Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Adan

2024-10-02T14:36:00Z

Alex Alejo: Linguistical reference.

{{expansion}}
'''''adan''''' is [[Sindarin]] for a "[[Men|Man]]" (i.e., as opposed to [[Elves|Elf]], [[Dwarves|Dwarf]], [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], etc.). The plural is ''[[Edain]]''. Properly, this word refers only to those Men who are descended from the Three Houses of Elf-friends.

The term often appears as an element of other words, notably ''[[Dúnedain|Dúnadan]]'' (Man of the West, Numenorean) and ''[[Elladan]]'' (Elf-man, referring to his Half-Elven heritage).

'''''adan''''' is significatively close to the sindarin word [[adar]], which means father. This fact can be related to the biblical figure of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam Adam], which is presented as the first human-being and common father of humanity.
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[de:Adan]]
[[fi:Adan]]

User talk:Alex Alejo

2024-09-13T09:40:36Z

Alex Alejo: /* Welcome */ Reply

==Welcome==

¡Bienvenido, peregrino! ¡Un placer verle por aquí! Cualquier duda para editar, no dude en consultar. [[User:Quentandil|Quentandil]] ([[User talk:Quentandil|talk]]) 21:19, 8 September 2024 (UTC)

:¡Muchas gracias! [[User:Alex Alejo|Alex Alejo]] ([[User talk:Alex Alejo|talk]]) 09:40, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

User:Alex Alejo

2024-09-08T16:09:57Z

Alex Alejo:

{{user infobox
| name=Alex Alejo
| image=
| language=Spanish, English, French
| location=Spain
| occupation=Roman Catholic Liturgist
| userboxes={{User Spain}} {{user es-N}} {{user fr-N}} {{user ref}}
| userboxheight=150px
}}

User:Alex Alejo

2024-09-08T15:39:45Z

Alex Alejo: Blanked the page

User:Alex Alejo

2024-09-08T15:37:44Z

Alex Alejo:

[[Category:User es-N|{{Alex Alejo}}]]

User:Alex Alejo

2024-09-08T15:36:22Z

Alex Alejo: Blanked the page

User:Alex Alejo

2024-09-08T15:34:51Z

Alex Alejo:

<nowiki>[[Category:User es-N|{{Alex Alejo}}]]</nowiki>

User:Alex Alejo

2024-09-08T15:34:09Z

Alex Alejo: Created page with "<nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki>"

<nowiki>[[Category:User es-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]</nowiki>

Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo

2024-09-08T15:17:45Z

Alex Alejo: Addet title and link for the series episode.

'''''Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielvo''''' is a [[Quenya]] greeting used by [[Frodo]] in the first meeting with [[Gildor Inglorion]]. It translates as "A star shines on the hour of our meeting".<ref>{{FR|I3}}</ref>

Without the vocal assimilation it would be ''[[Elen]] [[síla]] [[lúme]]nna [[omentie]]lvo'', which Tolkien also translates as "A star shines upon the hour of the meeting of our ways".<ref>{{WJ|A}}, p. 367</ref>

[[Tolkien]] wrote once to his son that someone asked him what was ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' about, if it was an "allegory", and he explained him that he was just trying to create a situation where ''Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielmo'' would be a common greeting, and that the phrase long antedated the book. (The letter gives the form ''omentielmo'', which was the early form used in the first edition).<ref>{{L|205}}, p. 265</ref>

This sentence is pronounced by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]] to greet [[Galadriel]] in the last scene of the fourth episode of the second season ([[Eldest (episode)|Eldest]]) of the series ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Lord of the Rings : The Rings of Power]]''.

==External links==
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/elensila.html Text, audio and translation] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2420229959.html Analysis] at [[Eldamo]]
{{References}}
[[Category:Quenya texts]]

Talk:The Lord of the Rings Online

2024-09-08T15:05:20Z

Alex Alejo: /* Anyone to add the last updates ? (from Update 37, August 2023). */ new section

==Siege of Mirkwood==
I'm kinda stuck here: the new Siege of Mirkwood, is it still part of Book II (and should be called "[[Siege of Mirkwood (Mines of Moria)]]", or is it Book III, "[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]"? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 09:43, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
:It's a mini-expansions, and is thus part of volume II. It concludes volume II. [[User:Grond|Grond]] 14:10, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

==China Link==
http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/140-turbine-expands-chinese-distribution-for-the-lord-of-the-rings-online --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 18:13, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

== Cleanup ==

This article could - and should - be one of the best articles we have on the entire wiki. Unfortunately at the moment it's one-third an outdated rip-off from Wikipedia and two-thirds a long set of lists. I am not in a good place to edit this article myself because I don't own the game and have never played it (although I would point to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'' for how we can get there with a game article). Anyway, this is what I think needs to be done:
* '''Expansion''' - look at the sections in [[wikipedia:The Lord of the Rings Online|the corresponding Wikipedia]] article to see what this article could cover. Also, the Wikipedia article is much more thorough that ours in every aspect which is disappointing - we should blow them out of the water! I think the prose needs ''massive'' expansion.
* '''Structure''' - the article needs a proper structure consistent with other articles on TG. For instance, there is currently no infobox and the opening paragraph is next-to-useless.
* '''Rewrite''' - some content needs to be rewritten. The Development/Gameplay section is already tagged for this as a rip-off of Wikipedia, but the opening paragraph and the Subscription Model need redoing as well. This needs to read like a encyclopaedic article.
* '''References''' - all references need to be "wikified" (mostly with [[Template:Webcite]]) into a consistent format.
* '''Lists''' - some of the lists (such as the servers) seem to be random trivia, but others - I'm primarily thinking about the Added Elements section - are really good but lost. I think we need to think about separating some of these into their own articles ("Original locations in The Lord of the Rings Online" as a potential example) as well as scaling back some of those included in the body; could some of the lists be changed into prose?
What do you reckon? Does anyone(s) want to take this task on? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 09:28, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

:I am a bit rusty at editing wikis and new to this particular one but I am an avid LOTRO player and Tolkien fan. I could use some help getting things to fit the style of the wiki but I can help with adding missing information. LOTRO adds some great lore to the setting and I would like there to be a place to read all about it but I am unsure how much of that "non-official" stuff is appropriate here. [[User:Sullathron|Sullathron]] 15:30, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

::If you reckon you can give it a go, please do so. In terms of how to edit you may find [[Help:Editing]] useful. In terms of "non-official" stuff; it only goes in the "Portrayal in adaptations" sections of articles and should be proportional to the significance of the concept (e.g. you should write more about Gandalf than the South Downs). --{{User:Mith/sig}} 17:26, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

:::Some great work you're doing here, Sullathron, but could you make sure you provide appropriate references to external articles so information can be verified? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 14:41, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

::::Thanks. What sort of articles do you have in mind? A lot of this information can be verified from playing the game. Also, do you think you could give me some advice on how to organize the gameplay section? [[User:Sullathron|Sullathron]] 15:12, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

== Anyone to add the last updates ? (from Update 37, August 2023). ==

The Updates list ends at Update 36.

Anyone to add Update 37 (August 2023) to Update 41 ?

Thanks ! [[User:Alex Alejo|Alex Alejo]] ([[User talk:Alex Alejo|talk]]) 15:05, 8 September 2024 (UTC)

Owen Barfield

2024-09-08T14:56:51Z

Alex Alejo: /* Books */ I added a book from Owen Barfield (1957: first publication, in England).

{{author infobox
| image = Owen Barfield.jpg
| name=Owen Barfield
| born=[[9 November]], [[1898]]
| died=[[14 December]], [[1997]]
| education=
| occupation=Author
| website=[http://owenbarfield.org/ Owen Barfield Literary Estate]
}}
'''Arthur Owen Barfield''' ([[9 November]] [[1898]] - [[14 December]] [[1997]]) was a philosopher and fellow [[Inklings|Inkling]] with [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. He did not attend a great deal of the Inklings meetings due to living and working in London, a ways away from the [[Eagle and Child]].

Barfield argued that language was more "poetic" in its more ancient forms noting that the same word described both a spiritual and physical reality for the ancient speakers, making no distinction. He noted, for example, that in some languages the word for "heaven" is the same as the word for "sky".<ref>Owen Barfield, ''Poetic Diction: A Study in Meaning'', CT: Weslyan University Press</ref>

Tolkien was very fond of Barfield's works and his linguistic views were most influenced by Barfield, specifically his concept of ancient and original unity between meaning and sound.<ref>[[Verlyn Flieger]], ''[[Green Suns and Faërie|Green Suns and Faerie: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', pp. 243–244</ref>

==Bibliography, selected==
===Books===
*[[1925]]: ''[[The Silver Trumpet]]''
*[[1926]]: ''[[History in English Words]]''
*[[1928]]: ''[[Poetic Diction: A Study In Meaning]]''
*[[1957]]: ''[[Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry]]''

===Foreword===
*[[1980]]: [[SEVEN 1|''SEVEN'' 1]]
*[[1990]]: ''[[The Magical World of the Inklings]]''

===Articles===
*[[1947]]: ''[[Essays Presented to Charles Williams]]'', pp. 106–127
**"Poetic Diction and Legal Fiction"

==Excerpts==
{{blockquote|I met Tolkien but never had a long talk with him…I wish I had…We did not get to talk for several hours. He's an important figure in the English literary world of our time. I don't have any affinity with it – the mythical world. The real enthusiasts of the Tolkien society have more than enjoyed it they have made a kind of cult of it.<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.apittman.com Allen Pitmann]|articleurl=http://apittman.com/blog/west/physical-education/platonic-idealism|articlename=Saving the Final Appearance: A Visit with Owen Barfield a few months before his death|accessed=8 September 2014}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|
S. - How far did you know Tolkien? 
B. - I didn't know him very well. I met him a number of times at meetings of the Inklings - I didn't go always - and also with Lewis. Once we had a short walking tour, Lewis, Tolkien, and I, just when war was threatening, but then we never talked as we are talking now. And I never became an enthusiast for The lord of the Rings. 
S. - I got stuck on page 337. 
B. - I don't think I got as far as that. I got The Hobbit, read it to my son. 
S. - Tolkien quoted you in one of his lectures, I think. 
B. - He told Lewis, not long after he had read Poetic Diction, that to a certain extent it changed him - that he found there were things he could no longer say at his lectures. That was brought up by Verlyn Flieger in her book Splintered Light.<ref>'Owen Barfield: Interview with Elmar Schenkel'. Sept 1991 in Old Crow 2, Amherst Mass, 1993. Reprinted, in English, as "Interview mit Owen Barfield." ''Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literature und Ästhetik 11'' (1993), pp. 23-38</ref>
}}

Barfield said that Tolkien's children were very fond of his book ''The Silver Trumpet'' and regarded it as a sort of Bible:

{{blockquote|Tolkien's children for a time regarded it as a kind of Bible...many of the characters, were kind of catch-words in the family...<ref>{{webcite|website=YT|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3n5n5K5fPA|articlename=Owen Barfield and Clyde Kilby on C.S. Lewis|dated=3 November 1977|accessed=25 December 2014}}</ref>}}

In a letter to Barfield, dated [[June 28]], [[1936]], Lewis wrote:

{{blockquote|I lent The Silver Trumpet to Tolkien and hear that it is the greatest success among his children that they have ever known. His own fairy-tales, which are excellent, have now no market: and its first reading – children are so practical! – led to a universal wail 'You're not going to give it back to Mr. Lewis, are you?' All the things which the wiseacres on child psychology in our circle said when you wrote it turn out to be nonsense. 'They liked the sad parts,' said Tolkien, 'because they were sad and the puzzling parts because they were puzzling, as children always do.' The youngest boy liked Gamboy because 'she was clever and the bad people in books usually aren't.' The tags of the Podger have become so popular [as] to be almost a nuisance in the house. In fine, you have scored a direct hit.<ref>{{webcite|website=Wheaton.edu|articleurl=http://www.wheaton.edu/media/wade-center/files/authors/OBbio-Marj_20181114.pdf|articlename=Owen Barfield: A Biographical Note|dated=April 1985|accessed=20 May 2020}}</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Verlyn Flieger]]'s ''[[Splintered Light]]'', about Barfield's influence in relation with ''[[The Silmarillion]]''

==External links==
*[http://barfieldsociety.org/ The Owen Barfield Society]
*{{WP|Owen Barfield}}
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oedVDN1xOWM Owen Barfield - Man and Meaning documentary]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3n5n5K5fPA Owen Barfield and Clyde Kilby on C.S. Lewis]

{{references}}
{{Inklings}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barfield, Owen}}
[[Category:Inklings]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[fi:Owen Barfield]]

Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo

2024-09-08T14:48:31Z

Alex Alejo: Added links to Tolkien Gateway's pages.

'''''Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielvo''''' is a [[Quenya]] greeting used by [[Frodo]] in the first meeting with [[Gildor Inglorion]]. It translates as "A star shines on the hour of our meeting".<ref>{{FR|I3}}</ref>

Without the vocal assimilation it would be ''[[Elen]] [[síla]] [[lúme]]nna [[omentie]]lvo'', which Tolkien also translates as "A star shines upon the hour of the meeting of our ways".<ref>{{WJ|A}}, p. 367</ref>

[[Tolkien]] wrote once to his son that someone asked him what was ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' about, if it was an "allegory", and he explained him that he was just trying to create a situation where ''Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielmo'' would be a common greeting, and that the phrase long antedated the book. (The letter gives the form ''omentielmo'', which was the early form used in the first edition).<ref>{{L|205}}, p. 265</ref>

This sentence is pronounced by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]] to greet [[Galadriel]] in the last scene of the fourth episode of the second season of the series ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Lord of the Rings : The Rings of Power]]''.

==External links==
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/elensila.html Text, audio and translation] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2420229959.html Analysis] at [[Eldamo]]
{{References}}
[[Category:Quenya texts]]

Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo

2024-09-08T14:45:25Z

Alex Alejo: Added a new reference of this greeting prounounced in the series The Lord of the Rings : The Rings of Power (Season 2 - Episode 4).

'''''Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielvo''''' is a [[Quenya]] greeting used by [[Frodo]] in the first meeting with [[Gildor Inglorion]]. It translates as "A star shines on the hour of our meeting".<ref>{{FR|I3}}</ref>

Without the vocal assimilation it would be ''[[Elen]] [[síla]] [[lúme]]nna [[omentie]]lvo'', which Tolkien also translates as "A star shines upon the hour of the meeting of our ways".<ref>{{WJ|A}}, p. 367</ref>

[[Tolkien]] wrote once to his son that someone asked him what was ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' about, if it was an "allegory", and he explained him that he was just trying to create a situation where ''Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielmo'' would be a common greeting, and that the phrase long antedated the book. (The letter gives the form ''omentielmo'', which was the early form used in the first edition).<ref>{{L|205}}, p. 265</ref>

This sentence is pronounced by Adar to greet Galadriel in the last scene of the fourth episode of the second season of the series ''The Lord of the Rings : The Rings of Power''.

==External links==
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/elensila.html Text, audio and translation] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2420229959.html Analysis] at [[Eldamo]]
{{References}}
[[Category:Quenya texts]]

Latin

2024-02-26T09:36:02Z

Alex Alejo:

[[File:Farmer Giles of Ham frontispice (Latin fragment).jpg|thumb|Classic frontispice in Latin for ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'': "''The Rise and Wonderful Adventures of Farmer Giles, Lord of Tame Count of Worminghall and King of the Little Kingdom''"]]
{{Quote|I have, for instance, a particular love for the Latin language|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Letter 294]]}}
'''Latin''' is a language belonging to the Italic group of the Indo-European language family. It was spoken in ancient Rome, and, although now considered a dead language, it was the ancestor of the Romance family of languages such as Spanish; in the previous centuries, it has been a prestigious language of scientists and scholars, and the ceremonial language of the Catholic Church.

There have been modern attempts to translate some famous works into Latin, including ''[[The Hobbit]]'' with the title ''[[Hobbitus Ille]]'' by Mark Walker.

==Tolkien and Latin==
[[Tolkien]] had a great appreciation for Latin. He was taught Latin at a young age by his Mother, [[Mabel Tolkien]]. He took great interest in both the sounds and meanings of words. This marked the start of Tolkien's love for linguistics and philology. Tolkien studied Latin at [[King Edward's School]],<ref>{{B|II}}</ref> and would continue studying it the rest of his life.

As a deeply religious person, Latin also held significance to Tolkien due to its use in the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]]. During the period [[1962]]-[[1965|65]] the Catholic Church went through the process of switching from Latin to the local vernacular.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium] This greatly displeased Tolkien.<ref>{{B|IV}}</ref> [[Simon Tolkien]] J.R.R. Tolkien's grandson wrote the following:

{{Blockquote|I vividly remember going to church with him in Bournemouth. He was a devout Roman Catholic and it was soon after the Church had changed the liturgy from Latin to English. My Grandfather obviously didn't agree with this and made all the responses very loudly in Latin while the rest of the congregation answered in English. I found the whole experience quite excruciating, but My Grandfather was oblivious. He simply had to do what he believed to be right. <ref>{{webcite|author=[[Simon Tolkien]]|articleurl=https://www.simontolkien.com/mygrandfather|articlename=My Grandfather - JRR Tolkien|dated=2003|website=simontolkien.com|accessed=11 January 2024}}</ref>|}}

==Influence on invented languages==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Excerpt from the Mass.jpg|thumb|Excerpt from the canon of the Mass in Latin and [[Tengwar]] transcription by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
===Quenya ===
[[Quenya]], the elvish language of the [[Noldor]] and [[Vanyar]], is very similar to Latin from both a linguistic perspective and in the way it was used. By the [[Third Age]] Quenya had fallen out of vernacular use and was mostly a scholarly pursuit. It was considered prestigious and mostly used ceremonially and in important or old literature and song. It is because of this that Tolkien refers to Quenya as an Elven-Latin.<ref>{{App|Elves}}</ref><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>

Quenya phonology and spelling are most similar to Latin with Finnish phonological rules.<ref>{{App|E1}}</ref>
Grammar in Quenya is also based on Latin grammar though to a lesser extent than Finnish. Quenya and Latin are highly inflected languages allowing both to have flexible word order.<ref group=note>Although Quenya and Latin both have fairly free word order the most common order in Quenya is subject-verb-object while Latin is most commonly subject-object-verb.</ref>

===Nevbosh and Naffarin===
One of Tolkien's first attempts at creating a language was [[Nevbosh]].<ref>[[Michael D.C. Drout]], ed., ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''</ref> Tolkien then went on to create [[Naffarin]] in the 1910s, based partially on Nevbosh. These both included aspects of Latin and Spanish.<ref>[[Michael D.C. Drout]], ed., ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', p. 222</ref><ref>{{MC|6}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{WP|Latin}}
* [http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/latin.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[https://antigonejournal.com/2022/01/farmer-giles-tolkien-latin/ The joys of Latin and Christmas feasts: J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Farmer Giles of Ham''] by Mateusz Stróżyński
*[http://www.legonium.com/hobbitus-i Hobbitus-i], an illustrated summary of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' in Latin by Anthony Gibbins
*[https://medium.com/in-medias-res/would-tolkien-approve-of-the-hobbit-in-latin-1b51089ee301 "Would Tolkien approve of ''The Hobbit'' in Latin?"], Critical review of ''Hobbitus Ille'' by Robert Ziomkowski.
{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]

Noel

2024-02-23T10:42:35Z

Alex Alejo:

"'''Noël'''" is the title of a poem by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was published together with the poem "[[Shadow-Bride|The Shadow Man]]" in the [[Annual of Our Lady's School (1936)|''Annual'' of Our Lady's School]] in [[1936]]. According to [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], who discovered the poem in [[2013]], it is a "directly [[Christianity|Christian]] poem, celebrating the birth of [[Christ]]".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/tolkien-notes-8/|articlename=Tolkien Notes 8|dated=16 June 2013|website=[http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/ Wayneandchristina.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 April 2014}}</ref>

==Poem==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Grim was the world and grey last night:
The moon and stars were fled,
The hall was dark without song or light,
The fires were fallen dead.
The wind in the trees was like to the sea,
And over the mountains' teeth
It whistled bitter-cold and free,
As a sword leapt from its sheath.

The lord of snows upreared his head;
His mantle long and pale
Upon the bitter blast was spread
And hung o'er hill and dale.
The world was blind,
the boughs were bent,
All ways and paths were wild:
Then the veil of cloud apart was rent,
And here was born a Child.

The ancient dome of heaven sheer
Was pricked with distant light;
A star came shining white and clear
Alone above the night.
In the dale of dark in that hour of birth
One voice on a sudden sang:
Then all the bells in Heaven and Earth
Together at midnight rang.

Mary sang in this world below:
They heard her song arise
O’er mist and over mountain snow
To the walls of Paradise,
And the tongue of many bells was stirred
in Heaven's towers to ring
When the voice of mortal maid was heard,
That was mother of Heaven's King.

Glad is the world and fair this night
With stars about its head,
And the hall is filled with laughter and light,
And fires are burning red.
The bells of Paradise now ring
With bells of Christendom,
And Gloria, Gloria we will sing
That God on earth is come.</poem>

==See also==
*[[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

The Jerusalem Bible

2024-02-23T10:23:24Z

Alex Alejo:

{{book
|title=The Jerusalem Bible
|image=[[Image:jerusalem_bible.gif|225px]]
|author=Edited by Alexander Jones
|publisher=London: Darton, Longman & Todd
|date=[[4 July]] [[1966]]
|format=Hardback in dustwrapper
|pages=
|isbn=0809243539
|amazon=
|amazonprice=
}}
'''''The Jerusalem Bible''''' is a Roman Catholic translation of the Bible. Its sources were the original [[Hebrew]] and Greek texts, with some contribution from later Greek and Latin translations. [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and other scholars at the [[École Biblique]] in [[Jerusalem]] translated the scriptures into French, and published their work as ''La Bible de Jérusalem'' in 1956. This French translation served as the impetus for an English translation in 1966.

[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] was among its contributors, as translator and lexicographer. The extent of Tolkien's contribution to the translation of this bible is uncertain, but he is thought to have worked on the books of Jonah and Job, and Tolkien's final draft of Jonah was heavily edited. <ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]'', pp. 278-279</ref> Although the translation of the book of Job was based on what Tolkien called a bad literal French version, his sense of rightness for this task led him to prepare himself learning a great amount of Hebrew.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "4. Tolkien as a Christian writer", p. 54</ref>

In [[Letter 294]] to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, Tolkien stated:

{{blockquote|Naming me among the 'principal collaborators' was an undeserved courtesy on the part of the editor of the Jerusalem Bible. I was consulted on one or two points of style, and criticized some contributions of others. I was originally assigned a large amount of text to translate, but after doing some necessary preliminary work I was obliged to resign owing to pressure of other work, and only completed 'Jonah', one of the shortest books.}}

==See also==
*''[[The Book of Jonah]]''
*''[[A Path from Rome|A Path from Rome: An Autobiography]]''
*''[[The Old English Exodus]]''

==External links==
*{{WP|Jerusalem Bible}}
* [http://www.bible-researcher.com/jerusalem-bible.html Jerusalem Bible]
* [http://www.newman.org.uk/upload/Jerusalem%20bible%20A%20Crowther.pdf The Jerusalem Bible and the role of the Newman Association]
{{references}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jerusalem Bible}}
[[Category:Books with contribution by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Religious books]]

Francis Xavier Morgan

2024-02-22T10:50:34Z

Alex Alejo:

__NOTOC__
[[File:Father Francis.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Father Francis Xavier Morgan''' ([[18 January|January 18]], [[1857|1857,]] [[El Puerto de Santa María]], [[Provincia de Cádiz|Cádiz]] - [[11 June|June 11]], [[1935]], [[Birmingham]]) was a Roman Catholic priest at the [[Birmingham Oratory]] in [[Birmingham]]. He was half Welsh and half Anglo-Spanish.

He took care of [[Mabel Suffield|Mabel Tolkien]] during her illness, and took over custody of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald]] and [[Hilary Tolkien]] after her death. Father Francis was a [[J.R.R._Tolkien's_inspirations#pipe-smoking|pipe-smoker]] and Tolkien derived his own custom from this.

Father Francis Xavier Morgan, forbade Tolkien to see [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]] until he was twenty-one because he saw her as a distraction from his studies. With one exception, Tolkien obeyed this instruction to the letter while Father Morgan's guardianship lasted.

Tolkien named his first son, [[John Tolkien|John Francis Reuel]] after him.<ref>{{B|III}}, p. 97</ref>

In 2013, [[José Manuel Ferrández Bru]] published ''[[La Conexion Española de J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', a Spanish-language biography about Francis Xavier Morgan.<ref name=bru>{{webcite|author=José Manuel Ferrández Bru|articleurl=http://www.josemanuelferrandez.com/unclecurro/index.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's Spanish Connection|website=[http://www.josemanuelferrandez.com/ENindex.html Author's website]|accessed=20 May 2020}}</ref> The book was later translated into English.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lunapresspublishing.com/product-page/uncle-curro-j-r-r-tolkien-s-spanish-connection|articlename="Uncle Curro". J.R.R. Tolkien's Spanish Connection|dated=|website=[http://www.lunapresspublishing.com Luna Press Publishing]|accessed=20 May 2020}}</ref>

In the biographical drama film [[Tolkien (film)|Tolkien]], he was portrayed by actor [[Colm Meaney]].

==In Tolkien's works==
In the ''[[Gnomish Lexicon]]'', Tolkien translates the name "Francis" into [[Gnomish]]: ''Faidron'' or ''Faithron''. These names are clearly related with other words of the same lexicon: ''fair'' ("free, unconstrained"), ''faidwen/faith'' ("liberty"), ''faithir'' ("liberator, Saviour").<ref>{{PE|13}}, p. 33</ref> The translation is based on etymology as the name [[Wikipedia:Francis (given name)#Derivation|Francis]] (from Italian Francesco) derives from the [[Wikipedia:Franks#Etymology|Franks]], who in turn gave the word [[Wiktionary:frank|frank]] ("free of servitude; candid, outspoken, unreserved").<ref>[[Wikipedia:Name_of_the_Franks#Name_and_etymology|Etymology of the name "Franks"]]</ref> Ferrández Bru considered that Tolkien honored Father Francis this way.

Ferrández Bru suggests that [[Thingol]] was partly inspired from Father Francis, considering his opposition to the courtship of [[Beren]] to [[Luthien]]; with whom Tolkien identified himself and Edith.{{fact}}

==See also==
*[[Letter to Father Francis Morgan]] (letter)

==External links==
* [http://www.birminghamoratory.org.uk/francis-morgan/ Father Francis Xavier Morgan (1935)], by F. Philip Lynch; Birmingham Oratory
* [http://www.birminghamoratory.org.uk/tolkien-and-the-oratory/ Tolkien and the Oratory]
* "[http://www.josemanuelferrandez.com/vieja/london/london.html The Morgan Family in London]" by [[José Manuel Ferrández Bru]]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Francis Xavier}}
[[Category:Religious workers]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Spanish people]]
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File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Excerpt from the Mass.jpg

2024-02-22T10:38:02Z

Alex Alejo: /* Summary */

== Summary ==
Tolkien's excerpt from the canon of the Mass with [[Tengwar]] transcription. Taken from [[Parma Eldalamberon 20|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 20]], p. 106: "''vere dignum aequum / et salutare nos tibi''".

== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Tolkien}}

[[Category:Images of J.R.R. Tolkien's manuscripts]]