camps of the Angmarim and orcs marching to war, and also the peaceful Earth-kin village Lehmä-koti. North of the Ram Dúath were the grey hills of Fasach-Larran and Fasach-Falroid, where the Hill-men of Angmar dwelt. At the westernmost exit of the Ram Dúath was the Trév Gállorg village of Aughaire. The hostile Trév Duvárdain inhabited towns and camps in the north.

:To the east of the hills was the great brimstone swamp of Malenhad. The dread Watching-stones of the Rammas Deluon formed a barrier of deadly fear down the middle of Malenhad, effectively separating the western half of Angmar from the eastern half. The shallow sulfur lake Duvuinen lay in the east of Malenhad. Hidden in a cavern to the south of the lake was the Dwarf-outpost Gabilshathûr. In the south-east of Angmar beyond the lake were the valleys of Gorothlad, home to orcs, [[trolls]], and other creatures. Gorothlad contained several camps for Angmar's growing orc army as well as the arena of Maethad. North of Gorothlad was the rocky basin Nan Gurth, in the center of which stood Barad Gúlaran and its ring of eight lesser towers.

:West of Nan Gurth was Imlad Balchorth, a valley full of tombs and poisoned water, haunted by many [[wights]] and fell-spirits. In the north-east of Nan Gurth was Gath Uior, a pass to the Rift of Nûrz Ghâshu in the far north-east of Angmar near to the northernmost of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Deep underground within the Rift the [[Balrog]] Thaurlach was kept imprisoned after his defeat by the [[Blue Wizards]]. Fire-orcs and [[nameless things]] also dwelt there, though they were opposed by a mysterious race of [[Giants|fire-giants]] known as the Eldgang.

:North-west of Nan Gurth and north-east of Imlad Balchorth was Himbar, an ashen, spider-infested land among crags of black rock like obsidian. Up a path into the rock walls that bordered Himbar in the east was the secret [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] refuge of Gath Forthnír. In the west of Himbar was the Angmarim town Rhunendin, and beyond that was a long gated pass to the capital city of [[Carn Dûm]]. In the south-west of the capital was a narrow, winding pass, guarded by [[Watchers of Cirith Ungol|Watching-stones]], that connected to the lands of the hill-men in the north of Fasach-Falroid. The host of Angmar marched to the southern lands along a main road that led south from Rhunendin between Imlad Balchorth and Nan Gurth, then turned west to pass north of Malenhad. Beyond Malenhad the road turned south to enter the Ram Dǘath.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Angmar and the [[Angmar conflict|conflict]] with [[Arnor]] are mentioned by Galadriel in the [[White Council]]. Following the [[Battle of Fornost|destruction]] of Angmar, the Men of the North took the body of the Witch-king and sealed him in [[High Fells of Rhudaur]].

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] tells [[Thranduil]] and [[Bard]] that [[Sauron|Sauron's]] final goal was to conquer the [[Lonely Mountain]] due to its strategic position. This would enable Sauron to restore Angmar and gain dominance over the north of [[Middle-earth]].

'''2016: ''[[Third Age: Total War]] - [[Divide and Conquer (MII:TW mod)|Divide and Conquer]]'':'''
:Following Angmar's destruction, only a few of the Witch-king's servants gathered in the lands that once stood as his domain, with the descendants of those few gathering in the old fortresses. They waited patiently and diligently for their master's return, but let the very hillmen that they once ruled over colonise the territories of Rhuduar, which they claimed as their own. As the ring once again called for its master, Sauron sent his Nazgûl to Eriador, where the Witch-king took the remnants of his Kingdom and demanded his servants to go forth and wage war once again in the name of the Iron Crown.

:A new overlord is selected by the Witch-king to unite the land of Rhudaur, call forth the orcish denizens of Mount Gram, and muster a great host to destroy the Free Peoples and conquer their lands in the name of Sauron, knowing that Gondor will not go to the aid of the North as they are focusing their efforts on Mordor and their Easterling vassels. Only when Eriador has been dominated by the Iron Crown may the Kingdom of Angmar truly rise from the ashes and claim the glory that it was denied centuries beforehand.

{{references}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Evil realms]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Angmar]]
[[fi:Angmar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/angmar]]

The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II

2025-09-04T23:57:27Z

Éowyn:

{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}
{{video game infobox
| image = The Lord of the Rings- The Battle for Middle-earth II box.jpg
| name=The Lord of the Rings The Battle for Middle-earth II
| developer=[[Electronic Arts]]
| publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]
| platform=Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360
| releasedate=2 March 2006
| genre=Real-time strategy
|
}}
'''The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II''' is the second real-time strategy game by [[Electronic Arts]], released on [[2 March|March 2]], [[2006]] for both PC and Xbox 360. Unlike its [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth|predecessor]], the game is set mainly in the northern regions of [[Middle-earth]]. Factions include the [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]], [[Dúnedain|Men of the West]] (a combination of [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]), and the [[Orcs|Goblins]], along with [[Mordor]] and [[Isengard]]. The gameplay includes naval battles, larger battalions, and more traditional base building, unlike the first part. The game has a special feature where you can create your own hero. The heroes are from six categories, including [[Wizards|wizard]], [[Dwarves|dwarf]] or servants of [[Sauron]]. Also, there are fourteen subcategories, such as hermit, taskmaster and [[troll]]. It has an expansion set called ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]'', which features [[Angmar]] as a new faction and has general gameplay improvements.

== Plot ==
Set in the regions of northern Middle-earth, the game focuses on the events of the War in the North, which are described in the Appendices of ''[[The Return of the King]]''. For the sake of game-play, Electronic Arts added new battles to the story, and introduced original characters to the game, such as Gorkil the Goblin King. Some characters were altered in their appearances, abilities, and roles. In addition, ''[[The Hobbit]]'' lends several elements to the game, including locations and characters such as the High Pass and mountain giants.

The story is divided into Good and Evil Campaigns. Both campaigns focus on the battles fought by the newly introduced factions: the Elves, Dwarves, and Goblins. Instead of the world-map overview of the previous game, the player goes through nine fixed missions in either easy, medium, or hard difficulty mode. Narrated cut scenes provide plot exposition between missions.

===Good campaign===
The Good Campaign opens as [[Glorfindel]] discovers an impending attack on [[Rivendell]]. Thanks to the early warning, Elrond's forces in Rivendell manage to repel the Goblins' attacks. Following the battle, Elrond realizes that the Elves and Dwarves must join forces to defeat Sauron. The next battle takes place in the High Pass where you create your own army to fight your way through the high pass. Near the end you will face a kraken or giant octopus-like creature which you kill with archers. This beast is a power you can use as evil. The next fight takes place within the Goblin capital of [[Ettenmoors]], where the Goblin fortress is destroyed, and the Goblin King is killed. After their victory, the heroes are informed that the Goblins, on Sauron's command, enlisted the service of a dragon lord, who is laying waste to the Dwarves of the Blue Mountains. The heroes make their way to the Blue Mountains and help the Dwarven army defeat the dragon and his Goblins.
[[The Grey Havens]] are attacked by the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], allies of Sauron. The [[Dwarves]] eventually decide to come to the aid of the Grey Havens. With the Goblins defeated and all of [[Eriador]] pacified, the Dwarven-Elven alliance is tested by Sauron's forces. Mordor's forces besiege [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] and [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. However, Elven reinforcements from [[Mirkwood]] led by [[Thranduil]] save the Dwarves. The heroes of the Dwarven-Elven alliance come together for a final battle in [[Dol Guldur]]. The Good forces overcome the defenses and destroy the fortress, eliminating the last threat in the game.

*Mission 1: [[Rivendell]]
*Mission 2: High Pass
*Mission 3: [[Ettenmoors]]
*Mission 4: [[Blue Mountains]]
*Mission 5: [[Grey Havens]]
*Mission 6: [[River Running|Celduin]]
*Mission 7: [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
*Mission 8: [[Dol Guldur]]

===Evil campaign===
The Evil Campaign follows an alternate version of the War in the North. Sauron sends the [[Mouth of Sauron]] and the [[Nazgûl]] to the North in order to lead the Goblin army and launch an assault on the Elven forest of [[Lothlórien]], and another group of Goblins, led by the Goblin King, attack the Grey Havens by land and sea. The Elven port is destroyed, and the march across Eriador begins; Hobbits of the Shire are chosen as the next target. The Goblin King's horde manages to crush the Hobbits, but [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] suddenly appears with a large army of [[Isengard]] [[Uruk-hai|Uruks]], and claims the land for his master. The Goblins destroy the well-trained army and kill Wormtongue.
The Goblin King besieges Fornost, where the defenders crumble under the relentless Goblin attacks, and Eriador falls under Goblin control. Sauron launches a concurrent campaign east of the Misty Mountains. The Goblins from Dol Guldur eliminate the Elves and the Ents that guard the Forest Road in Mirkwood. For the final battle against the Good factions in the North, the Goblin horde and Sauron's forces from Mordor converge at Rivendell, and completely destroy the remaining Good forces in the North.

*Mission 1: [[Lothlórien]]
*Mission 2: [[Grey Havens]]
*Mission 3: [[the Shire|Shire]]
*Mission 4: [[Fornost]]
*Mission 5: [[Mirkwood]]
*Mission 6: [[Withered Heath]]
*Mission 7: [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]
*Mission 8: [[Rivendell]]

==Factions==
*Elves
*Men of the West
*Dwarves

*Mordor
*Isengard
*Goblins

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Actor !! Role
|-
| J. Grant Albrecht || Additional voices
|-
| [[Robin Atkin Downes]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Dee Bradley Baker]] || [[Gollum]], [[Orcs]]
|-
| [[Greg Ellis]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Steve Blum]] || [[The Mouth of Sauron]]
|-
| David Boat || Additional voices
|-
| S. Scott Bullock || Gondorian Knight
|-
| Jesse Burch || Additional voices
|-
| [[Jason Carter]] || [[Glorfindel]]
|-
| Dan Conroy || Additional voices
|-
| Neil Dickson || Additional voices
|-
| [[Richard Doyle]] || Battering Ram Orc
|-
| [[Chris Edgerly]] || [[Aragorn]]
|-
| [[Peter Emshwiller]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Crispin Freeman]] || [[Legolas]]
|-
| David Fries || Additional voices
|-
| [[Brian George]] || [[Théoden]]
|-
| [[Kim Mai Guest]] || [[Éowyn]]
|-
| [[James Horan]] || Additional Voices
|-
| [[Roger Jackson]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Nick Jameson]] || Additional Voices
|-
| [[Bob Joles]] || [[Gimli]], [[Treebeard]]
|-
| [[Neil Kaplan]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Darryl Kurylo]] || Additional voices
|-
| Adam Leadbeater || Additional voices
|-
| Michael Lindsay || Additional voices
|-
| [[David Lodge]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Lewis MacLeod]] || Dwarf sage, Hadhod
|-
| [[Paul Mercier]] || [[Faramir]]
|-
| [[Jim Meskimen]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Lani Minella]] || [[Galadriel]]
|-
| Mark Moseley || Additional voices
|-
| [[Nolan North]] || Additional voices
|-
| Mical Pedriana || Additional voices
|-
| [[Phil Proctor]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Brianne Siddall]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Isaac C. Singleton, Jr.]] || [[Lurtz]]
|-
| [[André Sogliuzzo]] || [[Gorkil]]
|-
| [[Stephen Stanton]] || [[Boromir]]
|-
| Julian Stone || Additional voices
|-
| Fred Tatasciore || Additional voices
|-
| Simon Templeman || Additional voices
|-
| [[Jim Ward]] || Additional voices
|-
| [[Hugo Weaving]] || Narrator, [[Elrond]]
|-
| Joe Whyte || Additional voices
|-
| [[Wally Wingert]] || Dwarf Narrator, Rohan Warrior, Goblin, Elf Builder
|-
| [[Dave Wittenberg]] || [[Gorkil]], Warriors of Gondor, Orcs
|-
| [[Tatyana Yassukovich]] || [[Arwen]]
|}

==External links==
* {{WP|The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II}}

{{Videogames}}
{{title|italics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle for Middle-earth II}}
[[Category:EA Games]]
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (video game series)]]

[[de:Die Schlacht um Mittelerde]]

Brian George

2025-09-04T23:54:10Z

Éowyn: Theoden --> Théoden

{{actor
| image = Brian_George.jpg
| name=Brian George
| lifetime=July, [[1952]]
| played=[[Théoden]]
| film=''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
| played2=Dwarf, additional voices
| film2=[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]
| imdb=[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0313364/ Profile]
}}
'''Brian George''' (July [[1952]]) is an Israeli born actor. He voiced characters in several [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]-related [[:Category:Video games|video games]].

==Roles==
* [[2009]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'' - [[Théoden]] / Elven Officer #2 / Old Male Hobbit
* [[2006]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'' - [[Théoden]]
* [[2003]] - ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|The Hobbit]]'' - Additional voices

==External links==
* {{WP|Brian George}}
* [http://voicechasers.com/database/showactor.php?actorid=2036 Brian George] at [http://voicechasers.com Voice Chasers]

[[Category:Actors and actresses|George, Brian]]
[[Category:American people|George, Brian]]
[[Category:People by name|George, Brian]]

Gléowine

2025-09-04T23:53:45Z

Éowyn: Theoden --> Théoden

{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Gléowine
| image=The Lord of the Rings Online - Gléowine.jpg
| caption=Gléowine from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Minstrel
| location=
| affiliation=
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Gléowine''' was a [[Minstrels|minstrel]] of the [[Kings of Rohan|King's House]] of [[Rohan]] in the late [[Third Age]].

==History==
Gléowine composed an immortalising song about [[Théoden]] and his ancestors after the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. It was said that he never composed another song afterwards. Sadly, only the last stanza survived:<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Out of doubt, out of dark, to the day's rising
he rode singing in the sun, sword unsheathing.
Hope he rekindled, and in hope he ended;
over death, over dread, over doom lifted
out of loss, out of life, unto long glory.
</poem>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Gléowine is first encountered being banished from [[Edoras]] at the command of [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]]. The player and Horn later find him drinking his sorrows in the town of [[Snowbourn]]. Gléowine agrees to accompany the player, and they find that the land has been ravaged by the devilry of [[Saruman]]. They return after [[Théoden]] had been healed by [[Gandalf]] and the King takes Gléowine at his side on the ride to the [[Fords of Isen]]. During the [[Battle of Helm's Deep]], Gléowine keeps away from the fighting and later composes a song about the last stand of Théoden's door-warden [[Háma]]. Gléowine again journeys by the King's side to [[Minas Tirith|Mundburg]] and sees the King's death at the hands of the [[Witch-king]] first-hand.

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gleowine}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Minstrels]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Gléowine]]
[[fi:Gléowine]]

Helm's Gate

2025-09-04T23:52:21Z

Éowyn: Theoden --> Théoden

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - An aerial view of Helm’s Deep (detail).jpg|thumb|250px|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - An aerial view of Helm’s Deep.jpg|aerial view of Helm's Deep]]]]
'''Helm's Gate''' was the entrance to the deep gorge of [[Helm's Deep]]<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Helm's Gate'', p. 414</ref> on the northern side of the [[White Mountains]].<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

It was fortified by the [[Deeping Wall]],<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Deeping Wall'', p. 531</ref> which ran from the southern side of the cliff wall of the gorge to the [[Hornburg]], a fortress on an heel of rock that was thrust outward from the northern side of the cliff wall, to block the entrance to Helm's Deep.<ref name=Deep>{{TT|Deep}}, p. 528</ref>

The [[Deeping-stream]] flowed out of Helm's Deep through a wide culvert at the bottom of the Deeping Wall into the [[Westfold Vale]].<ref name=Deep/>

On the [[3 March|3]]-[[4 March]] {{TA|3019}} the forces of [[Théoden]], the [[King of Rohan]], defended the Deeping Wall and the Hornburg against the army of [[Saruman]] in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]],<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 3 and 4 p. 1093</ref> during this battle the wall guarding the gate was partially destroyed.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}, p. 537</ref>

==Etymology==
The element ''Helm'' in the name ''Helm's Gate'' refers to the name of a man called Helm.<ref>{{HM|N}}, '''Helm's Deep, Helm's Dike, Helm's Gate''', entry, p. 772</ref> The gorge behind the Hornburg was called Helm's Deep after King [[Helm]] of Rohan sought refuge in the Hornburg when his realm was invaded by the ursurper [[Wulf]] and the Dunlendings.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, entry for King Helm, p. 1066</ref> As a consequence, it is probable that the element ''Helm'' in ''Helm's Gate'' also refers to King Helm of Rohan.

{{references}}
[[Category:Doors and gates]]

[[de:Helms Tor]]
[[fi:Helmin portti]]

Guthláf

2025-09-04T23:51:36Z

Éowyn: Theoden --> Théoden

{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Guthláf
| image=Decipher - Guthláf.png
| caption=Guthláf from [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Banner-bearer
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=[[Théoden]]
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[15 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Guthláf''' was the banner-bearer of King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]].

==History==
He rode to the relief of [[Minas Tirith]] with his Lord in the [[War of the Ring]], and there fought in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], where he was slain. He fell with the banner in his hand, and it had to be taken from him after death to be given to [[Éomer]]. He also earned himself a mention in the ''[[Song of the Mounds of Mundburg]]''.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>
==Etymology==
In [[Old English]] ''Guþláf'' means "survivor of the battle" (consisting of ''[[Wiktionary:guþ#Old English|gūþ]]'' + ''[[Wiktionary:laf#Old English|lāf]]'').<ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', p. 181</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Guthláf in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Decipher - Guthláf.png|Guthláf from [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Guthláf.jpg|Guthláf in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Guthláf has been dismissed from his duty as [[Théoden]]'s banner-bearer by [[Gríma]] and had return home, protecting the lumber camp near the village of Imping in [[Eastfold]]. After the [[Battle of Helm's Deep]] Guthláf is restored in his duties by the King and rides south to [[Gondor]] at his side. Player next meets him in the [[Druadan Forest]], from where the Rohirrim set out for the [[Pelennor Fields]]. Guthláf is killed when the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] attacks King Théoden.

{{references}}
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Guthláf]]
[[fi:Guthláf]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes du nord:rohirrim:guthlaf]]

Ghân-buri-Ghân

2025-09-04T23:50:20Z

Éowyn: Theoden --> Théoden

{{infobox character
| people=[[Drúedain|Drúadan]]
| name=Ghân-buri-Ghân
| image=Andrea Piparo - Ghan Buri Ghan.jpg
| caption="Ghân-buri-Ghân" by [[:Category:Images by Andrea Piparo|Andrea Piparo]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Ghân<ref name="Ride" />
| titles=
| position=Great headman
| location=[[Drúadan Forest]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Drúadan language]], [[Westron]]
| birth=Sometime before [[13 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| birthlocation=[[Middle-earth]]
| rule=
| death=Sometime after [[13 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Ghân]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Short<ref name="Ride" />
| hair="scanty beard"<ref name="Ride" />
| eyes=Dark<ref name="Ride" />
| clothing="grass about his waist"<ref name="Ride" />
| weapons=
| steed=
}}

{{Quote|I am great headman, Ghân-buri-Ghân. I count many things: stars in sky, leaves on trees, men in the dark. You have a score of scores counted ten times and five. They have more. Big fight, and who will win? And many more walk round walls of Stone-houses.|Ghân-buri-Ghân introducing himself to King Théoden<ref name="Ride">{{RK|V5}}, pp. 830-5</ref>}}

'''Ghân-buri-Ghân''' was the great headman of the [[Drúedain]] who inhabited [[Drúadan Forest]] in the late [[Third Age]].<ref name="Ride" />

==History==
Ghân-buri-Ghân was the son of [[Ghân]]<ref name="Parma">{{PE|17}}, entry '''Ghân buri Ghân''', p. 99</ref> with whom he shared his name, and became the great headman of his people.<ref name="Ride" />

On [[13 March]] {{TA|3019}} during the [[War of the Ring]], Ghân-buri-Ghân met with [[King of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] and the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> The great headman of the [[Woses]] revealed the existence of the [[Gondrant]]<ref>{{NM|P3xvii}}, footnote 12, p. 363</ref>, an old route running through the [[Stonewain Valley]] from the quarries beneath [[Min-Rimmon]] to [[Minas Anor]].<ref name="Parma 17">{{PE|17}}, p. 28 (entry "Stonewain Valley"</ref> During the next day, Ghân-buri-Ghân guided the [[Rohirrim]] along the road to avoid the [[Orcs]] blocking the main road so they could reach Minas Tirith. This allowed the Rohirrim to arrive in time to fight the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. In return, Théoden promised that the people of [[Rohan]] would no longer trouble the Drúedain and would drive away the ''[[Gorgûn]]'' that hunted them.<ref name="Ride" />

Following the War of the Ring, [[Aragorn]], as [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], issued the decree that the Drúadan Forest belonged to only Ghân-buri-Ghân and his people, and that no one else was allowed to enter the forest without their permission.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}, p. 976</ref>

==Etymology==
''Ghân-buri-Ghân'' means "Ghân son of Ghân" in the [[Drúadan language|language]] of the Drúedain. It is a compound of the name ''[[Ghân]]'', the element ''[[buri]]'' ("son of") and the name ''Ghân''.<ref name="Parma" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In all the earlier drafts of the chapter "[[The Ride of the Rohirrim]]", Ghân-buri-Ghân remained mostly the same as he is in the published text. Only his dialogue and descriptions concerning the road to Minas Tirith varied heavily in drafts.<ref>{{WR|VII}}, pp. 351-2</ref> In this draft, some of his physical appearance is omitted.<ref>{{WR|VII}}, Notes, p. 356 (note 14)</ref>

In an early draft of the chapter "[[The Steward and the King]]", Ghân-buri-Ghân visits [[Minas Tirith]] with two headmen "clad in garments of green leaves" where they bow before King Elesser, who grants "them the Forest of Druadan".<ref>{{SD|VI}}, p. 56</ref> While writing an early draft of the chapter "[[Many Partings]]", Tolkien decided to move Aragorn's interaction with Ghân-buri-Ghân from the previous chapter.<ref name="early">{{SD|VII}}, pp. 61-2</ref> In the draft, Ghân-buri-Ghân "stood by the eaves of the trees, and did them homage as they passed".<ref name="early" /> While this omits Aragorn giving them the forest, Tolkien later developed this version, re-introducing elements from the first version. In this draft, '''Ghân of the Wild Woods''' approaches Aragorn with "two of his headmen…clad all in garments of green leaves" and bow to him. After Aragorn grants them possession of the forest, they bow once more before leaving. This version was immediately replaced by a version almost resembling the published text.<ref>{{SD|VII}}, pp. 67-8</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Ghân-buri-Ghân in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Ghân-buri-Ghân (snapshot).jpg|Ghân-buri-Ghân in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Ghân-buri-Ghân.jpg|Ghân-buri-Ghân in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>
'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:Although Ghân-buri-Ghân does not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]], Decipher produced a card for the character. He was portrayed by [[Wi Kuki Kaa]].

'''2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Ghân-buri-Ghân is provided by Ján Króner.

'''2016: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Ghân-buri-Ghân has two sons, the younger of whom is Khôr-buri-Ghân and the eldest Bhai-buri-Ghân was recently slain by the [[orcs]], which is what motivates him to assist the outsiders. The player is the first to discover the Woses and after spending some time gaining Ghân-buri-Ghân's trust it is the player who leads him to King [[Théoden]]'s company.

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Ghân-buri-Ghân|Images of Ghân-buri-Ghân]]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghan buri Ghan}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Drúadan names]]
[[Category:Drúedain]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Ghân-buri-Ghân]]
[[fi:Ghân-buri-Ghân]]

Háma

2025-09-04T23:49:34Z

Éowyn: Theoden --> Théoden

{{disambig-two|the Doorward of Edoras|son of [[Helm Hammerhand|Helm]]|[[Háma (son of Helm)|Háma]]}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Háma
| image=NimwenHabareth - Hama.jpg
| caption="Hama" by [[:Category:Images by NimwenHabareth|NimwenHabareth]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Doorward of [[Théoden]] Captain of the King's Guard
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[3 March|3]] or [[4 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Hornburg]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Sword
| steed=
}}
{{Pronounce|Hama.mp3|Ardamir}}

{{quote|The staff in the hand of a wizard may be more than a prop for age. Yet in doubt a man of worth will trust to his own wisdom.|Háma<ref name="King">{{TT|III6}}</ref>}}

'''Háma''' was the Doorward of [[Théoden]] and Captain of the King's Guard of [[Rohan]]. He was a loyal and devoted man, though he often anticipated his orders.

==History==
Háma served as the doorguard of [[Edoras]], the abode of the [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]. On [[2 March]] {{TA|3019}}, four guests arrived at his post: [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]] and [[Gandalf]].<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> He stood by the rules of the house, and ordered them all to surrender their weapons. He entered into a long argument with Aragorn who refused to hand [[Andúril]] to anyone else until he agreed to do so at the wish of Gandalf. He permitted Gandalf to keep his staff, a deliberate decision which would prove decisive in the healing of his king.

For this oversight, Háma was reprimanded by [[Théoden]] and was briefly relieved of his position as the doorguard. Háma did his Lord's bidding, and also released [[Éomer]] from captivity. The King's sister-son had been imprisoned by [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], who had been overthrown with the use of Gandalf's staff shortly before. Háma arrested Gríma, and found various missing items in his possession, including [[Herugrim]], the King's sword.<ref name="King"/>

Háma rode with Théoden to the [[Hornburg]], and fought in the [[Battle of the Hornburg|battle]] that ensued shortly after. He fell before the great gate, and his body was hacked to pieces by a horde of [[Uruk-hai|Uruks]].<ref name="Voice">{{TT|III10}}</ref> He was given the honour of being buried in a grave of his own under the shadow of the Hornburg. Despite his annoyance with his doorguard, Théoden obviously had an affection for Háma, and grieved at his fall, so much so that he personally cast first earth on his grave.<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

On [[5 March]] when Théoden rejected the words of [[Saruman]], the hewing of Háma's body before the gate of the Hornburg was among the grievances he cited.<ref name="Voice"/>

==Etymology==
The name ''Háma'' comes from [[Old English]], and means as much as "home, house, dwelling". The same element is used in ''[[Hamfast (disambiguation)|Hamfast]]''.<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], page 501</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Háma in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Háma.jpg|Háma in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Háma.jpg|Háma in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Michael Spice]] voiced Háma. On the ride to Orthanc the dialogue of a nameless rider's suspicions of Gandalf's motives in the novel is transferred to Háma. In the book the rider is rebuked for these suspicions by Hama, but in this production the rebuke is made by Éomer.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Háma is played by Dieter Eppler.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:[[John Leigh]] plays Háma. The lengthy dialogue with Aragorn is absent in the movie, since Aragorn is not bearing [[Andúril]]. He is killed during a [[Wargs|Warg]]-attack on the road to [[Helm's Deep]], rather than in the battle itself.

:Later in the movie, Aragorn is seen talking with "[[Haleth (film character)|Haleth, son of Háma]]". The name could be a reference to the synonymous siblings [[Haleth son of Helm|Haleth]] and [[Háma son of Helm|Háma]], the sons of [[Helm|Helm Hammerhand]].

'''2002: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Háma is provided by Dušan Lenczi.

'''2012: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:First met in [[Edoras]], Háma escorts the player and their companions to an audience with King [[Théoden]] on two separate occasions. He later travels to [[Helm's Deep]], where after the battle a song of his valiant last stand before the gates is sung by King's minstrel [[Gléowine]].

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Háma|Images of Háma]]

{{References}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hama}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Háma (Torwächter von Meduseld)]]
[[fi:Háma (Théodenin päällikkö)]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes du nord/rohirrim/hama 2]]

Ceorl

2025-09-04T23:47:38Z

Éowyn:

{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Ceorl
| image=Decipher - Ceorl.jpg
| caption=Ceorl from [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Messenger of [[Erkenbrand]]
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
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| steed=
}}
{{quote|Come, stand before me, Ceorl!|[[Théoden]]<ref name="HD">{{TT|Deep}}, p. 528</ref>}}

'''Ceorl''' was a rider of [[Rohan]] at the end of the [[Third Age]].

==History==
After the loss of the [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]], [[Erkenbrand]] withdrew his Riders to [[Helm's Deep]], and sent Ceorl south as a messenger to warn [[Éomer]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref> He was surprised to come across [[Théoden|King Théoden]]'s army riding north, ready to launch their own defence of the Fords. The news brought by Ceorl caused Théoden to reconsider his strategy, and he rode instead to join Erkenbrand at Helm's Deep, so setting the stage for the mighty [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref name="HD"/>

==Etymology==
Like other [[Rohirrim]], Ceorl's name comes from [[Old English]]. It refers to a particular rank in Anglo-Saxon society (also known as [[Carl (disambiguation)|Carl]] and [[wikipedia:churl|Churl]]), in fact the lowest rank possible while remaining a freeman. Historically, these people would not normally have been professional soldiers, so if Ceorl's background follows his name, we might guess that he was a farmer or tradesman who had been pressed into military service to help deal with the imminent threat to [[Rohan]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Ceorlin adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Decipher - Ceorl.jpg|Ceorlfrom [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Ceorl.jpg|Ceorlin ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Ceorl is omitted. [[Gandalf]] simply breaks off the main unit and rides to the Crossings of the Isen.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]
:Ceorl was voiced by [[Michael McStay]]. Virtually the whole of Ceorl's dialogue from the book was retained in the production.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:As [[Théoden]] rode directly to the [[Hornburg]], so there was no need for a messenger.

'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:A [[Decipher]] card identifies a one of the riders of [[Rohan]] as Ceorl.

'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Ceorl encounters King Théoden's riders on their way from [[Edoras]] to the [[Fords of Isen]]. His only lines are nearly identical to those in the book.

{{references}}
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Ceorl]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes du nord:rohirrim:ceorl]]
[[fi:Ceorl]]

Dunharrow

2025-09-04T23:42:28Z

Éowyn: removed extra word ("is is")

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Dunharrow.jpg|thumb|''Dunharrow'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
'''Dunharrow''' or the '''Hold of Dunharrow''' was a fortified refuge of the [[Rohirrim]] in the [[White Mountains]]<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry '''Hold of Dunharrow''', p. 407</ref> south of [[Edoras]]<ref name=Map>{{RK|Map}}</ref>

==Appearance==
Dunharrow was a level upland on the top of a high cliff on the eastern side of the [[Harrowdale]] hundreds of feet above the floor of the valley. On the other sides the upland was surrounded by three mountains, the [[Írensaga]] to the north, the [[Starkhorn]] to the south and the [[Dwimorberg]] to the east.<ref name=Map/><ref name=Muster>{{RK|Muster}}, p. 794</ref>

In order to reach the refuge, a steep winding road known as the [[Stair of the Hold]] had to be climbed up a cliff on the eastern side of the Harrowdale, which led through a cutting between walls of rock at the top to the "[[Firienfeld]]", a large grassy area for the encampment of soldiers and refuge-seekers.<ref name=Muster/>

A double row of unshaped standing stones ran over the centre of the Firienfeld from its western side near the top of the road to the east to the [[Dimholt]],<ref name=Muster/> a wood of dark trees with a hollow place near the entrance to the [[Paths of the Dead]] below the Dwimorberg.<ref>{{RK|Company}}, p. 786</ref>

==History==
[[File:Roger Garland - Theoden's army on the road to Dunharrow.JPG|left|thumb|"Theoden's army on the road to Dunharrow" by [[Roger Garland]]]]
Dunharrow was built in the [[Second Age]] during in the [[Dark Years]] before a ship came to the western shores of [[Middle-earth]] and before the [[Dúnedain]] established the realm of [[Gondor]] by long-forgotten men whose name was lost and not remembered in legends or songs. Later no one in [[Rohan]] knew if it had been built as a town, a secret temple or a tomb of kings or for some other purpose.<ref name=Muster/>

The [[Drúedain]] are known to have carved statues in their own likeness, which could watch over places and could be animated by their crafter to attack invaders in [[Beleriand]] in the [[First Age]].<ref>{{UT|Stone}}</ref> It is mentioned that "no power or terror" was left in the Púkel-men on the winding road up to Dunharrow.<ref name=Muster/> At the end of the First Age most of the Drúedain had remained in the White Mountains where they were persecuted by Men who had arrived later from the East who had fallen back into the service of the Dark and the Drúedain were ultimately driven from the White Mountains to the [[Drúwaith Iaur|mountains]] of [[Andrast]] and to [[Drúadan Forest|woods]] in [[Anórien]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}</ref> As a consequence, it is possible that Dunharrow was built by the Drúedain and that they were driven from there or that they carved the Púkel-men in Dunharrow and that the standing stones and the Paths of the Dead were built by those later arrived Men in the service of the Dark.

When the [[Rohirrim]] came to the region to search for strong places where they could take refuge in times of dangers, king [[Brego]] and his son [[Baldor]] went up the Stair of the Hold to Dunharrow and talked to an old man who sat on the threshold of the [[Dark Door]] who told them that the way was made by those who are [[Oathbreakers|Dead]], that is shut and kept by them until the time comes.<ref name=Baldor>{{RK|Muster}}, p. 797-8</ref> In {{TA|2569}} finished the building of [[Meduseld]], the Golden Hall, in [[Edoras]]. At the opening feast for the new hall<ref name=Baldor/> Baldor vowed that he would walk the Paths of the Dead.<ref>{{App|Mark}}, entry 2512-70 2. Brego, p. 1068</ref> In {{TA|2570}}, Baldor went to Dunharrow, entered the Dark Door and did not return.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2570, p. 1087</ref> It is possible that the Rohirrim assumed that Dunharrow could have been a temple, because they called it''Dúnharg'' in their own language,<ref name=AppE>{{App|E1iv}}, p. 1129</ref> which means temple on the hillside.<ref name=Nomen>{{HM|N}}, entry '''Dunharrow''', p. 769</ref>

When Rohan was invaded by the [[Dunlendings]] in {{TA|2758}} some Rohirrim, including [[Fréaláf]], took refuge in Dunharrow. Soon after the end of the [[Long Winter]] in {{TA|2759|n}} Fréaláf and a small company of men led a daring surprise raid from Dunharrow against the Dunlendings in spring during which they recaptured [[Edoras]] and killed [[Wulf]], the leader of the Dunlendings, in [[Meduseld]].<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, p. 1067</ref>

Some [[Orcs]] who were driven from the north in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] traversed Rohan and sought refuge in the [[White Mountains]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Beregond, p. 1054</ref> Those invaders were hunted down by [[Brytta Léofa]]. However some were seen still lingering near Dunharrow and killed King [[Walda]] and his companions when they rode by mountain paths from Dunharrow in {{TA|2851}}.<ref>{{App|Mark}}, entry 2780-2851 12. ''Walda'', p. 1069</ref>

[[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]], and the [[Grey Company]] arrived at Dunharrow on [[7 March]] {{TA|3019}} and then left at dawn the next day to take the Paths of the Dead. [[Théoden]] came to Dunharrow with his riders and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] on [[9 March]] and rode out for [[Gondor]] on [[10 March|the 10th]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, entries for the year 3019, March 7, 8, 9 and 10, p. 1093</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Dunharrow'' is the modernized form of [[Rohanese]] ([[Old English]]) ''Dúnharg''<ref name=AppE/> (or ''Dūnhaerg''), which means "the heathen fane on the hillside".<ref name=Nomen/> A fane is an archaic word meaning temple.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 407</ref>

The first element of the name is probably ''dún'' ("mountain", "hill").<ref>{{webcite|author=Bosworth Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online|articleurl=https://bosworthtoller.com/8106|articlename=''DÚN'' f.|website=Eldamo|accessed=14 April 2024}}</ref> The second element of the name is ''haerg'' ("temple"<ref>{{webcite|author=Bosworth Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online|articleurl=https://bosworthtoller.com/18496|articlename=''hearh'' f.|website=Eldamo|accessed=14 April 2024}}</ref>), which was modernized as ''harrow'', because it exists as an element in English place-names, such as ''Harrow (on the Hill)''.<ref name=Nomen/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Dunharrow.jpg|thumb|''Dunharrow'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] (obsolete drawing)]]

In an earlier draft version of the chapter [[The King of the Golden Hall]] the name ''Dunberg'' was used for the refuge where the people of Rohan may long defend themselves, which was later called Dunharrow.<ref>{{TI|King}}, p. 447</ref>

In earlier versions of the chapter [[The Muster of Rohan]] the name Dunharrow was used as the name of the mountain, which was later called Starkhorn.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', pp. 240 and 242</ref><ref>{{WR|3|IV}}, Notes, note 2</ref> In the first version there was a natural amphitheatre on the western side of the mountain and there were caves in the mountain, which had been made by forgotten men as their dwelling and holy place who had vanished and gone away and mingled with the people of Dunland and Lebennin. It is also mentioned that some folk, dark with grey eyes, in whose veins flowed the blood of the forgotten men still lived at Dunharrow.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', pp. 235-236</ref> In a later version this concept is retained, a long forgotten folk, which had vanished and gone far away had dwelt there and made a dark temple.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', p. 238</ref> In the next version the it is mentioned that the ancient men of Dunharrow whose name was lost had not served Sauron and made a refuge that no enemy could conquer there.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', p. 241</ref> In the following version the Rohirrim only found one old man who spoke in a strange language that they could not understand when they came first to Dunharrow and wondered where the rest of his people were.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', p. 242</ref> In those versions the caves including a torchlit hall for feasts were later used by the Rohirrim.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', pp. 236, 242-244, 247-248</ref>

Tolkien had made an illustration of Dunharrow and the [[Firienfeld]], that was first published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]''. That illustration represented an earlier conception of the [[Dark Door]], that didn't fit the description in the published text. [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the [[Dimholt]] and the pillar of stone are absent. Tolkien himself had added the note 'No longer fits story'.<ref>{{HM|PT}}, picture 29. Dunharrow</ref>

In a later version of the chapter the two lines of standing stones led to a dark wood called the ''Firienholt'' that climbed on the sides of a hill called the ''Firien'' with a huge doorway and caverns in the side of the hill, which no one had dared to enter in living memory.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(ii) The Muster of Rohan'', p. 251</ref> In an outline for book V the name ''Firgen'' is mentioned in brackets after ''Firien'' for the hill and the name ''Halifirien'' is provided as an alternative name. Dunharrow is the name of a cave in the hill and that cave is said to be a ''haliern''.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, ''(iii) Sketches for Book Five'', p. 257</ref> A ''haliern'' (''hálig-ern'') is an Old English word for a holy place or a sanctuary.<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, Notes, note 35, p. 267</ref>

Tolkien made two other drawings of Dunharrow , which were published in [[Sauron Defeated]] and also represented earlier conceptions that do not fit the description in the published text.<ref>{{SD|Appendix}}, p. 140 and p. 141, p. 136 and p. 137</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Dunharrow.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Dunharrow plateau in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Dunharrow plateau is a major landmark in the "Kingstead" area of [[Westemnet]].

{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Rohan]]
[[de:Dunharg]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes tours et forteresses:rohan:dunharrow]]
[[fi:Dunharg]]