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Harad

2021-11-07T20:05:00Z

172.69.79.173: Adding Tolkien's interview with Resnick regarding the African ties to the construction Harad, but unsure whether the previous additions should remain?

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), Sutherland ([[Westron|W]])
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]]<br/>[[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]]<br/>[[Corsair Wars]]<br/>[[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

ArdaCraft

2021-10-19T14:21:07Z

172.69.79.173: /* Progress */

{{video game infobox
| image = [[File:ArdaCraft Logo.png|200px]]
| name = ArdaCraft
| developer = Mojang, Conquest Reforged
| platform = PC
| releasedate = [[15 November]] [[2014]]
| genre = [[wikipedia:Sandbox game|Sandbox]]

}}

'''''ArdaCraft''''' is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft Minecraft] build server recreating the world of J.R.R. Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Lauren Keating|articleurl=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/82094/20150904/minecraft-users-recreate-shire-lord-rings.htm/|articlename=Minecraft Users Recreate The Shire From 'The Lord Of The Rings'|dated=4 September 2015|website=Tech Times|accessed=28 October 2020}}</ref> The project began on 15 November 2014 and as of November 2020 has completed around a third of Middle-earth at a 1:58 scale. The final size of the map is estimated at around 2300 square kilometres (~890 square miles), making it the largest re-creation of Middle-earth ever attempted, outside of works relying on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation procedural generation].

==Conception==
[[File:ArdaCraft Rivendell.jpg|thumb|[[Rivendell]] was completed in 2018]]
The project was founded by players Fornad and dags, who believed that they could use Minecraft to re-create Middle-earth in the late Third Age in a larger and more accurate way than had ever been attempted before in any video game. Given its popularity and shallow learning curve, Minecraft was a good medium in which to work. However, the limitations of the game led ArdaCraft towards a modded approach, where it was able to use more textures and models than were available in the normal game. Eventually it adopted the [http://conquestreforged.com/ Conquest Reforged mod] in order to do this.

The project is run by volunteers and funded by donations, and is an entirely non-profit endeavour.

==Approach==
[[File:ArdaCraft Hobbiton.png|thumb|ArdaCraft's [[Hobbiton]] drew heavily upon Tolkien's watercolour]]
Despite being built in the blocky environment of Minecraft, ArdaCraft focuses on geological, botanical, and historical research in order to make its world as believable as possible. This includes researching historical farming techniques, understanding the likely climate of various areas in order to predict the kinds of plant species which should occur there, and examining analagous historical cultures for various regions - for example, Iron Age Celts for [[Dunland]], or the Anglo-Saxons for [[Rohan]].

In addition, a heavy emphasis is placed upon lore accuracy. Tolkien's legendarium, letters and sketches are all analysed to create as good of a representation of his world as possible, given the constraints of the game.

==Progress==
As of November 2020, regions and locations which have been completed or are being worked on include [[The Shire]], The [[Blue Mountains]], [[Lindon]], [[Bree-land]], [[Arnor]], [[Forochel]], [[Rivendell]], the [[Vales of Anduin]], [[Lothlórien]], [[Isengard]], [[Emyn Muil]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Tharbad]] and [[Moria]]. Regions such as [[Gondor]] and [[Mirkwood]] are planned for the near future.

{{references}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Games|Games]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ardacraft.me Official website]
* [http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoqngW24Nl6yS-u99vE4E1Q YouTube channel]

{{Videogames}}
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]
[[Category:Modifications]]
[[Category:Open world games]]

Firienholt

2021-04-09T10:19:24Z

172.69.79.173: Theoden did not pass through Firienholt on the way to MT. The trees were to their right

__NOTOC__
{{location infobox
| name=Firienholt
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Firien Wood, The Whispering Wood, ''Eryn Fuir''
| location=On the border between [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]], north of the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]
| type=Forest
| description=Small oak forest
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Beacon-wardens
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
<center>{{quote|Yonder is the '''Firienholt'''. But what lies beyond no man knows.|''[[The War of the Ring]]'', Part Three, Many Roads Lead Eastward, pg. 318}}</center>

'''Firienholt''', originally known as '''Eryn Fuir'''<ref name=VT42>{{VT|42a}}, p. 20</ref> was a small forest of [[oaks]] that stood on the borders of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]], about and upon the slopes of the [[Amon Anwar]] (Halifirien).<ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref>

The [[Mering Stream]] arose in the cleft between the Halifirien and the rest of the [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]]. It then turned northwest and watered the densest stands of trees in the forest. The stream marked the precise border between the [[Eastfold]], and the [[Gondor]]ian land of [[Anórien]] and thus part of the woods belonged to either realm. The great West Road passed through a cutting in the wood to avoid the wet lands to the north. From the road there was also a path to the summit of the Halifirien maintained by the Beacon-wardens.<ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}, (iii) ''Cirion and Eorl'''</ref>

==History==
The road that cut through the northern bounds of the wood had been built by the [[Exiles of Númenor]] soon after the founding of [[Arnor]] and Gondor.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (iii) ''Cirion and Eorl''', note 32</ref>

At the end of the [[War of the Last Alliance]], [[Isildur]] took his nephew [[Meneldil]] and a company of trusted friends on a ride about the borders of Gondor. Returning from the northern boundary, Isildur came to the Eryn Fuir and had a path made to the summit of Amon Anwar, which was green and treeless. There they raised a mound for a casket to be the [[Tomb of Elendil|tomb and memorial]] of [[Elendil]]. This spot was chosen because it stood near to the center of the lands claimed by the South Kingdom.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (iv) ''The Tradition of Isildur''</ref>

In {{TA|2510}}, after [[Eorl]] and his riders from [[Éothéod]] had saved the Steward [[Cirion]] and the army of Gondor at the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]],<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> Cirion brought Eorl through the Eryn Fuir to the Amon Anwar to grant him the land of [[Calenardhon]], thus founding the realm of [[Rohan]].<ref name="Cirion"/> With the coming of the [[Rohirrim]], the forest became known as "Firienholt" from the [[Rohan language]].<ref name=VT42/>

In {{TA|2864}} King [[Folca]] hunted and slew the great boar of [[Everholt]] in the Firien Wood, but died of the wounds the beast had given him.<ref>{{App|Mark}}, 13. ''Folca''</ref>

In March of {{TA|3019}} [[Théoden]] and the host of the [[Rohirrim]] passed to the north of Firienholt on their way to [[Minas Tirith]].<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> Months later the funeral escort of Théoden would travel through the Firienholt on the way back to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref>

==Other names==
The older [[Sindarin]] name for the wood had been '''''Eryn Fuir''''', "North Wood" (becoming obsolete with the coming of the [[Rohirrim]]).<ref name=VT42/> Because of the unnatural silence that lay upon the land in the Common Speech the Firienholt acquired the name "the Whispering Wood".<ref name="Cirion"/>

==Etymology==
''firien holt'' means "mountain wood", though it is rather more commonly referred to simply as the '''''Firien Wood''''', taking its name from Halifirien.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 770</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Forests]]
[[de:Firienwald]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:forets:gondor:bois_de_firien]]
[[fi:Firienin Metsä]]
[[fi:Firienholt]]