Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Manwë

2017-02-18T22:29:04Z

50.158.229.206: /* Etymology */ Removed the archaic term 'welkin'; while technically accurate, it is so out of use that a substitution of modern terms for clarity is needed.

{{Cleanup}}
{{Sources}}
{{valar infobox
| name=Manwë
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Manwe.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Manwe" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]
| pronun=
| othernames='''[[Mānawenūz]]''' ([[Valarin|V]])[[Súlimo]], Elder King, Aran Einior, Manweg
| titles=Ruler of [[Arda]]
| position=[[Lord of the Breath of Arda]]
| location=[[Ilmarin]], [[Taniquetil]]
| affiliation=[[Eönwë]], [[Gandalf|Olórin]] and the [[Eagles]]
| language=
| notablefor=Vicegerent of Eru
| siblings=[[Morgoth|Melkor]]
| spouse=[[Varda]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=Blue<ref name=s1/>
| clothing=Blue<ref name=s1/>
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Manwë Súlimo''' ([[Quenya]], pronounced {{IPA|[ˈmanwe]}}) was the King of the [[Valar]], husband of [[Varda]] Elentári, brother of the [[Dark Lord]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]] (Morgoth), and King of [[Arda]]. The winds, airs and birds were his servants. He was the greatest of the [[Ainur]] in authority, but not in power. The Lord of the Breath of Arda, he was appointed as its Ruler, hence his most common title, the '''Elder King'''.
==Attributes==
Manwë was the Ainu dearest to Eru, closest to his mind, and appointed his viceregent on Earth. He was king, lord of Arda, and ruler of everything that dwells therein. His spouse is [[Varda]], and they are seldom parted. His attributes are air and the winds, from the [[Veil of Arda]] to the small breezes and he commands the birds.<ref name=vala/> From the beginning [[Ulmo]] has been his closest friend and ally and they come together when the vapors of the water become clouds high in the air. The two most faithfully served the purpose of Eru.<ref name=ai/>

He lived in [[Ilmarin|his halls]] atop Mount [[Taniquetil]], the highest mountain of the world. Together with Varda he could see farther than all other eyes. All things that flew in the light were his servants and brought him news from the farthest and deepest places of the world; save dark places in the deep that were Ulmo's domain<ref name=vala/> or those hid by the black thought of powerful evil.

As the vicegerent of Eru on Earth, Manwë was a kind, compassionate ruler, unconcerned with his own power. Manwë dressed in blue robes and had blue eyes. He wielded a scepter of sapphire made for him by the [[Ñoldor]]. The [[Vanyar]] were his favorite Elves, and they lived with him and Varda on Mount [[Oiolosse]], and he delighted in their songs and poetry.<ref name=s1>{{S|1}}</ref>

==History==
In the thought of Ilúvatar Manwë was the brother of Melkor, but dearest to Ilúvatar and the one that best understood the will of [[Ilúvatar|Eru]].<ref name=vala>{{S|IIb}}</ref> When Melkor created the discord in the second [[Song of the Ainur]], Manwë took over leading the song, pondering about airs and winds.<ref name=ai>{{S|Ainu}}</ref>

Manwë along with [[Aulë]] and [[Ulmo]] were the chief architects of [[Arda]] and when it was formed, he denied to surrender it to Melkor, and many [[spirits]], like [[Varda]], came to his side from the deeps of [[Ea]].<ref name=ai/>

But he did not understand evil, even in the form of his own brother. He released Melkor from [[Mandos]], thus allowing him to cause the distrust of [[Fëanor]], the [[Darkening of Valinor|Poisoning]] of the [[Two Trees]], the murder of [[Finwë]], the theft of the [[Silmarils]], and the revolt of the [[Noldor]].

To hearten the [[Eldar]], he had [[Aulë]] fashion the Sun and the Moon, for he knew the rising of the [[Atani]] was coming soon, and sent [[Thorondor]] and the [[Great Eagles]] to watch them.

After Morgoth's fall, Manwë cast him into the [[Void]]. In the [[Final Battle]], when Melkor escapes, it is said that the Elder King and the Dark Lord will battle on the Plains of [[Valinor]], but that they will not slay each other.

==Etymology==
''Manwë'' is intended to mean "Blessed One" in [[Quenya]], from [[root]] [[MAN]] plus the male ending ''[[-wë]]''. However it is said also to be a version of the [[Valarin]] name [[Mānawenūz]].

''[[Súlimo]]'' is an epithet meaning "Breather".<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 85</ref> His titles include ''Elder King'',<ref>{{S|24}}</ref> ''High King of Arda'',<ref>{{S|9}}</ref> ''King of Arda'',<ref>{{S|2}}</ref><ref>{{S|7}}</ref> ''Lord of the Breath of Arda''<ref name=vala/><ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>.

His name in [[Sindarin]] is ''[[Aran Einior]]'', "Elder King"<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}</ref> and in [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Amân]]''.<ref>{{SD|Drowning}}</ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Manwë is referred to as ''Wolcenfrea'' "Cloud/sky-ruler".<ref>{{SM|QA1}}</ref>

In an early manuscript called "Valar name-list", Manwë has the additional [[Qenya]] names '''Taimo''' (masculine form of ''Taime'', "the sky") and '''Valtur''' ("King of the Valar").<ref>{{PE|14}}, p. 12</ref>

==Inspiration==
Compared to real mythologies, Manwë represents possibly a [[Wikipedia:sky father|sky father]] like [[Wikipedia:Zeus|Zeus/Jupiter]] of the Greco-Roman mythology. Like Zeus, Manwë is both a [[Wikipedia:Sky deity|sky "deity"]] and a [[Wikipedia:King of the Gods|leader of his pantheon]] and is associated with the [[eagle]].

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| MEL | | MAN |~| VAR | |MEL=[[Melkor]]|MAN='''MANWË'''|VAR=[[Varda]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Manwë|Images of Manwë]]

{{References}}
{{Ainur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manwe}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]

[[de:Manwe]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/aratar/manwe]]
[[fi:Manwë]]

Talk:Sindar

2015-09-29T18:58:16Z

50.158.229.206:

==Explanation of the name==
It occurred to me (not sure if I have read it somewhere) that the word "grey" refers to their middle "political" position between the Light Elves and the Dark Elves sceptrum. Eg. they were Umanyar, but were not Moriquendi either. They were not Calaquendi, but their King was (and their queen a Maia) and considered themselves the most blessed and advanced of the Umanyar. This nomenclature can also be seen in "[[Middle Men]]".

Of course this explanation of "grey" is compatible to the Noldorin point of view. In "Quendi and Eldar" the Sindar seem to be chauvinistic, did not consider themselves "grey" or "middle", as the Noldor and the Teleri were seen as deserters. The Sindar even called themselves "calbin". In that case "Grey elves" is not Sindarin nomenclature, it might even be seen as offensive (like the word "Halfling").

Can the above be backed up or contradicted? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 11:10, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

-Unfortunately I don't know if my assumption is based on something concrete I read, but I too always got the impression that 'grey' implied that they occupied a middle ground to the Noldor: not as advanced as those who went to Valinor, but not so primitive and tribal as the Dark Elves further east.[[Special:Contributions/50.158.229.206|50.158.229.206]] 18:58, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

Sun

2014-11-13T22:58:32Z

50.158.229.206: /* Inspiration */

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The First Dawn of the Sun.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The First Dawn of the Sun'']]
The '''Sun''', the source of daylight, rose in the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]] and sank in the [[West (disambiguation)|West]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}: "''...the Sun rode up from the East.''"</ref><ref>{{FR|II6}}: "''...the sun sank behind the westward heights''"</ref>

==History==

During the [[Years of the Trees]], [[Valinor]] was lit for many thousands of years by the light of the [[Two Trees]], [[Telperion]] the Silver and [[Laurelin]] the Gold. When these were destroyed by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]], [[Arda]] was plunged into darkness. Through the power of [[Nienna]] and [[Yavanna]], though, [[Laurelin]] produced a single fiery fruit before it died. This golden fire was set in a vessel made by [[Aulë]] and his people, and steered into the sky by the [[Maiar|Maia]] [[Arien]].<ref name=OfSun>{{S|11}}</ref>

[[Valinor]] was in the West of the World, and so the first sunrise was in the west, not the east. Originally, [[Arien]] was to have steered Anar ceaselessly from west to east and back again, always remaining in the sky, but the [[Valar]] changed this counsel, so that each evening Anar would descend into the distant western seas, and re-emerge each morning in the east.<ref name=OfSun/>

The Sun was seen by the Elves as a sign for the awakening of [[Men]], and they valued the [[Moon]] higher.<ref name=OfSun/> [[Morgoth]]'s creatures, the [[Orcs]], feared the Sun, and with the exception of the [[Uruk-hai]], they did not travel while it was in the sky.

The [[Trolls]] of [[Middle-earth]] feared the Sun even more, and with great reason: they turned to stone under its light. Only the later [[Olog-hai]] were able to move under the Sun.
==Names of the Sun==
{{disambig-two|the Sun|[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]|[[Anar (dwarf)]]}}

Names of the Sun amongst the [[Elves]] included
*'''''Anar''''' (derived from the [[Sundocarmë|root]] [[ANÁR]]<ref name=LR>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 348</ref>) or '''The Fire-golden'''<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref>, a name given to it by the [[Vanyar]].
*'''''Anor''''' (derived from the [[Sundocarmë|root]] [[ANÁR]]<ref name=LR/>), the common name for the Sun in [[Sindarin]], as seen in ''[[Minas Anor]]'', the [[Gondor|Gondorian]] province of [[Anórien]], and ''[[elanor]]'' ("Sun-star").
*'''''Vása''''', or '''Heart of Fire''', a name given to the Sun by the [[Noldor]].<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref>

'''''Aþâraigas''''', meaning "appointed heat", was the name of the Sun in [[Valarin]].{{fact}}

A poetic name for the Sun was ''The Daystar'', and [[Gollum]] referred to it as ''The Yellow Face''.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Gates_of_Morning.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Gates of Morn'']]
In the early versions of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' as described in [[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]], a part of [[the History of Middle-earth]] series, the Sun was described in great detail as an immense island of fire. It was also said there that the youth [[Tilion]], who guided the Moon, was said to secretly be in love with Arien, and that because he steered the Moon too close to the Sun the Moon was burned.

In writings not included in the Silmarillion tradition, Morgoth at one point was infatuated with Arien, and wanted to claim her as his wife: he is at one point even described as ravishing her, so she abandoned her body and 'died': the Sun after this for a while left its course, burning a large part of [[Arda]] the world (apparently creating the deserts of Far [[Harad]]). It is not clear if this would have been included in the Silmarillion had Tolkien lived to publish it himself.

In the [[Round World version of the Silmarillion|Round World]] version of the legendarium, the Sun and the Moon were not the fruit of the Two Trees, but actually preceded the creation of the Trees. Instead, the Trees preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by Melkor when he ravished Arien.<ref>{{MR|P5}}, "Text V: Sun The Trees Silmarils", pp. 389-90</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[File:Mani and Sol.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the Norse god Máni and the goddess Sól (Lorenz Frølich, 1895)]]
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] stated that "''[[Elves]] (and [[Hobbits]]) always refer to the Sun as She''",<ref>{{FR|I9}}, footnote</ref><ref group=note>Also, [[Arien]] was a female [[Maiar|Maia]]. For an example of the feminine form of the Sun, cf. {{FR|II3}}: ''"'I have not brought the Sun. '''She''' is walking in the blue fields of the South...'"'' ([[Legolas]]).</ref> and Yvette L. Kisor has remarked that the reference to the Sun as a female entity in the [[legendarium]] derived from [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] mythology and language.<ref>Yvette L. Kisor, "'Elves (and Hobbits) always refer to the Sun as She': Some Notes on a Note in Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''", in {{TS|4}}</ref> Indeed it was a common thing among all the ancient Germanic peoples (which was Tolkien's primary field of study) that the Sun was a female and the Moon a male; this is in contrast with the Græco-Roman world, which featured the opposite.
*''See also [[Moon#Inspirations|Moon: Inspirations]]''

==See also==
*[[Flame of Anor]]
*[[Moon]]
{{references|note}}
{{cosmology}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[de:Sonne]]
[[fi:Aurinko]]

Moon

2014-11-13T22:56:16Z

50.158.229.206: /* Gender */

{{expansion}}
{{objects
| image=[[File:Legolas arrow ringwraith viv lotr.JPG|250px]]
| name=Moon
| othernames=
| derivation=
| location=[[Menel|the sky]]
| ownedby=
| maker=[[Aulë]]
| appearance=
| references=
}}
<center>{{quote|The round Moon rolled behind the hill, as the Sun raised up her head. She hardly believed her fiery eyes; For though it was day, to her surprise they all went back to bed!|''[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]''<ref name="Man">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', "[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]"</ref>}}</center>

'''Ithil''', the '''Moon''', is a celestial object seen in the skies of [[Arda]] at night.

==History==
[[File:Darryl Elliott - Moon.jpg|thumb|left|Darryl Elliott - ''Moon'']]
After the [[Darkening of Valinor]] and the destruction of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]], [[Telperion]], the White Tree, bore one last Flower of Silver before its end. According to the lore of the [[Elder Days]], [[Aulë]] and his people made a vessel to carry to the silver flower aloft, and [[Tilion]], one of the hunters of [[Oromë]]; was granted the task of steering the new Moon through the sky.<ref name="Sil">Of {{HM|S}}, [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor]]</ref>

Tilion guided his charge up into the western skies just as [[Fingolfin]] entered [[Middle-earth]], and so marked the beginning the [[First Age]]. After seven lunar "days", [[Arien]], the Sun also rose. The Moon first rose above [[Valinor]] in the far West of the World, but [[Varda]] came to change this arrangement, so that the Moon would pass beneath the World, and arise in the east instead, as it does to this day. <ref name="Sil"/>

According to the legends of the [[Elves]], Tilion was an unsteady steersman, sometimes dwelling overlong beneath the Earth, or appearing in the sky at the same time as the Sun. He was drawn to the bright new Sun, launched from Valinor shortly after his own vessel,<ref name="Sil"/> and his coming too close to his fiery companion was said to account for the darkening of the Moon's face.

According to a tradition,<ref>{{HM|SM}}</ref><ref>{{HM|LR}}</ref>, Melkor will discover how to break the [[Door of Night]], and will destroy both the Sun and the Moon.

==Lore of the Moon==
===Númenóreans===
For the Númenóreans, the Sun and the Moon - ''[[Ûri]]'' and ''[[Nîlû]]'', called collectively also ''[[Ûriyat]]'' ("two suns") or ''[[Ûrinîluwat|Ûrinîl(uw)at]]'' ("two sun-moon") - were personified entities, the [[Man in the Moon]] and the [[Lady in the Sun]].<ref name="Drowning">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Drowning of Anadûnê]]"</ref> They were the chief heavenly lights, and the enemies of the eternal Dark.<ref name="L347">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 347]] (dated [[17 December|December 17]], [[1972]])</ref>

This notion was carried over to [[Gondor]], where the sons of [[Elendil]] each had either of the lights in his name: [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], and with them their cities [[Minas Anor]] and [[Minas Ithil]], and the lands that lay about them, [[Ithilien]] and [[Anórien]].<ref name="L347"/>

===Hobbits===
[[File:Gail McIntosh - New Moon.jpg|thumb|Gail McIntosh - ''New Moon'']]
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week' , but a 'month', governed more or less by the Moon. However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]].<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref>

In Hobbit folklore, the moon was imagined to be inhabited by the [[Man in the Moon]]<ref name="Man"/>. Possibly this tradition was derived by the Dúnedain.

===Dwarves===
It is not known if the Moon had any significance in the [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] folklore and tradition. It is known however that the Dwarves had earlier based their calendar on the Moon. The Dwarven year begun with the first day of the last moon of Autumn on the threshold of Winter<ref>{{HM|H}}, [[A Short Rest]]</ref>. However it seems that by the late [[Third Age]] the Dwarves adopted the [[Stewards' Reckoning]]<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref>, and few had the skill to calculate the [[Durin's Day]].

==Other names==
*'''''Isil''''': a ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈisil]}}) or '''Iþil''' ([[Vanyarin|VQ]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈiθil]}}) was a name given to the Moon in [[Quenya]] by the [[Vanyar]]. It is said to mean "the Sheen".{{fact}}
*'''''Rána''''': although the name given to the Moon in [[Valinor]] was Isil, the [[Noldor]] preferred a name of their own, ''Rána'', the Wayward.<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref> ''Rána'' (or ''Rana''<ref>{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 376-7</ref>), meaning "The Wanderer"<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> or "the wayward"<ref>{{MR|P2p}}, p. 130</ref>, is a [[Quenya]] word derived from the [[Common Eldarin]] [[Sundocarme|root]] [[RAN]] ("wander, stray, meander").<ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}, p. 13</ref> In the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]'' appears the [[Qenya]] form ''Rana'', and [[Noldorin]] ''Rhân''. Both are descendant forms of [[Primitive Quendian]] ''Ranā'' ("Moon").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 383 (entry RAN-)</ref>
*'''''Ithil''''': a [[Sindarin]] word meaning "the moon" or "(full) moon".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 232 (citing from the [[Unfinished index]]; form: ''ithil'')</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 30, 39, 121 (form: ''Ithil''</ref> The word can be found in ''[[Minas Ithil]]'', ''[[Ithilien#Etymology|Ithilien]]'', and ''[[Ithildin#Etymology|ithildin]]''. In the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]'', [[Noldorin]] ''Ithil'' ("(poetic name of the) Moon") derives from the [[Sundocarme|roots]] THIL/SIL.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 361, 385, 392 (entries I-, SIL- and THIL-)</ref>
*'''''Phanaikelūth''''': The oldest recorded name of the Moon was its [[Valarin]] name, ''Phanaikelūth''. This was said to mean "bright mirror";<ref name="QaE">{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 401</ref> making it the only name to accurately describe the origin of moonlight.
*[[Gollum]] referred to the Moon as ''The White Face''.<ref>{{TT|IV1}}; {{TT|IV2}}; {{TT|IV6}}. Cfr. "Yellow Face" ([[Sun#Names_of_the_Sun|the Sun]] by Gollum).</ref>

==Inspirations==
===Gender===
[[File:Mani and Sol.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the Norse god Máni and the goddess Sól (Lorenz Frølich, 1895) who could be the inspirations of Tilion and [[Arien]]]]
The fact that the Moon in Tolkien's legendarium is connected to a male entity or person (like Tilion or the Man in the Moon), is obviously derived from the Germanic mythology of which Tolkien was an expert; for example the Old Norse [[Wikipedia:Máni|Máni]] is a male lunar god and [[Wikipedia:Sól|Sól]] is a female solar goddess.

On the contrary, other mythologies of the world had connected the Moon with the feminine, like the Græco-Roman deities [[Wikipedia:Luna|Luna]], [[Wikipedia:Selene|Selene]], [[Wikipedia:Hecate|Hecate]] and others.

The gender of the celestial deity, is mirrored also in the gender of the noun for "Moon" in these languages (eg. French ''la Lune'' but German ''der Mond''). This was also perhaps the case with some of the [[languages]] of [[Arda]] ([[Ghân-buri-ghân]] refers to the Sun as a woman).

*''See also [[Sun#Inspiration|Sun: Inspiration]]''

===Phases===
Tolkien was very careful in the moon phases described in his works, so that they fit the passing of days realistically. Tolkien was remodelling the phases while reviewing the book in [[1944]] so that he preserves the consistency. The moon phases described in the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'' correspond to the phases of years [[1941]]-[[1942|2]] and its probable that he used a recent calendar for reference<ref>http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html</ref>. Unfortunately, some minor errors (that can be detected only after thorough measurement and astronomical knowledge) slipped his attention (for example cf. [[22 September|September 22]])

===Calendar===
The mention that Hobbits and Dwarves based their year and months on the Moon, mirrors the [[Wikipedia:lunar calendar|lunar calendar]] used by several ancient cultures through history, such as the Hebrews. The observation of the Moon phases formed the months; the words are even related etymologically in some languages (cf. the English words "Moon" and "month")

According to [[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]], the orbital period of the moon as described by Tolkien, indicates that it was about 20 minutes shorter/faster than today.<ref>[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Durin%27s_Day.html The Moon and Durin's Day]; However, he doesn't explain the mathematical calculations that led him to this conclusion.</ref> It is not known if this was deliberate by Tolkien to mirror the astronomical fact that the moon has slowed down over the millennia by the tidal friction.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===Early concepts===
In the early versions of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' as described in [[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]], a part of the [[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]] series, the Moon was described in great detail as an immense island of crystal. It was also said there that the youth Tilion was said to secretly be in love with [[Arien]], the maiden who guided the [[Sun]], and that because he steered the Moon too close to the Sun the Moon was burned, causing the darker spots on the Moon which in reality are caused by the great basalt plains known as Lunar maria.

The [[Man in the Moon]] is even described in those writings, as being an old Elf who secretly hid on the island of the Moon, and built his minaret there. This is alluded to further in Tolkien's [[Roverandom]], where the Man in the Moon also lives in a Minaret.

In writings which are older than the material from which the publised ''Silmarillion'' was drawn, the Moon was described at one point rather as being created by [[Morgoth]] as a mockery of [[Arda]] the world, but this notion was abandoned.

===Later concepts===

In the [[Round World version of the Silmarillion|Round World]] version of the legendarium, the Sun and the Moon were not the fruit of the Two Trees, but actually preceded the creation of the Trees. Instead, the Trees preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by Melkor when he ravished [[Arien]].

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The moon appears in the background of various scenes. In a notable animation error, it is visible behind both [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Boromir]] when the latter tries to persuade Frodo to give the Ring at [[Amon Hen]].<ref>''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077869/goofs Goofs]'', [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb.com]</ref>

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The Moon - or rather, an image of the near side of the moon in the plenilune - is used as a backdrop for scenes playing at night, and appears recognizably in the sky in cut scenes. It appears behind [[Aragorn|Strider]] as he finds [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] in the streets of Bree,<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Bree"</ref> behind the [[Watcher in the Water]], <ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Hollin Gate"</ref> and behind the [[fell beast]] in the final cut scene.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Amon Hen"</ref>

==In other stories==
The moon is an important location in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s children's story ''[[Roverandom]]''. After being turned into a toy dog, the wizard [[Psamathos Psamathides]] summons his postman [[Mew]] (a seagull) to take [[Rover]] to the moon to see the [[Man-in-the-Moon]].<ref name="Roverandom">{{HM|R}}</ref>{{rp|17 ff}} One side of the moon is white with a dark sky and tall mountains, whilst the dark side of the moon is dark with a light sky and deep valleys.<ref name="Roverandom" />{{rp|40}} Although home to spiders, the main enemy on the moon is the White Dragon (later renamed the Mottled Monster).<ref name="Roverandom" />{{rp|34-6}}

==See also==
* [[Man in the Moon]]
==External links==
* [http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html The Moon phases in the Lord of the Rings]
{{references}}
{{cosmology}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[Category:Roverandom]]
[[de:Mond]]
[[fi:Kuu]]

Galadriel's Song

2014-10-25T19:30:34Z

50.158.229.206:

{{unnamed}}
{{disambig-more|Galadriel|[[Galadriel (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Galadriel's Song of Eldamar''' refers to a song about [[Eldamar]], sung by [[Galadriel]] in her [[Swan-ships|Swan-ship]] in [[Lothlórien]] for the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|II8}}</ref>
It runs thus:

<poem>''I sang of leaves, of leaves of gold, and leaves of gold there grew''
''Of wind I sang, and wind there came, and in the branches blew''
''Beyond the Sun, beyond the Moon, the foam was on the Sea''
''And by the strand of [[Ilmarin]] there grew a golden tree''
''Beneath the stars of Ever-eve in Eldamar it shone''
''In Eldamar beside the walls of Elven [[Tirion]]''
''There long the golden leaves have grown upon the branching years''
''And here beyond the Sundering Seas now fall the Elven tears''
''O Lorien! The Winter comes, the bare and leafless day''
''The leaves are falling in the stream, the river flows away''
''O Lorien! Too long I have dwelt upon this Hither Shore''
''And in a fading crown have twined the golden [[elanor]]''
''But if of ships I now would sing, what ship would come for me?''
''What ship would bear me ever back across so wide a sea?''</poem>

==Other versions of the legendarium==

The earliest version of the song was published in ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.<ref>{{TI|XIVviii}}, p. 284</ref>

==External links==

*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/galsong.html Galadriel's Song of Eldamar] translated by [[Christopher Gilson]]
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/swoboda_1.htm Galadriel's Song of Eldamar] translated by Erwin Swoboda

{{references}}
[[Category:Songs]]

Galadriel's Song

2014-10-25T19:29:31Z

50.158.229.206:

{{unnamed}}
{{disambig-more|Galadriel|[[Galadriel (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Galadriel's Song of Eldamar''' refers to a song about [[Eldamar]], sung by [[Galadriel]] in her [[Swan-ships|Swan-ship]] in [[Lothlórien]] for the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|II8}}</ref>
It runs thus:

<poem>''I sang of leaves, of leaves of gold, and leaves of gold there grew
Of wind I sang, and wind there came, and in the branches blew
Beyond the Sun, beyond the Moon, the foam was on the Sea
And by the strand of [[Ilmarin]] there grew a golden tree
Beneath the stars of Ever-eve in Eldamar it shone
In Eldamar beside the walls of Elven [[Tirion]]
There long the golden leaves have grown upon the branching years
And here beyond the Sundering Seas now fall the Elven tears
O Lorien! The Winter comes, the bare and leafless day
The leaves are falling in the stream, the river flows away
O Lorien! Too long I have dwelt upon this Hither Shore
And in a fading crown have twined the golden [[elanor]]
But if of ships I now would sing, what ship would come for me?
What ship would bear me ever back across so wide a sea?''</poem>

==Other versions of the legendarium==

The earliest version of the song was published in ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.<ref>{{TI|XIVviii}}, p. 284</ref>

==External links==

*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/galsong.html Galadriel's Song of Eldamar] translated by [[Christopher Gilson]]
*[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/swoboda_1.htm Galadriel's Song of Eldamar] translated by Erwin Swoboda

{{references}}
[[Category:Songs]]

The Shire

2014-10-20T04:29:19Z

50.158.229.206: /* Etymology */

{{Rewrite}}
{{Location
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Green Hill Morning.jpg|250px]]
| name=The Shire
| type=Region
| location=[[Eriador]]
| inhabitants=[[Hobbits]]
| realms=[[Arnor]] [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=
| climate=
| othernames=[[Sûza]] ("Shire" in [[Westron]])<ref name="AppF">{{App|F}}</ref>; 
''I Drann'' (“The Shire” in [[Sindarin]])<ref>[[Vinyar Tengwar 31]], pp. 21-22; [[Sauron Defeated]],p. 129</ref>
| etymology=See [[The Shire#Etymology]];
| created={{TA|1601}}<ref name="FRHobbits">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref><ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> (Year 1 in [[Shire Reckoning]]<ref name="FRHobbits"/>) {{SR|1452}} - [[Westmarch]] added to the Shire<ref name="AppB5">{{App|B5}}</ref>
| destroyed=
| events=[[Battle of Greenfields]] [[Battle of Bywater]]
}}

'''The Shire''' was a region in [[Eriador]] inhabited by [[Hobbits]].

==Geography==
The original boundaries of the Shire were as follows:<ref name="FRHobbits"/>

{{navigation
| title=Boundaries of the Shire
| north-west=
| north=[[North Moors]]
| north-east=
| west=The [[Far Downs]]
| east=The [[Baranduin|Brandywine River]]
| south-west=
| south=South Marshes
| south-east=
}}

[[File:Map Middle-Earth A Part of the Shire.jpg|thumb|500px|left|''[[A Part of the Shire]]'' by [[Christopher Tolkien]]]]
From the west to the east, the Shire originally measured 40 leagues (120 [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] miles) from the [[Far Downs]] to the [[Brandywine Bridge]]. From the north to the south, it measured 50 leagues (150 Númenórean miles) from the northern moors to the marshes in the south.<ref name="FRHobbits"/> The total area of the shire must have extended roughly about 20,000 square miles.<ref group="note">[[Robert Foster]] estimates the total area of the Shire to be "about 18,000 square miles", slightly bigger than a country such as [[Wikipedia:Dominican Republic|the Dominican Republic]]; [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] has calculated a larger figure, about 21,400 square miles, slightly smaller than a country such as [[Wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]]. See [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', revised edn (London: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 69</ref>

In {{SR|1452}}, [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] gave the [[Westmarch]] to the [[Shire-hobbits]] as a gift. This extended the western boundaries of the Shire to the [[Tower Hills]].<ref name="AppB5"/> [[Buckland]], to the east of the Brandywine, remained an independent region occupied by [[Hobbits]].

The Shire is described as a small but beautiful and fruitful land, beloved by its inhabitants. The Hobbits had an extensive agricultural system in the Shire, but did not proceed with industrialization. Various supplies could be found in the Shire, including cereals, fruit, wood and [[pipe-weed]] (a favourite treat of Hobbits).

The Shire was quite densely populated in parts with many villages and a few towns, but it still was open enough to allow for wide forested areas and marshes.

Thanks to the protective presence of the [[Rangers of the North]] in the lands of the former Arnor, the Shire for centuries ignored the wide world outside, despite being traversed by the [[Great East Road]].

==History==

The Shire was a fertile and well-tilled part of [[Arnor]], but deserted during the waning days of the Kingdom when it was known as the splinter-realm of [[Arthedain]]; it had been the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]]. The [[Hobbits]] (who lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] at Norbury ([[Fornost]]) to settle the lands. This was finally done in [[Third Age 1601]] (Year 1 in Shire Reckoning) by Hobbits from [[Bree]], led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]].

[[File:Ted Nasmith - One Morning Long Ago.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''One Morning Long Ago''.]]
By 30 years later, almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found in the Shire. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves as subjects of the [[Kings of Arthedain|King]], at least nominaly, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless the Hobbits sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against [[Angmar]]. After the fall of Arnor, the Shire remained a minor but independent political unit and the title of [[Thain]] was established to fill the absence of a Kingship.

Its small size, relative lack of importance, and brave and resilient Hobbit population made it too modest an objective for conquest. More important was that the Shire was guarded and protected by the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North]] (and [[Gandalf]]), who watched the borders and kept out intruders. The only strangers to enter the Shire were the [[Dwarves]] traveling on the [[Great East Road]] that ran through the Shire to and from their mines in the [[Blue Mountains]], and the occasional [[Elves]] on their way to the [[Emyn Beraid]] or the [[Grey Havens]].

However Shire faced its adversities since it was inside the range of the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} and the [[Battle of Greenfields]] ({{TA|2747}}) and of course the [[Long Winter]] ({{TA|2758}}) soon followed by the [[Days of Dearth]] ({{TA|2760}}) and the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]] ({{TA|2911}}).

In {{TA|2340}} the [[Oldbucks]] of the [[Marish]] crossed the [[Brandywine]] because of overpopulation and founded [[Buckland]].

During the [[War of the Ring]] the Shire was first visited by the Nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] and then, while the Rangers were off to the War, the Shire was defenseless. It was captured by [[Saruman]] and [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] who lead evil [[Men]]. It was liberated with the help of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] after the end of the War through their victory at the [[Battle of Bywater]].

But the damage which Saruman caused by forced industrialization was undone by the Hobbits' efforts. The Shire was restored with soil from [[Lothlórien]], given to Sam by [[Galadriel]]. {{TA|3021}} was considered to be the most productive and prosperous year in their history.

With [[Aragorn]]'s return as the King of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], the Shire became in {{FoA|6}} a Free Land, protected enclave inside the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. He is known to have issued an order that forbade the entrance of full-sized [[Men]] into the Shire. In {{FoA|31}} King Aragorn granted Buckland officially as a part of the Shire named [[Eastmarch]], and also extended the land westwards to [[Emyn Beraid]]; this land was named [[Westmarch]].

==Administration==
[[File:fotr0059.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The Shire in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]Initially, The Shire was a part of Arthedain. The Hobbits considered themselves as subjects of the King and only after the fall of Arnor, the Shire became an independent political unit led by the '''[[Thain]]''' from ''[[Tuckborough]]'' who was the head of the important [[Took Family|Took clan]]. While nominally the Thain ruled over the four [[Farthings]], in practice authority was so decentralized that the title was seen as more of a formality and ceremonial.

Official of the Shire was the '''[[Mayor of Michel Delving|Mayor]]''' of [[Michel Delving]] in the [[White Downs]] (by extension seen as the [[Mayor of the Shire]]). The Mayor's chief duties were serving as postmaster of the Shire's [[Messenger Service]], charging the [[Watch]] and presiding at fairs

Finally, the '''[[Master of Buckland]]''' at ''[[Bucklebury]]'' controlled [[Buckland]].

The sole law enforcement officials in the Shire were the [[Shirriffs]]. Their job was to protect the Shire from trespassers more than anything. There were three in each Farthing, and were distinguished from "civilians" by a feather worn in their caps. The [[Bounders]] were the land's border-guard, charged with turning back unwanted people or beasts, and their number varied according to need.

The Shire was originally divided in four Farthings (''[[Northfarthing]]'', ''[[Southfarthing]]'', ''[[Eastfarthing]]'', and ''[[Westfarthing]]''), but [[Buckland]] and later the [[Westmarch]] were added to it. Within the Farthings there are some smaller, unofficial divisions such as family lands: the [[Took Family|Tooks]] nearly all live in or near [[Tuckborough]] in [[Tookland]], for instance. In many cases a Hobbit's last name indicates where their family came from: [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s last name derives from ''[[Gamwich]]'', where the family originated. Outside the Farthings, Buckland itself was named for the [[Oldbucks]] (later [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]]). See further ''[[Regions of the Shire]]''.

==Etymology==
A "shire" ([[Old English]] ''scír'') is an organised region with a "[[Michel Delving|county-town]]".<ref name="Nomen"/>

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] notes that in English, OE ''scír'' replaced the Germanic word for district ''gē'' (cognate, German ''Gau'', "valley, district") and in English was reduced to an element for a few old place-names, like [[wikipedia:Surrey|Surrey]] (from ''Suðer-ge'' "southern district").<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 775</ref>

==Inspiration==
{{quote|Though a Tolkien by name, I am a Suffield by tastes, talents, and upbringing, and '''any comer of that county [Worcestershire] (however fair or squalid) is in an indefinable way 'home' to me, as no other part of the world is.'''|[[Letter 44]]}}
On Tolkien's maps, the Shire is located at about the same position as England is on modern European maps and has been cited as an example of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_England#Deep_England Deep England] ideology (though, of course, England is on an island while the Shire is inside the continent). Throughout the narrative, Tolkien also implies numerous points of similarity between the two, such as weather, agriculture and dialect. One can also see England as Tolkien's source of inspiration for the Shire in its very name.

According to [[Paula Marmor]], the hobbit brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]] names are related to horses, parallel to [[Wikipedia:Hengest|Hengest]] and [[Wikipedia:Horsa|Horsa]], legendary leaders who brought the Saxons to Britain. Hengest was the founder of [[Wikipedia:Kent|Kent]] whose geography is similar to the Shire (North Downs above, hills to the west, water to the east and marshes to the southeast)<ref>''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', An etymological excursion among the Shire Folk</ref>.

The industrialization of the Shire was based on Tolkien's witnessing of the extension of the Industrial Revolution to rural Warwickshire during his youth, and especially the deleterious consequences thereof. The rebellion of the hobbits and the restoration of the pre-industrial Shire may be interpreted as a prescription of voluntary simplicity as a remedy to the problems of modern society.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Pictures of the Shire in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:Fotr0066.jpg|The Shire in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:Map_-_Shire.jpg|Map of the Shire from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}
==Films==
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:''''''
:Shire scenes were shot on location in Matamata, New Zealand. Following the shooting, the area was returned to its natural state, but even without Hobbit holes it became a prime tourist attraction.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Shire scenes were shot at the same place where shooting of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] took place. Unlike the previous time, Hobbiton was constructed out of permanent materials, with intention of lasting for decades.

==Games==
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The first three levels of the game take place in the Shire, from [[Frodo]] leaving [[Bag End]] up until the entrance into the [[Old Forest]].

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:The Shire is the first level of the game. Unlike the original story, Bilbo has to perform various side-quests before he ever reached [[Green Dragon]].

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:The Shire is a battleground appearing in Evil campaign and skirmish mode.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Shire is one of the major regions of the game, represented almost in its entirely - of the original map by Christopher Tolkien only some parts of West Farting and South Farting are not represented. Also, part of the North Farting is placed within the borders of [[Evendim]] region for gameplay purposes. The Shire is inhabited by hundreds of non-playable characters, involved in hundreds of quests.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:The Shire is one of game's battlegrounds, razed by Sauron's forces in the Evil campaign.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of the Shire|Images of the Shire]]
*[[Thain|Thains of the Shire]]

{{References|n}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:The Shire]]

[[de:Auenland]]
[[fi:Kontu]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:eriador:comte]]

Men

2014-10-06T06:01:47Z

50.158.229.206: /* Names and Etymology */

{{disambig-more|Men|[[Men (disambiguation)]]}}
{{race
| image=
| name= Men
| dominions= [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], [[Arnor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Harad]], [[Khand]], [[Forochel]]
| languages= [[Taliska]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Rohirric]], [[Westron]], etc.
| height=
| skincolor=
| haircolor= Black, brown, blond, white and grey (in later years)
| distinctions= [[Gift of Men|Mortality]], [[Dominion of Men|inheritors of the rule]] of [[Middle-earth]]
| lifespan= First Age: c. 58 Second Age: c. 330 Third Age: c. 146<ref name="LOTRProjectStats">{{webcite|author=Emil Johansson|articleurl=http://lotrproject.com/statistics.php|articlename=Lord of the Rings in Statistics|website=[http://lotrproject.com/ Lord of the Rings Project]|accessed=09-September-2012}}</ref>
| members= [[Bëor]], [[Haleth]], [[Marach]], [[Beren]], [[Uldor]], [[Elros]], [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]
}}
{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}
'''Men''' were one of the Kindreds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Men were called the Secondborn (or the Second Kindred<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 89</ref>) by the [[Elves]], their [[Elves|Elder]] brethren, because they were the last of all the [[incarnate]] races to come into being. Though they were born after the other sentient races, Men were destined to inherit and [[Dominion of Men|rule]] [[Middle-earth]].

==Origins and Nature==

The race of Men is the second race of beings created by the Supreme God, [[Ilúvatar]]. Because they [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] at the start of the [[First Age]] of the Sun, while the [[Elves]] awoke three Ages before them, they are called the Secondborn ([[Quenya]]: ''Atani'', [[Sindarin]]: ''[[Edain]]'') by the Elves. Men awoke in a land located in the far east of Middle-earth called [[Hildórien]]. When the Sun rose for the first time in the far West, Men began to wander towards it, a journey which culminated in some of them reaching Beleriand centuries later.

There is much evidence that, soon after their awakening, Morgoth came to Men and incited them to worship him and turn away from Ilúvatar, and that they complied. Though all were seduced by the Enemy, some Men repented and escaped; they were said to be the ancestors of the Edain.

Men bear the so-called ''[[Gift of Men]]'', mortality. Elves are immortal, in the sense that even if their bodies are slain, their spirits remain bound to the world, going to the [[Halls of Mandos]] to wait until they are released or the world ends. Elves are tied to the world for as long as it lasts. When Men die, they are released from [[Arda]] and the bounds of the world and have rest from its troubles. Ilúvatar also gifted Men with the freedom to shape their own future, being rather free from the designs of the [[Music of the Ainur]]. <ref>{{S|1}}</ref> However, the influence of Morgoth has caused Men to fear their fate, and view Death as a Doom instead of a Gift.

==Groups and Alignments==

Although all Men are related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. The most important group in the tales of the [[First Age]] were the Edain. Although the word Edain technically refers to all Men, the Elves used it to distinguish those Men who fought with them in the First Age against [[Morgoth]] in [[Beleriand]]. The Edain were divided into three Houses.

The First House of the Edain was the [[House of Bëor]], and entered Beleriand in 305 FA and were granted the fief of [[Ladros]] in [[Dorthonion]] by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. The Second House of the Edain, the [[Haladin]], was led by Haldad and later by his daughter Haleth and settled in the Forest of Brethil. The Third House, which became the greatest, was led by [[Marach]] and later his descendant [[Hador]], and they settled in [[Dor-lómin]]. This house was known both as the House of Marach and the [[House of Hador]].

Other Men did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] or fight against Morgoth. However, some, such as the Easterlings, fought openly on his side. In later Ages, the Haradrim and Easterlings would fight on Sauron's side against the descendants of the Edain. Here below follow the short descriptions of the most important groups of Men in the First, Second and Third Ages.

===[[Edain]] and [[Dúnedain]]===

As a reward for their services and assistance rendered to the Elves and the Valar in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, the Edain received a new land of their own from the Valar, between Middle-earth and the [[Undying Lands]]. This was the land of [[Númenor]], an island in the form of a five-pointed star that was far away from the troubles of Middle-earth.

They were led to this island by [[Elros]] with the help of his father [[Eärendil]], who sailed the heavens as the bright star of the same name and guided the ships of the Edain to Númenor. Once they arrived, Elros became the first King of Númenor and took the name Tar-Minyatur. The Edain became known as the Númenóreans or Dúnedain (Sindarin for ''Men of the West''). The kingdom of Númenor grew steadily in power, and the Dúnedain became the noblest and highest of all Men on Arda. In their early days, the Dúnedain remained allied to the Elves of Middle-earth, and aided them in battle against Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]].

As the Men of the West increased in power and happiness, they came to resent the Gift of Men, Death. They wished to become immortal like the Elves and enjoy their possessions for all time. Most of the Númenóreans, including the line of the Kings, began to turn away from the Valar, and spoke against the Ban of the Valar that forbade them to sail west beyond sight of Númenor or to enter [[Valinor]]. The Númenóreans also became increasingly hostile to all Elvish influences in their realm, and in 2899 of the [[Second Age]], Ar-Adûnakhôr became the first king of Númenor to take his royal name in [[Adûnaic]], the language of Men, instead of [[Quenya]], the tongue of the Elves of Valinor.

During the early part of their rebellion, the Númenóreans became divided into two factions: the first, the [[King's Men]], enjoyed the support of the King and included the majority of the people. They wished to gain immortality and break away from their ancestral allegiance to the Valar. The King's Men also wanted to end relations with the Elves, and thus they favoured Adûnaic as the official language and eventually punished those who spoke the Elven tongues. The persecuted minority faction, the [[Faithful]], were led by the [[Lords of Andúnië]], the westernmost province of Númenor, and remained loyal to the Valar. They also tried to maintain friendship with the Elves.

When Sauron was apparently defeated and taken to the Isle by the Númenórean army near the end of the Second Age, he took advantage of the pride of the Númenóreans. By teaching the Dúnedain many things and flattering the King, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], he worked his way into the King's counsels and won the hearts of the people. Ultimately, Sauron advised Ar-Pharazôn to attack Valinor and claim immortality. This he foolishly did, and as a punishment Númenor, the island of the Men of the West, sank into the Sea and only the Faithful escaped. When the Faithful returned to Middle-earth, they founded the twin kingdoms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].

===[[Black Númenóreans]] and [[Haradrim]]===

The Faithful weren't the only Númenóreans left on Middle-earth when Númenor sank. When Númenor grew in naval power, many Númenóreans founded colonies in Middle-earth. In the second millennium of the [[Second Age]] there was an exodus of Men from the overcrowded island. Many of the King's Men settled in Middle-earth because they wanted to conquer more lands, and the Faithful because they were persecuted by the Kings. The Faithful settled in [[Pelargir]], while the King's Men ruled the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] and other colonies in the South. From these colonies Sauron recruited men who would become some of the nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] in the second millennium of the Second Age. When Númenor was destroyed, the King's Men became known as the Black Númenóreans and remained hostile towards the Faithful of Gondor. Eventually, the Black Númenórean stronghold of Umbar was conquered by Gondor in 933 of the Third Age.

Further east of Umbar another group of Men lived, called the '''Haradrim''' or Southrons. They were dark skinned Men and waged war on great Oliphaunts or ''Mûmakil''. They too were hostile to Gondor, though they were subdued in 1050 of the Third Age by [[Hyarmendacil I]].

Both Umbar and the Harad were left unchecked by Gondor's waning power by the time of the War of the Ring, and presented grave threats from the south. Many Haradrim fought with Sauron's forces in Gondor in that War.

See also: [[Southrons]]

===[[Easterlings]]===

Most Men who fought in the armies of Morgoth and Sauron were Easterlings, who came from the region around the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Some Easterlings offered their services to the Elvish kingdoms in Beleriand; among them were [[Bór]] and his sons, and [[Ulfang the Black]] and his sons. This proved to be disastrous for the Elves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] when Ulfang and his clan switched sides and defected to Morgoth, though Bór and his sons died bravely fighting on the side of the [[Eldar]].

After Morgoth's defeat Sauron extended his influence over the Easterlings, and although Sauron was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the Second Age, the Easterlings were the first enemies to attack Gondor again in 492 TA. They were soundly defeated by King [[Rómendacil I]], but they invaded again in 541 TA and took revenge by slaying King Rómendacil. Rómendacil's son [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] took large portions of land from them.

In the next centuries Gondor held sway over the Easterlings. When Gondor's power began to decrease in the twelfth century of the Third Age, the Easterlings took the complete eastern bank of the [[Anduin]] except [[Ithilien]] and crushed Gondor's allies, the Northmen.

The Easterlings of the Third Age were divided in different tribes, such as the [[Wainriders]] and the [[Balchoth]]. The Wainriders were a confederation of Easterlings who were very active between 1856 and 1944 TA. They posed a serious threat to Gondor for many years, but were utterly defeated by [[Eärnil II]] in 1944.

When Gondor lost its royal dynasty in 2050 TA the Easterlings started to reorganize themselves, and a fierce group called the Balchoth became the most important tribe. In 2510 TA they invaded Gondor again and conquered much of [[Calenardhon]], until they were defeated by the [[Éothéod]] who rode to Gondor's aid.

In the War of the Ring, the Easterlings were among the fiercest warriors deployed at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] by Sauron.

===[[Northmen]]===

Not all the Men who remained east of the Blue Mountains and Misty Mountains during the First Age were tempted by Morgoth or Sauron, and they were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor. The Northmen who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and other parts of [[Rhovanion]] were friendly to the Dúnedain, being for the most part their kin, and many of them became Gondorian subjects. The Men of [[Dale]] and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] were Northmen, as were the Woodsmen of Mirkwood, and the [[Éothéod]], who became the Rohirrim or Horse Lords.

===[[Dunlendings]] and [[Drúedain]]===

When Elendil founded the Kingdom of Arnor, its borders were quickly extended towards the river Greyflood (Sindarin:''Gwathló''), and Gondor likewise extended up through [[Enedwaith]]. In Enedwaith and [[Minhiriath]] (Sindarin for ''Land between the Rivers'') lived a group of Men related to those Men that became the House of Haleth, and they were known as the Dunlendings. They had lived in the great woods that covered most of Eriador, and when the Númenóreans started to chop these woods down to build their ships in the [[Second Age]], they earned the hostility of the Dunlendings. The Dunlendings later became bitter enemies of [[Rohan]], as they believed the Rohirrim had stolen their lands.

Because of their enmity with the Rohirrim, the Dunlendings served [[Saruman]] in the War of the Ring and fought against the Horse Lords in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

Another group of Men were the [[Woses]]. They were small and stooped, and were always few in number and shortlived compared to other races of Men. They lived among the House of Haleth in the First Age, and were held as Edain by the Elves, who called them ''Drúedain'' (from ''Drûg'', their own name for themselves, plus ''Edain'').

At the end of the Third Age a few Woses still lived in the Drúadan Forest. They held off [[Orcs]] with poisoned arrows and were vital in securing the aid of the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. King [[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to them "forever" in the [[Fourth Age]].

===Hobbits===

[[Hobbits]] were strictly a race of Men rather than a separate species. The origin of Hobbits is obscure; they first appeared in the records of other Men in the middle of the [[Third Age]].

== Names and Etymology ==
The Elves called the race of '''Mankind''' with poetic names that refer to their later coming, and their mortality. They are mostly called '''[[Atani]]''' in [[Quenya]], literally meaning "Second ones" (the [[Elves]] being the First), but also '''[[Hildor]]''' (Followers or Aftercomers), '''Apanónar''' (Q. Afterborn), '''Secondborn''', '''Younger Children of Iluvatar''', '''Strangers''' and '''Usurpers'''<ref name=men>{{S|Men}}</ref> because they [[Dominion of Men|dominated Arda]] after the Elves. [[Sindarin]] names were '''Ephedin''' or '''Ephedrim''' (Followers).<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}</ref>

Other names were '''[[Fírimar]]''' (Mortals), '''[[Engwar]]''' (The Sickly), the '''Self-cursed''' and the '''Guests'''<ref name=men/> because their fate was outside Arda.

Other names by the Elves, apparently referring to their differences from themselves are '''Inscrutable''', the '''Heavy-handed''', the '''Night-fearers''', and the '''Children of the Sun'''<ref name=men/> because they awoke with the Sun.

Hobbits called them the the '''Big People''' or the '''[[Big Folk]]''', especially in [[Bree]].

The name ''Atani'' is cognate with [[Sindarin]] '''[[Adan|Edain]]''', but the latter term was later applied not to the race, but only to the peoples of [[Beleriand]] who aided the Elves in their war with [[Morgoth]] in the [[First Age]].

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] employed a peculiar usage of the words ''Man'' and ''Mannish'': these terms came to replace the word "human" found in drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, p. 61</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien might have preferred ''Man'' and ''Mannish'' being pure Germanic roots, unlike the Latin-influenced ''Human'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:homo#Latin|homo]]'').<ref>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 156-8</ref> This usage also reflects old Germanic practise, where ''Man'' originally meant ''mankind'', not merely the male gender; this was found (and in many of them, still is found) in all the Germanic languages (i.e. German ''Menschen'', "people").<ref>http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=man&allowed_in_frame=0</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Menschen]]
[[fa:انسان]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/hommes]]
[[fi:Ihmiset]]

Men

2014-10-06T06:00:45Z

50.158.229.206: /* Names and Etymology */

{{disambig-more|Men|[[Men (disambiguation)]]}}
{{race
| image=
| name= Men
| dominions= [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], [[Arnor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dunland]], [[Harad]], [[Khand]], [[Forochel]]
| languages= [[Taliska]], [[Adûnaic]], [[Rohirric]], [[Westron]], etc.
| height=
| skincolor=
| haircolor= Black, brown, blond, white and grey (in later years)
| distinctions= [[Gift of Men|Mortality]], [[Dominion of Men|inheritors of the rule]] of [[Middle-earth]]
| lifespan= First Age: c. 58 Second Age: c. 330 Third Age: c. 146<ref name="LOTRProjectStats">{{webcite|author=Emil Johansson|articleurl=http://lotrproject.com/statistics.php|articlename=Lord of the Rings in Statistics|website=[http://lotrproject.com/ Lord of the Rings Project]|accessed=09-September-2012}}</ref>
| members= [[Bëor]], [[Haleth]], [[Marach]], [[Beren]], [[Uldor]], [[Elros]], [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]
}}
{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}
'''Men''' were one of the Kindreds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Men were called the Secondborn (or the Second Kindred<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 89</ref>) by the [[Elves]], their [[Elves|Elder]] brethren, because they were the last of all the [[incarnate]] races to come into being. Though they were born after the other sentient races, Men were destined to inherit and [[Dominion of Men|rule]] [[Middle-earth]].

==Origins and Nature==

The race of Men is the second race of beings created by the Supreme God, [[Ilúvatar]]. Because they [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] at the start of the [[First Age]] of the Sun, while the [[Elves]] awoke three Ages before them, they are called the Secondborn ([[Quenya]]: ''Atani'', [[Sindarin]]: ''[[Edain]]'') by the Elves. Men awoke in a land located in the far east of Middle-earth called [[Hildórien]]. When the Sun rose for the first time in the far West, Men began to wander towards it, a journey which culminated in some of them reaching Beleriand centuries later.

There is much evidence that, soon after their awakening, Morgoth came to Men and incited them to worship him and turn away from Ilúvatar, and that they complied. Though all were seduced by the Enemy, some Men repented and escaped; they were said to be the ancestors of the Edain.

Men bear the so-called ''[[Gift of Men]]'', mortality. Elves are immortal, in the sense that even if their bodies are slain, their spirits remain bound to the world, going to the [[Halls of Mandos]] to wait until they are released or the world ends. Elves are tied to the world for as long as it lasts. When Men die, they are released from [[Arda]] and the bounds of the world and have rest from its troubles. Ilúvatar also gifted Men with the freedom to shape their own future, being rather free from the designs of the [[Music of the Ainur]]. <ref>{{S|1}}</ref> However, the influence of Morgoth has caused Men to fear their fate, and view Death as a Doom instead of a Gift.

==Groups and Alignments==

Although all Men are related to one another, there are many different groups with different cultures. The most important group in the tales of the [[First Age]] were the Edain. Although the word Edain technically refers to all Men, the Elves used it to distinguish those Men who fought with them in the First Age against [[Morgoth]] in [[Beleriand]]. The Edain were divided into three Houses.

The First House of the Edain was the [[House of Bëor]], and entered Beleriand in 305 FA and were granted the fief of [[Ladros]] in [[Dorthonion]] by [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. The Second House of the Edain, the [[Haladin]], was led by Haldad and later by his daughter Haleth and settled in the Forest of Brethil. The Third House, which became the greatest, was led by [[Marach]] and later his descendant [[Hador]], and they settled in [[Dor-lómin]]. This house was known both as the House of Marach and the [[House of Hador]].

Other Men did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] or fight against Morgoth. However, some, such as the Easterlings, fought openly on his side. In later Ages, the Haradrim and Easterlings would fight on Sauron's side against the descendants of the Edain. Here below follow the short descriptions of the most important groups of Men in the First, Second and Third Ages.

===[[Edain]] and [[Dúnedain]]===

As a reward for their services and assistance rendered to the Elves and the Valar in the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, the Edain received a new land of their own from the Valar, between Middle-earth and the [[Undying Lands]]. This was the land of [[Númenor]], an island in the form of a five-pointed star that was far away from the troubles of Middle-earth.

They were led to this island by [[Elros]] with the help of his father [[Eärendil]], who sailed the heavens as the bright star of the same name and guided the ships of the Edain to Númenor. Once they arrived, Elros became the first King of Númenor and took the name Tar-Minyatur. The Edain became known as the Númenóreans or Dúnedain (Sindarin for ''Men of the West''). The kingdom of Númenor grew steadily in power, and the Dúnedain became the noblest and highest of all Men on Arda. In their early days, the Dúnedain remained allied to the Elves of Middle-earth, and aided them in battle against Morgoth's lieutenant [[Sauron]].

As the Men of the West increased in power and happiness, they came to resent the Gift of Men, Death. They wished to become immortal like the Elves and enjoy their possessions for all time. Most of the Númenóreans, including the line of the Kings, began to turn away from the Valar, and spoke against the Ban of the Valar that forbade them to sail west beyond sight of Númenor or to enter [[Valinor]]. The Númenóreans also became increasingly hostile to all Elvish influences in their realm, and in 2899 of the [[Second Age]], Ar-Adûnakhôr became the first king of Númenor to take his royal name in [[Adûnaic]], the language of Men, instead of [[Quenya]], the tongue of the Elves of Valinor.

During the early part of their rebellion, the Númenóreans became divided into two factions: the first, the [[King's Men]], enjoyed the support of the King and included the majority of the people. They wished to gain immortality and break away from their ancestral allegiance to the Valar. The King's Men also wanted to end relations with the Elves, and thus they favoured Adûnaic as the official language and eventually punished those who spoke the Elven tongues. The persecuted minority faction, the [[Faithful]], were led by the [[Lords of Andúnië]], the westernmost province of Númenor, and remained loyal to the Valar. They also tried to maintain friendship with the Elves.

When Sauron was apparently defeated and taken to the Isle by the Númenórean army near the end of the Second Age, he took advantage of the pride of the Númenóreans. By teaching the Dúnedain many things and flattering the King, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], he worked his way into the King's counsels and won the hearts of the people. Ultimately, Sauron advised Ar-Pharazôn to attack Valinor and claim immortality. This he foolishly did, and as a punishment Númenor, the island of the Men of the West, sank into the Sea and only the Faithful escaped. When the Faithful returned to Middle-earth, they founded the twin kingdoms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].

===[[Black Númenóreans]] and [[Haradrim]]===

The Faithful weren't the only Númenóreans left on Middle-earth when Númenor sank. When Númenor grew in naval power, many Númenóreans founded colonies in Middle-earth. In the second millennium of the [[Second Age]] there was an exodus of Men from the overcrowded island. Many of the King's Men settled in Middle-earth because they wanted to conquer more lands, and the Faithful because they were persecuted by the Kings. The Faithful settled in [[Pelargir]], while the King's Men ruled the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]] and other colonies in the South. From these colonies Sauron recruited men who would become some of the nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] in the second millennium of the Second Age. When Númenor was destroyed, the King's Men became known as the Black Númenóreans and remained hostile towards the Faithful of Gondor. Eventually, the Black Númenórean stronghold of Umbar was conquered by Gondor in 933 of the Third Age.

Further east of Umbar another group of Men lived, called the '''Haradrim''' or Southrons. They were dark skinned Men and waged war on great Oliphaunts or ''Mûmakil''. They too were hostile to Gondor, though they were subdued in 1050 of the Third Age by [[Hyarmendacil I]].

Both Umbar and the Harad were left unchecked by Gondor's waning power by the time of the War of the Ring, and presented grave threats from the south. Many Haradrim fought with Sauron's forces in Gondor in that War.

See also: [[Southrons]]

===[[Easterlings]]===

Most Men who fought in the armies of Morgoth and Sauron were Easterlings, who came from the region around the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. Some Easterlings offered their services to the Elvish kingdoms in Beleriand; among them were [[Bór]] and his sons, and [[Ulfang the Black]] and his sons. This proved to be disastrous for the Elves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] when Ulfang and his clan switched sides and defected to Morgoth, though Bór and his sons died bravely fighting on the side of the [[Eldar]].

After Morgoth's defeat Sauron extended his influence over the Easterlings, and although Sauron was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] at the end of the Second Age, the Easterlings were the first enemies to attack Gondor again in 492 TA. They were soundly defeated by King [[Rómendacil I]], but they invaded again in 541 TA and took revenge by slaying King Rómendacil. Rómendacil's son [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] took large portions of land from them.

In the next centuries Gondor held sway over the Easterlings. When Gondor's power began to decrease in the twelfth century of the Third Age, the Easterlings took the complete eastern bank of the [[Anduin]] except [[Ithilien]] and crushed Gondor's allies, the Northmen.

The Easterlings of the Third Age were divided in different tribes, such as the [[Wainriders]] and the [[Balchoth]]. The Wainriders were a confederation of Easterlings who were very active between 1856 and 1944 TA. They posed a serious threat to Gondor for many years, but were utterly defeated by [[Eärnil II]] in 1944.

When Gondor lost its royal dynasty in 2050 TA the Easterlings started to reorganize themselves, and a fierce group called the Balchoth became the most important tribe. In 2510 TA they invaded Gondor again and conquered much of [[Calenardhon]], until they were defeated by the [[Éothéod]] who rode to Gondor's aid.

In the War of the Ring, the Easterlings were among the fiercest warriors deployed at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] by Sauron.

===[[Northmen]]===

Not all the Men who remained east of the Blue Mountains and Misty Mountains during the First Age were tempted by Morgoth or Sauron, and they were joined after the War of Wrath by those of the Edain who did not wish to travel to Númenor. The Northmen who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and other parts of [[Rhovanion]] were friendly to the Dúnedain, being for the most part their kin, and many of them became Gondorian subjects. The Men of [[Dale]] and [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] were Northmen, as were the Woodsmen of Mirkwood, and the [[Éothéod]], who became the Rohirrim or Horse Lords.

===[[Dunlendings]] and [[Drúedain]]===

When Elendil founded the Kingdom of Arnor, its borders were quickly extended towards the river Greyflood (Sindarin:''Gwathló''), and Gondor likewise extended up through [[Enedwaith]]. In Enedwaith and [[Minhiriath]] (Sindarin for ''Land between the Rivers'') lived a group of Men related to those Men that became the House of Haleth, and they were known as the Dunlendings. They had lived in the great woods that covered most of Eriador, and when the Númenóreans started to chop these woods down to build their ships in the [[Second Age]], they earned the hostility of the Dunlendings. The Dunlendings later became bitter enemies of [[Rohan]], as they believed the Rohirrim had stolen their lands.

Because of their enmity with the Rohirrim, the Dunlendings served [[Saruman]] in the War of the Ring and fought against the Horse Lords in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

Another group of Men were the [[Woses]]. They were small and stooped, and were always few in number and shortlived compared to other races of Men. They lived among the House of Haleth in the First Age, and were held as Edain by the Elves, who called them ''Drúedain'' (from ''Drûg'', their own name for themselves, plus ''Edain'').

At the end of the Third Age a few Woses still lived in the Drúadan Forest. They held off [[Orcs]] with poisoned arrows and were vital in securing the aid of the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. King [[Aragorn|Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to them "forever" in the [[Fourth Age]].

===Hobbits===

[[Hobbits]] were strictly a race of Men rather than a separate species. The origin of Hobbits is obscure; they first appeared in the records of other Men in the middle of the [[Third Age]].

== Names and Etymology ==
The Elves called the race of '''Mankind''' with poetic names that refer to their later coming, and their mortality. They are mostly called '''[[Atani]]''' in [[Quenya]], literally meaning "Second ones" (the [[Elves]] being the First), but also '''[[Hildor]]''' (Followers or Aftercomers), '''Apanónar''' (Q. Afterborn), '''Secondborn''', '''Younger Children of Iluvatar''', '''Strangers''' and '''Usurpers'''<ref name=men>{{S|Men}}</ref> because they [[Dominion of Men|dominated Arda]] after the Elves. [[Sindarin]] names were '''Ephedin''' or '''Ephedrim''' (Followers).<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}</ref>

Other names were '''[[Fírimar]]''' (Mortals), '''[[Engwar]]''' (The Sickly), the '''Self-cursed''' and the '''Guests'''<ref name=men/> because their fate was outside Arda.

Other names by the Elves, apparently referring to their differences from themselves are '''Inscrutable''', the '''Heavy-handed''', the '''Night-fearers''', and the '''Children of the Sun'''<ref name=men/> because they awoke with the Sun.

Hobbits called them the the '''Big People''' or the '''[[Big Folk]]''', especially in [[Bree]].

The name ''Atani'' is cognate with [[Sindarin]] '''[[Adan|Edain]]''', but the latter term was later applied not to the race, but only to the peoples of [[Beleriand]] who aided the Elves in their war with [[Morgoth]] in the [[First Age]].

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] employed a peculiar usage of the words ''Man'' and ''Mannish'': these terms came to replace the word "human" found in drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, p. 61</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien might have preferred ''Man'' and ''Mannish'' being pure Germanic roots, unlike the Latin-influenced ''Human'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:homo#Latin|homo]]'').<ref>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 156-8</ref> This usage also reflects old Germanic practise, where ''Man'' originally meant ''mankind'', not merely the male gender; this was found (and in many of them, still is found) in all the Germanic languages (i.e. German, English, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, etc.).<ref>http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=man&allowed_in_frame=0</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Menschen]]
[[fa:انسان]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/hommes]]
[[fi:Ihmiset]]

-nd

2014-05-08T02:14:33Z

50.158.229.206:

{{stub}}
__NOTOC__
'''''-nd''''' is a toponymical ending in [[Sindarin]], an ending "commonly used in the names of regions or countries". Vowels could be attached to the ending, yielding the forms ''-and'', ''-end'', ''-ond''. In names such as ''[[Rohan]]'', the ''-d'' was dropped, due to its lack of pronunciation in speech (this also occured also in ''[[Anorien]]'' and ''[[Ithilien]]).<ref name=Cirion>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 248</ref>

The form also appear as ''-ian(d)'', ''-iann'', ''-ion'', ''-ien''.<ref name="PE">{{PE|17}}, pp. 42-3, 115</ref>

==Examples==
===With ''a''===
*[[Beleriand]]
*[[Ossiriand]]
*[[Cardolan]]
*[[Rohan]]
===With ''e''===
*[[Hildórien]] (note that [[Hildor]] is a [[Quenya]] name)
*[[Arthórien]]
*[[Arvernien]]
*[[Lothlorien]]
*[[Ithilien]]
*[[Anorien]]

===With ''o''===
*[[Dorthonion]]
*[[Dorwinion]]
*[[Region]]
*[[Lindon]]
*[[Eregion]]
*[[Calenardhon]]
*[[Lamedon]]

==Etymology==
''-ian(d)'' and ultimately ''-ien'' are reduced from ''-iand(a)'', ''-iend(e)'',<ref>{{PE|17}} p.37</ref> and said to be derived from [[PQ]] ''[[yandē]]'' "a wide region, or country".<ref name="PE"/>

''-(i)on'' appears in later-formed names and is in origin distinct from the above. It is explained to be from root [[YAN]]A- and/or root YONO.<ref name="PE"/>
==Cognates==
Relevant endings don't appear in other languages such as [[Quenya]] save perhaps the name [[Hildórien]]. However there is the [[Qenya]] name ''Valariande''<ref>{{HM|LT1}} p.202</ref> and ''Ossiriande''.<ref>{{LB|C1}}, pp. 158-9</ref> The book ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'' gives the Quenya name of Lothlórien as ''[[Lóriende]]''.

The above hint that in Quenya the endings were preserved as ''-iande'' and ''-iende'', without loss of final ''-e''. On the other hand, ''Valariande'' is perhaps non-canon as early Qenya (but consistent to the later rules of phonology); as for ''Lóriende'', it seems to be constructed after the Sindarin name and can not be indicative of Quenya etymology.{{fact}}

==See also==
*''[[dôr]]''

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:nd}}
[[Category:Sindarin affixes]]

Rohan

2014-04-15T21:21:23Z

50.158.229.206: /* Inspiration */

{{cleanup}}
{{Kingdom
| image=[[File:Mark Fisher - Rohan.png|250px]]
| name=Rohan
| type = Monarchy
| headofstate = [[King of Rohan]]
| hidep=yes
| executive = Royal council
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital = [[Edoras]]
| language = [[Westron]]/[[Rohirric]]
| location= North of the [[White Mountains]], South of [[Fangorn Forest]]
| populous= Mostly [[Men]] (the [[Rohirrim]])
| currency =
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed = People of [[Éothéod]]
| established = {{TA|2510}}
| reorganized =
| fragmented =
| dissolved =
| restored =
}}
'''Rohan''' was the territory of the [[Rohirrim]], a people of herdsmen and farmers on the northern borders of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. Well-known for their [[horses]] and cavalry, they were Gondor's most important ally.

== Background==
In the 1200s of the [[Third Age]], the Kings of Gondor made close alliances with the [[Northmen]] of [[Rhovanion]], a people akin to the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses of the Edain]] (later the [[Dúnedain]]) from the [[First Age]].

In the 2000s, a remnant tribe of such Northmen that called itself the [[Éothéod]] moved from the valleys of [[Anduin]] to the north west of [[Mirkwood]], clearing out what remained of the recently defeated witch kingdom of [[Angmar]], east of the [[Misty Mountains]]. While there, some dispute arose between them and the dwarves over the treasure-hoard of [[Scatha]] the dragon.
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl.jpg|thumb|left|Ted Nasmith - The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl]]
Later, in {{TA|2509|n}}, [[Cirion]] the [[Steward of Gondor]] sent summons to the Éothéod for aid in stopping a combined invasion of Men from the north east of Middle-earth, and [[Orcs]] from the [[Misty Mountains]]. [[Borondir]] reached [[Eorl the Young]], king of the Éothéod, who answered the summons, and arrived unexpectedly at a decisive [[battle of the Field of Celebrant]].

As a reward, Cirion invited Eorl on [[Amon Anwar]], over the [[tomb of Elendil]] and he swore mutual alliance and cooperation between the two peoples.
==History==
[[Calenardhon]], a province of Gondor, was devastated by the earlier [[Great Plague]] and the survivors to a large extent were slain in the recent invasion; Dunlendings attempted to repopulate it without Gondor's consent. Cirion gave this area to Eorl who moved his people there driving out the Dunlendings. Migration was continued to the days of second king [[Brego]] who defended the borders against the Dunlendings and Easterlings, and drove off [[the Wold]] the remaining [[Orcs]] and [[Balchoth]].

[[File:Jan Pospisil - Edoras.jpg|thumb|Edoras]]
Rohan's first city was [[Aldburg]] built by Eorl, but soon after Brego built the Golden Hall of Meduseld, and made Edoras the capital of Rohan.

King [[Aldor]] was the founder of a golden age in Rohan's history, during which he completed Rohan's conquest east of the [[Isen]] and the [[Rohirrim]] increased greatly in numbers, who even settled valleys of [[Ered Nimrais]] including [[Harrowdale]]. He succeeded in driving all the remaining Dunlendings from his realm. During [[Goldwine]]'s rule, the golden age continued and the guard of the borders lessened, but the Dunlendings began to slowly return to northern [[Westfold]], settling the area around the (friendly to them) [[Ring of Isengard]] and the southern eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]]<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>. By [[Déor]]'s time, a powerful Dunlendish force had been established, and the King was forced to ride northward from Edoras, ultimately to defeat his enemies but he was unable to recapture the Ring of Isengard. The following years the Dunlendings harassed and mingled with the Rohirrim.

The first line of kings lasted for 249 years, until the ninth king [[Helm|Helm Hammerhand]]. In {{TA|2758}}, Rohan was invaded by Dunlendings under [[Wulf]], son of Freca, of mixed Dunland and Rohan blood. The King, Helm Hammerhand, took refuge in the [[Hornburg]] until reinforcements from Gondor and [[Dunharrow]] (a refuge of the Rohirrim) arrived a year later and defeated the invaders. In a daring raid [[Fréaláf]] recaptured Edoras, and managed to reclaim it. He eventually drove the Dunlendings back across the rivers Isen and Adorn, freeing all of Rohan.

The Rohirrim now kept a strong force in north [[Westfold]], however at some time King [[Folcwine]] would need the help of Gondor to drive some of them from the area.<ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref> He was successful but the people who remained were largely of mixed blood, and not loyal to Edoras.<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

It was soon after this that [[Saruman]] arrived and took over [[Isengard]], and was welcomed as a strong ally, since it would take Rohan close to 200 years to recover its strength after the invasion.

As Rohan was still recovering from the war with the Dunlendings, hostilities remained at the western borders. For two generations, during the coincidental [[War of Dwarves and Orcs|conflict]] many thousands of [[Orcs]] tried to claim a refuge in the [[White Mountains]] and troubled the Rohirrim; [[Brytta]] fought them off, and when he died it was believed Rohan was free of Orcs; they were not entirely driven from the White Mountains until {{TA|2864}} by [[Folca]].

During [[Thengel]]'s reign, a mysterious Northerner calling himself [[Thorongil]] entered his service, and rode with him for some time.

Around {{TA|2960|n}} Saruman started to harass Rohan and in {{TA|3014|n}}, he began using his influence to weaken the King, [[Théoden]], as part of a campaign to invade or take over the kingdom. In {{TA|3019|n}}, he launched a full-scale invasion of Rohan, with victories; (Théoden's son, [[Théodred]] was killed during the [[First Battle at the Fords of Isen]]) and defeat at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], where the [[Huorns]] came to the aid of the Rohirrim.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Pursuit in Rohan.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Three Hunters]] enter Rohan]]
On the heels of this victory, [[Théoden]] rode with an army to [[Minas Tirith]] and helped break its siege in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], where he was slain. [[Éomer]], the nephew of King [[Théoden]], then succeeded to the throne, beginning the third line. [[Éomer]] rode with the armies of [[Gondor]] to the gates of Mordor and took part in the final battle with the forces of [[Sauron]], who was defeated when the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed.

The rule of the Stewards of Gondor was now over. King Éomer and the new king of Gondor, [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] (Aragorn), renewed their oath of alliance, and reaffirmed Cirion's grant of Calenardhon to the Rohirrim. But though Sauron had perished Éomer often fulfilled the Oath of Eorl and went with [[King Elessar]] far into the East and South. He was known as Éomer Éadig, or "the Blessed", because during his reign Rohan recovered from the hurts of the War and became a rich and fruitful land again.

== Description ==

The borders of Rohan were the river [[Isen]] in the west, bordering [[Saruman]]'s [[Isengard]]; the river [[Adorn]], a tributary of Isen, also in the west, forming the border with the unfriendly [[Dunlendings]]); the [[White Mountains]] in the south; the [[Mering Stream]] in the southeast, at the border between Rohan and Gondor; the Mouths of [[Entwash]] in the east; and the [[Limlight]], a tributary of the [[Anduin]] as the northern border.

The most significant feature of Rohan's geography was the river [[Entwash]], which divided the country between [[Eastemnet]] and [[Westemnet]], itself divided as [[Eastfold]] and [[Westfold]]. Other lands were [[the Wold]], the [[Folde]], the [[Downs]] and the [[Undeeps]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Riders of Rohan.jpg|thumb|Ted Nasmith - The Riders of Rohan]]
The Rohirrim found abandoned Gondorian fortresses and refuges in the White Mountains, such as the [[Dunharrow]], the [[Orthanc]] and the [[Hornburg]] which they restored and used themselves.

The capital of Rohan was the hill fort of [[Edoras]] which lay on the slopes of the [[White Mountains]]. Another large city was '''[[Aldburg]]''', the capital city of the Eastfold and original city of Eorl the Young. Other cities must have existed but are not named.

At the time of the War of the Ring, Rohan was roughly a third the size of Gondor, whose borders had slowly been shrinking for decades.

===Climate and countryside===
The countryside of Rohan was described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland. The lands of Rohan are frequently described as appearing like "seas of grass". Most of the Rohirrim dwelt in small villages or farms.

== Politics ==
===Military===
[[File:Forth Eorilingas!.jpg|thumb]]
The military of the Rohirrim was commanded by Marshals. The [[First Marshal of the Riddermark]] was the highest military rank and commanded the [[Muster of Edoras]]: Riders of the capital Edoras and the surrounding lands, including the King's Lands and [[Harrowdale]]. In his youth, King Théoden had led the Riders of the Muster of Edoras himself, so that no First Marshal was needed and at the time of the War of the Ring, there was no First Marshal.

The Second and Third Marshals had no fixed duties, and their roles changed according to the needs of the time. The [[Second Marshal of the Riddermark]] and was based in the [[Helm's Deep]] and around the War of the Ring it was filled by Théoden's son, Prince [[Théodred]]. The [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] was based at [[Aldburg]] in the [[Folde]] and around the War of the Ring it was filled by [[Éomer]].

After the War of the Rings, the new rank of [[Marshal of the East-mark]] was created for the eastern Rohan by King Éomer. The first Rider to hold it was his lieutenant, [[Elfhelm]].

===Alliance with Gondor===
The alliance between Rohan and Gondor came into existence in the year {{TA|2510|n}} of the [[Third Age]]. In that year the [[Easterlings]] launched a massive invasion of Gondor. The army of Gondor was defeated and trapped between the Limlight and the [[Celebrant]]. Gondor, which had always been on friendly terms with the different tribes of the [[Northmen]], sent messengers to the closest tribe, the [[Éothéod]]. Although it was unlikely that the message calling for aid would come through, it did. Then [[Eorl the Young]] and his fierce Éothéod Riders unexpectedly took the field during the Battle of Celebrant and turned the tide in the favour of Gondor. As a reward [[Cirion]], the [[Steward of Gondor]], gave Eorl the depopulated province of Calenardhon for his people to settle, while fulfilling Gondor's need for a strong ally. The [[Oath of Eorl]] was sworn by both Cirion and Eorl. Neither nation has ever broken the alliance ever since. Rohan has gone through great lengths to fulfill their part of the treaty including sacrificing two of its heirs when Gondor was under threat from the [[Haradrim]] in 2885, when [[Fastred, son of Folcwine|Fastred]] and [[Folcred]], the twin sons of King [[Folcwine]], were killed during the Battle of Crossings of [[Poros]]. King [[Théoden]] once again honoured the alliance in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].

===War with the Dunlendings===
To the west of Rohan lived the [[Dunlendings]], a native people who had been hostile against the Free Peoples for a long time. The Dunlending [[Wulf]] briefly usurped of the throne of Rohan during the long winter.

During the [[War of the Ring]], Saruman would incite them against the Rohirrim and they would fight alongside the [[Uruk-hai]] in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].

===Wormtongue===

When king Théoden began to grow old, he took as an advisor [[Gríma]], later called ''Wormtongue''. Gríma quickly became Théoden's chief advisor, but unknown to all he was secretly working for Saruman. Gríma played on Théoden's fears to further weaken the strength of the king and all of Rohan, always advising retreat where an attack was needed. He may have also begun poisoning the king at this time. This nearly proved disastrous for Rohan, and also for Gondor, by robbing them of their strongest ally in the north. Gríma Wormtongue's plans were not revealed until [[Gandalf]] arrived in Edoras during the War of the Ring.

==Etymology==

The name ''Rohan'' (coined by [[Hallas]]) is [[Gondor Sindarin]], meaning "Horse-country". ''Rohan'' is a debased form of the proper [[Sindarin]] name ''Rochand'' (or ''Rochan''), containing the elements ''[[Horses#Etymology|roch]]'' ("[[Horses|horse]]") and the toponymical ending ''[[-nd|-and]]''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Nancy Smith]], ""[[Index questions]]"</ref><ref name=Cirion>{{UT|Cirion}}, "iii. Cirion and Eorl"</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 247-8</ref>

The native name of the country was '''[[Riddermark]]''', or simply '''the Mark'''.

In a draft of ''The Appendices'', Tolkien noted that ''Rohan'' "is of [[Noldorin]] origin, a translation of the native ''[[Lōgrad]]''", having the "strictly correct form [...] ''Rochann''."<ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 53</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Conceptualized as the "Horse kings of Rohan" allied with [[Mordor]] in early drafts of [[1939]], the Rohirrim took their final form in 1942 when the text of the Lord of the Rings was completed to about one third.

==Inspiration==
Several aspects of Rohan's culture and history seem to be inspired by both Goths, Scandinavians and the medieval Anglo-Saxons.

Just like the Germanic Ostrogoths, Rohirric culture was a mounted culture. It had separated from the [[Northmen]], moved south, and had settled in close proximity with a civilization. In the Goths' case it was the Byzantine Empire and in the case of the Rohirrim, it was Gondor.

Especially Hervarar saga, with its [[Mirkwood]], Gothic horsemen and shieldmaidens, appears to have inspired Tolkien when creating the Rohirrim, although he exchanged the Gothic tongue with the Anglo-Saxon.

The antipathy between the Rohirrim and the [[Dunlendings]] resembles the historical tension between the Anglo-Saxon settlers of Britain and the native Celts.

[[Category:Gondor Sindarin words]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rohan| Rohan]]
{{references}}
[[de:Rohan]]
[[fa:روهان]]
[[fi:Rohan]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/rohan]]