Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Völuspá

2012-06-26T23:03:17Z

91.132.141.80:

[[Image:Codex Regius - Voluspa.JPG|thumb|right|Völuspá in the 13th century ''[[wikipedia:Codex Regius|Codex Regius]]''.]]
'''''Völuspá''''' ("Prophecy of the Seeress") is the first poem of the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', a collection of [[Old Norse]] poems. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] was influenced greatly by the saga, and [[Christopher Tolkien]] even suggests that "''those Dwarf-names in The Hobbit provided the whole starting-point for the Mannish languages in Middle-earth''"<ref>{{PM|II}}, Commentary to §58</ref><ref>Charles B. Noad, "[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/book_reviews_01.html Review: The Peoples of Middle-earth (The History of Middle-earth XII)]" at Tolkiensociety.org. See section "Dwarvish and Mannish Related". Retrieved 30 August 2010.</ref>

In particular almost all of the names of the [[dwarves]] of [[Middle-earth]], as well as [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]], are taken from a section of the Völuspá called the ''Dvergatal'' (the "Catalogue of Dwarves").<ref name="Letter25">{{L|25}}</ref><ref group="note">The ''Dvergatal'' is now considered a later interpolation, and is often omitted from newer editions of ''Völuspá''.</ref> The ''Dvergatal'' is contained in stanzas 10–16:

{| align=center
|-
| align=center | '''Original'''
| align=center | '''Bellows translation'''
|-
| {{blockquote|<poem>
10. Þar var Móðsognir mæztr of orðinn
dverga allra, en Durinn annarr;
þeir mannlíkun mörg of gerðu
dvergar í jörðu, sem Durinn sagði.

11. Nýi, Niði, Norðri, Suðri,
Austri, Vestri, Alþjófr, Dvalinn,
Nár ok Náinn Nípingr, Dáinn
Bívurr, Bávurr, Bömburr, Nóri,
Ánn ok Ánarr, Óinn, Mjöðvitnir.

12. Veggr ok Gandalfr, Vindalfr, Þorinn,
Þrár ok Þráinn, Þekkr, Litr ok Vitr,
Nýr ok Nýráðr, nú hefi ek dverga,
Reginn ok Ráðsviðr, rétt of talða.

13. Fíli, Kíli, Fundinn, Náli,
Hefti, Víli, Hannar, Svíurr,
Billingr, Brúni, Bíldr ok Buri,
Frár, Hornbori, Frægr ok Lóni,
Aurvangr, Jari, Eikinskjaldi.

14. Mál er dverga í Dvalins liði
ljóna kindum til Lofars telja,
þeir er sóttu frá salar steini
Aurvanga sjöt til Jöruvalla.

15. Þar var Draupnir ok Dolgþrasir,
Hár, Haugspori, Hlévangr, Glóinn,
Dóri, Óri Dúfr, Andvari
Skirfir, Virfir, Skáfiðr, Ái.

16. Alfr ok Yngvi, Eikinskjaldi,
Fjalarr ok Frosti, Finnr ok Ginnarr;
þat mun æ uppi meðan öld lifir,
langniðja tal Lofars hafat.
</poem>}}
| {{blockquote|<poem>
10. There was Motsognir | the mightiest made
Of all the dwarfs, | and [[Durin]] next;
Many a likeness | of men they made,
The dwarfs in the earth, | as Durin said.

11. Nyi and Nithi, | Northri and Suthri,
Austri and Vestri, | Althjof, [[Dwalin|Dvalin]],
[[Nár|Nar]] and [[Nain]], | Niping, [[Dain]],
[[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], | [[Bombur]], [[Nori]],
An and Onar, | [[Oi|Ai]], Mjothvitnir.

12. Vigg and [[Gandalf]] | Vindalf, [[Thrain]],
Thekk and [[Thorin]], | [[Thror]], Vit and Lit,
Nyr and Nyrath,-- | now have I told--
Regin and Rathsvith-- | the list aright.

13. [[Fíli|Fili]], [[Kíli|Kili]], | [[Fundin]], [[Náli|Nali]],
Hepti, Vili, | [[Hannar]], Sviur,
(Billing, Bruni, | Bildr and Buri,)
[[Frar]], Hornbori, | Fræg and [[Loni]],
Aurvang, Jari, | Eikinskjaldi.

14. The race of the dwarfs | in [[Dwalin|Dvalin]]'s throng
Down to [[Lofar]] | the list must I tell;
The rocks they left, | and through wet lands
They sought a home | in the fields of sand.

15. There were Draupnir | and Dolgthrasir,
Hor, Haugspori, | Hlevang, [[Gloin]],
[[Dori]], [[Ori]], | Duf, Andvari,
Skirfir, Virfir, | Skafith, Ai.

16. Alf and [[Ingwe|Yngvi]], | Eikinskjaldi,
Fjalar and Frosti, | Finn and Ginnar;
So for all time | shall the tale be known,
The list of all | the forbears of [[Lofar]].
</poem>}}
|}

==Notes==
<references group="note" />
{{references}}
==External links==
* [[wikipedia:Völuspá|Völuspá]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://etext.old.no/Bugge/voluspa/ Völuspá] (Old Norse full text)
* [http://cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/PoeticEdda/Voluspo.htm Völuspá] (English translation by Henry Adams Bellows)

[[Category:Poems]]

General Map of Middle-earth

2011-11-26T14:58:15Z

91.132.141.80:

{{stub}}

[[Image:General_Map_of_Middle-earth_(Photo).jpg|thumb|A photo of the fold-out map of Middle-earth as appeared in the earliest editions.]]

''General Map of Middle-earth'' is the original, unnamed map map of Middle-earth that [[Christopher Tolkien]] made in late [[1953]] for the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Maps of ''The Lord of the Rings''", pp. lv-lxvii</ref><ref>{{L|187}}, p. 247</ref>. It was later replaced by [[Christopher Tolkien]]’s redrawing, [[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]] that first appeared in the [[Unfinished Tales]] and since [[2005]] in the [[HarperCollins]] editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

{{references}}
{{maps}}
[[Category:Maps of Northwestern Middle-earth]]

Beleriand

2011-11-26T14:53:56Z

91.132.141.80: /* Location */

{{expansion}}
[[Image:John Howe - Beleriand and the North.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Map of Beleriand'' by [[John Howe]]]]
{{quote|Beleriand, Beleriand / borders of the faëry land.|[[Lay of Leithian]]}}
{{Pronounce|Beleriand.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Beleriand''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[beˈlerjand]}}) was the region of north-western [[Middle-earth]] during the [[First Age]]. Originally, the name belonged only to the area around the [[Bay of Balar]], but in time the name was applied to the entire land. The element ''Beler''/''Balar'' is believed to refer to the [[Maiar|Maia]] [[Ossë]], who often dwelt at the shores of Balar.

==Geography==
To the west and south it had a long shore with the Great Sea [[Belegaer]], to the north were the highland regions of [[Hithlum]], [[Dorthonion]] and the hills of [[Himring]], to the east the [[Ered Luin]] (Blue Mountains) reached nearly to the sea. The land of [[Nevrast]] in the north-west was sometimes considered part of Beleriand.

The River [[Sirion]], the chief river of Beleriand, running north to south, divided it into West Beleriand and East Beleriand. Crossing it east to west was a series of hills and a sudden drop in elevation known as Andram, the Long Wall. (The river sank into the ground at the ''Fens of Sirion'', and re-emerged below the Andram at the ''Gates of Sirion''.) To the east of the Long Wall, was the River [[Gelion]] and its six tributaries draining the Ered Luin, in an area known as [[Ossiriand]] or the Land of Seven Rivers. The River [[Brithon]] and the River [[Nenning]] were the two lesser rivers of the western land of [[Falas]].

In {{FA|583}}, Beleriand was mostly destroyed and submerged by the [[War of Wrath]] of the [[Valar]] against [[Morgoth]]. Only a small section of East Beleriand remained, and was known as [[Lindon]]. (There is however, some evidence{{fact}} that other parts of it still remained into the [[Second Age]] but were completely destroyed with the downfall of [[Númenor]].)

In addition, fulfilling a prophecy, the graves of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]] and [[Morwen]] survived as the island Tol Morwen. Likewise part of [[Dorthonion]] became Tol Fuin, and the [[Hill of Himring]] became the island of Himling. All of these together were known as the Western Isles.

Regions and kingdoms of Beleriand:
* [[Arvernien]]
* [[Forest of Brethil]]
* [[Dimbar]]
* [[Doriath]]
* [[Estolad]]
* [[Falas]]
* [[Himlad]]
* [[Nan-tathren]] (Land of Willows)
* [[Talath Dirnen]] (Guarded Plain)
* [[Taur-en-Faroth]] (Forest of the Hunters)
* [[Taur-im-Duinath]]
* [[Thargelion]]
* [[Ossiriand]] or [[Lindon]]

Cities of Beleriand:
* [[Belegost]]
* [[Brithombar]]
* [[Eglarest]]
* [[Gondolin]]
* [[Himring]]
* [[Menegroth]]
* [[Nargothrond]]
* [[Nogrod]]
* [[Vinyamar]]

==Etymology==
Beleriand translates to "The Country of [[Ossë|Balar]]" with the ending ''[[-ian|-ian(d)]]'' for places and countries. The [[OS]] form could have been *''Balariande'' (''a'' [[i-affection|slid]] to ''e'' because of the following ''i'').

In the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', there is also the [[Quenya]] name "'''Valariandë'''".

==Location==
The [[Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North|map of Beleriand as has been published in the ''Silmarillion'']], shows only a portion of the region, with no common points to the better-known [[Third Age]] [[Westlands]] maps of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''; the only common references were the [[Blue Mountains]], and the information that [[Lindon]] is a part of former Ossiriand.
[[File:Beleriand-eriador-fonstad.png|thumb|How Fonstad envisioned Beleriand relative to [[Lindon]]/[[Eriador]]. The rectangle marks the region shown in the ''Silmarillion'' map (canon); the rest, including the [[Thangorodrim]], are Fonstad's extrapolations]]
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] faced the problem when she attempted to make a world-map of [[Arda]]. She found a solution by combining an early map for the ''LotR''<ref>{{TI|MI}}, p. 302</ref> and an early map for the Silmarillion,<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, "Second 'Silmarillion' Map" pp. 408-411</ref> both being prototypes for the published maps by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. She aligned [[Tol Fuin]] with [[Taur-nu-Fuin]] and [[Himling]] with [[Himring]] and filled the rest of the outline with some inspiration from the [[:File:Arda001.gif|only world-map]] by Tolkien.<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}</ref> She brought the coast near that of [[Belfalas]], continued the course of [[Gelion]] to the south-west, extended the south-western tip to emphasize the Bay of Balar, and assumed that area as forested, a continuation of [[Taur-im-Duinath]].<ref>[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', p.3</ref>

While the [[Iron Mountains]] do not appear in the canonical map, Fonstad drew them as a continuation to the imagined range of [[Iron Hills]]—[[Grey Mountains]]—[[Mountains of Angmar]].

[[Didier Willis]] made the same attempt, using also the [[Stephen Raw]] map from ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' which shows Himling and also indicates distances, like the second map of Beleriand.<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, pp. 182-185</ref> Willis' interpretation shows a slightly smaller Beleriand and the F.A. [[Bay of Balar]] closer to the T.A. [[Gulf of Lune]].<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines — « Lhúndirien » ou le recollage du Beleriand et de l'Eriador]</ref>

Willis also identified [[Dolmed]] on the early map of Beleriand, with a certain mountain on the UT map, proving that Dolmed still existed in the Third Age (being way too north from the Gulf to be destroyed); and criticized Fonstad and [[Robert Foster]] who suggested the opposite.<ref>[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'' p.34</ref><ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', entry ''Dolmed''</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Beleriand had many different names in Tolkien's early writings, as found in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'': '''Broseliand/Broceliand''', '''[[Golodhinand]]''', '''[[Noldórinan]]''', '''[[Geleriand]]''', '''[[Bladorinand]]''', '''Belaurien''', '''[[Arsiriand]]''', '''[[Lassiriand]]''', '''[[Ossiriand]]''' (the latter was later used as a name for another realm).

==Inspiration==
The early names ''Broceliand/Broseliand'' affirms that Tolkien was inspired by the legendary forest of ''[[Wikipedia:Brocéliande|Brocéliande]]''.

==See Also==
* [[:Category:Beleriand]]
* [[:Category:Images of Beleriand]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Beleriand| ]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]

[[de:Beleriand]]
[[fi:Beleriand]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:beleriand]]

Beleriand

2011-11-26T14:49:27Z

91.132.141.80: /* Location */

{{expansion}}
[[Image:John Howe - Beleriand and the North.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Map of Beleriand'' by [[John Howe]]]]
{{quote|Beleriand, Beleriand / borders of the faëry land.|[[Lay of Leithian]]}}
{{Pronounce|Beleriand.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Beleriand''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[beˈlerjand]}}) was the region of north-western [[Middle-earth]] during the [[First Age]]. Originally, the name belonged only to the area around the [[Bay of Balar]], but in time the name was applied to the entire land. The element ''Beler''/''Balar'' is believed to refer to the [[Maiar|Maia]] [[Ossë]], who often dwelt at the shores of Balar.

==Geography==
To the west and south it had a long shore with the Great Sea [[Belegaer]], to the north were the highland regions of [[Hithlum]], [[Dorthonion]] and the hills of [[Himring]], to the east the [[Ered Luin]] (Blue Mountains) reached nearly to the sea. The land of [[Nevrast]] in the north-west was sometimes considered part of Beleriand.

The River [[Sirion]], the chief river of Beleriand, running north to south, divided it into West Beleriand and East Beleriand. Crossing it east to west was a series of hills and a sudden drop in elevation known as Andram, the Long Wall. (The river sank into the ground at the ''Fens of Sirion'', and re-emerged below the Andram at the ''Gates of Sirion''.) To the east of the Long Wall, was the River [[Gelion]] and its six tributaries draining the Ered Luin, in an area known as [[Ossiriand]] or the Land of Seven Rivers. The River [[Brithon]] and the River [[Nenning]] were the two lesser rivers of the western land of [[Falas]].

In {{FA|583}}, Beleriand was mostly destroyed and submerged by the [[War of Wrath]] of the [[Valar]] against [[Morgoth]]. Only a small section of East Beleriand remained, and was known as [[Lindon]]. (There is however, some evidence{{fact}} that other parts of it still remained into the [[Second Age]] but were completely destroyed with the downfall of [[Númenor]].)

In addition, fulfilling a prophecy, the graves of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]] and [[Morwen]] survived as the island Tol Morwen. Likewise part of [[Dorthonion]] became Tol Fuin, and the [[Hill of Himring]] became the island of Himling. All of these together were known as the Western Isles.

Regions and kingdoms of Beleriand:
* [[Arvernien]]
* [[Forest of Brethil]]
* [[Dimbar]]
* [[Doriath]]
* [[Estolad]]
* [[Falas]]
* [[Himlad]]
* [[Nan-tathren]] (Land of Willows)
* [[Talath Dirnen]] (Guarded Plain)
* [[Taur-en-Faroth]] (Forest of the Hunters)
* [[Taur-im-Duinath]]
* [[Thargelion]]
* [[Ossiriand]] or [[Lindon]]

Cities of Beleriand:
* [[Belegost]]
* [[Brithombar]]
* [[Eglarest]]
* [[Gondolin]]
* [[Himring]]
* [[Menegroth]]
* [[Nargothrond]]
* [[Nogrod]]
* [[Vinyamar]]

==Etymology==
Beleriand translates to "The Country of [[Ossë|Balar]]" with the ending ''[[-ian|-ian(d)]]'' for places and countries. The [[OS]] form could have been *''Balariande'' (''a'' [[i-affection|slid]] to ''e'' because of the following ''i'').

In the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', there is also the [[Quenya]] name "'''Valariandë'''".

==Location==
The [[Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North|map of Beleriand as has been published in the ''Silmarillion'']], shows only a portion of the region, with no common points to the better-known [[Third Age]] [[Westlands]] maps of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''; the only common references were the [[Blue Mountains]], and the information that [[Lindon]] is a part of former Ossiriand.
[[File:Beleriand-eriador-fonstad.png|thumb|How Fonstad envisioned Beleriand relative to [[Lindon]]/[[Eriador]]. The rectangle marks the region shown in the ''Silmarillion'' map (canon); the rest, including the [[Thangorodrim]], are Fonstad's extrapolations]]
[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] faced the problem when she attempted to make a world-map of [[Arda]]. She found a solution by combining an early map for the ''LotR''<ref>{{TI|MI}}, p. 302</ref> and an early map for the Silmarillion,<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, "Second 'Silmarillion' Map" pp. 408-411</ref> both being prototypes for the published maps by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. She aligned [[Tol Fuin]] with [[Taur-nu-Fuin]] and [[Himling]] with [[Himring]] and filled the rest of the outline with some inspiration from the [[:File:Arda001.gif|only world-map]] by Tolkien.<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}</ref> She brought the coast near that of [[Belfalas]], continued the course of [[Gelion]] to the south-west, extended the south-western tip to emphasize the Bay of Balar, and assumed that area as forested, a continuation of [[Taur-im-Duinath]].<ref>[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', p.3</ref>

While the [[Iron Mountains]] do not appear in the canonical map, Fonstad drew them as a continuation to the imagined range of [[Iron Hills]]-[[Grey Mountains]]-[[Mountains of Angmar]].

[[Didier Willis]] made the same attempt, using also the [[Stephen Raw]] map from ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' which shows Himling and also indicates distances, like the second map of Beleriand.<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, pp. 182-185</ref> Willis' interpretation shows a slightly smaller Beleriand and the F.A. [[Bay of Balar]] closer to the T.A. [[Gulf of Lune]].<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines — « Lhúndirien » ou le recollage du Beleriand et de l'Eriador]</ref>

Willis also identified [[Dolmed]] on the early map of Beleriand, with a certain mountain on the UT map, proving that Dolmed still existed in the Third Age (being way too north from the Gulf to be destroyed); and criticized Fonstad and [[Robert Foster]] who suggested the opposite.<ref>[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'' p.34</ref><ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', entry ''Dolmed''</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Beleriand had many different names in Tolkien's early writings, as found in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'': '''Broseliand/Broceliand''', '''[[Golodhinand]]''', '''[[Noldórinan]]''', '''[[Geleriand]]''', '''[[Bladorinand]]''', '''Belaurien''', '''[[Arsiriand]]''', '''[[Lassiriand]]''', '''[[Ossiriand]]''' (the latter was later used as a name for another realm).

==Inspiration==
The early names ''Broceliand/Broseliand'' affirms that Tolkien was inspired by the legendary forest of ''[[Wikipedia:Brocéliande|Brocéliande]]''.

==See Also==
* [[:Category:Beleriand]]
* [[:Category:Images of Beleriand]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Beleriand| ]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]

[[de:Beleriand]]
[[fi:Beleriand]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:beleriand]]

Dorwinion

2011-11-26T11:51:16Z

91.132.141.80: /* Other versions */

{{location
| image=
| name=Dorwinion
| othernames=
| etymology=See below
| type=Region
| location=On the northwest side of the Sea of Rhûn
| inhabitants=possibly [[Elves]]
| realms=
| description=A land of vineyards
| events=
| references=
|}}

{{Pronounce|Dorwinion.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{Pronounce|Dorwinion2.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Dorwinion''' or '''Dor-Winion''' was a land which lay on the northwestern shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. In Dorwinion was made a heady wine, which was strong enough to let even [[Elves]] get drunk and fall asleep.

Nothing is known about the realm or its inhabitants, were they Elves or Men. Dorwinion may have been the only [[Avari]] realm close to the [[Westlands]] of [[Middle-earth]]. It was already well established while the [[Atanatári]] were still young.

Dorwinion is mentioned as the place where the special wine of the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] comes from, and the crates are returned by way of the [[Forest River]] to [[Lake-town]] on [[Long Lake]].<ref>{{H|9}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name is [[Sindarin]] meaning "Young-land country" (or "Land of Gwinion") from ''[[dor]]'' and ''[[gwain]]'' plus the geographical ending ''[[-iond]]''.<ref>{{HM|HH}}</ref><ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, p. 54</ref>

It has been suggested by [[Tolkienist]]s that the name may not have been Sindarin at all, but come from an [[Avari]] or [[Nandorin]] tongue. The element ''-Winion'' was understood as apparently meaning "wine", without any probable origin in any known etymology<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=36 Dorwinion, pays de cépages]</ref>; thus pointing to an obscure (like Avarin) origin. However, [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] clearly stated that the name was Sindarin, being a "testimony to the spread of Sindarin".<ref name=PE17/>

==Other versions==
''Dor'''v'''inion'' or ''Dor-Winion'' is mentioned by in the ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''; its wine was famous among the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] and [[Menegroth]]. It is said there to lie in the "Burning south" (of [[Beleriand]])<ref>{{LB|1b}} lines 223, 425</ref>, which might suggest it was a different "Dorwinion", or may just have referred to the fact it came from the more southern lands of [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]] by way of the [[Dwarf-road of Beleriand]].

While writing the [[Quenta Silmarillion]], Tolkien once mentioned Dorwinion as a location of [[Tol Eressea]]<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 338</ref>. Tolkien reused the name and the wines in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', establishing thus that it is somewhere in or near the [[Wilderland]].

The canonical location was decided at random by [[Pauline Baynes]] while drawing [[A Map of Middle-earth]]. Tolkien was surprised but agreed.<ref>{{LB|Hurin}}</ref>

{{references}}

[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]

[[de:Dorwinion]]
[[fi:Dorwinion]]

War of the Ring

2011-11-26T11:42:52Z

91.132.141.80: /* Prelude */

{{disambig-more|War of the Ring|[[War of the Ring (disambiguation)]]}}{{sources}}
{{expansion}}
{{wotr}}
{{War
| previous= [[Corsair Wars]]
| next=Unknown
| name=War of the Ring
| image=[[Image:Third Age.gif|250px]]
| begin={{TA|3018}} (earlier fighting in Gondor)
| end={{TA|3019}}
|place=Northwestern [[Middle-earth]]
|result=Free Peoples' victory; destruction of [[the One Ring]], [[Sauron]] and [[Mordor]]; start of the [[Fourth Age]]; [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] reunited under restoration of the [[King of Gondor]]
| battles=[[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath]], [[Battles of the Fords of Isen]], [[Battle of Isengard]], [[Battle of the Hornburg]], [[Faramir's defense of Osgiliath]], [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], [[Battle of the Morannon]], [[Battle Under Trees]], [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], [[Battle of Dale]], [[Battle of Bywater]]
|side1='''Free Peoples of Middle-earth:''' [[Gondor]], [[Rohan]], [[Dale]], [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], [[Erebor]], [[The Shire]], [[Lothlórien]], [[Woodland Realm]]
|side2='''Under [[Sauron]]:''' [[Mordor]], [[Rhûn]], [[Harad]], [[Haven of Umbar]], and [[Khand]] '''Under [[Saruman]]:''' [[Isengard]] and [[Dunland]]
|commanders1=
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Aragorn]]{{clear}}
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.png|45px|left]] [[Denethor II|Denethor]] †{{clear}}
* [[Gandalf]] † (but resurrected)
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Rohan.png|45px|left]] [[Théoden]] †{{clear}}
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Rohan.png|45px|left]] [[Éomer]]{{clear}}
[[Image:ME-DolAmroth.png|45px|left]] [[Imrahil]]{{clear}}
* [[Dáin Ironfoot]] †
* [[Brand]] †
* [[Thranduil]]
* [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]]
|commanders2=
{{Sauron blazon|died}}{{clear}}
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Saruman.png|45px|left]] [[Saruman]] †{{clear}}
* [[Witch-king|The Witch-king of Angmar]] †
|}}
{{quote|So we come to it in the end, [...] the great battle of our time, in which many things shall pass away.|[[Théoden]]<ref>{{RK|Muster}}</ref>}}

The '''War of the Ring''' was the great conflict at the end of the [[Third Age]], named for [[the One Ring]] and the importance this had in the final outcome. The war was fought between [[Sauron]] the [[Dark Lord]] of Mordor who wished to conquer [[Middle-earth]] as he nearly did in the [[Second Age]], and the [[Free peoples]], being a loose alliance of [[Elves]] and [[Men]] led by the Wise. [[Saruman]] was a third power based in [[Orthanc]].

Sauron at all times held the military advantage in the War, due to his overwhelming forces; not only [[Orcs]] and [[Trolls]], but [[Men of Harad]] and the [[East]]. His main immediate object was the overthrow of [[Gondor]], his near neighbour and the strongest of his enemies. He had such forces at his command, though, that he was able to fight the war on many fronts, simultaneously attacking [[Dale]], [[Erebor]] and the [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] in the far north, and [[Lothlórien]] from his secondary stronghold at [[Dol Guldur]]. There can be no doubt that, had the Wise not achieved possession of the Ring, Sauron would ultimately have been victorious.

The policy of the Wise was based around the [[Quest of Mount Doom]]: a company of nine under the leadership of [[Gandalf]] travelled from [[Rivendell]] with the One Ring, with the hope of taking it to [[Orodruin]] in [[Mordor]] and there destroying it. Because the Ring held much of Sauron's native power, they realised that in unmaking it, they would also defeat its creator.

Saruman had claimed alliance with both the Wise and the Dark Lord, but was ultimately fighting for his own ends. In alliance with the [[Dunlendings]], and having [[Orcs]] at his own command, his objective was the defeat of [[Rohan]]. Until late in the War, he held the advantage, defeating Rohan twice at the [[Battles of the Fords of Isen]].

==History==
=== Prelude ===
Sauron had been defeated in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], but because of Isildur's refusal to destroy [[the One Ring]], he was not entirely vanquished. He survived in spirit form, and the foundations of Barad-dûr were also not destroyed. Sauron's spirit wandered the wastelands of Middle-earth for over 1000 years, but eventually he rebuilt his power and became a threat once again. Around {{TA|1000}}, the [[Valar]] sent [[Maiar]] [[Wizards|emissaries]] to [[Middle-earth]] to help the [[Free peoples]] against Sauron, however Sauron succeeded in destroying the Kingdom of [[Arnor]], ending the line of the [[Kings of Gondor]], and weakening the kingdom.

In the meantime, Sauron's One Ring was found by two of the [[Stoors]] in the [[Gladden River]]. The person who got it, under its influence, was corrupted as [[Gollum]] and eventually retreated in the [[Goblin-town]] under the [[Misty Mountains]].
[[File:John Howe - Alert the Folk.jpg|thumb|Smaug attacking Esgaroth]]
Years before the War, while Sauron was known as the "[[Necromancer]]" and abode in [[Dol Guldur]], [[Gandalf]] was concerned about the weak state of the North. [[Smaug]] the [[Dragons|Dragon]] had destroyed both the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] and the town of [[Dale]]. About [[Erebor]] was desolation which Sauron might use to regain the northern passes in the mountains and the old lands of [[Angmar]]. Gandalf, seeing no hope in [[Thorin]]'s plans of battle and war against Smaug, persuaded him that he should go secretly to Erebor to reclaim its treasure, and to take with him [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[The Shire|the Shire]].<ref>{{UT|Quest}}</ref>. Smaug was killed by [[Bard]] with information obtained by Bilbo Baggins, Erebor was retaken, and most importantly, the kingdoms of Erebor and Dale were re-established. In a small incident along the way, [[the One Ring]] was lost by [[Gollum]] and wound up in Bilbo's hands.<ref>{{H|Riddles}}</ref>

During the Quest for Erebor, the [[White Council]] attacked Dol Guldur and the Necromancer withdrew. However, Sauron returned to his old abode in [[Mordor]] to reconstruct [[Barad-dûr]] and ten years after the fall of Smaug he sent three [[Nazgûl]] to reoccupy Dol Guldur. The [[White Council]] met for a last time in {{TA|2953}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

A year before the war, while Gollum was looking for his ring, he was taken to Mordor and interrogated by Sauron, who learned that the One Ring was in the possession of a "[[Baggins]]" in a place called "[[the Shire]]". However Sauron was led into thinking that the Shire was on the banks of the Gladden River.<ref name="hunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> Gollum was then set free, but caught by [[Aragorn]], who placed him in the care of the [[Silvan Elves]] and held him in [[Mirkwood]].

A messenger from Mordor visited King [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II]] and asked information on Bilbo and the Ring. Meanwhile, Gandalf reading the [[Scroll of Isildur]] in [[Minas Tirith]], also realized that Bilbo's Ring was the One Ring.<ref name="council">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

Around the time the War begun, it is said that the [[Ithryn Luin]] had gained influence in the [[East]] and, thanks to their efforts, Sauron could not manage to gather as much people in his side.<ref>{{PM|Last}}</ref>

===First conflicts===
[[File:Donato Giancola - Faramir at Osgiliath.jpg|thumb|left|Battle in Osgiliath]]
Sauron decided to test [[Denethor II]]'s strength and made an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack]] on [[Osgiliath]] on [[20 June|June 20]] of {{TA|3018}} which was the beginning of the War. It was also an opportunity of Sauron to make the appearance of the Nazgûl seem to be only part of his war policy against Gondor, in order to conceal from the Wise their true mission to hunt for the One Ring.<ref name="hunt"/> [[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]] managed to defend and destroy the Bridge in order to deny the enemy access to the western side of the river.

After the assault and under the leadership of the Witch-king, Sauron sent the Nine unclothed and invisible to search for the Ring .

About the same time the [[Elves]] of [[Mirkwood]] were attacked and during the fray, the captive [[Gollum]] escaped and would not be found nor by the Elves nor by Sauron's servants.

The following months, Boromir would seek counsel in [[Rivendell]] while Faramir led several [[Rangers of Ithilien|Ranger]] attacks deep into Mordor-occupied Ithilien, ambushing enemy armies moving to the Black Gate.
[[File:Kerem Beyit - Searching for the ring.jpg|thumb|Searching for the Ring]]
The Ringwraith [[Khamûl]] was unable to find the "[[the Shire|Shire]]" in the vales of [[Anduin]]. The [[Witch-king]] searched north and west for Gollum or the Shire. But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the [[Wise]] did not yet have possession of the Ring yet, as he feared. [[Black Riders]] arrived to [[Isengard]] around [[18 September|September 18]], but Gandalf had escaped. Traitor Saruman fortified himself in Isengard and convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.<ref name="hunt"/>

There, they questioned [[Wormtongue]], who, terrified, answered that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them. The riders were divided into four pairs, and the Witch-King went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]]. Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found charts and maps of the Shire. They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.<ref name="hunt"/>

In [[22 September|September 22]] they came to [[Sarn Ford]]. Although the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] were guarding the crossing, their chieftain [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] was away and the Riders captured the ford, killing many of the Rangers. The Witch-king sent Khamûl and three Riders into the Shire while he went east with the others and then returned to watch the [[Greenway]].<ref name="AB">{{App|B3}}</ref> A Rider came to Hobbiton at nightfall, but failed to capture [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] who departed that same day.<ref name="hunt"/>

Saruman, caught now between both sides as a known traitor to both, implemented a strategy of attacking Rohan, endeavoring to kill the King's son [[Théodred]], sending spies to waylay Frodo Baggins on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. During the fall of that year, some [[Ruffians]] were sent to the Shire to gain control of the region, collecting the crops and suppressing any dissent.
[[Image:Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring - The Council of Elrond.jpg|thumb|left|The Council of Elrond, a pivotal phase of the War.]]
In October, Frodo came to [[Rivendell]] and during his arrival, the Black Riders were temporarily neutralized and the Ringwraiths were forced to return to Mordor to regroup. Some days later, the [[Council of Elrond]] was called, where it was decided that the only way to be free of Sauron and the Ring was to cast the Ring into the [[Crack of Doom]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Frodo surprised everyone, including himself, by declaring that he would take the Ring<ref name="council"/>. The [[Fellowship_of_the_Ring|team]] who would travel to Mordor departed Rivendell in December.<ref name="AB"/>

===Saruman's Part in the War===
[[File:1st Battle of Isen.jpg|thumb|The aftermath at Isen]]
Months later, Saruman entered the War, his main aim being to get rid of [[Théodred]] and [[Éomer]] and have full control of [[Théoden]]. On [[25 February|February 25]], {{TA|3019}}, he sent his forces to attack [[Rohan]]'s army (commanded by [[Théodred]] and [[Grimbold]]) at the [[Isen]]. [[Dunlendings]], [[Wolfriders]] and [[Uruks]] clashed against the [[Rohirrim]] in the '''[[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]]''' with orders to slay Théodred at any cost. [[Elfhelm]] arrived only to avenge Théodred's killer and take the dying Prince away from the battle.<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref>
[[File:Matt Stewart - The horn of Boromir.jpg|thumb|left|Boromir attempts to protect the hobbits from Saruman's Uruk-hai]]
The [[26 February|next day]] while the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Company of the Ring]] was in the [[Emyn Muil]] thinking whether to take the Ring to Minas Tirith or go directly to Mordor, Orcs from Isengard attempted to capture the Ring-bearer; but instead they took Merry and Pippin as prisoners.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> Éomer hearing of the descent of the Orcband set out from [[Eastfold]] against Théoden's orders and overtook them outside Fangorn Forest, unknowingly setting the hobbits free.<ref name="AB"/><ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

Having heard the news about Théodred's death, [[Erkenbrand]], who became the commander of Rohan's western armies, gathered the forces of Grimbold and Elfhelm to assault Isen once more in the '''[[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]]''' ([[2 March|March 2]]). Though they had a force of about 2000 men and had constructed a shield wall to hold off the enemy, Saruman's forces overcame them and scattered the retreating Rohirrim across Rohan.<ref name="Isen"/><ref name="Deep">{{TT|Deep}}</ref>

Saruman's victory would not last; he did not know that on the very same day, Gandalf had healed Théoden from [[Wormtongue]]'s influence. In the meantime, the [[Ents]] after ending their long [[Entmoot]], decide to go to [[Isengard]] and battle Saruman.<ref name="AB"/>
[[File:Alan Lee - The Battle at Helm's Deep.JPG|thumb|right|Battle at the Helm's Deep]]
The next day ([[3 March|March 3]]) seeking to take the fight away from his people, Théoden brought around a thousand horsemen to the [[Fords of Isen]] along with any others in [[Edoras]]. Among this force were [[Éomer]], [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]. On their way they found [[Ceorl]] who reported a defeat to the Fords; Théoden then redirected his troops to [[Helm's Deep]], which was commanded by [[Gamling]] in his lord Erkenbrand's absence. Against overwhelming odds, they fought the '''[[Battle of the Hornburg]]''' for two days against [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Dunlendings]], until the [[Deeping Wall]] was breached and all seemed lost. The surviving horsemen rode out to meet the hordes of Isengard.<ref name="Deep"/>
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|left|The Wrath of the Ents]]
At that moment, [[Gandalf]] returned, bringing with him Erkenbrand and many other soldiers from [[Westfold]]. They attacked the army from the rear, driving the attackers back into a forest of [[Huorns]]. Saruman was attacked by a march of [[Ents]] in the '''[[Battle of Isengard]]''' who drowned all the valley.<ref name="Flotsam">{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>

After the defeat of Saruman, Pippin looked in the [[Orthanc-stone]] and saw the [[Eye of Sauron]]; Gandalf believed that seeing the Hobbit, Sauron would imagine that the [[Ring-bearer]] was caught by Saruman's Orcs and that they could make good use of the delay caused by this confusion.<ref name="Pal">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> The protagonists of the War separated, anticipating Sauron's attack on Minas Tirith. Gandalf set out for Minas Tirith taking Pippin since he would not be safe. Théoden set out from the Hornburg for [[Harrowdale]] while Aragorn set out with the [[Grey Company]] to [[Dunharrow]] and took the [[Paths of the Dead]]. Théoden would come to Dunharrow.

===Sauron Strikes===
On [[10 March|March 10]] fumes from Mordor veiled the [[Sun]] in an attempt by Sauron to disparage or misguide his enemies. The veil blacked out most of Gondor and Rohan who observed that day as [[The Dawnless Day]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|The Nazgûl set off]]
Along with the Darkness, a host from [[Minas Morgul]] set forth toward Minas Tirith, as witnessed by Frodo, Sam and Gollum who passed the Cross-roads. Later Orcs from the [[Morannon]] took [[Cair Andros]] and passed into [[Anórien]].

The Rohirrim mustered their Riders and rode from Harrowdale, while Aragorn led the [[Dead Men]] and the Grey Company, across the river [[Ringló]].

While preparing against Gondor, Sauron also begun campaigns to conquer [[Wilderland]], activating his armies stationed in [[Dol Guldur]] and eastern allies. This would bring the eastern half of Middle-earth entirely into his dominion.

On [[11 March|March 11]] Orcs from Dol Guldur attacked [[Lórien]] and Eastern Rohan. [[12 March|The next day]] the invaders of Rohan are utterly defeated by Ents.

In Gondor, [[Denethor II]] sent Faramir to Osgiliath to [[Faramir's defense of Osgiliath|intercept the Morgul-host]] and [[13 March|two days later]] he retreated to the [[Causeway Forts]]; but [[14 March|the next day]] he was wounded seriously while [[Pelennor]] was overrun. The [[Siege of Minas Tirith]] began.

===The climax of the War===
On [[15 March|March 15]] three simultaneous battles occurred.

In [[Rhovanion]], an army was sent to destroy the realm of [[Thranduil]] and a second assault against Lorien was made. After a long battle under the trees, and great ruin of fire<ref>{{HM|AB}}</ref> the Orcs were defeated on both fronts on the same day.
[[File:Luca Michelucci - 1999 - March.jpg|left|thumb|The Black Ships]]
Aragorn, after enlisting the help of [[Army of the Dead]], and other Rangers of the North, Gimli, Legolas, [[Elladan]], [[Elrohir]] and many reinforcements from southern fiefdoms of Gondor, attacked the Corsair fleet at Umbar, an [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|assault]] he had also carried out decades earlier.

In Gondor, after the enemy passed Osgiliath, [[Pelennor]] outside Minas Tirith was overrun, despite the armies that gathered from southern Gondor already in the days before the battle. The '''[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]''' erupted until the Witch-king broke the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith]] with [[Grond]], when the Rohirrim reached [[Rammas Echor]] and joined the battle.

[[File:Anke Eissmann - The Black Serpent founders.jpg|thumb|Haradrim fight the Rohirrim in the Battle of the Pelennor]]
The combined army of Orcs, [[Haradrim]], [[Men of Rhûn]] and [[Men of Khand]], outnumbered them at least 10 to 1, but lost almost a third of their own forces. In the process King Theoden was killed, and the Witch-King was destroyed by Theoden's niece, Lady [[Éowyn]] of Rohan. When all seemed lost, a fleet of enemy ships with black sails arrived at the landings to the south of the Pelennor in the Rammas, but it was actually manned by Aragorn. As his army drove north a great part of Mordor's forces were pinned between Aragorn and Eomer's cavalry, and were "caught between the hammer and the anvil".

[[File:Jan Pospisil - Dale units vs. Rhun.jpg|thumb|left|The battle of Dale]]
Meanwhile in the North, [[Easterlings]] crossed the [[Carnen]], and King [[Brand]] was driven back to [[Dale]]. He gathered there with the [[Dwarves of Erebor]], and engaged in the '''[[Battle of Dale]]''' against the Orcs at the feet of the [[Lonely Mountain]] for three days until ([[17 March|March 17]]) he fell alongside King [[Dáin Ironfoot]]. Many Dwarves and Men took refuge in [[Erebor]] and were besieged by the Easterlings. However news from the defeat at the Pelennor reached the Easterlings who begun to fail.

===The end of Sauron===
The [[18 March|next day]] it was understood that the army vanquished in the Battle of the Pelennor was only a fraction of Sauron's forces, and eventually Minas Tirith would not manage to withstand forever. The [[Host of the West]] marched from Minas Tirith to confront Sauron. During that course, Lórien was attacked for a third and last time by Orcs ([[22 March|March 22]]). After much destruction, the Elves repulsed them once again.

The Host of the West would meet Sauron's forces outside the gates of Mordor [[25 March|seven days later]], hoping to divert their attention away from the [[Ring-bearer]], who was nearing the end of his mission.

[[File:Rotk2196.jpg|thumb|left|Fell beasts fly over the Battle of the Morannon]]
During the course of the '''[[Battle of the Morannon]]''' against [[Troll]]s, Orcs and Men, the eight remaining Nazgûl attacked the army of the West. The [[Eagles]] of the [[Misty Mountains]], led by [[Gwaihir]] arrived and attacked the Ringwraiths. When all hope seemed lost, Frodo failed his mission: he claimed the One Ring for himself, and Sauron was suddenly aware that Frodo had the ring and was standing on the [[Crack of Doom]]. Realizing that his enemies meant to destroy his ring, Sauron immediately sent the Nazgûl away from the battle to Mount Doom to intercept Frodo. However, the One Ring was destroyed before they arrived. The hosts of Mordor, suddenly without direction, hesitated until Sauron's power was overthrown.

The Nazgûl were all destroyed as they flew over Mount Doom just as it underwent a gigantic eruption. [[Barad-dûr]], the [[Black Gate]], and the [[Towers of the Teeth]] collapsed to ruin. The Orcs and other creatures of Sauron were completely directionless with the Dark Lord's demise and were easily decimated by the army of the West and the Easterlings eventually threw down their weapons and surrendered. <Ref name="Doom">{{RK|Doom}}</ref>

[[27 March|Two days later]], [[Bard II]] and [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III]] Stonehelm drive the enemy from Dale.<ref name="AB"/>

[[File:Galadriel dol guldur bfmeII.JPG|thumb|right|The fall of Dol Guldur]]
On [[28 March|March 28]] with [[Celeborn]] at their head, Elves crossed the Anduin in many boats and stormed Dol Guldur. Galadriel came after them in the '''[[Fall of Dol Guldur]]''', throwing down the walls of the fortress and laying bare its pits, so that the forest was cleansed. Thranduil cleared all the orcs and foul beings from North Mirkwood.<ref name="AB"/>

===The Scouring of the Shire===
The War did not end with the defeat of Sauron, for Saruman fled northward after the capture of Orthanc, and established himself in the Shire, bending the Hobbits to his will by threat of violence and the persuasive power of his voice. The return of Frodo Baggins and his companions from the coronation of King Elessar and the reunification of Gondor and Arnor, led to their arrest by the [[Shire-hobbits]] but they talked their way out.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}</ref>

A small group of [[Ruffians]] was encountered, and Pippin declared the return of the King to them, and the message that emissaries were on their way. When he was scoffed, he declared himself the emissary, as he was not released from Elessar's service yet. The group was routed, but managed to get a message to a bigger contigent in [[Waymeet]].<ref name="Scouring">{{RK|Scouring}}</ref> 20 Men marched from [[Hobbiton]] towards [[Bywater]], and 200 Bucklanders and [[Cottons]] answered the call of Captain Merry's horn.
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Storming the Bank.jpg|left|thumb|The Battle of Bywater]]
The Men walked up [[Bywater Road]], to the point where [[Tolman Cotton Senior|Farmer Cotton]] was standing and found themselves heavily outnumbered. Their leader fell by arrows as he tried to strike at Merry. The rest surrendered. Pippin had set up a rebellion in [[Tookland]], and returned with one hundred Tooks when the larger group of Men from Waymeet arrived the following day and walked straight into a defensive pocket set up by Merry. Merry and Pippin charged from the eastern bank, and Merry killed the leader.<ref name="Scouring"/> Nearly seventy Men were killed and twelve were taken prisoner, while nineteen Hobbits died and about 30 were wounded.

After their victory the Hobbits marched on to [[Bag End]], where they found [[Sharkey]]. It was not [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins|Lotho]] as had been thought, but rather [[Saruman]] who revealed that his servant [[Gríma Wormtongue|Gríma]] killed Lotho. Gríma cut Saruman's throat in a rage for years of oppression and abuse, but was himself shot by Hobbit archers. As the spirit of Saruman rose from its bodily form, it was blown away by a wind from the West; [[Manwë]] did not want him back.<ref name="Scouring"/>

This battle is considered to mark the end of the War.

== Aftermath ==
{{quote|You were born at the end of a great age, [[Elanor Gamgee|Elanorellë]]|[[Samwise Gamgee]], ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', [[The Epilogue]]}}
{{main|Fourth Age}}
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The White Sapling.jpg|thumb|[[Darrell Sweet]] - Aragorn finds the White Sapling, signifying a new era]]
The consequences of the War were "apocalyptical" for the [[Westlands]] of [[Middle-earth]]. The ''status quo'' of many entities were restored, or even radically changed after centuries. Not only the millennia of Sauron's dominion were permanently brought to an end, but the relationships of peoples and races were redefined. It is also notable that during the War many personalities died (Denethor, Theoden, Brand, Dain), and brought their descendants into the aftermath.

The major effect of the war however was that with the destruction of the One Ring, the [[Three Rings]] that had maintained the realms of the Elves in Middle-earth lost their power, and the Elves began to leave for the [[Undying Lands]]; significant Elves who marked the history of the Westlands for millennia, like Galadriel and Elrond departed, setting stage for the [[Dominion of Men]].
===Political===
[[File:Brothers Hildebrandt - Return of the King.jpg|thumb|left|[[Brothers Hildebrandt]] - The Return of the King]]
The downfall of Sauron brought the restoration of the long-awaited line of [[Kings of Gondor]], the restoration of [[Arnor]] and simultaneously the [[Reunited Kingdom|reunification]] of the two kingdoms; after of centuries of nomadic wandering the [[Rangers of the North]] had again a kingdom and the Gondorians had a king. This King was Aragorn II a descendant both of [[Isildur]] and [[Anarion]]; furthermore, his marriage with [[Arwen]] reunited the lines of [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]] since the [[First Age]].

Other political repercussions were the strengthening of the relationships between the Kingdom and [[Rohan]], new relationships with the [[Ents]] (who now occupied [[Treegarth]], former [[Isengard]]), the [[Woses]] and the [[Hobbits]], now known as free peoples. On the [[Elven New Year]], Celeborn and Thranduil renamed Mirkwood as [[Eryn Lasgalen]] and Celeborn took the southern part below [[the Narrows]], naming it East Lórien. The wide forest inbetween was given to the [[Beornings]] and the [[Woodmen]].

===Calendrical impact===
All the above events made historians to mark the years following the War as the end of the [[Third Age]].

Another calendric change was the [[New Reckoning]] which replaced the [[Stewards' Reckoning]], and the introduction of ''[[Cormarë]]'', a holiday on [[25 March|March 25]] that commemorated the fall of Sauron.<ref>{{App|D2}}</ref>

==Combatants==
[[Image:Darrell Sweet - The Fleet of Harad.jpg|thumb|''The Fleet of Harad'' by Darrell Sweet]]
===Sauron and his Allies===

*[[Mordor]]
**[[Sauron]] †
**[[Mouth of Sauron]]
**[[Nazgûl]] †
*[[Orthanc]]
**[[Saruman]] †
**[[Gríma Wormtongue]] †
*[[Harad]]
**[[Black Serpent]] †
*[[Rhûn]]
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]

===Free Peoples===

*[[Gondor]]
**[[Dol Amroth]]
***[[Imrahil]]
**[[Lebennin]]
**[[Lossarnach]]
***[[Forlong]] the Fat †
**[[Ringló Vale]]
***[[Dervorin]] †
**[[Morthond]]
***[[Duinhir]]
***[[Duilin (son of Duinhir)|Duilin]] †
***[[Derufin]] †
**[[Anfalas]]
***[[Golasgil]]
**[[Lamedon]]
***[[Angbor|Angbor the Fearless]]
**Shipmen of [[Ethir Anduin]]
**[[Pinnath Gelin]]
***[[Hirluin]] the Fair †
**[[White Mountains]]
***[[Dead Men]]
**[[Minas Tirith]]
***[[Denethor II]] †
***[[Boromir]] †
***[[Faramir]]
***[[Húrin (Warden of the Keys)|Húrin the Tall]]
*[[Rohan]]
**[[Théoden]] †
**[[Théodred]] †
**[[Éomer]]
**[[Éowyn]]
**[[Erkenbrand]]
**[[Elfhelm]]
**[[Grimbold]] †
*[[Mirkwood]]
**[[Thranduil]]
**[[Legolas]]
*[[Lothlórien]]
**[[Celeborn]]
**[[Galadriel]]
*[[The Shire]] and [[Bree-land]]
**[[Hobbiton]]
***[[Frodo Baggins]]
***[[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Tookland]]
***[[Peregrin Took]]
**[[Buckland]] and [[Bree]]
***[[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]
***[[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]
*[[Fangorn Forest]]
**[[Treebeard]]
**[[Quickbeam]]
*[[Istari]]
**[[Gandalf]]
*[[Erebor]] and the Lands of the North
**The [[Lonely Mountain]]
***[[Gimli]]
***[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] †
***[[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]]
**The [[Kingdom of Dale]]
***[[Brand]] †
***[[Bard II]]
** Possibly the [[Iron Hills]]

==Non-combatants==

*[[Elvendom]]
**[[Rivendell]]
***[[Elrond]]
***[[Glorfindel]]
**[[Grey Havens]]
***[[Círdan]]
***[[Galdor of the Havens]]
*[[Istari]]
**[[Radagast]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the Third Age]]
[[Category:Wars]]
[[fr:encyclo/evenements/3a/guerres/guerre_de_l_anneau]]

Last Bridge

2011-11-26T00:49:59Z

91.132.141.80: remove constructed name

[[Image:The Last Bride.jpg|thumb|''The Last Bridge'' in [[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game|MECCG]]. Note that this depiction only shows one of three arches.]]
The '''Last Bridge''' was the “ancient stone bridge”<ref name="H30">[[The Hobbit]], Chapter 2: “[[Roast Mutton]]”, page 30 obliquely describes the [[Last Bridge]].</ref> that carried the [[East-West Road]] over the River [[Hoarwell]] (''[[Mitheithel]]''), about a hundred miles east of [[Weathertop]]. Its three arches{{fact}} crossed the wide river at the bottom of a “deep valley”<ref name="H30"/>, and to the east the land rose again into the wooded hills of the [[Trollshaws]], in which [[Bilbo Baggins]] and his companions encountered an unfriendly trio of trolls.

No record of its builders survives, but it was most likely constructed by the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]], or perhaps of the later kingdom of [[Rhudaur]], in which it lay. There was no other means of crossing the river for hundreds of miles to the north, and so the Bridge had great strategic value. In the [[War of the Ring]], three [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] attempted to hold it against [[Aragorn]] and the [[Hobbits]] on their journey to [[Rivendell]]. Their plan was foiled by [[Glorfindel]], who drove them away and left his token, a green beryl, on the Bridge.

{{references}}

[[category:Bridges]]

Pre-Númenóreans

2011-11-23T15:13:22Z

91.132.141.80:

'''Pre-Númenóreans''' are the descendants of the [[Edain]] who joined the migration to the West; their relatives who reached [[Beleriand]] became the [[Haladin]] while they stayed in regions of [[Middle-earth]] that would be later settled by the [[Númenóreans]] (hence the name).

==First Age==
Their ancestors moved from [[Hildórien]] to the [[West]]. During their migration they joined the [[Woses|Drúedain]] near the [[White Mountains]] and stayed with them on friendly terms.

When the core of their team was pressed to wander on, some Drúedain accompanied them northwards<ref>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref>, passing through the [[Gap of Calenardhon]]. Many stayed behind because of the dense forest covering the [[Minhiriath]] and the western half of [[Enedwaith]] between the [[Greyflood]] and the [[Isen]] and became herd-tenders. Their descendants were peoples in the forests of the shore-lands south of the [[Blue Mountains]], especially in Minhiriath<ref name="DM">{{PM|X}}</ref>

Their kin of the White Mountains apparently were later driven off (from the most part) by [[Men of Darkness]] during the [[Dark Years]], removed to the southern dales of the [[Misty Mountains]] and thence some passed into the empty lands until the [[Barrow-downs]], from whom came the [[Men of Bree]].<ref>{{App|F1}}</ref>

At the end of the [[First Age]] they had spread from [[Haven of Umbar|Umbar]] through the White Mountains to [[Methedras]] and [[Dunland]], across [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] and as far North as [[Cardolan]] (up to the line from [[Sarn Ford]] to the junction of [[Gwathló]] and [[Mitheithel]].
==Second Age==
The pre-Númenóreans in the White Mountains (between future [[Pelargir]] and the [[Gulf of Lune]] had refused to join in the rebellion against the Valar<ref name="DM"/> and were frequently terrorized and subjected by scattered fugitives from [[Angband]] who apparently took in larger numbers to the hills of [[Rhudaur]] and the Mountains of [[Angmar]]. They were forest-dwellers, scattered communities without central leadership.<ref name="GC"/>

In future [[Gondor]] they dwelt far from the coasts and the shores of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] were still mainly desolate except perhaps for [[Agar]]<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> and [[Edhellond]], a small settlement of Elves at the mouth of the confluence of [[Morthond]] and [[Ringló]]<ref name="DM"/> built near a primitive harbour of Pre-Númenórean fisherfolk who fled into the White Mountains in fear of the Eldar<ref name="GC"/>

Because of that, only the Númenórean settlers of [[Pelargir]] made contact with Men who dwelt in the valleys on either side of the White Mountains ({{SA|2350}}<ref name="DM"/>

When the Númenóreans returned to [[Middle-earth]], they failed to recognize the forest-folk of [[Minhiriath]] as ‘kinsmen’, and confused them with [[Men of Shadow]] because their [[Pre-Númenórean|language]] was not related to [[Adûnaic]]<ref name="DM"/>

More and more Númenor became a great naval power and the [[Guild of Venturers]] established [[Vinyalondë]] (early 9th century)<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> The Pre-Númenóreans were patient until the tree-felling by [[Aldarion]] became devastating<ref name="GC">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> and slowly, hostility was growing and dark men out of the mountains were thrusting into [[Enedwaith]] in support of their kinsmen<ref name="A">{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref> In {{SA|820}} Vinyalondë was overthrown by great seas and plundered by hostile men. Men near the coasts were growing afraid of the Númenóreans, or were openly hostile and Aldarion heard rumours of some lord in Middle-earth who hated them. As Gil-galad warned [[Tar-Meneldur]] that this instigator was a servant of the [[Sauron|Enemy]].<ref name="A"/>

Aldarion's successors continued his works and even fought with the pre-Númenóreans<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> until they attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could. They became their enemies giving no thought to husbandry or replanting. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, great tracks and roads whom they drove into the forests northwards and southwards from the [[Gwathló]]<ref name="GC"/> and continued battling and destroying what lied ahead of them, pushing into [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]], establishing themselves inland as far as the river [[Glanduin]] (the southern boundary of [[Eregion]]), beyond which pre-Númenóreans and hostile peoples lived, a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past<ref>{{App|Languages}}</ref><ref name="GC"/> The natives overcame their fear of the Elves and fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great [[Cape of Eryn Vorn]] (south of the mouth of [[Baranduin]]). Those from Enedwaith took refuge in the eastern mountains ([[Dunland]])<ref name="GC"/>

[[Sauron]] recruited pre-Númenóreans and in the early second millennium he increased pressure on the West, left his stronghold in [[Rhûn]] and relocated in [[Mordor]], welcomed by the natives and used the haters of Númenor as spies and guides for his raiders who caused havoc and burned their settlements.

Eriador was already ruined when the Númenórean fleet sent by king [[Tar-Minastir]] catched Mordor's troops in the rear and utterly defeated them, but brought peace in the [[Westlands had peace]].<ref name="GC"/> The surviving pre-Númenóreans now apparently crossed the Glanduin back south to Dunland which now seemed safer than wrecked Eregion.

In the south the Númenóreans found a useful natural haven already called [[Haven of Umbar|Umbar]] by the natives, and then [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} and discovered the [[Men of the Mountains]] near [[Dunharrow]]<ref>{{HM|RK}}</ref> who eventually repented when Sauron left from Mordor and the power of Gil-galad had grown great<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

When the [[Elendili]] established the [[Realms in Exile]], many Men turned from evil and became subject to them although the pre-Númenóreans were not friendly to them and never learned to distinguish between [[King's Men]] and [[Faithful]], while many remembered Sauron's influence.<ref name="Rings"/> The [[King of the Mountains]] first swore allegiance to [[Gondor]]

When Sauron returned, [[Isildur]] summoned the [[Men of the Mountains]] to fulfill their oath, they would not because they were afraid of Sauron. They hid in the mountains isolated till slowly dwindled in the barren hills and became the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].
==Third Age==
{{stub}}
{{references}}
==External links==
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Ind.html The Indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor and their Relationships to the Númenóreans and their Allies] by [[Andreas Moehn]]
[[category:Pre-Númenóreans]]

Welsh

2011-11-23T14:19:35Z

91.132.141.80:

{{incomplete}}
'''Welsh''' is the [[Celtic]] language spoken throughout Wales and some nearby parts of England.

==Sindarin==

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have been greatly inspired by Welsh when creating the [[Elvish]] language [[Sindarin]]. Several similarities have been pointed out:

===Singular/Plural===
Editor [[Carl F. Hostetter]] has noted that the singular form ''[[lotheg]]'' is formed by the addition of a diminuitive/singular ending ''-eg/-ig'' to the plural form ''[[loth]]'', much like in Welsh where a singular noun can derive "from a plural form by the addition of a singular ending".<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 30 (note 42)</ref>
===[[Lenition]]===
==External links==
*{{WP|Welsh language}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]

North Germanic languages

2011-11-23T14:18:23Z

91.132.141.80: /* See also */

The '''North Germanic languages''', '''Norse''' or '''Scandinavian languages''' make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages like [[Gothic]].

In a letter to [[Naomi Mitchison]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote that:

{{quote|The [[Dalish|language of Dale]] and the [[Long Lake]] would, if it appeared, be represented as more or less Scandinavian in character; but it is only represented by a few names, especially those of the Dwarves that came from that region. These are all Old Norse Dwarf-names.|{{L|144}}}}

Most of the non-English names in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' are Norse (mostly from a list of Dwarves found in ''Voluspa'' and the ''Gylfaginning'')<ref name="intro">''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''</ref> although anglicized, such as [[Gandalf|Gandalfr]], [[Durin|Durinn]], [[Dwalin|Dvalinn]], [[Thrór|Þrór]], [[Oakenshield|Eikinskjaldi]], [[Arkenstone|Jarknasteinn]], [[Beorn]], [[Bard]], [[Smaug]] and [[Golfimbul]].

In the backstory developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien explained that [[Durin's Folk]], after migrating to [[Erebor]], adopted the language of Dale for their names when interacting with [[Men]] because their secretive nature prevented them from using [[Khuzdul]]<ref>{{HM|AF}}</ref><ref>{{HM|PM}} p.304</ref>. Names in ''LotR'' like [[Gimli]], [[Narvi]] and [[Tom Bombadil|Forn]] are also Norse.

Tolkien never gives the "original" Dalish forms, however the Norse translations fit conveniently their meaning; for example Dwarf relations - like father-son or brothers- have rhyming or similar names (cf. [[Glóin]]-[[Gróin]]-[[Óin]], [[Thrór]]-[[Frór]]-[[Grór]], [[Fíli]]-[[Kíli]] etc)<ref name="intro"/> possibly reflecting a similar relationship in their original forms.

Norse used [[Runes]] for a writing system, however Tolkien in ''The Hobbit'' used [[Old English]] runes.
==See also==
*[[:Category:Norse names]]
*[[Dalish]]
*[[Khuzdul]]
*[[Gothic]]
{{references}}

==External links==
*{{WP|North Germanic languages}}
*[http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning Gylfaginning text] with the Dwarf names (section '''16''' and below)
*[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 Voluspa text] with the Dwarf names (section '''9''' and below)
[[CATEGORY:Languages (real-world)]]

Telchar

2011-11-20T15:44:23Z

91.132.141.80: /* Etymology */

{{dwarves infobox
| image=
| name=Telchar
| othernames=
| life=[[First Age]]
| realm=[[Nogrod]]
| parentage=
| lineage=
| hood=
| gender=Male
|}}

'''Telchar''' was a [[Dwarves of Nogrod | Dwarf]] of [[Nogrod]] in the [[Blue Mountains]], and one of the greatest smiths in the history of [[Middle-earth]].

== History ==
Telchar was trained by [[Gamil Zirak]], another great smith.<ref name="Narn">{{UT|Narn}}, ''The Departure of Túrin''</ref> Among his works were [[Angrist]] (the knife that freed the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]]),<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref> [[Narsil]] (the sword of [[Elendil]], later reforged for [[Aragorn]] as [[Andúril]]),<ref>{{TT|III6}}</ref> and the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]].<ref name="Narn"/>
==Etymology==
It is not defined whether the name Telchar is [[Sindarin]] or [[Khuzdul]] and its meaning.

The formation seems to suggest to be Sindarin since the digraph ''ch'' is not used in Khuzdul.<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref>

The book ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' notes a resemblance to the ''[[Wikipedia:Telchines|Telchines]]'' of Greek mythology, a mythological race of divine craftsmen.<ref>[[Jim Allan]], ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' Sindarin-English wordlist, p. 89</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]

An Introduction to Elvish

2011-11-19T22:41:32Z

91.132.141.80: /* Proto-Eldarin */

{{book|
title=An Introduction to Elvish|
image=[[Image:Intro.png|225px]]|
author=[[Jim Allan]] (ed)|
isbn=0905220102|
publisher=Bran's Head|
date=[[January]] [[1978]]|
format=Paperback|
pages= 303|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Middle-Earth-Published-Writings-Professor/dp/0905220102|
}}
'''''An Introduction to Elvish and to Other Tongues''', Proper Names and Writing Systems of the Third Age of the Western Lands of Middle-Earth as Set Forth in the Published Writings of Professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien'' was a book by [[Jim Allan]] that discussed the [[Languages|languages]] of [[Middle-earth]].

The book comprises various articles written by members of the [[Mythopoeic Society]] and its publication was authorized by the [[Mythopoeic Linguistic Fellowship]] (a forerunner of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]]).

Authors to the articles include: Jim Allan, [[Bill Welden]], [[Paula Marmor]], [[Christopher Gilson]], [[Lise Menn]], [[Laurence J. Krieg]] and others.

==Structure==
===Eldarin tongues===
The first articles offer analyses of the [[Elvish]] texts published. Extrapolation of a sketchy grammar is offered based on the available data, as well as meaning of the names found in the books.

There is also a chapter that goes on to discuss the relationship of [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] and analyze a possible "[[Common Eldarin|Proto-Eldarin]]" through comparative linguistics.

These chapters are followed by glossaries pointing at possible real-word similarities.

An article written from Tolkien's [[secondary world]] perspective, explains how [[Elvish]] possibly influenced the Indo-European languages.

===Other tongues===
More obscure languages like [[Khuzdul]], [[Black Speech]], "[[Adûnaic]] tongues" and more obscure ones ([[Westron]], [[Mannish]], [[Entish]], "[[Valinorean]]") are also briefly discussed. Their sources are primarily information as given in the [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]].

===Personal names===
A part of the book is dedicated to [[tolkiennymy]] and provides etymologies of the [[Old English]], [[Gothic]] and [[Norse]] names and other words which represent [[Mannish]] languages ([[Westron]] and [[Rohirric]]); possible influences from British and Celtic folklore are pointed out.

There is also a "Baby-book" with all the known [[Germanic]], Celtic and other real-world ("translated") Hobbit names by category and gender, along with their etymologies.

===Writing systems===
An extensive section with analyses of the [[Tengwar]] and [[Cirth]] in which aims to be more clear and readable presentation of the information of [[Appendix E]], followed by theoretical and structural background, with a possible history of their evolution through time.

Examples of English-tengwar texts used by fans are given, with analyses and commentaries.

Also, a chapter compares [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]]'s "Universal Alphabet" with Tengwar.

==Sources and validity==
The book was compiled shortly before ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' was published therefore its material was only the works published during Tolkien's lifetime: ''[[The Hobbit]]'', The ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', ''[[The_Road_Goes_Ever_On_(book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'' and ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]''

The book was complete in [[1977]] but publication was halted for a year. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' was published in the meantime which included new material that (in few points) obsoleted the theories of the book. A year later, and while the book was still in a hiatus, Jim Allan wrote about those points in the postscript of his Foreword; he points out that updating the text by incorporating the new information would not be possible, and encourages critical comparison by the reader.

Since 1977, a great amount of material was published in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series, not to mention magazines such as [[Vinyar Tengwar]] and [[Parma Eldalamberon]]; while the fans consent that the book is one of the best and more serious works<ref>http://www.amazon.com/review/product/0905220102/ref=cm_cr_dp_synop?_encoding=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&sortBy=bySubmissionDateDescending#R2TPR6UGA05XID</ref>, new material renders the theories incomplete or outdated. In reality some of its parts, like the one concerning real-world names and the writing systems, still provide useful information.
==Proto-Eldarin==
In two articles by [[Christopher Gilson]] and [[Bill Welden]] attempt to shed light to the common language of the Elves "of the [[First Age]]". The authors claim to have seen some unpublished writings by Tolkien, which may explain how the PE reconstructions correctly end in long vowels. Of course, with limited material (''[[The Etymologies]]'' and similar works where Tolkien discusses [[Primitive Quendian]] and [[Sundocarmë|Root]]s were not published until 10 years later) there were some implausible reconstructions. For example, the words ''[[vilya]]'' and ''[[gwaew|gwai]]'' are treated as cognates, derived from PE **''wigyā''.

The theories also described the evolution of Sindarin through words of palatal-final consonants (''-ᶅ, -ɲ, -ᶉ'') which sometimes caused umlaut. For example *''winjā'' > *''weiɲ'' (written ''weiny'') > ''[[gwain|-wain]]''. ''The Etymologies'' and other works have revealed the evolution of Sindarin through [[Common Telerin]] and [[Old Noldorin]] where no palatalisation occurs; a word such as *''winjā'' would evolve to *''winia'' and umlauts are the result of [[i-affection]].

It is generally assumed that Proto-Eldarin lost its final sounds before the Quenya stage. For example Q. ''[[alda]]'' has been wrongly attributed to a PE word **''galdar'', with loss of ''-r''; the plural form **''galdari'' produced Q. pl. ''aldar''. In the [[Common Telerin|Sindarin branch]], the form **''gald'' produced S. ''[[galadh]]'' through [[epenthesis]] (called ''svarabhakti'' in the book).

The analysis also correctly supposed the existence of initial nasal stops, such as ''mb-'' which evolved to Q. ''m-'' and S. ''b-''. Ironically, the foreword of the book mentions that the theory was deemed as incompatible to new Elvish data found in the recent ''Silmarillion'', and suggested that the evidence for the nasal stops was only a result of coincidence. However, ''The Etymologies'' confirmed that initial nasal stops indeed existed in the PQ stage (cf. words like ''[[ndōro]]'', ''[[mbandō]]'', ''[[ñgōlē]]'').

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Linguistic books]]
[[CATEGORY:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Elvish]]

Celepharn

2011-11-19T22:22:34Z

91.132.141.80:

__NOTOC__
{{arnorian
| image=
| name=
| othernames=
| position=
| birth={{TA|979}}
| rule={{TA|1110}} - {{TA|1191|n}}
| death=212 years, {{TA|1191}}
| gender=Male
| parentage=[[Mallor]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Celebrindor]]
|}}
'''Celepharn''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[keˈlep.harn]}}; {{TA|979}}<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 193</ref> - {{TA|1191|n}},<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> died aged 212) was the fourth [[King of Arthedain]].

==History==
Celepharn was the son of [[Mallor]], and he came to the throne of [[Arthedain]] upon the death of his father in {{TA|1110|n}}.<ref name="North"/>

During his reign, circa {{TA|1150|n}}, more [[Hobbits]] entered [[Eriador]] and the lands of [[Arnor]] from [[Wilderland]]. Most of these were [[Fallohides]] and [[Stoors]] (who came over the [[Redhorn Pass]] and settled mainly in [[Dunland]] and the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]]), joining the [[Harfoots]] who had come earlier during the time of Celepharn's father [[Mallor]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

During Celepharn's rule the Southern Kingdom, [[Gondor]], reached the height of its power under [[Atanatar II|Atanatar II Alcarin]].<ref>{{App|South}}</ref>

Celepharn ruled Arthedain for eighty-one years, and was succeeded by his son, [[Celebrindor]], upon his death in {{TA|1191|n}}.<ref name="North"/>

==Etymology==
The etymology of Celepharn's name is unknown. The most likely meaning would be "silver rock" from ''[[celeb]]'' and ''[[sarn]]''.{{fact}} In that case the name should be pronounced as {{IPA|[keˈlep.harn]}} and not as **{{IPA|[keˈlefarn]}}.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |ISI|ISI=[[Isildur]]}}
{{familytree | |:| |}}
{{familytree |MAL|MAL=[[Mallor]]}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree |CEL|CEL='''CELEPHARN'''}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree |CBD|CBD=[[Celebrindor]]}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree |MVG|MVG=[[Malvegil]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{references}}

{{Sequence
|prev=[[Mallor]]
|next=[[Celebrindor]]
|list=4th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arthedain]] {{TA|1110}} - {{TA|1191|n}}
|}}{{northernline}}

[[Category:House of Isildur]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arthedain]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Celepharn]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:dunedain_du_nord:celepharn]]
[[fi:Celepharn]]

Telchar

2011-11-19T22:04:32Z

91.132.141.80: restore, expand and source deleted paragraph

{{dwarves infobox
| image=
| name=Telchar
| othernames=
| life=[[First Age]]
| realm=[[Nogrod]]
| parentage=
| lineage=
| hood=
| gender=Male
|}}

'''Telchar''' was a [[Dwarves of Nogrod | Dwarf]] of [[Nogrod]] in the [[Blue Mountains]], and one of the greatest smiths in the history of [[Middle-earth]].

== History ==
Telchar was trained by [[Gamil Zirak]], another great smith.<ref name="Narn">{{UT|Narn}}, ''The Departure of Túrin''</ref> Among his works were [[Angrist]] (the knife that freed the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]]),<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref> [[Narsil]] (the sword of [[Elendil]], later reforged for [[Aragorn]] as [[Andúril]]),<ref>{{TT|III6}}</ref> and the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]].<ref name="Narn"/>
==Etymology==
In is not defined whether the name Telchar is [[Sindarin]] or [[Khuzdul]] and its meaning.

The formation seems to suggest to be Sindarin<ref>[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/movie_inscriptions.htm#narsil]</ref> since the digraph ''ch'' is not used in Khuzdul by Tolkien<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref>. A suggested meaning and etymology is "royal stem" in Sindarin<ref>http://realelvish.net/book_names.php</ref>

The book ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' notes a resemblance with the ''[[Wikipedia:Telchines|Telchines]]'' of Greek mythology, a mythological race of divine craftsmen.
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]

Thuringwethil

2011-09-22T12:39:12Z

91.132.141.80: /* Etymology */

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Transformed.jpg|thumb|250px|''Transformed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]], showing [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] disguised as '''Thuringwethil''' and [[Draugluin]]]]
'''Thuringwethil''' (perished circa {{FA|465}}) was a [[Vampire]] servant of [[Sauron]] during the First Age. She was Sauron's messenger, but was caught in the battle between her master and [[Lúthien]] and [[Huan]] at [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] ("Isle of Werewolves"). She was slain either by the [[Hound of Valinor]] or in the collapse of [[Minas Tirith in Beleriand|Minas Tirith]]. Lúthien later used her cloak to sneak into [[Angband]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]].<ref>{{S|19}}</ref>

Because of Thuringwethil's ability to change forms, she may have been a [[Maiar|Maia]].

== Etymology ==
The name is glossed as "Woman of Secret Shadow"<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> and an early version of the [[legendarium]] the name is said to mean "she of hidden shadow".<ref>{{LB|C13}}, Note to line 3954, p. 304</ref>

The above can be analyzed as ''[[thurin]]'' "secret, hidden", ''[[gwath]]'' "shadow" and an obscure ending ''[[-il]]'' which perhaps denotes feminine gender.

Note that ''-il'' causes "[[i-affection|umlauting]]" (or "[[wikipedia:Affection (linguistics)|affection]]") of ''gwath'' to ''gweth''.
{{references}}
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Thuringwethil]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/thuringwethil]]
[[fi:Thuringwethil]]

North Germanic languages

2010-05-29T13:15:01Z

91.132.141.80:

The '''North Germanic languages''', '''Norse''' or '''Scandinavian languages''' make up one of the three branches of the [[Germanic]] languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

In a letter to [[Naomi Mitchison]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote that:

{{quote|The [[Dalish|language of Dale]] and the [[Long Lake]] would, if it appeared, be represented as more or less Scandinavian in character; but it is only represented by a few names, especially those of the Dwarves that came from that region. These are all Old Norse Dwarf-names.|{{L|144}}}}

Most of the non-English names in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' are Norse (mostly from a list of Dwarves found in ''Voluspa'' and the ''Gylfaginning'') although anglicized, such as [[Gandalf|Gandalfr]], [[Durin|Durinn]], [[Dwalin|Dvalinn]], [[Thrór|Þrór]], [[Beorn]], [[Bard I|Bard]], [[Smaug]] and [[Golfimbul]].

In the backstory developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien explained that the [[Durin's Fold]], after migrating to [[Erebor]], adopted the language of Dale for their names when interacting with [[Men]]. Names in ''LotR'' like [[Gimli]], [[Narvi]] and [[Forn]] are also Norse.

Tolkien never gives the "original" Dalish forms, however the Norse translations fit conveniently their meaning; for example Dwarf relations - like father-son or brothers- have rhyming or similar names (cf. [[Glóin]]-[[Gróin]]-[[Óin]], [[Thrór]]-[[Frór]]-[[Grór]], [[Fili]]-[[Kili]] etc) possibly reflecting a similar relationship in their original forms.

==External links==
*{{WP|Old Norse}}
*[http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning Gylfaginning text] with the Dwarf names (see section '''14''')
*[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 Voluspa text] with the Dwarf names (section '''9''' and below)
[[CATEGORY:Languages (real-world)]]

North Germanic languages

2010-05-29T13:12:18Z

91.132.141.80: /* External links */

{{stub}}

The '''North Germanic languages''' or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the [[Germanic]] languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

In a letter to [[Naomi Mitchison]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote that:

{{quote|The [[Dalish|language of Dale]] and the [[Long Lake]] would, if it appeared, be represented as more or less Scandinavian in character; but it is only represented by a few names, especially those of the Dwarves that came from that region. These are all Old Norse Dwarf-names.|{{L|144}}}}

Most of the non-English names in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' are Norse (mostly from a list of Dwarves found in ''Voluspa'' and the ''Gylfaginning'') although anglicized, such as [[Gandalf|Gandalfr]], [[Durin|Durinn]], [[Dwalin|Dvalinn]], [[Thrór|Þrór]], [[Beorn]], [[Bard I|Bard]], [[Smaug]] and [[Golfimbul]].

In the backstory developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien explained that the [[Folk of Durin]], after migrating to [[Erebor]], adopted the language of Dale for their names when interacting with [[Men]]. Names in ''LotR'' like [[Gimli]], [[Narvi]] and [[Forn]] are also Norse.

Tolkien never gives the "original" Dalish forms, however the Norse translations fit conveniently their meaning; for example Dwarf relatives have rhyming or similar names (cf. [[Glóin]]-[[Gróin]]-[[Óin]], [[Thrór]]-[[Frór]]-[[Grór]] etc) possibly reflecting a similar relationship in their original forms.

==External links==
*{{WP|Old Norse}}
*[http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning Gylfaginning text] with the Dwarf names (see section '''14''')
*[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1 Voluspa text] with the Dwarf names (section '''9''' and below)
[[CATEGORY:Languages (real-world)]]

North Germanic languages

2010-05-29T13:10:07Z

91.132.141.80:

Girion

2010-05-29T12:57:15Z

91.132.141.80:

'''Girion''' (d. [[Third Age 2770|T.A. 2770]]) was the last Lord of [[Dale]], killed by the dragon [[Smaug]] when Smaug assaulted Dale and the neighboring [[Dwarf]] realm of [[Erebor]]. Girion also had a necklace of emeralds.

170 years later, [[Bard the Bowman|Bard]], assumed to be Girion's descendant, took revenge on the dragon by slaying him with an arrow.

==Etymology==
Although the names of Dale are [[Norse]], Girion seems to be [[Sindarin]]. The meaning is not clear but ''[[Etymologies]]'' give a [[Noldorin]] root ''[[gir]]'' "to shudder"

{{references}}
* {{HM|H}}, "[[Inside Information]]"
* {{HM|H}}, "[[fire and Water]]"

[[Category:Rulers of Dale]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[de:Girion]]
[[fi:Girion]]

North Germanic languages

2010-05-29T12:43:38Z

91.132.141.80: /* External links */

Old Norse

2010-05-29T12:43:09Z

91.132.141.80: Redirecting to North Germanic languages

#REDIRECT [[North Germanic languages]]

Norse

2010-05-29T12:40:52Z

91.132.141.80: Redirecting to North Germanic languages

#REDIRECT [[North Germanic languages]]

Tengwar/Quenya mode

2010-05-19T13:50:34Z

91.132.141.80: /* Notes */

{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}
{{main|Tengwar}}
'''Quenya mode''' is a name of the writing method of [[Quenya]] using [[Tengwar]].

==Origin==
[[Fëanor]] invented the tengwar on the [[Valian Year 1250]] strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, [[The Annals of Valinor]]</ref><ref name="ApD">[[Vinyar Tengwar 39]], Appendix D to [[Quendi and Eldar]]</ref> Fëanor constructed the Tengwar both as a general phonetic alphabet, and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]]<ref>{{HM|TI}}, [[Appendix on Runes]]</ref>

Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/>

However Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of [[tehtar]] (instead of the full letters).<ref name="ApD"/>.

Although Fëanor was a speaker of Quenya it is possible that he did not invent the Tengwar with Quenya specifically in mind, since the strict Quenya phonology didn't fit absolutely consistently. It's more probable that the Tengwar was created as a [[Tengwar#Structure|general phonological template]]<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar - Theoretical Tengwar values</ref>, onto which he later "fit" the Quenya sounds as consistently as possible

==History and evolution==
===First Age===
Despite Fëanor is said to prefer the Quanta Sarme, he also used a more 'conservative' system which (judging by the majority of the subsequent samples) seem to have been proved far more popular. Fëanor held the idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of signs (tehtar) for vowels (instead of the full letters), placed over the preceding tengwar/consonants, indicating their “colour”. A consonant followed by a vowel was concidered as a “full letter” (ñávëa or ñáva-tengwë). The sarat ‘ was imported from the previous system, and when a vowel had no preceding consonant, it was used as a carrier for convenience in writing. This system however was used by Fëanor mainly for tradition and brevity, favoring the Quanta Sarme instead.

Apart of the standard consistent characters, there were also additional tengwar which don't fit in the structure. These are usually modifications of the standard tengwar. Hyarmen is a modification of Charma, Úre is of Wilya, and Anna derived from an earlier sarat.

==== Table ====
The following table attempts to display how the sounds of archaic Quenya<ref>[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/qevolution.pdf The Evolution of Primitive Elvish to Quenya]: Valinorean</ref>, of Feanor's time would be represented with the earliest known Tengwar.

The names are known only from the 3rd Age table composed in Gondor so it is not known if this arrangement existed since Fëanor’s days. It is possible that some of the known names may have replaced earlier, unrecorded forms.

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Tyelpetéma<ref group="1">Quenya also made use of a palatal series, the Tyelpetéma. Christopher Tolkien, who made the names known, notes that the names are given in a number of different formulations, and he cannot determine which were the standard ones. The only difference from the Tincotéma was the underposed (for tengwar with raised stems) and overposed (for tengwar with lowered stems) dots. Those tengwar, not included in the tables, must have been ommited from the standard letters.</ref>
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
| {{tg|1}}
| t Tinco
| {{tg|1Ö}}
| ty Tyelpë
| {{tg|q}}
| p Parma
| {{tg|a}}
| k Calma
| {{tg|z}}
| kw Quessë
|-
| {{tg|!}}
| th extended grade<ref group="1">The original Fëanorean alphabet contained a Grade of “extended” stems, both raised and lowered. The usage of those tengwar (whose names, if they had, are of course unknown) was to represent spirant sounds. As we know, no Amanya language possessed spirant sounds, since the Primitive spirants ''th, ph'', and ''kh'' had already became ''th, f'' and ''ch'' in Quenya. It is possible that they were used for recording Valarin or maybe archaic forms.</ref>
| {{tg|!Ö}}
| th extended grade
| {{tg|Q}}
| ph extended grade
| {{tg|A}}
| kh extended grade
| {{tg|Z}}
| khw extended grade
|-
| {{tg|2}}
| nd Ando
| {{tg|2Ô}}
| ndy Indyo
| {{tg|w}}
| mb Umbar
| {{tg|s}}
| ng Anga
| {{tg|x}}
| ngw Ungwë
|-
| {{tg|3}}
| th > s Thúle<ref group="1">In Noldorin Quenya the sound ''th'' had merged with ''s'' since very early. The word thúlë thus became ''súlë''.</ref> > Súle
| {{tg|3Í}}
| sty Istyar
| {{tg|e}}
| f Formen
| {{tg|d}}
| ch Charma
| {{tg|c}}
| chw Chwesta
|-
| {{tg|4}}
| nt Anto
| {{tg|4Ì}}
| nty Intya
| {{tg|r}}
| mp Ampa
| {{tg|f}}
| nk Anca
| {{tg|v}}
| nkw Unquë
|-
| {{tg|5}}
| n Númen
| {{tg|5Ô}}
| ny Nyellë
| {{tg|t}}
| m Malta
| {{tg|g}}
| ñg- Ñgoldo<ref group="1" name="N">Those sounds were found only initially. Sometimes written ''ng-'' and ''ngw-'', but not to be confused with Anga/Ungwe, which are used only medially.</ref>
| {{tg|b}}
| ñgw- Ñgwalmë<ref group="1" name="N"/>
|-
| {{tg|6}}
| ɹ ?Óre<ref group="1">Óre is given as /ɹ/: “weak (untrilled) ''r'', originally occurring in Quenya”. This quote suggests that Quenya originally contrasted /ɹ/ and /r/, since there would be no need for independent letters if the two sounds were merely [[:wikipedia:allophone|allophones]] of each other. In this case, however, the original distribution of the letters Óre and Rómen must have been different from the one we observe at the end of the Third Age, where both letters are in perfectly complementary distribution, no contrast being possible. If Óre is the original name of this letter, this could mean that it is one of the words with original /ɹ/.</ref>
| {{tg|6Õ}}
| ry? ?Arya<ref group="1">This tengwa is given as Arya, and is attested either as a Rómen or as an Óre with the overdots. Since the sound ''ry'' derives from original ''sy > zy'' (still present in Vanyarin), the form of the letter should be Áze with the dots, changed after ''z'' merged with ''r''. But then this tengwa should be placed among the Additional Tengwar, for it is not consisted of a telco and a lúva.</ref>
| {{tg|y}}
| v Vala
| {{tg|h}}
| [[ȝ]] > - Anna<ref group="1">Anna originally represented ''[[ȝ]]'', a sound from primitive ''g'' (cf. ''*galadâ > *galda > *ȝalda > alda''). The ''ȝ'' sound was early lost, and Anna was used as an initial vowel carrier to indicate an assuming “vanished” initial consonant wherever words begun with a vowel (note that its "ancestor", the sarat ', was also used for ''ȝ'' before being used as a carrier. It was inherited as a carrier by Fëanor, and later it replaced initial Anna). This usage tried to explain the relation of words between Noldorin words starting with a vowel where Telerin had ''g-'' (cf. Quenya ''alda'' vs. Telerin ''galla''), but did not explain all the cases of words without an initial consonant (''alca'', according to this, should be spelled *{{tg|hDjaE}} that time, although it had never been ''**galka'' before). The problem with the name is that Anna is given as derived from the root AN, and not *GAN (although there is some evidence that the latter root is the correct, and therefore its archaic form was ''*ȝanna'').</ref>
| {{tg|n}}
| w Wilya
|-
!colspan="10" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''
|-
| {{tg|7}}
| r Rómen
| {{tg|7Õ}}
| ry ?Arya
| {{tg|u}}
| rd Arda
| {{tg|j}}
| l Lambë
| {{tg|jÔ}}
| ly Alya
|-
| {{tg|m}}
| ld Alda
| {{tg|8}}
| s Silmë
| {{tg|I}}
| s Silmë nuquerna<ref group="1" name="nu">The inverted forms of Silmë and Ázë, which were used when followed by a vowel (since they were too tall to receive a tehta). It is not known if these forms were invented by Fëanor or by later users, but Silmë Nuquerna was used in the Mode of Beleriand (as a vocalic ''y''), which makes it possible to be already present in Valinor. If the original form of Arya was an Ázë with dots, there must also have been an inverted form of it (Arya Nuquerna).</ref>
| {{tg|k}}
| z > r Ázë > Árë<ref group="1">The /z/ sound later changed to /r/ only in the Noldorin dialect, and this letter took the name Áre.</ref>
| {{tg|,}}
| z > r Ázë > Áre nuquerna<ref group="1" name="nu"/>
|-
| {{tg|9}}
| hy Hyarmen
| {{tg|l}}<ref group="1">Yanta's shape reminds of the Rúmilian letter for ''y''. It might have represented this sound too (Yanta probably written *{{tg|lD4#}}, while this word should read **''ainta'' in 3rd Age spelling). In our attested examples of 3rd Age texts, it occurs only as the -''i'' of dipthongs (in {{tg|lE}}, {{tg|lH}} ''ai'', ''oi'' etc.). Maybe e.g. ''tuilë'' was originally spelled *{{tg|1UlUj$}} (''tuyulë'') like in Rúmilian orthography, before simplified to {{tg|1lUj$}}. Cf. Úre.</ref>
| *y Yanta
| {{tg|.}}
| w ?Úrë<ref group="1">Besides that in the attested examples of 3rd Age, Úre appeas as the -''u'' of the dipthongs ({{tg|.D}}, {{tg|.F}} ''au'', ''eu'' etc.), its original use and etymological relation to the word ''úrë'' itself are unknown. Since it’s attested in diphthongs in our samples like Yanta is, we can suppose it was used for intervocalic ''w'', which later became ''v''. Maybe ''taurë'' was originally spelled *{{tg|1D.D7R}} (''tawarë'') before simplified to {{tg|1.D7R}}, while for initial ''w'', only Wilya was used. Jim Allan suggested that ''úre'' should be written as {{tg|.J7R}}, a function that reminds of the Rúmilian spelling of long ''u''… – or maybe it was used as ''u'' in Quanta Sarme, like in the Mode of Beleriand? Cf. Yanta.</ref>
| {{tg|½}}
| h<ref group="1">'''Halla''' represented an archaic breath ''h'', that survived from primitive H only in Amanye languages, while Charma represented ''ch'', that derived from Primitive KH. The problem is that the ''h'' of the word ''halla'' evolved from the latter sound: KHAL > ''*khallâ > halla'', therefore pronounced ''*challa'' in Fëanor’s time. We are lead to the conclusion that there must be another ancient unrecorded name for this letter that had the breath sound ''h''!</ref> ?Halla
| {{tg|`}}
| *(short carrier) ?Telco
|-
| {{tg|~}}
| (long carrier)
| colspan="10" |
|-
|}

==== Notes ====
<references group="1" />

===Later evolution===
Some changes occurred in Noldorin phonology, already in Valinor, that differentiated it from the dialect of the Vanyar: ''th'' merged with ''s'', initial ''ch'' with ''h'' and maybe later, ''z'' with ''r''. Those changes were inherited to Exilic Quenya which slowly evolved further.

During the [[Second Age]], Quenya was spoken and written in [[Númenor]].<ref>{{HM|SD}}, [[The Notion Club Papers]]. [[Alwin Lowdham]] writes some Quenya Númenorian names in Tengwar</ref>
====Table====
{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Tyelpetéma<ref group="notes2">Some changes took place in Quenya and consisted Tyelpetéma obsoleted as a separate series. The palatalised sounds will be now shown with its remnant, the “following ''y''” underdots.</ref>
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
| {{tg|q}}
| p Parma
| {{tg|1}}
| t Tinco
| {{tg|1Ö}}
| ty Tyelpë
| {{tg|a}}
| k Calma
| {{tg|z}}
| kw Quessë
|-
| {{tg|w}}
| mb Umbar
| {{tg|2}}
| nd Ando
| {{tg|2Ô}}
| ny Inyo<ref group="notes2">The Noldor simplified ''ndy > ny''. So Indyo must became *Inyo, making the letter useless and replaced by Nyellë</ref>
| {{tg|s}}
| ng Anga
| {{tg|x}}
| ngw Ungwë
|-
| {{tg|e}}
| f Formen
| {{tg|3}}
| s<ref group="notes2">It is known that for orthographic reasons, Súlë was used for ''s'' in words that once were ''th'' (eg. ''thanga'' and later ''sanga'' would be written {{tg|3Ds#}}, not **{{tg|iEs#}}). One can wonder why it didn’t get another useful value, like Árë did, since Súlë was confused with Silmë.</ref> Súlë
| {{tg|3Í}}
| sty Istar
| {{tg|d}}
| h-, -ch-<ref group="notes2">Initial ''ch'' was softened and merged with ''h'', and Charma became "Harma". Harma might still be used initially, but it seems that it was eventually replaced by Hyarmen. Harma was renamed Acha and was used now only medially where the hard sound ''ch'' remained unchanged.</ref> Harma-Acha
| {{tg|c}}
| hw Hwesta
|-
| {{tg|r}}
| mp Ampa
| {{tg|4}}
| nt Anto
| {{tg|4Ì}}
| nty Intya
| {{tg|f}}
| nk Anca
| {{tg|v}}
| nkw Unquë
|-
| {{tg|t}}
| m Malta
| {{tg|5}}
| n Númen
| {{tg|5Ô}}
| ny Nyellë
| {{tg|g}}
| ñ- Ñoldo
| {{tg|b}}
| ñw- Ñwalmë
|-
| {{tg|y}}
| v Vala
| {{tg|6}}
| r [preconsonantal] Órë
| {{tg|6Í}}
| ry Arya<ref group="notes2">As ''z'' merged with ''r'' and ''zy'' became ''ry''. It seems that when Arya was obsoleted: Árë was renamed as Essë, and the ''ry'' sound began to be indicated by Rómen/Órë letters.</ref>
| {{tg|h}}
| -<ref group="notes2">The ''3'' sound had been disappeared and the Telco was now solely used to carry the tehtar. But Anna was now used with the “following ''y''” nuntixi to represent the ''y'' consonant since it seems Yanta was now used only to represent ''–i'' in diphtongs.</ref> Anna
| {{tg|n}}
| w- Wilya
|-
! colspan="10" | Additional Tengwar:
|-
| {{tg|7}}
| r [intervocalic] Rómen
| {{tg|u}}
| rd Arda
| {{tg|j}}
| l Lambë
| {{tg|m}}
| ld Alda
| {{tg|jÔ}}
| ly Alya
|-
| {{tg|8}}
| s Silmë
| {{tg|k}}
| r – ss Árë - Essë<ref group="notes2">This letter was used even after ''z'' became ''r'' for orthographic reasons. Since there was already Rómen for intervocalic ''r'', (''aurel'' should still be written {{tg|.D,Rj}}, but also as {{tg|.D7Rj}}) Árë was renamed Essë and took the value of long ''s''. Maybe the application of value ''ss'' was an influence from the earlier Mode of Beleriand.</ref>
| {{tg|9}}
| hy Hyarmen
| {{tg|l}}<ref group="notes2">This sound was simplified to ''h'', maybe because of Sindarin influence, and later displaced Halla (and maybe Harma) completely. Its old ''hy'' value was restored when borrowing the “following ''y''” nuntixi.</ref>
| y Yanta
| {{tg|.}}
| w ?Úrë
|-
| {{tg|½}}
| h Halla<ref group="notes2">This letter was replaced by Hyarmen, but it was still used to indicate the soft initial ''hl'' and ''hr'' (''hrívë'', {{tg|½7~ByR}})</ref>
| {{tg|`}}
| (carrier) Telco
| {{tg|~}}
| (carrier) Ára
| {{tg|i}}
| s Silmë nuqu.
| {{tg|,}}
| r Árë nuqu.
|-
|}

====Notes====
<references group="notes2" />

===Classical mode===
====Table====
====Notes====
<references group="notes3" />

{{references}}
[[category:tengwar]]

Category:Tolkien criticism

2010-05-19T11:34:47Z

91.132.141.80: New page: category:Tolkien studies

[[category:Tolkien studies]]

Beleriand

2010-05-19T09:25:24Z

91.132.141.80: /* Etymology */

Gíl

2009-12-23T23:25:15Z

91.132.141.80: /* Examples */

'''''gîl''''' or '''''geil''''' means "star" in [[Sindarin]].

===Synonyms===
* ''[[tinu]]''
* ''[[êl]]''

==Examples==
* [[Gil-galad]] = "Star of Radiance"
* [[Gilraen]] = "Star-lace"
*[[Gildor]] = "Star Noble"

== References ==
* ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Ruth S. Noel]]
* [http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary] compiled by [[Didier Willis]]

[[Category:Sindarin words]]

Mountains of Defence

2009-12-19T18:29:18Z

91.132.141.80: Redirecting to Pelóri

#REDIRECT [[Pelóri]]

Mountains of Aman

2009-12-19T18:28:02Z

91.132.141.80: Redirecting to Pelóri

#REDIRECT [[Pelóri]]

Pelóri

2009-12-19T18:27:47Z

91.132.141.80:

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Shores of Valinor.jpg|thumb|300px|The Mountains of Aman on the Shores of Valinor]]
The '''Pelóri''' were the mountain-fence of [[Aman]], raised by the Valar to defend against the evils of [[Melkor]] after he destroyed their original dwelling-place at [[Almaren]]. The highest peak of the Pelóri was [[Taniquetil]], on which were the mansions of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]].

They were the tallest of all mountains, and the tallest of the [[Pelóri]] was [[Taniquetil]], on which stood the high mansions of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]]. Behind them to the West, the Light of the Trees shone, but the narrow shores beneath their eastern feet were in darkness.

When the [[Eldar]] came to [[Aman]], the [[Valar]] cut a rift in the Mountains, the [[Calacirya]], to let the Light shine through them. In that pass, the [[Vanyar]] and the [[Noldor]] built the city of [[Tirion]], and the Pass of Light looked out onto the [[Bay of Eldamar]] and lit the isle of [[Tol Eressëa]], where the [[Teleri]] dwelt in those ancient days.

==Etymology==
The name translates as "Mountains of Defense". The etymology is ''[[pel]]'' "encircling fence" and ''[[orot]]''
[[de:Pelóri-Gebirge]]
[[fi:Amanin Vuoret]]

[[Category:Aman]]
[[category:Mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]

Racism

2009-06-14T21:36:52Z

91.132.141.80: /* Orcs */

{{Cleanup}}
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}

[[Image:Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''Haradrim'' from [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]]]
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]].]]
Fans and critics of Tolkien's works have observed several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or symbolism of good versus evil in the [[Arda]] [[legendarium]].

In the Foreword to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below).

[[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy]] has done much to perpetuate popular interest in, as well as criticism of, Tolkien's writing.

==Synopsis of the controversy==
Tolkien's ''Lord of the Rings'' draws upon a deep background of folklore and myth. It is common ground that fairy tales and many other types of traditional story can be viewed as the codification of stereotypes; some of which relate to the issue of positive and negative attributes. Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]] contains a wide variety of races; the [[Elves]] and [[Men]] can in some cases intermarry, but otherwise these may be biologically separate. Tolkien's creation arguably rests upon the same kind of oversimplification that racial prejudice does. In descriptive terms, he can be said to depend on superficial details: (such as physical features, language, clothing); the exaggeration of common aesthetic values of beauty and ugliness to extremes; the wholesale assignment of values of good and evil to a whole class of creatures. On this basis his writing has been criticized, for displacing human contact and nuance.

Tolkien's defenders contend that the various "races" are exaggerated personifications of broadly accepted value judgements, along a wide spectrum of traits from benevolent and just to wicked and perverse. A perspective that can be supported from Tolkien's own discussions of his work is that he distributed human traits: none of the types represents a complete person.

The main drive of the narrative, in any case, extends from the two-dimensional stereotypes into the concept of power as wicked and corrupting. Tolkien's defenders tend to argue that the symbolism of the ring as the paramount quest of the story far outshadows the stereotypes. Critics argue that the deeper meanings of the story are interpreted, and that its literal and vivid use of a race like the [[Orcs]] as virtually axiomatically determined carries too much resonance. To draw meaning from an interpreted moral requires less visceral reaction and greater consideration.

In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting[http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm]. [[Natalia Aspesi]] from the Cannes Film Festival called the movie 'naziskn'. According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]] a right-oriented Italian political party had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]]<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref>

===Evil Men===
One of the clear racist elements in the Tolkien universe is the noticeable fact that all of the evil forces are the dark-skinned African and Asian influenced peoples of [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]]. The Easterlings are usually depicted as a Mongolian and Middle-eastern culture and are always aligned with [[Morgoth]] or [[Sauron]] with the single exception of [[Bór]]. The Easterlings are often described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The [[Southrons]] (or [[Haradrim]]) however, are clearly depicted mainly as African soldiers with some Indian influences such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back. They are clearly stated to be black-skinned and cruel, evil, and uncompromising. They often have many piercings, tattoos and scarifications, just like many African tribes. Another racist element is the fact that the [[Númenoreans]] who suvived the destruction of [[Númenor]] yet were still loyal to [[Sauron]] were called [[Black Númenóreans]] and were referred to as a separate race; being both dark-skinned and evil, in sharp contrast to the white [[Dúnedain]].

===[[Orcs]]===
The racist element present in orcs is not quite as plain and clear as the evil men, though it is present. The main racism in orcs is that they are always depicted as black-skinned, though this may be due to their filthiness. Orcs also often resemble monkeys (black people resembling monkeys being a main racist claim). [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[Lord of the Rings]] depicts the orcs as of a dark skin complexion, but again this may be paint or filth.

Another possible offensive theme present in orcs, is the fact that when the orcs talk, they often use the same phrases and accents that the English working-class is known to use.

===Good Side===
[[Image:Brothers Hildebrandt - Ghân-buri-Ghân.jpg|thumb|[[Rohirrim]] and [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]] by [[Brothers Hildebrandt]]. This scene from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' shows a member of a wild tribe to ally with and help the fair and white Rohirrim.]]
All of the good men and elves are all always very fair and white. The men of [[Rohan]] are clearly modeled after the [[Norse Mythology|Norse]], and the men of [[Gondor]] and the [[Elves]] are just general Europeans. The single good non-white person was again; [[Bór]]. The entire Tolkien universe is the white West versus the non-white rest of the continent, which is an allegory to the white Europeans versus the non-white Africa and Asia.

==Indications==
Tolkien's writings, especially ''The Lord of the Rings'', contains elements some people find racially insensitive and inflammatory.

*Tolkien uses the colour black to stand for Evil. Morgoth's standard was "sable unblazoned" (that is, plain black). "Mordor" means "black land" in Sindarin. In contrast, his heroes are generally "fair" or "pale" (white).

*In ''The Lord of the Rings'', enemies come mainly from the East ([[Easterlings]]) or South ([[Haradrim]]). Some take this to correspond to Asia and Africa, and thus to non-whites. The protagonists are mostly from the north-western regions of Middle-earth, Northwestern Europe, and its people must therefore be white. Likewise in ''The Silmarillion'', those Men that betray the Elves and other Men are described as ''Easterlings''.

*The enemy horsemen of the Easterlings are vaguely reminiscent of Huns, Arabs, Indians, Persians, Turks, and other historical horse-peoples. Likewise the Oliphaunt-riders of the Haradrim are vaguely reminiscent of Africans. Some claim this reminiscence is not accidental, and equate all Easterlings with orientals, and Haradrim with Africans.

*In one of his letters, Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types."''([[Letter 210]]) Inside the story some Orcs, like the Uruk-hai, have black skin. Furthermore lesser Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitars, which are historically associated with orientals).

*Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dunedain (literally "Men of the West") of Numenor.

*Characters and peoples such as the Dunedain express some degree of elitism if not racism, forming political nomenclature such as ''[[High Men]]'' and ''[[Men of Darkness]]'', as well as ''[[Middle Men]]'' between them (who were not enemies, but not 'as noble' as themselves). Elitism is also present among the Hobbits, with the Shire as a class society, with Sam Gamgee as the deferential servant to "Master Frodo".

*Connected to racism is some advocation of "blood nobility". Many of the main characters have a noble heritage. All races and peoples rely on royal lineage or noble heritage for government. Only in two cases are democratic customs mentioned (the election of [[Master of Lake-town]] and the office of the Mayor of the Shire). Aragorn, a royal heir, has rights and superhuman abilities that comes from his heritage. Although he is but a Man, he is able to vanquish Sauron's mind, that of a [[Maia]], in the ''[[palantir]]'' only because he is its rightful user. He is also able to command the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]] and heal the victims of the Ringwraiths' [[Black Breath]]. In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the Dunlendings, are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark).

*Usually, those whose appearance was 'unpleasant' ([[Maeglin]], [[Bill Ferny]]) and disliked by the main protagonists, turn out to be traitors. Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry. Maeglin was an Elf and thus light-skinned, although his father [[Eol]] was always referred to as "the Dark Elf".

*Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews:
{{quote|"The dwarves of course are quite obviously - wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>http://www.daisy.freeserve.co.uk/jrrt_int.htm</ref>}}
:One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. Some see a connection between the Dwarves' strife with the Elves — who are the greatest of the "[[Children of Iluvatar|children of God]]" — to the Jews' conflict with the Nazis, who viewed the Aryans as the "master race". Note that in turn, Elves are then often considered to be an idealized version of the white race in popular culture. Some consider Tolkien's Elves his version of the Aryan race. Also, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]]. Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. Finally, both the Jews and the Dwarves, spent much of their history as refugees in exile.

===Counterindications===

Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism levelled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.

*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.

*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age.

*The contrast between Black and White used as one between Evil and Good is age-old, alluding to the universal fear of Darkness compared to Light.

*White is not associated only with Good. Saruman the White (or of Many Colours) has the White Hand as his symbol. Similarly, Black is not only associated with Evil. Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith, which Pippin was a member of, wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], a Numenorean fleet is headed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of [[Elbereth]] (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the 'Black Enemy') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.

*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west). Even so, it is possible that this is compared to the Vikings which the British fought before they went on their first crusade.

*Not all enemies are non-white. Saruman himself is a white man (actually an angelic spirit in a white body) using White as his symbol, and some of the Ringwraiths are white men turned into ghostly pale wraiths (one, [[Khamul]], was an Easterling king, and three were Numenoreans). Similarly, not all allies and heroes are white. In ''The Lord of the Rings'' Gondor's territories included provinces and fiefdoms which were populated by non-Numenoreans. Some of these people were somewhat darker-skinned than the white Numenoreans, but were counted among the folk of Gondor just the same. They were called to Minas Tirith in the face of its impending siege, and were welcomed as heroes. Prominent among them were the '''swarthy''' men of Lossarnach, whose leader, Forlong the Fat, was slain in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. In ''The Silmarillion'', not all Easterlings betrayed the Elves and their fellow Men, and those who remained faithful bravely fought to the end in the face of defeat.

*The darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings.

*In the War of the Ring, the enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.

*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy. There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings. Tolkien also mentions a people called the "Variags" of Khand among the allies of Mordor. Since historically this word is used to refer to a certain Viking people who served as guards of the Eastern Roman Empire, some assume that they are white.{{fact}}

*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical African features.

*While Tolkien's above statement comparing Orcs to the "least lovely" Mongoloids (or Mongolians) is undoubtedly insensitive given today's standards, he ''does'' put a disclaimer "(to Europeans)" before "least lovely", thus recognizing (and for some, acquitting himself of) Western cultural bias. He also points out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", ''not'' actual "Mongol-types". [[Tolkienist]] [[Michael Martinez]] gives his interpretation in his book ''[[Parma Endorion]]'':

:''Much has been made of this citation. Some people have gone so far as to call Tolkien a racist, alleging he was implying the Orcs were to be equated with Asian peoples. He is careful to say, however, that the Orcs were "degraded and repulsive versions" of those Mongol peoples who would be least attractive to European sensibilities. Some people have suggested Tolkien may have been referring to the Huns, who left an indelible mark in the western European psyche. Whether the Orcs are intended to be "degraded and repulsive versions" of Huns is a mystery we cannot resolve, but it is clear that Tolkien felt a Mongoloid base was necessary for Orcish appearance. Not because he equated Asians with evil, or thought them ugly. But because he needed a human model which, when distorted beyond realistic appearance, might appear monstrous and corrupted. In fact, many Asian cultures represent demons and evil gods in a similar fashion.'' <ref>http://www.michael-martinez.com/books/parma_endorion.html</ref><ref>http://www.free-ebooks.net/fan_fiction.html</ref>

*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.

*The [[Woses]], the Wild Men of the Druadan Forest, are primitive and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). They are roughly Tolkien's version of pygmies: diminutive like Hobbits (and Dwarves), and knowledgeable in forest life. He does not mention their skin colour, though. They were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative implicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.

*Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the Woses. The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable, and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences.

*The superiority of some races (eg. Dunedain), as in nobility, longevity, and foresight, is because of supernatural factors (a blessing by God, and divine or Elvish ancestry) and therefore cannot apply to reality and modern theories of Aryan superiority.

*The concept of the chosen people is also present in other contexts such as that of the [[Hebrews]] and in [[Judaism]]. Even though the Numenoreans were blessed by God, most of them were punished for their pride with the destruction of their land.

*The Numenoreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Numenorean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Numenorean [[Eldacar]].

*The Men of Darkness were not the only enemies of the Numenoreans. Some of their worst enemies were their relatives, the Black Numenoreans ("Black" not because of their skin, but because of their heraldry) who stayed in Umbar (and later became the Corsairs).

*Though Tolkien contrasts the "[[Moriquendi|Dark Elves]]" with the "[[Calaquendi|High Elves]]" in ''The Silmarillion'', it was not because the former were black (which they weren't), but because they had not seen the light (literally – of the [[Two Trees]]), and so were still "in the darkness". They were not evil either. Also, while the narrative hints on the 'superiority' of the High Elves over the Dark Elves, this is because of living next to the Valar who enriched their corporal and mental power and wisdom, not because of genetic factors.

*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Sam Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Note that in a letter (#131), Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.

*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.

*Even the Orcs themselves practiced "racism", as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).

*Tolkien's comment that the Dwarves are reminiscent of Jews may not be negative, when seen in the right context — as stated above, he only explicitly says that Khuzdul is "Semitic" in the above interview. He paints a mostly positive picture of the race in his writings (Gimli of course is brave and honourable, and it is stated in one of the Appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'' that "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jews (see above). The arguably negative traits of Dwarves such as their greed for riches may be attributed to traditional portrayals of them, and people looking for any other negative connections may be reading too much into the above statement. In one of his letters, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "''at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…''" ([[Letter 176]]) Thus, "Dwarves-as-Jews" has more to do with status, history, and linguistics rather than prejudice.

*The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them.

==Relevant quotations==
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}

{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}

{{quote|I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence.|Foreword to the Second Edition of ''The Lord of the Rings''}}

{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''[[Wikipedi:Bestatigung|Bestatigung]]'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin)}}

{{quote|Thank you for your letter ... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone (sic) of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}

{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}

{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a valedictory address to the [[University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}

{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long." — From a letter to Christopher Tolkien, who was stationed in South Africa during World War II|[[Letter 29]]}}

{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge--which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}

==Sources==
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]
*Relevant [http://www.merp.com/essays/MichaelMartinez/michaelmartinezsuite101essay13/view article on the movies] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]
*[http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=17519&m=P21&aa=1 Critique of the Peter Jackson movies, pointing out possible racist messages] by Dimitris Danikas (in Greek)

[[Category:Tolkien studies]]

Tengwar

2009-06-11T12:26:35Z

91.132.141.80:

{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]
The '''Tengwar''' ([[Quenya]]. "letters") had been a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]]. It has been used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[Races]] through the [[Ages]].

==History==
===The Classical Quenya mode===
{{main|Quenya mode}}
[[Fëanor]] invented the tengwar on the [[Valian Year 1250]] strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, [[The Annals of Valinor]]</ref><ref name="ApD">[[Vinyar Tengwar 39]], Appendix D to [[Quendi and Eldar]]</ref> Fëanor constructed the Tengwar both as a general phonetic alphabet, and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]]<ref>{{HM|TI}}, [[Appendix on Runes]]</ref>

Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/>

However Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of [[tehtar]] (instead of the full letters).<ref name="ApD"/>.

The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.

===The Mode of Beleriand===
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand.

In Beleriand, it is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]], mainly in their shape and arrangement.

We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that in [[Eregion]], a tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].

At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it<ref>[[The Road Goes Ever On, A Song Cycle]]</ref>. Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.

===The General Use===
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[http://www.sothebys.com/app/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?lot_id=34NDT Howlett Rivendell Inscription] ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]], in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].

What is remarkable is that the same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{HM|FR}}, [[The Shadow of the Past]]</ref>. In his description of it, the Númenorian [[Isildur]] says the Ring Inscription "is fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{HM|FR}}, [[The Council of Elrond]]</ref> It is not certain how this observation is to be understood. It might mean that either the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion.

If Isildur referred to the script, this leaves room for speculation that the mode was from Númenor since some Adûnaic words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>. After all, Isildur is perfectly able to read the inscription (though he does not understand the language).

In the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, another mode was used that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.

== Spelling and Pronunciation ==
=== Structure ===
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.

The shape of the Tengwar were unirofmely consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow).
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar, therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.

The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed.

All the above combinations can create 31 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: The basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.

According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.

The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.

{| border="1"
! |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar
|-
|Voiceless plosives
| {{tg|q}}
| p
| {{tg|1}}
| t
| {{tg|a}}
| k
| {{tg|z}}
| kw
|-
|Voiced plosives
| {{tg|w}}
| b
| {{tg|2}}
| d
| {{tg|s}}
| g
| {{tg|x}}
| gw
|-
|Aspirated voiceless plosives
| {{tg|Q}}
| ph
| {{tg|!}}
| th
| {{tg|A}}
| kh
| {{tg|Z}}
| khw
|-
|Aspirated voiced plosives
| {{tg|W}}
| bh
| {{tg|@}}
| dh
| {{tg|S}}
| gh
| {{tg|X}}
| ghw
|-
|Voiceless fricatives
| {{tg|e}}
| f
| {{tg|3}}
| th
| {{tg|d}}
| ch
| {{tg|c}}
| chw
|-
|Voiced fricatives
| {{tg|r}}
| v
| {{tg|4}}
| dh
| {{tg|f}}
| gh
| {{tg|v}}
| ghw
|-
|Voiceless nasals
| {{tg|y}}
| hm
| {{tg|6}}
| hn
| {{tg|h}}
| hñ
| {{tg|n}}
| hñw
|-
|Nasals
| {{tg|t}}
| m
| {{tg|5}}
| n
| {{tg|g}}
| ñ
| {{tg|b}}
| ñw
|-
|}

===Arrangement===
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.

Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values

{| border="1"
!
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
|Grade I
| {{tg|1}}
| [[Tinco]]
| {{tg|q}}
| [[Parma]]
| {{tg|a}}
| [[Calma]]
| {{tg|z}}
| [[Quesse]]
|-
|Grade II
| {{tg|2}}
| [[Ando]]
| {{tg|w}}
| [[Umbar]]
| {{tg|s}}
| [[Anga]]
| {{tg|x}}
| [[Ungwe]]
|-
|Grade III
| {{tg|3}}
| [[Súle]]
| {{tg|e}}
| [[Formen]]
| {{tg|d}}
| [[Aha]]
| {{tg|c}}
| [[Hwesta]]
|-
|Grade IV
| {{tg|4}}
| [[Anto]]
| {{tg|r}}
| [[Ampa]]
| {{tg|f}}
| [[Anca]]
| {{tg|v}}
| [[Unque]]
|-
|Grade V
| {{tg|5}}
| [[Númen]]
| {{tg|t}}
| [[Malta]]
| {{tg|g}}
| [[Noldo]]
| {{tg|b}}
| [[Nwalme]]
|-
|Grade VI
| {{tg|6}}
| [[Óre]]
| {{tg|y}}
| [[Vala]]
| {{tg|h}}
| [[Anna]]
| {{tg|n}}
| [[Vilya]]
|-
!
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''
|-
|
| {{tg|7}}
| [[Rómen]]
| {{tg|u}}
| [[Arda]]
| {{tg|j}}
| [[Lambe]]
| {{tg|m}}
| [[Alda]]
|-
|
| {{tg|8}}
| [[Silme]]
| {{tg|i}}
| [[Silme nuquerna]]
| {{tg|k}}
| [[Esse]]
| {{tg|,}}
| [[Esse nuquerna]]
|-
|
| {{tg|9}}
| [[Hyarmen]]
| {{tg|l}}
| [[Yanta]]
| {{tg|o}}
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]
| {{tg|.}}
| [[Úre]]
|-
|
| {{tg|½}}
| [[Halla]]
| {{tg|`}}
| [[Telco]]
| {{tg|~}}
| [[Ára]]
|-
|}
== Values==
As mentioned, the tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of the [[One Ring]] and other Westron tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.

The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation. The dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
| {{tg|1}}
| t Tinco/Tó
| {{tg|q}}
| p Parma/Pí
| {{tg|a}}
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''') Calma/Ché
| {{tg|z}}
| k Quesse/Ká
|-
| {{tg|2}}
| d Ando/Dó
| {{tg|w}}
| b Umbar/Bí
| {{tg|s}}
|j Anga/Jé
| {{tg|x}}
| g Ungwe/Gá
|-
| {{tg|3}}
| th Súle/Thó
| {{tg|e}}
| f Formen/Fí
| {{tg|d}}
|sh Aha/Shé
| {{tg|c}}
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''') Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)
|-
| {{tg|4}}
| dh Anto/Adhó
| {{tg|r}}
| v Ampa/Ví
| {{tg|f}}
| zh Anca/Izhe
| {{tg|v}}
|gh Unque/Agha
|-
| {{tg|5}}
| n Númen/Nó
| {{tg|t}}
| m Malta/Mí
| {{tg|g}}
| ny Noldo/Nyé
| {{tg|b}}
| ng Nwalme/Ngá
|-
| {{tg|6}}
| -r/r Óre/Ar
| {{tg|y}}
| w, -u/w Vala/Wí
| {{tg|h}}
| -i/y Anna/Yé
| {{tg|n}}
|’? ’á
|-
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:
|-
| {{tg|7}}
| r Rómen/Aro
| {{tg|u}}
| rh Arda/Rho
| {{tg|j}}
| l Lambe/Alo
| {{tg|m}}
| lh Alda/Lho
|-
| {{tg|8}}
| s Silme/Só
| {{tg|i}}
|s Silme Nuquerna/Ós
| {{tg|k}}
| ss/z Esse/Azo
| {{tg|,}}
| z Oza
|-
| {{tg|9}}
| h Hyarmen/Há
| {{tg|l}}
| i-, -e Yanta/Ai
| {{tg|o}}
| wh Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí
| {{tg|.}}
| -u? Úre/Au
|}

The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
| {{tg|1}}
| t Tinco/Tó
| {{tg|q}}
| p Parma/Pí
| {{tg|a}}
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''') Calma/Ché
| {{tg|z}}
| k Quesse/Ká
|-
| {{tg|2}}
| d Ando/Dó
| {{tg|w}}
| b Umbar/Bí
| {{tg|s}}
|j AngaJé
| {{tg|x}}
| g Ungwe/Gá
|-
| {{tg|3}}
| th Súle/Thó
| {{tg|e}}
| f Formen/Fí
| {{tg|d}}
|sh Aha/Shé
| {{tg|c}}
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''' Hwesta/Aha
|-
| {{tg|4}}
| dh Anto/Adhó
| {{tg|r}}
| v Ampa/Ví
| {{tg|f}}
|zh Anca/Izhe
| {{tg|v}}
|gh Unque/Agha
|-
| {{tg|5}}
| n Númen/Nó
| {{tg|t}}
| m Malta/Mí
| {{tg|g}}
|ny Noldo/Nyé
| {{tg|b}}
| ng Nwalme/Ngá
|-
| {{tg|6}}
| -r/r Óre/Ar
| {{tg|y}}
| w, -u/u Vala/Wí
| {{tg|h}}
| o Anna/Yé
| {{tg|n}}
|a 'a
|-
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:
|-
| {{tg|7}}
| r Rómen/Aro
| {{tg|u}}
| rh Arda/Rho
| {{tg|j}}
| l Lambe/Alo
| {{tg|m}}
| lh Alda/Lho
|-
| {{tg|8}}
| s Silme/Só
| {{tg|i}}
|s Silme Nuquerna/Ós
| {{tg|k}}
| ss/z Esse/Azo
| {{tg|,}}
| z Esse Nuquerna/Oza
|-
| {{tg|9}}
| h Hyarmen/Há
| {{tg|l}}
| i-, -e/e Yanta/Ai
| {{tg|o}}
| wh Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí
| {{tg|.}}
| w Úre/Au
|-
|{{tg|`B}}
|i
|{{tg|~B}}
|i-/y-
|{{tg|]}}
|a
| {{tg|š}}
| mh
|}

==Other modes==
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them, use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless

All the modes can be divided into two large categories:
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]]
*The "full writing" modes, represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].

Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.

== External History ==
The [[sarati]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s, anticipates many features of the tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties), different tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).

Even closer to the tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".

The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.
==Inspiration==
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondance between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. A corresponance between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script of his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondance between shape features and sound features by himself.

==Indexing==
[[Mellonath Daeron]], the linguistic fan society, devised a system to keep track of all the known genuine (=made by Tolkien) samples of the Tengwar and create a reference list.

The ''Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina'' (DTS) lists 67 known sources of tengwar samples and is updated whenever a new sample is published, revealed or discovered.

The DTS is used as a widely accepted standard in Tolkien studies, whenever an essay or article needs to refer to an example or an attested source.

This is a list of few known samples predating publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (many of them published posthumously):
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS1 DTS1] ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', published 1937
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS22 DTS 22] - ''Ilbereth's Greeting'' from [[The Father Christmas Letters]], dating to 1937
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS 50]/[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 51] - ''Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript'' from [[The Notion Club Papers]] has [[Old English]] language text written in tengwar (with a few [[Adûnaic]] and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS10 DTS 10] - The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948.
* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS16 DTS 16], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS17 DTS 17], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS18 DTS 18] - ''Elvish Script Sample I, II, III'', with parts of the English poems ''[[Errantry]]'' and ''[[Bombadil]]'', first published in the ''Silmarillion Calendar 1978'', later in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', as well as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS23 DTS 23] - ''So Lúthien'', a page of the English ''Lay of Leithan'' text facsimiled in [[The History of Middle-earth#Volume 3|HoME 3]]:299.

A few other samples, e.g. a tengwar mode for [[Gothic]] are known to exist, but remain unpublished to date [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html].

== Encoding Schemes ==
=== Non-Unicode ===
The contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that if no corresponding tengwar font is installed, an awful string of nonsense characters appears.

Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.

For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.

Other tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).

The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography. If no tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.

{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}

=== Unicode ===
A proposal has been made to include the Tengwar in the Unicode standard so that users won't need to install a particular font to see Tengwar on the screen.

The following Unicode sample is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the Tengwar proposal for the ConScript Unicode Registry (U+E000–U+E006F; see [[#External links|External links]]).

At the moments, the only typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.code2000.net James Kass'] Code2000 and Code2001.

The following sample repeats the above one according to the Unicode proposal. It will only display correctly if either of James Kass's fonts is installed.

<blockquote style="font-family: Code2000, Code2001; font-size: 1.2em;">                             </blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Cirth]]

{{references}}
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.

== External Links ==
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the tengwar script
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] — a continuously expanding list of all published tengwar samples
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]
* [http://www.geocities.com/therealteng/ Real-life Tengwar samples]
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]

=== Modes ===
* [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/FTMME.htm Tengwar mode for English]
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]
* [http://dombach.florian.bei.t-online.de/schrift/deutschloth.htm Tengwar mode(s) for German]
* [http://my.ort.org.il/tolkien/gandalf/ps/tengwar.ps.gz Tengwar mode for Hebrew] (PostScript format)
* [http://symbolictruth.fateback.com/tengwar-arabic-mode.htm Tengwar mode for Arabic]

=== Software ===
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]

More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).

=== Technical ===
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]

[[category:Writing systems]]
[[category:tengwar]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]

Rúmil (elf of Tirion)

2009-06-11T12:25:00Z

91.132.141.80:

{{sources}}
{{noldor infobox
| image=[[Image:Rumil2.gif.jpg|250px]]
| name=Rúmil
| quenya=
| titles=Rúmil of [[Tirion]]
| birth=
| realm=[[Valinor]]
| death=
| age=
| parentage=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| hair=Black
| ref=''[[The Silmarillion]]''
|}}
'''Rúmil''' was a [[Lambengolmor|Lambengolmo]] ("Loremaster") of the [[Noldor]], living in the city of [[Tirion]].

==History==
Rúmil was one of the Noldor who refused the summons of [[Fëanor]], choosing to remain in Tirion under the rule of [[Finarfin]]. His fate is not recorded.

Rúmil was notable for inventing writing. His alphabet was called ''[[Sarati]]'', as each letter was called a ''sarat''. This alphabet was later expanded and perfected by [[Fëanor]] as the [[Tengwar]]. He was also a skilled linguist, and when the [[Teleri]] finally arrived in [[Valinor]] he was first to discover just how the [[Telerin]] language differed from [[Common Eldarin]] compared to [[Quenya]].

Rúmil was said to be tha author of various works, some of which would find [[The Silmarillion|great acknowledgment]] after they were translated into [[Westron]] by [[Bilbo Baggins]]. These include:
* ''[[Ainulindalë]]''
* ''[[Valaquenta]]''
* ''[[Annals of Aman]]''
* ''[[Lhammas]]''
* ''[[Lhammasethen]]''
* ''[[Ambarkanta]]''
* ''[[i Equessi Rumilo]]''

[[Pengolodh]] of [[Gondolin]], when arrived to Valinor, later continued and completed much of his work.

==Etymology==
The origin of his name is not clear, possibly deriving from the root ''[[RUM]]'', meaning "secret".

[[Category:High Elves]]
[[Category:Noldor]]

2005

2009-06-09T09:45:03Z

91.132.141.80: /* August */

{{year-header}}
==January==
* '''4''' - [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography|biographer]] and [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|editor]] dies.
* '''14-16''' - [[The One Ring Celebration]].
* '''?''' - [[Tolkien Gateway]]'s [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|IRC channel]] goes online.
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 191]]'' is published.
==February==
* '''25''' - Dutch translator [[Max Schuchart]] dies.
* '''?''' - ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 47]]'' is published.
==March==
* '''11''' - Cartographer [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] dies.
* '''30''' - ''[[Unsung Heroes of The Lord of the Rings]]'' is published.
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 192]]'' is published.
==April==
* '''13''' - German translator [[Wolfgang Krege]] dies.
* '''15''' - ''[[Reconsidering Tolkien]]'' is published.
* '''22''' - [[Norman Bird]], who played [[Bilbo Baggins]] in ''[[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]'', dies.
* '''30''' - ''[[Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien's Mythology]]'' is published.
* '''?''' - ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2]]'' is published.
* '''?''' - ''[[Reconsidering Tolkien]]'' is published.
==May==
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 193]]'' is published.
* '''?''' - ''[[Understanding The Lord of the Rings]]'' is published.
==June==
* '''3''' - The [[Tolkien Gateway: About|TolkienGateway wiki-project]] is started.
* '''?''' - ''[[Tolkien's Ordinary Virtues]]'' is published.
==July==
* '''12''' - ''[[Der Berggeist]]'' is auctioned at Sotheby's.
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 194]]'' is published.
==August==
* '''9-10''' - [[Lord of the Rings Symphony]] plays in Herodion, Greece
* '''11-15''' - [[Tolkien 2005]].

==September==
* '''16-18''' - [[Oxonmoot 2005]].
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 195]]'' is published.
==October==
* '''25''' - The [[Tolkien Ensemble]] publish their fourth album, ''[[Leaving Rivendell]]''.
* '''27''' - ''[[Tolkien's Modern Middle Ages]]'' is published.
* '''?''' - ''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' is published.
==November==
* '''8''' - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'' is released.
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 196]]'' is published.
==December==
* '''27''' - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' is published.
* '''?''' - ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 48]]'' is published.
==?==
* '''?''' - ''[[Ringers: Lord of the Fans]]'' is released.
* '''?''' - ''[[2005 An Elvish Travel Calendar]]'' is published.

{{years|2002|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008|}}

[[Category:Years]]

Evgenia Hatzithanasi-Kollia

2009-05-18T23:30:27Z

91.132.141.80: Cyrillic != Greek

'''Evgenia Hatzithanasi-Kollia''' (Greek: '''Ευγενία Χατζηθανάση-Κόλλια''') is the Greek translator of most [[Tolkien]]'s works.

Her work with Tolkien started when she found by chance an abandoned English copy of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', forgotten by a tourist. As she liked the book, she proposed to [http://www.kedros.gr/ Kedros] publishing house to make a translation and publish it in Greek. Thus the ''Lord of the Rings'' was the first fantasy book to be published in Greek.

==Works==
*[[1978]]: "Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών (''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'')
*[[1996]]: "Το Σιλμαρίλλιον" (''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*[[2000]]: "Ατέλειωτες Ιστορίες" (''[[Unfinished Tales]]'')
*"Ο Γεωργός Τζάιλς" (''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'')
*"Ο Σιδεράς του Μεγάλου Γούτον" (''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'')
*[[2007]]: "Τα παιδιά του Χούριν" (''[[The Children of Húrin]]'')

==References==
*Interview to the [[Greek Tolkien Society]]
[[category:translators|Hatzithanasi-Kollia, Evgenia]]

Evgenia Hatzithanasi-Kollia

2009-05-18T19:26:02Z

91.132.141.80:

'''Evgenia Hatzithanasi-Kollia''' (Cyrillic: '''Ευγενία Χατζηθανάση-Κόλλια''') is the Greek translator of most [[Tolkien]]'s works.

Her work with Tolkien started when she found by chance an abandoned English copy of the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', forgotten by a tourist. As she liked the book, she proposed to [http://www.kedros.gr/ Kedros] publishing house to make a translation and publish it in Greek. Thus the ''Lord of the Rings'' was the first fantasy book to be published in Greek.

==Works==
*[[1978]]: "Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών (''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'')
*[[1996]]: "Το Σιλμαρίλλιον" (''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*[[2000]]: "Ατέλειωτες Ιστορίες" (''[[Unfinished Tales]]'')
*"Ο Γεωργός Τζάιλς" (''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'')
*"Ο Σιδεράς του Μεγάλου Γούτον" (''[[The Smith of Wootton Major]]'')
*[[2007]]: "Τα παιδιά του Χούριν" (''[[The Children of Húrin]]'')

==References==
*Interview to the [[Greek Tolkien Society]]
[[category:translators|Hatzithanasi-Kollia, Evgenia]]

Evgenia Hatzithanasi-Kollia

2009-05-18T19:25:25Z

91.132.141.80:

'''Evgenia Hatzithanasi-Kollia''' (Cyrillic: '''Ευγενία Χατζηθανάση-Κόλλια''') is the Greek translator of most [[Tolkien]]'s works.

Her work with Tolkien started when she found by chance an abandoned English copy of the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', forgotten by a tourist. As she liked the book, she proposed to [http://www.kedros.gr/ Kedros] publishing house to make a translation and publish it in Greek. Thus the ''Lord of the Rings'' was the first fantasy book to be published in Greek.

==Works==
*[[1978]]: "Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών (''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'')
*[[1996]]: "Το Σιλμαρίλλιον" (''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
*[[2000]]: "Ατέλειωτες Ιστορίες" (''[[Unfinished Tales]]'')
*"Ο Γεωργός Τζάιλς" (''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'')
*"Ο Σιδεράς του Μεγάλου Γούτον" (''[[The Smith of Wooton Major]]'')
*[[2007]]: "Τα παιδιά του Χούριν" (''[[The Children of Húrin]]'')

==References==
*Interview to the [[Greek Tolkien Society]]
[[category:translators|Hatzithanasi-Kollia, Evgenia]]

Rangers of the North

2009-05-08T17:25:50Z

91.132.141.80: /* History */

{{Claimed|[[User:Theoden1]]}}
'''Rangers of the North''' or simply the [[Rangers]], were the northern wandering people of [[Eriador]], the last remnant of the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]] who had once peopled the [[North-kingdom]] of [[Arnor]]. They protected the lands they wandered although their secretiveness made other peoples consider them dangerous and distrustful in [[Bree]] and [[Shire]], where they were known as "Watchers".

They were grim in appearance and were usually dressed in grey or dark green, with a cloak-clasp shaped like an 6-pointed star.

The term 'Rangers of the North' was used most often by those who lived in the southern lands of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]], perhaps to distinguish this people from their distant cousins, the [[Rangers of Ithilien]]. Like the Rangers of the North, these were also Dúnedain, but they belonged to the [[South-kingdom]] of [[Gondor]], and their ancestors had been divided from the Northern Dúnedain for some three thousand years.
==History==
The Dúnedain of Arnor dwindled after the breaking of Arnor into three kingdoms and the wars with [[Angmar]]. [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] soon fell and only the petty-kingdom of [[Arthedain]] maintained the noble line of [[Isildur]]. Finally, that too was destroyed in the [[Battle of Fornost]] and [[Arvedui]], the last King of Arthedain was lost in the sea.

Arvedui's son and heir, [[Aranarth]] claimed the title of the [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]], who would rule the remnants of his people. [[Elrond]] kept in his keeping the heirlooms of the house of [[Isildur]]: the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], the [[Star of Elendil]], and the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]].

The Rangers became a secretive wandering and nomadic people around [[Eriador]], far from Sauron's spies, little known or remembered, and their deeds were seldom recorded. The [[Watchful Peace]] followed the loss of Arnor and after its end, the enemies concentrated mostly against [[Rhovanion]] and [[Gondor]]. During that time, the Rangers fought minor battles and skirmishes against [[orcs]] and [[wolves]] in order to keep the region safe. The [[hobbits]] of the [[Shire]] flourished under their protection.

In Rivendell, each of Aranarth's heirs (who, like him, could trace his descent back to the [[Kings of Arnor]] and ultimately to Isildur himself) would be secretly born and grow there.

During the rule of [[Arassuil]], the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] became more bold, daring to invade Eriador. The Rangers fought many battles trying to hold them back, but one party managed to reach the Shire, and were fought off by a party of brave Hobbits under [[Bandobras Took]] in [[Third Age 2747]]. Soon after, the [[Long Winter]] arrived and many lives were lost, and [[Gandalf]] and the Rangers had to help the Hobbits of the Shire survive.

In [[Third Age 2911]], during [[Argonui]]'s rule, the [[Fell Winter]] began with the [[Brandywine]] freezing over. This was a catalyst for [[White Wolves]] invading Eriador from the North which must have harassed the Rangers. In the last year of his reign, great floods devastated [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]] leaving [[Tharbad]] ruined and deserted. The following years were peaceful although [[Arador]] was killed by [[hill-trolls]] and his son [[Arathorn II]] was killed while hunting orcs.

Arathorn's son, [[Aragorn II]] succeeded him, who between [[Third Age 2957|2957]] to [[Third Age 2980|2980]] took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and Steward [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor. Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive.

At that time Aragorn's Rangers were scattered and diminished. When [[Halbarad]] led a troop of the Rangers into the south to Aragorn's aid in the War, he could muster no more than thirty in this company who fought in the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]].

Aragorn eventually became King Elessar of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and the Rangers became once more a united people under the line of [[Elendil]] in the [[Fourth Age]].

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Rangers of the North are called simply Rangers in the game. They were some scattered about Middle-earth, but there were also many who were organized. There was a group that [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] led to keep track of the Enemy's movement during ''[[Stirrings in the Darkness]]''.

[[Category:Rangers]]
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]

North-kingdom

2009-05-08T17:13:50Z

91.132.141.80: Redirecting to Arnor

#REDIRECT [[Arnor]]

Arvedui

2009-05-08T17:10:44Z

91.132.141.80: /* Arnor after Arvedui's Death */

{{royalty infobox
|image=[[Image:Arvedui lotro fragment.JPG|250px]]
|name=Arvedui
|othernames=
|birth= [[Third Age 1864|T.A. 1864]]
|rule= [[Third Age 1964|T.A. 1964]]
|death= [[Third Age 1975|T.A. 1975]]
|age= 111
|realms= [[Arthedain]]
|race=[[Men]]
|gender=Male
|height=
|hair=
|eyes=
|}}{{Pronounce|Arvedui.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Arvedui''' ([[Third Age|T.A.]] 1864 – 1974, died aged 111) was the fifteenth, and last, king of [[Arthedain]], succeeding his father, [[Araphant]], upon his death in 1964.

==History==
===Birth and Early Life===
Arvedui's name means "Last King" in [[Sindarin]] (see [[#Etymology|Etymology]] below), and he was named so due to a [[Arvedui Last-king|prophecy]] by [[Malbeth the Seer]] at Arvedui's birth spoken to his father, Araphant:{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]], ''[[Gondor]] and the Heirs of [[Anárion]]}}

Arvedui married [[Fíriel]], the daughter of the king of Gondor, [[Ondoher]], in 1940, securing the link between Gondor and Arthedain after years of estrangement. Four years later, Ondoher was killed in a battle with the [[Wainriders]], and died without a male heir. Arvedui sent messages to Gondor claiming the kingship of Gondor as a descendent of [[Isildur]] and as the husband of [[Fíriel]], who, under [[Law of Succession in Númenor|old Númenórean law]], should've become the first ruling queen. In 1945 the [[Council of Gondor]], persuaded by the Steward [[Pelendur]], voted against Arvedui's claim in favour of [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]] - the distant relative of the king and the victorious general in the war on the Wainriders.

===Life as King===
When Arvedui became king in 1964, the kingdom was already in a bad state, with the kingdom struggling to hold back the forces of [[Angmar]]. In 1974 the [[Witch-king]] came down from the north capturing [[Fornost]] and pushing most of the [[Dúnedain]] over the [[Lune]]. Arvedui and his men, rescued several heirlooms of Arnor such as the [[Ring of Barahir]] and [[palantíri]] of [[Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas]]. They held out on the [[North Downs]] but fled north and hid in old [[Dwarf|dwarven]] mines in the [[Blue Mountains]] before being forced to seek the aid of the [[Lossoth]] in the Ice-bay of [[Forochel]] due to hunger.

The snowmen helped the gaunt king out of pity and out of fear of his weapons, giving them food and building them snow-homes. Arvedui and his men had to stay there and wait for help as all their horses had perished. In 1975, when [[Círdan]] heard from Arvedui's son, [[Aranarth]], of his plight, he sent a ship to Forochel to find him. When the ship arrived in March of that year, the ice-men were afraid for no ship had been seen in those water in living memory, and the leader of the snowmen counselled Arvedui:{{quote|Do not mount on this sea-monster! If they have them, let the seamen bring us food and other things that we need, and you may stay here till the Witch-king goes home. For in summer his power wanes; but now his breath is deadly, and his cold arm is long.|[[Appendix A]], ''[[Eriador]], [[Arnor]] and the Heirs of Isildur''}}
However, Arvedui did not heed their advice and gave them his ring, the [[Ring of Barahir]], as a token of his thanks. When the ship set sail a great wind came from the north and the hull of the ship was broken on some ice, thus the last king of Arthedain died, and with him the two [[palantíri]] were lost.

===Arnor after Arvedui's Death===
In 1973, Gondor had received word from Arthedain of their difficulties, and not forgetting their ancient kinship, [[Eärnil]], king of Gondor, sent as great a fleet as he could spare captained by his son [[Eärnur]]. By the time the fleet arrived, Arthedain was already defeated, and Arvedui had already perished.

However, in order to finally defeat this evil, Eärnur, Círdan and [[Glorfindel]] captained forces from Gondor, [[Lindon]] and [[Rivendell]] and marched across Eriador in such a great force that Angmar was utterly defeated without a single orc from that realm left to the west of the [[Misty Mountains]].

Despite the eventual victory over Angmar, Arnor was utterly defeated, and the Dúnedain of the North were a scattered and [[Rangers of the North|wandering people of which there were few]]. The line of kings continued, however, in [[Aranarth]] who took the title of [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] all the way down to [[Aragorn II|Aragorn Elessar]]; and when Aragorn claimed the throne of Gondor he did so as both the heir of Isildur and Anárion due to the fact he was descended from Fíriel - a claim none of the heirs of Arvedui forgot.

As such, Malbeth's prophecy proved true, for Arvedui was indeed the last King of Arthedain; likewise, the last king of Gondor was Eärnur who was killed by the Witch-king. There would not be another king in the north until [[Aragorn II|Elessar]] reunited the thrones of Gondor and Arnor in the [[Reunited Kingdom]].

== Etymology ==
Arvedui's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Last King" from ''[[ar]]'' meaning "royal, king", and ''[[medui]]'' (becoming lenited to ''vedui'') meaning "last".

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |ISI| |ISI=[[Isildur]] }}
{{familytree | | |:| | }}
{{familytree | | |:| | }}
{{familytree | |ARP| | ARP=[[Araphant]]}}
{{familytree | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | |ARV| | ARV='''ARVEDUI'''}}
{{familytree | | |!| }}
{{familytree | |ARN| | ARN=[[Aranarth]]}}
{{familytree | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | |ARH| | ARH=[[Arahael]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{Sequence
|prev=[[Araphant]]
|next=''Realm Extinct'' [[Aranarth]] as [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]]
|list=15th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arthedain]] <code>III</code> 1964 - 1975
|}}{{northernline}}

[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arthedain]]
[[de:Arvedui]]
[[fi:Arvedui]]

Arvedui

2009-05-08T16:13:14Z

91.132.141.80: /* Etymology */

{{royalty infobox
|image=[[Image:Arvedui lotro fragment.JPG|250px]]
|name=Arvedui
|othernames=
|birth= [[Third Age 1864|T.A. 1864]]
|rule= [[Third Age 1964|T.A. 1964]]
|death= [[Third Age 1975|T.A. 1975]]
|age= 111
|realms= [[Arthedain]]
|race=[[Men]]
|gender=Male
|height=
|hair=
|eyes=
|}}{{Pronounce|Arvedui.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Arvedui''' ([[Third Age|T.A.]] 1864 – 1974, died aged 111) was the fifteenth, and last, king of [[Arthedain]], succeeding his father, [[Araphant]], upon his death in 1964.

==History==
===Birth and Early Life===
Arvedui's name means "Last King" in [[Sindarin]] (see [[#Etymology|Etymology]] below), and he was named so due to a [[Arvedui Last-king|prophecy]] by [[Malbeth the Seer]] at Arvedui's birth spoken to his father, Araphant:{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]], ''[[Gondor]] and the Heirs of [[Anárion]]}}

Arvedui married [[Fíriel]], the daughter of the king of Gondor, [[Ondoher]], in 1940, securing the link between Gondor and Arthedain after years of estrangement. Four years later, Ondoher was killed in a battle with the [[Wainriders]], and died without a male heir. Arvedui sent messages to Gondor claiming the kingship of Gondor as a descendent of [[Isildur]] and as the husband of [[Fíriel]], who, under [[Law of Succession in Númenor|old Númenórean law]], should've become the first ruling queen. In 1945 the [[Council of Gondor]], persuaded by the Steward [[Pelendur]], voted against Arvedui's claim in favour of [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]] - the distant relative of the king and the victorious general in the war on the Wainriders.

===Life as King===
When Arvedui became king in 1964, the kingdom was already in a bad state, with the kingdom struggling to hold back the forces of [[Angmar]]. In 1974 the [[Witch-king]] came down from the north capturing [[Fornost]] and pushing most of the [[Dúnedain]] over the [[Lune]]. Arvedui and his men, rescued several heirlooms of Arnor such as the [[Ring of Barahir]] and [[palantíri]] of [[Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas]]. They held out on the [[North Downs]] but fled north and hid in old [[Dwarf|dwarven]] mines in the [[Blue Mountains]] before being forced to seek the aid of the [[Lossoth]] in the Ice-bay of [[Forochel]] due to hunger.

The snowmen helped the gaunt king out of pity and out of fear of his weapons, giving them food and building them snow-homes. Arvedui and his men had to stay there and wait for help as all their horses had perished. In 1975, when [[Círdan]] heard from Arvedui's son, [[Aranarth]], of his plight, he sent a ship to Forochel to find him. When the ship arrived in March of that year, the ice-men were afraid for no ship had been seen in those water in living memory, and the leader of the snowmen counselled Arvedui:{{quote|Do not mount on this sea-monster! If they have them, let the seamen bring us food and other things that we need, and you may stay here till the Witch-king goes home. For in summer his power wanes; but now his breath is deadly, and his cold arm is long.|[[Appendix A]], ''[[Eriador]], [[Arnor]] and the Heirs of Isildur''}}
However, Arvedui did not heed their advice and gave them his ring, the [[Ring of Barahir]], as a token of his thanks. When the ship set sail a great wind came from the north and the hull of the ship was broken on some ice, thus the last king of Arthedain died, and with him the two [[palantíri]] were lost.

===Arnor after Arvedui's Death===
In 1973, Gondor had received word from Arthedain of their difficulties, and not forgetting their ancient kinship, [[Eärnil]], king of Gondor, sent as great a fleet as he could spare captained by his son [[Eärnur]]. By the time the fleet arrived, Arthedain was already defeated, and Arvedui had already perished.

However, in order to finally defeat this evil, Eärnur, Círdan and [[Glorfindel]] captained forces from Gondor, [[Lindon]] and [[Rivendell]] and marched across Eriador in such a great force that Angmar was utterly defeated without a single orc from that realm left to the west of the [[Misty Mountains]].

Despite the eventual victory over Angmar, Arnor was utterly defeated, and the Dúnedain of the North were a scattered and wandering people of which there were few. The line of kings continued, however, in [[Aranarth]] who took the title of [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] all the way down to [[Aragorn II|Aragorn Elessar]]; and when Aragorn claimed the throne of Gondor he did so as both the heir of Isildur and Anárion due to the fact he was descended from Fíriel - a claim none of the heirs of Arvedui forgot.

As such, Malbeth's prophecy proved true, for Arvedui was indeed the last King of Arthedain; likewise, the last king of Gondor was Eärnur who was killed by the Witch-king. There would not be another king in the north until [[Aragorn II|Elessar]] reunited the thrones of Gondor and Arnor in the [[Reunited Kingdom]].

== Etymology ==
Arvedui's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Last King" from ''[[ar]]'' meaning "royal, king", and ''[[medui]]'' (becoming lenited to ''vedui'') meaning "last".

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |ISI| |ISI=[[Isildur]] }}
{{familytree | | |:| | }}
{{familytree | | |:| | }}
{{familytree | |ARP| | ARP=[[Araphant]]}}
{{familytree | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | |ARV| | ARV='''ARVEDUI'''}}
{{familytree | | |!| }}
{{familytree | |ARN| | ARN=[[Aranarth]]}}
{{familytree | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | |ARH| | ARH=[[Arahael]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{Sequence
|prev=[[Araphant]]
|next=''Realm Extinct'' [[Aranarth]] as [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]]
|list=15th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arthedain]] <code>III</code> 1964 - 1975
|}}{{northernline}}

[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arthedain]]
[[de:Arvedui]]
[[fi:Arvedui]]

Tolkien's works in popular media

2009-05-08T15:08:27Z

91.132.141.80:

Over the years, many visual and textual '''references''' have been made to the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], or more often, [[The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy|Peter Jackson's film trilogy]].

==Movies==
===[[wikipedia:Cellular (movie)|Cellular]]===
*Kim Basinger's son bears a school bag with the [[Lord of the Rings film trilogy|''Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]] logo (''Cellular'' was produced by [[New Line Cinema]])

===[[wikipedia:Kiss Kiss Bang Bang|Kiss Kiss Bang Bang]]===
* Harry Lockhart, played by Robert Downey Jr., says: "Don't worry, I saw [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|Lord of the Rings]]. I'm not going to end this 17 times." This is a reference to the many plot points that were tied up at the end of the third film.

===[[wikipedia:Kronk's New Groove|Kronk's New Groove]]===
* In one scene where Kronk gives a naked Rudy one of Yzma's Scam Youth Potions, he imitates the posture of [[Gollum]], even saying "[[Precious|My Precious!]]".

==Television==
===[[wikipedia:American Dad!|American Dad!]]===
* In the episode "Escape from Pearl Bailey", a person yells "You shall not pass".
* In "Black Mystery Month", a pool of peanut butter consumes a dreaded object, much how the lava of Mount Doom consumed the One Ring in the third film.

===[[wikipedia:Angel (TV series)|Angel]]===
* In "The Magic Bullet", Jasmine considers herself verbose, and then compares it to the prologue of ''The Fellowship of the Ring''.

===[[wikipedia:Babylon 5|Babylon 5]]===
* The God of the Underworld is called [[Morgoth]].

===[[wikipedia:The Big Bang Theory|The Big Bang Theory]]===
* Leonard dresses as Frodo in "The Middle Earth Paradigm"

===[[wikipedia:Bones (TV series)|Bones]]===
* In "The Man in the Morgue", Seeley Booth dismisses voodoo as "and then we just toss the ring into the molten river, and blah blah blah"; a reference to the end of the [[One Ring]].

===[[wikipedia:Danny Phantom|Danny Phantom]]===
* In the season finale/TV film "Reality Trip", a fan at a convention yells "You shall not pass".

===[[wikipedia:Dexter's Laboratory|Dexter's Laboratory]]===
* In the episode "D&DD" (a "[[Dungeons and Dragons]]"-themed episode), [[Candi Milo|Dexter]] is forced to play Hodo, the Furry-footed Burrower", a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] parody.

===[[wikipedia:Doctor Who|Doctor Who]]===
* In "Last of the Time Lords", The Master refers to a speedily aged Tenth Doctor as "[[Gandalf]]".

===[[wikipedia:Drawn Together|Drawn Together]]===
* In the episode "The One Wherein There Is A Big Twist", Clara puts on [[The One Ring|an invisibility ring]].
* The ring returns in "The Other Cousin", where Foxxy hangs over the edge of a cliff, much like [[Frodo]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'', and asks Clara to give her her hand. Clara refuses, and takes the ring instead. Though the visual reference is to ''The Lord of the Rings'', the lines are taken from ''Aladdin''.
* In "A Very Special Drawn Together Afterschool Special", it is revealed that the parents of Xandir live in a [[Bag End]]-like house.

===[[wikipedia:Fairly OddParents|Fairly OddParents]]===
* "Wishology" features several Tolkien and fantasy elements.

===[[wikipedia:Family Guy|Family Guy]]===
* In "All About Steve", an obsessed terrorist dresses as Frodo.
* In the episode "Sibling Rivalry", Stewie pushes the kid on the ground and says "Cry, cry like Sauron when he lost his contacts." The scene then shifts to a cutaway showing the Eye of Sauron frantically searching for his lost contact.
* In the episode "I Take Thee Quagmire", Quagmire falls in love with Joan, the maid. It his first idea of how love could be, they hold hands as [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] did in the first film. Joan then speaks faux-Elvish (untanslatable: "''Day univen hablendeth hal univen led hansed de-un, Quagmandir''"), translated in the subtitles as a paraphrase of Arwen's words in that scene. Quagmir then answers "''Denedain raydun habbledeth [[Mithrandir]] veon hellmisano''", translated as his trademark phrase "Giggity". See on [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ku6QAYb6YAg YouTube].
* In "Petergeist", Chris is thrown from his bedroom window into the clutches of a living tree. The scene eventually parodies the epic confrontation between [[Gandalf]] and [[Durin's Bane]] when Herbert the Creepy Old Pedophile shows up to save Chris. After uttering the line "You shall not pass!", he brakes open the ground with his walker and fights off the tree, until they fall in a pond.
* In "Baby Not on Board", Chris and his boss discuss the movies.

===[[wikipedia:Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends|Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends]]===
* The episode "[[Duchess of Wails]]" features a version of the [[Battle of the Hornburg|Battle of Helm's Deep]], in which the main characters Mac and [[Keith Ferguson|Bloo]] attempt to storm [[Grey DeLisle|Duchess]] back into Foster's Home. However, those inside refuse to take the obnoxious Duchess back, and fight out a battle. Several elements from [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[Peter Jackson's The Two Towers|adaptation]] are covered, including ladders, battering rams, quotes, and even a character sliding down a wall on a shield.
* In the episode "Race for Your Life, Mac and Bloo!", a sugar-rushed Mac calls an item of sugar "[[Precious|My Precious]]".

===[[wikipedia:Friends|Friends]]===
*In one episode, Ross and Chandler speak about a university friend, called "Gandalf, the Party Wizard)". When Joey asks why they call him Gandalf they reply "Didn't you read ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in high-school?" to which they get "No, I had sex in high-school".

===[[wikipedia:Futurama|Fututama]]===
* In the movie "Bender's Game", Bender comes up with the world "Cornwood", containing several Middle-earth like aspects. The map of Cornwood is actually one of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]] mirrored, where [[Mount Doom]] is replaced by the "Geysers of [[wikipedia:Gary Gygax|Gygax]]".

===[[wikipedia:Gilmore Girls|Gilmore Girls]]===
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is referenced in the episodes "Keg! Max!", "Scene in a Mall", "Swan Song" and "So... Let's Talk", among others.
* There is a [[Middle-earth]]-themed party in "The Hobbit, the Sofa, and Digger Stiles"

===[[wikipedia:The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy|The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]===
* The episode "Beasts and Barbarians", an overall homage ot ''[[Dungeons and Dragons]]'', has a Gollum-like creature that riddles with [[Grey DeLisle|Mandy]]: "What's black and blue and red all over?", so which Mandy answers "You if you don't give me that Ring, pronto!". The Ring can be used to rule an evil army.
* The episode "[[Here Thar Be Dwarves]]" spoofs the [[Council of Elrond]].
* "Complete and Udder Chaos" features several references to the films.
* In "The Secret Decoder Ring", Billy thinks he is invisible after putting on a decoder ring.

===[[wikipedia:My Parents Are Aliens|My Parents Are Aliens]]===
* In the episode "The Wedding", Josh refer to a wedding ring as "My precious".

===[[wikipedia:The Office|The Office]]===
* In ''The Alliance'' (US series), it is revealed that Dwight Schrute's passwords are "[[Frodo]]" and "[[Gollum]]".

===[[wikipedia:One Tree Hill|One Tree Hill]]===
* In "Pictures of You", Lucas does a Gollum impression.

===[[wikipedia:Operation: Kids Next Door|Operation: Kids Next Door]]===
* The episode "Operation K.N.O.T." features "Froggy McDougal", a [[Gollum]]-lookalike.

===[[wikipedia:Robot Chicken|Robot Chicken]]===
* The cast of Surreal Life become the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in "A Piece of the Action".

===[[wikipedia:Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]===
* In the episode "My Old Man", Elliott does a [[Gollum]]-impression.

===[[wikipedia:The Simpsons|The Simpsons]]===
* In the episode "Dude, Where's My Ranch", Gollum-parody "Cleanie" appears, voiced by [[Andy Serkis]].
* The episode "[[Rome-Oh and Julie-Eh]]" spoofs the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]], the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] and also contains dialogue from [[Dáin Ironfoot]]'s encounted with the messenger of [[Sauron]].

===[[wikipedia:South Park|South Park]]===
* "Nurse Gollum" is a nurse with a conjoined twin fetus on her head.
* The episode ''[[The Return of the Fellowship of the Ring to the Two Towers]]'' is a completely Tolkien-themed episode.
* In the episode "Go god go", the otters prepare for war in a similar fashion as the Rohirrim in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''.
* The episode "Imaginationland: Episode III" features a battle similar to the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].
* In "Make Love, Not Warcraft", a statuette of [[Durin's Bane]] can be seen.
* [[Gandalf]] and [[Sauron]] appear in "Imaginationland".

===[[wikipedia:Spaceballs: The Animated Series|Spaceballs: The Animated Series]]===
* The episode "Lord of the Onion Rings" spoofs ''The Lord of the Rings''.

===[[wikipedia:SpongsBob SquarePants|SpongeBob SquarePants]]===
* In the episode "Banned in Bikini Bottom", a banner reads "Keep it Secret, Keep it Safe".
* "Dunces and Dragons" features references to many fantasy series. The domain of the evil Plankton resembles [[Mordor]], and his fortress [[Barad-dûr]].

===[[wikipedia:Stargate Atlantis|Stargate Atlantis]]===
* Dr. Bill Lee is a [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fan]], and in the episode "Critical Mass", he uses the concept of the [[warning beacons of Gondor]] to explain how to relay a message to Atlantis.

===[[wikipedia:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine|Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]===
* In the episode "Family Business", the Ferengi are shown to live in Hobbit-like houses.

[[Category:Parodies]]

Thrór

2009-05-05T09:46:05Z

91.132.141.80: /* Dunland, and the journey to Moria */

{{dwarves infobox
| image=
| name=Thrór
| othernames=
| life=[[Third Age 2542]] - [[Third Age 2790]], lived 248 years
| realm=[[Grey Mountains]], [[Lonely Mountain]]
| parentage=[[Dáin I]]
| lineage=[[Durin's line]]
| hood=
| gender=Male
|}}
'''Thrór''' ([[Third Age]] 2542 – 2790, lived 248 years) was King of [[Durin's folk]] for 201 years, from 2589 to 2790. He was the eldest son of [[Dáin I]], and with his younger brother [[Grór]] he led his people away from the [[Grey Mountains]] after a great [[Cold-drakes|Cold-drake]] killed both his father and brother [[Frór]]. Thrór led some of the [[Dwarves]] back to [[Lonely Mountain]], where he became [[King under the Mountain]]. While Grór continued west with the a great following of Durin's folk to the [[Iron Hills]], where he founded his own [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|realm]].

==History==
=== King under the Mountain ===

At Erebor, Thrór and his people were very prosperous. Gaining the friendship of the [[Northmen]] who lived along the river [[Celduin]]. These people later founded the town of [[Dale]] and had much trade of goods, beautiful trinkets, and weapons with the Dwarves. The [[Dwarves of Erebor | Ereborians]] also had much traffic of ores with their kinsman in the Iron Hills. And the region had peace and prosperity for many years.

In 2770 though their prosperity ended. The Dragon [[Smaug]] heard of the wealth of Thrór and his people. And he came south from the [[Ered Mithrin]] and sacked the Lonely Mountain, killing many Dwarves. But from the destruction many escaped last of them being Thrór and his son Thráin from the hidden [[Side Door]]. So with a small company of kin and faithful followers they made the great wandering south, until they reached the hills of [[Dunland]].

=== Dunland, and the journey to Moria ===
In Dunland, his people tried to make a living, but twenty years after the [[Sack of Erebor]] despondent and homeless, Thrór left his people and went north with a single companion, [[Nár]], but not before giving his son [[Thráin II]] his [[Ring of Thrór|Ring of Power]], along with the [[Thrór's Map|map]] and key to the Lonely Mountain. Thrór wished to see the fabled city of his ancestors, [[Khazad-dûm]].

Eventally they made it over the [[Redhorn Pass]] down into [[Azanulbizar]] the Dimrill Dale. And when Thrór came to the [[East-gate]] of Moria he found it open. Nár begged him to beware, but he took no he of him, and walked through the gates as the heir who had returned. But he did not come back.

==Death==
Nár stayed nearby for many days in hiding until he saw Thrór's body flung down the steps; his head was severed and lay face downward on the ground. As he knelt there, and saw branded across his forehead in [[Angerthas Moria|Dwarvish runes]] the name [[Azog | AZOG]].

The Orc then through a small purse of silver coins at him, calling him a beggar. Weeping, Nár fled weeping as he went down the [[Silverlode]], while Orcs emergd and hacking Thrór's body into pieces and throwing them to the crows.

=== Aftermath ===

When Nár told Thráin what had happened, he declared war on the Orcs and called all the [[Seven Houses of the Dwarves | Seven Houses]] together for vengeance.
Nine years later at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], the climax of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] the Thrór was avenged, and Thráin took the Azog's severed head and shoved the purse of coins into his mouth then set it on a stake.

== Genealogy ==
<code>
[[Dáin I]]
|
________|________
| | |
| | |
'''THRÓR''' [[Frór]] [[Grór]]
| |
| |
[[Thráin II]] [[Náin son of Grór|Náin]]

{{references}}
</code>
{{sequence
|prev=[[Dáin I]]
|next=[[Thráin II]]
|list=[[King of Durin's Folk]] [[Third Age 2589]] – [[Third Age 2790|2790]]
}}
{{sequence
|prev=[[Thorin I]], 350 years earlier
|next=Abandoned for 170 years until [[Thorin II Oakenshield]]
|list=3rd [[King under the Mountain]] [[Third Age 2589]] – [[Third Age 2790|2790]]
}}

[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]

The Prancing Pony

2009-03-21T14:44:46Z

91.132.141.80:

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - At the Sign of the Prancing Pony.jpg|thumb|''At the Sign of the Prancing Pony'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
'''The Prancing Pony''' was an inn at [[Bree]], built along the old [[Great East Road]], and was the chief building within the village.

Bree was located where the [[Greenway]] went north to [[Fornost]] and [[The Forsaken Inn]], which laid a days ride east of Bree, making the Prancing Pony especially unique.

By the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was owned and managed by [[Barliman Butterbur]], a [[Men|Man]] who was somewhat absent-minded at times, and his assistants [[Nob]] and [[Bob]].

The inn had rooms for Men as well as [[Hobbits]], and in the meeting room [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions [[Samwise Gamgee]], [[Peregrin Took]], and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] went to meet [[Gandalf]]; although he left his friend the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] ''[[Strider]]'' to wait there for them.

There were also spies of [[Saruman]] present in the inn, and it was attacked by the [[Ringwraiths]] before the party of Hobbits left.

The inn was visited again the next year on their return home, where Sam found out that [[Bill the Pony]] had returned safely there.

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
'''2001: ''[[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Rings]]'':'''
:In the movie, the inn appears to be frequented only by suspicious looking Men; no hobbit is seen, and the atmosphere is more ominous than in the book.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Prancing Pony is located in the north-east corner of [[Bree]]. The player meets up with [[Barliman Butterbur]], [[Strider]] and [[Gandalf]] at various times at the inn during ''[[Stirrings in the Darkness]]''.

==External links==
* [http://www.thepublican.com/story.asp?sectioncode=7&storycode=53323&c=1 Inspiration for The Prancing Pony]

[[Category:Inns]]
[[Category:Bree]]
[[de:Gasthaus „Zum Tänzelnden Pony“]]
[[fi:Pomppivan Ponin majatalo]]

The Prancing Pony

2009-03-21T14:37:41Z

91.132.141.80:

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - At the Sign of the Prancing Pony.jpg|thumb|''At the Sign of the Prancing Pony'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
'''The Prancing Pony''' was an inn at [[Bree]], built along the old [[Great East Road]], and was the chief building within the village.

Bree was located where the [[Greenway]] went north to [[Fornost]] and [[The Forsaken Inn]], which laid a days ride east of Bree, making the Prancing Pony especially unique.

By the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was owned and managed by [[Barliman Butterbur]], a [[Men|Man]] who was somewhat absent-minded at times.

The inn had rooms for Men as well as [[Hobbits]], and in the meeting room [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions [[Samwise Gamgee]], [[Peregrin Took]], and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] went to meet [[Gandalf]], although he left the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] ''[[Strider]]'' his friend who waited there for them.

There were also spies of [[Saruman]] present in the inn, and it was attacked by the [[Ringwraiths]] before the party of Hobbits left.

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Prancing Pony is located in the north-east corner of [[Bree]]. The player meets up with [[Barliman Butterbur]], [[Strider]] and [[Gandalf]] at various times at the inn during ''[[Stirrings in the Darkness]]''.

==External links==
* [http://www.thepublican.com/story.asp?sectioncode=7&storycode=53323&c=1 Inspiration for The Prancing Pony]

[[Category:Inns]]
[[Category:Bree]]
[[de:Gasthaus „Zum Tänzelnden Pony“]]
[[fi:Pomppivan Ponin majatalo]]

The Green Dragon

2009-03-21T14:33:44Z

91.132.141.80: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{expansion}}
[[Image:The Hobbit (2003) Green Dragon Inn.JPG|250px|right|thumb|The Green dragon, as it appeared in ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|The Hobbit]]''.]]
{{quote|There's only one Dragon in Bywater, and that's Green.|[[Ted Sandyman]]<ref name="Party">{{HM|FR}}, "[[A Long-expected Party]]"</ref>}}

The '''Green Dragon Inn''' was one of [[the Shire]]'s many inns.

==History==
The Green Dragon Inn stood on the [[Bywater Road]], the last building passed by travellers from [[Bywater]] on their way towards [[Hobbiton]]. It was perhaps most famous as the starting-point of the [[Quest of Erebor]]: it was here that a flustered and unprepared [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] met with [[Thorin II Oakenshield|Thorin]] and his [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] on the morning their adventures began. It remained an important meeting-place and a centre of gossip long after Bilbo returned from the Quest, and at the time of the famous [[Birthday Party]], [[Sam Gamgee]] was among its regular visitors. For all its proud history, it did not survive the coming of [[Saruman|Sharkey]] and his [[Ruffians|Men]] to the Shire during the [[War of the Ring]], and it was a desolate and empty place by the time Sam returned with [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the other Travellers.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The Green Dragon is the location of several scenes. The activities from the [[Ivy Bush]] were relocated here. [[Rosie Cotton]] appears there, implying that wshe works there as a maid.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:The Green Dragon is situated in Bywater. [[Daddy Twofoot]] sits outside, while inside, [[Robin Smallburrow]], [[Rosie Cotton]] and [[Hamfast Gamgee]] can be found. [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] reveal their "conspiracy" there.

'''2003: ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|Sierra's The Hobbit]]'':'''
:The Green Dragon is a small building with a thatched roof. Entering it marks the end of the first level.

{{references}}

[[Category:Inns]]
[[Category:Shire]]
[[de:Gasthaus „Zum Grünen Drachen“]]
[[fi:Vihreä Lohikäärme]]

Tharbad

2009-03-16T21:40:28Z

91.132.141.80:

{{cleanup}}
'''Tharbad''' was a ford on the southern edge of [[Eriador]], high up along the once densely forested banks of the [[Gwathló]],

==Geography==
The land of Tharbad was almost flat, with sluggish waters tending to spread into fenland. Above Tharbad the river forked, with both branches having converged from out of a network of swamps, pools and eyots. It was populated by [[swans]], and many other waterbirds.<ref name="GC">{{HM|UT}}, [[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]]</ref> This huge fenland north-east of Tharbad, which the elves named '[[Nîn-in-Eilph]]'
==History==
===Second Age===
In the early [[Second Age]] the '[[Swanfleet]]', entered the southern part of the [[Ñoldor]]in realm [[Eregion]]. In the sixth century of that Age [[Aldarion]] went much on land as well as sea, and went up the River Gwathló as far as Tharbad, and there met [[Galadriel]].''<ref>{{HM|UT}}, [[Aldarion and Erendis]]</ref>

Such early river voyages were also made by hardy explorers of [[Númenor]], in ships of smaller draught (UT), but such journeys up the Gwathló increased rapidly after the Númenóreans constructed a small harbour at the river's estuary to exploit the local timber: '[[Vinyalondë]]', 'the New Haven'.

By [[Second Age 1695]], the Númenóreans were devastating the forests below Tharbad, and had been obliged to build forts both at the Haven and along the river, to protect their ship-building yards and wood-stores from the local population, who were understandably hostile, treated as enemies<ref name="GC"/>

Despite overrunning all of Eriador in the war which began in that year, Sauron's armies had eventually been forced back to the fortified River Gwathló, where they were held. Beforehand, Sauron had not enough force to spare for any assault upon the forts, but late in the war he had summoned more forces, which were approaching from the south-east, and were indeed in [[Enedwaith]] at the Crossing of Tharbad, which was only lightly held.<ref name="GC"/>

Whether Tharbad's defences - which presumably consisted of the most northerly of the Gwathló's river forts - were overcome is uncertain, but Tharbad did become the site of [[The Battle of the Gwathló]], where after having his army caught in the rear by [[Ciryatur]], who had hurried up the Gwathló from [[Lond Daer]], "Sauron was routed utterly.." (UT).

Tharbad is not mentioned in surviving records for more than 1500 years after the war: the whole region was largely ignored by the elves and the Númenóreans following the destruction of Eregion and the forests "and the continued hostility of the surviving natives."<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref>

The site of the ford became very important after the founding of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in S.A. 3320, however, and saw extensive development;

''In the early days of the kingdoms the most expeditious route from one to the other (except for great armaments) was found to be by sea to the ancient port at the head of the estuary of the Gwathlo and so to the river-port of Tharbad, and thence by the road.''<ref name="GC"/>

A need had arisen "..to undertake the great works of drainage and dyke-building that (would make) a great port on the site where Tharbad stood.." (UT).

The ford was deepened to receive sea-going vessels, and the massive fenlands above it were extensively drained, until a much smaller Swanfleet was all that remained. Tharbad's new river-port was spanned by a bridge, the immense labour of which "was shared by the North and South Kingdoms", and included "a fortified town and haven about the great bridge over the [[Greyflood]].." <ref>{{HM|PM}}, [[Of Dwarves and Men]]</ref>

These fortifications around the town were "raised there on great earthworks on both sides of the river.." (UT), and '[[Greenway|The Great South Road]]', which was built at the same time to connect the two nations, passed across the bridge via "long causeways that carried the road to it on either side across the fens.." (UT).
===Third Age===
Some things did not change, however : Tharbad was the only settlement of Númenóreans in [[Enedwaith]], because the area beyond the fortified town "was of little concern to them, except for the patrolling and upkeep of the Great Royal Road" (UT). To this end, "A considerable garrison of soldiers, mariners and engineers [were] kept there until the seventeenth century of the Third Age.." (UT).

From about T.A. 1150, it is recorded that a tribe of hobbits migrated to the fens above Tharbad, and spread onto the land along the Causeway south-east of the town over several centuries, but they left around T.A 1630;

''..because the land and clime of Eriador, especially in the east, worsened and became unfriendly.''<Ref>{{HM|AA}}</ref>

Their departure and the deterioration in the weather occurred around the time of the [[Great Plague]] of S.A. 1636, which almost completely depopulated [[Cardolan]], one of Arnor's 'successor states' with whom Gondor shared Tharbad. Cardolan's few surviving [[Dúnedain]] - including those in Tharbad - fled west to [[Arthedain]]. Gondor too was devastated, and in the years following the Plague, traffic along the road through Tharbad would have declined considerably, as "many parts of Eriador (had become) desolate." (LR): little wonder that "from then onwards, the region fell quickly into decay.." (UT).

Survivors of the Plague did remain in Tharbad, and the Great (now Old) South Road continued to be an important trade route for another 350 years until the fall of Arthedain in T.A 1974, and the end of the 'days of the Kings' in Gondor 74 years later. From T.A. 2050, the nearby native [[Dunlendings]], as well as the people left in Tharbad no doubt;

''..ceased in fact to be subjects of Gondor; the Royal Road was unkempt in Enedwaith, and the Bridge of Tharbad became ruinous, and was replaced only by a dangerous ford.''<ref>{{HM|UT}}, [[The Battles of the Fords of Isen]]</ref>

Tharbad was still inhabited for another 862 years, despite the absence of any sort of central government, presumably by a people akin to the [[Bree|Bree-men]] and [[Dunlendings]]. During this period, the decrepit remains of the Great South Road above Tharbad became known as 'The Greenway', even after Tharbad itself was finally "ruined and deserted"(LR) in T.A. 2912, when great floods devastated Enedwaith following the [[Fell Winter]].

By the time of [[The War of the Ring]] a century later;

''When [[Boromir]] made his great journey from Gondor to Rivendell - the courage and hardihood required is not fully recognized in the narrative - the North-South Road no longer existed except for the crumbling remains of the causeways, by which a hazardous approach to Tharbad might be achieved, only to find runs on dwindling mounds, and a dangerous ford formed by the ruins of the bridge, impassable if the river had not there been slow and shallow - but wide.''<ref name="GC"/>

Others occasionally crossed the ruined bridge - at their peril - including the [[Ringwraiths]], servants and spies of [[Saruman]], as well as the [[Rangers of the North]] who sought [[Aragorn]] in Rohan in T.A 3019.

In the early [[Fourth Age]], the "ruined town" (LR) was probably rebuilt and resettled at last, both by the Rohirrim - who colonized Enedwaith and "multiplied exceedingly" (LR) - and the [[Reunited Kingdom]], which began to repopulate Eriador.

==Etymology==
[[Sindarin]] for 'The Crossing Place'
==Inspiration==
Tharbad was possibly inspired by the Hall Green village in Warwickshire, England.
{{quote|...Hall Green village was only a little distance away [from Sarehole] down a lane and '''across a ford.'''|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}
{{references}}

[[Category:Cities in Eriador]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Arnor]]

Ereb

2009-03-16T20:22:29Z

91.132.141.80:

'''''ereb''''' (pl. ''erib'') means ''lonely'' or ''isolated'' in [[Sindarin]].
==Etymology==
From the [[root]] [[ER]] plus the adjectival ending [[-eb]].

It's also possible that it derives from [[Old Sindarin]] full word *''eripa'' and this from [[Primitive Elvish]] *''erikwâ''

[[Category:Sindarin adjectives]]

Tom Bombadil

2009-03-07T19:29:39Z

91.132.141.80: /* See also */

<center>{{quote|Eldest, that's what I am... Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn... he knew the dark under the stars when it was fearless – before the Dark Lord came from Outside.|Tom Bombadil, ''[[In the House of Tom Bombadil]]''.}}</center>
[[Image:Brothers Hildebrandt - Tom Bombadil.jpg|thumb|300px|''Tom Bombadil'' by [[Brothers Hildebrandt]].]]
'''Tom Bombadil''' was an enigmatic figure that lived throughout the history of [[Arda]]. He was known to the [[Hobbits]]. He seemed to possess an unequaled power in the land around his dwelling. Although seemingly benevolent, he was not allied to the [[Free peoples]].

His existence passed into Hobbit lore and was referenced in poems such as ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''.

==History==
[[Image:John Howe - Tom Bombadil.jpg|thumb|left|''Tom Bombadil'' by [[John Howe]].]]
{{quote|He is a strange creature|[[Elrond]] ''[[The Council of Elrond]]''}}
The origins of Tom Bombadil are unknown, however he already existed when the [[Dark Lord]] came to [[Arda]]<ref name="house">''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[In the House of Tom Bombadil]]</ref>, signifying he was alive even before the coming of the [[Valar]].

His role and nature in the [[Elder Days]] is unknown but he must have witnessed most of the major events and battles. He also witnessed the reducing of the great forests that covered all [[Middle-earth]], and perhaps of his powers.<ref name="CoE"/>

The level of his interactions to the outside world is also unclear, however he seemed to have a name among many peoples and perhaps became a folkloric figure in the traditions and legends of Elves, Dwarves and Men.<ref name="CoE"/><ref name="Adv">''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', Preface</ref>

During the [[Third Age]], Tom Bombadil lived in a little house by the river [[Withywindle]] in the [[Old Forest]], together with his lovely wife [[Goldberry]]. He had contact with the [[Bucklanders]]<ref name="Adv"/> and [[Farmer Maggot]] and perhaps he owed his jolly and whimsical attitude by that contact.

However since he was merry and benevolent, some of the Free peoples considered him a potential ally, as [[Elrond]] and [[Erestor]] considered that he should be present at the [[Council of Elrond]], however according to [[Gandalf]], Tom Bombadil was perhaps not fully aware of the struggle of Light and Darkness and could not prove useful to their causes.<ref name="CoE"/>

==War of the Ring==
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|thumb|Bombadil rescues the hobbits from the [[Old Man Willow]].]]
On [[September 26]], [[Third Age 3018|T.A. 3018]], he encountered [[travellers|four hobbits]] while he was searching for water-lilies for his wife. Two of those Hobbits, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had been captured by [[Old Man Willow]]. Tom, who was the master of the Old Forest, rescued them, and took all four of them to his house<ref name="OldF">''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Old Forest]]</ref>.

The four hobbits stayed two nights, and he told them many tales and songs. Apparently, [[Gildor Inglorion]] had been to Tom's house, as he knew the hobbits were fleeing the [[Shire]]. With cunning questions, he made [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] tell him of the [[One Ring|Ring]]. When Tom tried it on, nothing happened, and when Frodo put it on, Tom could still see him.

The following morning, Tom warned his guests of the [[Barrow Downs]], and advised them to pass any barrow on the western side. He also taught them a song, should they come to peril<ref name="house"/>.

And they did come to peril. Tom chased off a [[Barrow-wight|wight]] with song, and broke the spells on the barrow in which the four hobbits were captured. While he sent the Hobbits into calm down, he went for provisions. He also brought the ponies that had belonged to Merry. After that, he broke the spells of the barrow. From the barrow's mighty hoard, he took a brooch for Goldberry, and gave a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] to each of the hobbits. He then advised them to make for ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'' in [[Bree]]<ref> ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[Fog on the Barrow-downs]]</ref>.

The peril of the hobbits was not over; an attack on their lives was carried out, and their ponies were set loose. The ponies apparently remembered the care they were given in the house of Tom Bombadil, and returned to stay beside Tom's own pony, [[Fatty Lumpkin]]. He returned them to [[Barliman Butterbur]], the proprietor of ''The Prancing Pony''. Since he had paid eighteen pence as compensation for the loss, he was now the owner of five fine ponies<ref>''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[A Knife in the Dark]]</ref>.

==Etymology and other names==
Tom Bombadil went by many names:
* ''Tom Bombadil'' is said to be a [[Buckland|Bucklandish]] name, added by Hobbit chroniclers to his many older ones. It is, like many names of the Bucklanders, untranslatable<ref name="Adv"/>.
* To the [[Elves]] and [[Dúnedain]], he was known as ''Iarwain Ben-adar'', which translated to "oldest and fatherless"<ref name="CoE">''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Council of Elrond]]</ref>.
* To [[Men]] (of [[Rohan]] and [[Bree]]), he was known as ''Orald''. This is an Old English word meaning "very ancient<ref name="nomen">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]", published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]), page 761</ref>.
* The Dwarves knew him as ''Forn''. This too is a reference too his age: it is Old Norse for "(belonging to) ancient (days)"<ref name="nomen"/>. In some imprints of ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]'', this name was accidentally spelled with a "P" as the first letter<ref>''[[The History of Middle-earth: Index]]'', "Tom Bombadil (VII)", page 435 ([[HarperCollins]] [[2000]] Paperback)</ref>.

==Portrayal in Adaptions==
<gallery>
Image:BFME2 - Tom Bombadil 03.jpg|<center>''[[EA's The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''</center>
Image:Tom Bombadil LOTRO.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center>
</gallery>

Because he is left out of the three major adaptations ([[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|Ralph Bakshi]], [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC's 1981 series]] and [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's]]), Tom Bombadil's main role (providing the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blades]]) is omitted or retold in all. He does have several appearances in other adaptations, though.

'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:One of the few things known about this radio series is that [[Norman Shelley]] voiced Bombadil, and Tolkien thought his portrayal "dreadful". [[Goldberry]] was portrayed as his daughter, rather than his wife<ref>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 175]] ([[November 30]], [[1955]])</ref>.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:In this series, Tom was voiced by [[Bernard Mayes]]. Like Norman Shelley before him, he also voiced [[Gandalf]].

'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:When he adapted the 1981 [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|radio series]], [[Brian Sibley]] deeply regretted cutting Bombadil from the radio series<ref>[[Brian Sibley]], ''[http://briansibleytheworks.blogspot.com/2008/01/this-page-is-still-under-construction_23.html The Ring Goes Ever On]''</ref>. When he made ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' into a radio series, he decided to change the section "[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]". Rather than several (unadaptable) Hobbitish poems, Sibley adapted the chapters from ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Bombadil is voiced by [[Ian Hogg]].

'''2002: ''[[Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring (game)|Vivendi's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Daran Norris]] portrayed Bombadil with a Scottish accent. His role is much like that in the book, and as one of the few characters in this video game, he keeps most of his songs.

'''2002: ''[[Peter Jackson's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:In the [[The Two Towers Extended Edition|extended edition]], some of Bombadil's poems are transferred to [[Treebeard]], and so is his encounter with [[Old Man Willow]].

'''2006: ''[[EA's The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Bombadil is a character in this video game. Unlike his nature in the book, he is shown strong and battleready, and plows through enemy lines whilst merrily singing. His most powerful weapon is a "Sonic Song", and all his other weapons are inspired by song and dance.

===Collectibles===
In [[April]] [[2008]], [[Gentle Giant]] released the [[Tom Bombadil Mini Bust]].

==Inspiration==
Tom Bombadil was inspired primarily from a doll Tolkien's son, Michael, toyed with; it also may have been inspired by the character Väinämöinen (spelt 'Wainamoinen' in English) in the Finnish national epic [[Kalevala]], or Father [[Francis Xavier Morgan]] at the [[Birmingham Oratory]]:
{{quote|... Father Francis Xavier Morgan, then aged forty-three, who shortly after the Tolkiens moved into the district [Edgbaston] took over the duties of parish priest and came to call. In him Mabel soon found not only a sympathetic priest but a valuable friend. Half Welsh and half Anglo-Spanish (his mother’s family were prominent in the sherry trade), Francis Morgan was '''not a man of great intellect, but he had an immense fund of kindness and humour and a flamboyance''' that was often attributed to his Spanish connections. Indeed '''he was a very noisy man, loud and affectionate, embarrassing to small children at first but hugely lovable when they got to know him.'''|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Tom Bombadil|Images of Tom Bombadil]]
*[[Tom_Bombadil/nature|Nature of Tom Bombadil]]

==References==
<references/>

== External Links ==
* [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/t/tombombadil.html Entry in the Encyclopedia of Arda] (a concise overview of the discussion)
* [http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/4786/76065 Count, Count, Weigh, Divide] discusses Tom Bombadil's moral aspects at length

[[Category:Characters]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]

Hobbits

2009-01-17T07:45:44Z

91.132.141.80: /* Etymology */

{{race
| image= [[Image:Peter Jackson's Samwise Gamgee.jpg|250px]]
| name= Hobbits
| dominions= [[The Shire]], [[Bree-land]]
| languages= [[Hobbitish]] (a regional dialect of [[Westron]])
| height= 2-4 feet (often less than three feet in later days)
| skincolor= Nut-brown to White
| haircolor= Typically curly brown, rarely blond (until the [[Fourth Age]]), and white and grey in later years
| distinctions= [[Gift of Men|Mortality]], diminuitive stature, furry feet
| lifespan= c. 100 years
| members= [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], [[Sméagol]], [[Bandobras Took]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]]
}}
{{quote|In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.|[[An Unexpected Party]], [[The Hobbit]]}}
'''Hobbits''' were a small race that typically dwelt underground, believed to be related to [[Men]]. They played little role in history, save during the [[War of the Ring]].

==Description==

Hobbits are, or were, between two to four feet tall, the average height being 3 feet 6 inches, with slightly pointed ears and oversized furry feet with leathery soles, resulting in most never wearing shoes. They are fond of an unadventurous bucolic life of farming, eating, and socializing. Hobbits have a life span somewhat longer than Men of non-Numenorian descent, having an average lifespan of between 90 and 100 years (the two oldest-living recorded hobbits are The [[Old Took]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]], who reached the ages of 130 and 131, respectively) The time at which a young hobbit "comes of age" is 33, as compared to the human 21 years. Thus a 70 year old hobbit would only be middle-aged. Hobbits also like to drink ale in inns, not unlike the English countryfolk, who were Tolkien's inspiration. We can also see that in the name Tolkien chose for the part of [[Middle-earth]] where the hobbits live: [[The Shire]] ("shires" are administrative divisions in England of Anglo-Saxon origin).

(Mealtimes, at least according to the [[Peter Jackson]] script adaptation of the novel, consist at least of the seven meals known as breakfast, second breakfast, elevenses, luncheon, afternoon tea, dinner and supper. Tolkien did say that hobbits eat "at least six meals a day when they can get it", but he didn't give their names.)

==Origin==
[[Hobbits]] are considered Men. Nearly all scholars agree that Men are closely related to [[Hobbits]], far more closely than Men are to either [[Elf|Elves]] or [[Dwarves]]. It is thus commonly assumed that Hobbits are among the Younger Children of [[Eru|Iluvatar]] and are the result of the same act of creation as Men. This would imply that Hobbits have the [[Gift of Men]] to pass entirely beyond [[Arda]], which also means that the avoidance of the Gift of Men in Hobbits, like in Men, can be physically and morally destructive. [[Sméagol]], who had originally been a Hobbit, was transformed into the monster [[Gollum]] by a combination of the evil of the [[One Ring]] and the resulting avoidance of the [[Gift of Men]]. [[Bilbo Baggins]] became "thin and stretched" from the immortality that the One Ring granted to him, since neither Men nor Hobbits are intended for it. Men and Hobbits appear to have the same ontological nature, which is that they are the result of the act of creation that resulted in the Younger Children of [[Eru|Iluvatar]].

Their exact origin is unknown, but by the early [[Third Age]] they were living in the Vales of [[Anduin]] in [[Wilderland]], between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. they have lost the genealogical details of how they are related to the rest of humankind.

==History==
At this time, there were three '''Hobbit-kinds''', with different temperaments. The [[Harfoots]], the most numerous, were almost identical to the Hobbits as they are described in ''The Lord of the Rings''. The [[Stoors]] had an affinity for water, boats and swimming; the [[Fallohides]] were an adventurous people. (Both of these traits were much rarer in later days.) While situated in the Valley of the Anduin River the Hobbits lived close by the [[Eotheod]], the ancestors of the [[Rohirrim]], and this led to some contact between the two. As a result many old words and names in "Hobbitish" are derivatives of words in Rohirric, so much so that even someone without linguistic training could make out the relation (Merry would later write an entire book devoted to the relationship, ''Old Place Names in the Shire'').

Some time near the beginning of the [[Third Age]], they undertook, for reasons unknown, but possibly having to do with the [[Dol Guldur|rising evil power in Mirkwood]], the arduous task of crossing the [[Misty Mountains]]. Some of the Stoors, however, stayed behind, and it is from these people that [[Gollum]] would come many years later. The Hobbits took different routes in their journey westward, but eventually came to a land between the River [[Baranduin]] (which they renamed ''Brandywine'') and the Weather Hills. There they founded many settlements, and the divisions between the Hobbit-kinds began to blur.

Around the year 1600 of the Third Age, two Fallohide brothers decided, again for reasons unknown, to cross the River Brandywine and settle on the other side. Large numbers of Hobbits followed them, and most of their former territory was depopulated. Only [[Bree]] and a few surrounding villages lasted to the end of the Third Age. The new land that they found on the west bank of the Brandywine is called [[The Shire]].

Originally the Hobbits of the Shire swore nominal allegiance to the last Kings of Arnor, being required only to acknowledge their lordship, speed their messengers, and keep the bridges and roads in repair. During the final fight against [[Angmar]] at the Battle of Fornost, the Hobbits maintain that they sent a company of archers to help but this is nowhere else recorded. After the battle the kingdom of Arnor was destroyed, and in absence of the king the Hobbits elected a Thain of the Shire from among their own chieftans.

The first Thain of the Shire was Bucca of the Marrish, who founded the Oldbuck family. However, later on the Oldbuck family crossed the Brandywine River to create the separate land of Buckland and the family name changed to the familiar "Brandybuck". Their patriach then became Master of Buckland. With the departure of the Oldbucks/Brandybucks, a new family was selected to have its chieftans be Thain, the Took family (Indeed, Pippin Took was son of the Thain and would later become Thain himself). The Thain was in charge of Shire Moot and Muster and the [[Hobbitry-in-Arms]], but as the Hobbits of the Shire led entirely peaceful, uneventful lives the office of Thain was seen as something more of a formality.
==Some well-known Hobbits==
* [[Bilbo Baggins]]
* [[Frodo Baggins]]
* [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise "Sam" Gamgee]]
* [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck]]
* [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]]
* [[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar "Fatty" Bolger]]
* [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]] and [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Old Took]]
* [[Bullroarer|Bullroarer Took]]
* [[Sméagol]] (who became the creature [[Gollum]])
* [[Déagol]]

Though in [[The Hobbit]] it is mentioned that [[Gandalf]] "was responsible for so many quiet lads and lasses going off into the Blue for mad adventures," no female Hobbits are depicted in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s stories doing so; however Hobbit women do appear in his works, such as the formidable [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]] and Sam's wife [[Rosie Cotton]].

== Etymology ==

Hobbits are also called ''[[Halflings]]'' due to their small stature. However, the term is slightly offensive to Hobbits, as to themselves they are not 'half' of anything, and certainly do not use the term to refer to themselves.

In [[Sindarin]] the word for Hobbit is ''perian'' pl. ''periannath'' which is a translation of "halfling"

''Hobbit'' was derived from [[Old English]] ''hol-bytla'', "hole-dweller" which represents the [[Rohirric]] language.

The relationship hobbit/holbytla parallels the original [[Westron]] ''Kuduk'' (Hobbit), derived from the actual Rohirric ''kûd-dûkan'' (holbytla, hole dweller). This name obviously derives from the times when the hobbits lived at the [[Vales of Anduin]] with the [[Northmen]].

Tolkien's etymology for 'Hobbit' is interesting as well: obviously constructed meaningless, without prior intent, it would have been natural for him to connect it to the German prefix ''hob'' meaning ''small'' (e.g. ''hobgoblin''). However this prefix dates back "only" to the 13th century, too late by Tolkien's standards; thence when later he began to work out the language relations further (see: [[Mannish]]) he connected it to ''hol-butla''.

According to Tolkien, the word ''hobbit'' was the first element of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' that he created. As a university lecturer, he was in the process of correcting reports when he started scribbling on a piece of paper and wrote, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit", and the multitude of stories sprang from that. The idea of a little hole dwelling creature was introduced to Tolkien by one of his students in a story he had written.

== In popular usage ==

"Hobbit" is a trademark owned by the Tolkien estate, as are most of the names, places and artifacts included in books by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. For this reason [[Dungeons and Dragons]] and other fantasy tend to refer to Hobbits and Hobbit-like races rather as '''Halflings''' (''hin'' in the Mystara universe, ''hurthlings'' in Ancient Domains of Mystery).

The name ''hobbit'' had previously appeared in an obscure "list of spirits" by Michael Denham, which includes several repetitions. There is no evidence to suggest Tolkien used this as a source — indeed he spent many years trying to find out whether he really did coin the word. Denham's "hobbit spirits" (which are never referenced anywhere except in the long list) have no obvious relation to Tolkien's Hobbits, other than the name (which may possibly imply hob- "small", see below): Tolkien's Hobbits are small humans, not spirits. Nonetheless, some few people have suggested that the reference in the Denham list should invalidate the trademark.

The lexeme ''hob'', meaning ''small'', is a root word for ''hobbledehoy'', ''hobgoblin'', and ''hobyah''. This may have influenced Tolkien's name; see '''[[#Origin|Origin]]''' above.

''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensis Homo floresiensis]'', a possible species in the genus Homo (thus, related to humans) discovered in 2004, has been informally dubbed a "hobbit" by its discoverers due to its small size.

[[Category:Races]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]

16 June

2008-12-18T22:13:54Z

91.132.141.80: /* In Arda */

<noinclude>
{{month|June|hide31=yes}}
Events which occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.
</noinclude>
==On Earth==
* '''[[1895]]''' – [[Warren "Warnie" Lewis|W.H. Lewis]], [[Inklings|Inkling]] and brother of [[C.S. Lewis]], is born.

==In Arda==
*[[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]:
** [[Elrohir]] and [[Elladan]], with [[Arwen]], set out for [[Gondor]].

[[Category:Dates]]