Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Websites

2025-05-06T06:50:02Z

Anfang: /* Independent YouTube channels */ Alphabetical order

{{stub}}
This page serves as a guide to many of the useful '''websites''' concerning [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|works]]. It is also an archive to many of the websites lost in the past.

==Official associations==
===Tolkien Estate===
*[[Tolkien Estate]] — https://www.tolkienestate.com/
*[[Tolkien Trust]] — https://www.tolkientrust.org/

===Publishers===
*[[HarperCollins]] — https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/jrr-tolkien
**HarperCollins UK — https://harpercollins.co.uk/blogs/authors/jrr-tolkien
*[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] —
*[[Bodleian Library]] — https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk

===Universities===
*Marquette
*Bodleian
*Oxford

==Related to the legendarium==
===Wikis and references===
*[[Tolkien Gateway]] — https://tolkiengateway.net/
*The Thain's Book — https://thainsbook.minastirith.cz/
*[[Encyclopedia of Arda]] — https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/
*Henneth Annun Research Center — http://henneth-annun.net/
*The Lord of the Rings Wiki — https://lotr.fandom.com/
*Fenopaedia - the Spanish encyclopedia of [[Elfenomeno.com]] - https://www.elfenomeno.com/menu/top/fenopaedia/

===Bibliographies===
*[https://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net]
*[https://www.tolkienbooks.us/ TolkienBooks.us]
*[[Åke Bertenstam]]'s bibliography https://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/

===Book collecting and trading===
*Tolkien Library https://tolkienlibrary.com/
*Tolkien Collector's Guide https://www.tolkienguide.com/

===Linguistics===
*Amanye Tenceli — https://at.boktypografen.se/
*[[Ardalambion]] — http://ardalambion.net/
*[[Eldamo]] — https://eldamo.org/
*[[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]] — https://www.elvish.org/
*World Linguistic Association (WELA) — https://www.facebook.com/eldalambe
*Lambendili (Spanish TS) — http://lambendili.sociedadtolkien.org/

==Fan organizations==
===[[Tolkien Societies]]===
*[[The Tolkien Society]] — https://www.tolkiensociety.org/
*[[Spanish Tolkien Society]] — https://www.sociedadtolkien.org/
*[[Mythopoeic Society]] - https://www.mythsoc.org/
**Merged with the [[Tolkien Society of America]] in [[1972]]
*[[Arthedain (Tolkien Society)|Arthedain (Norges Tolkienforeninn)]] - https://www.arthedain.org/
*[[Tolkiendil (Tolkien society)]] - https://www.tolkiendil.com/

===News?===
*[[TheOneRing.net]] — https://www.theonering.net/

===Fanzines?===

===Adaptations?===

===Other media? - games, [[podcasts]] ...===

==Tools==
===Indexes and references===
*[[Digital Tolkien Project]] — https://digitaltolkien.com/
*Tolkien Art Index — https://tai.tolkienists.org/

==Independent YouTube channels==
*Ælfwine's Road — https://www.youtube.com/@lfwinesroad3399
*[[Council of the Rings]] - https://www.youtube.com/@counciloftherings
*[[Darth Gandalf]] — https://www.youtube.com/@DarthGandalfYT
*GirlNextGondor — https://www.youtube.com/@GirlNextGondor
*In Deep Geek — https://www.youtube.com/@InDeepGeek
*[[Jess of the Shire]] — https://www.youtube.com/@Jess_of_the_Shire
*The Lord Of Teh Reings — https://www.youtube.com/@TehLurdOfTehReings
*[[Nerd of the Rings]] - https://www.youtube.com/@NerdoftheRings
*The Red Book — https://www.youtube.com/@TheRedBook
*Tales of the Rings — https://www.youtube.com/@TalesoftheRings
*[[Tea with Tolkien]] — https://www.youtube.com/@teawithtolkien

[[Category:Websites]]

Amon Hen 291

2024-08-25T09:08:56Z

Anfang: /* Contents */ spelling error

{{Amonhen
| name=Amon Hen 291
| image = AmonHen291.png
| editor=
| printer=
| date=October [[2021]]
| format=A5 stapled paperback, glossy
| pages=35
| issn=0306-8781
}}'''''Amon Hen'' 291''' is the two-hundred-and-ninety-first issue of the [[The Tolkien Society]]'s bimonthly journal ''[[Amon Hen (journal)|Amon Hen]]'', published in October [[2021]].
==Contents==
*Front cover: Tom, Bert and William by Francesco Scovacricchi
*'''2''' - From the Editor's Desk
*'''4''' - Behind Glass Doors
*'''6''' - Melkor - Free Will and Redemption by Steven Gibb
*'''7''' - Melkor by Jenna Kass
*'''10''' - Tol Fuin, Sanctuary for Evil and the final resting place of Sauron’s broken spirit by Cameron Kenneth Miller
*'''13''' - Nazgûl by Erin Goetz
*'''14''' - The Rabbit’s Revenge by Kristine Larse
*'''18''' - Centerfold: Thuringwethil by Kathrin Hei
*'''20''' - A review of Tolkien’s Switzerland by Liz Stephen
*'''22''' - Tolkien Tabletop #4: Abstract Games by David MeanS
*'''24''' - Ring Quest - 20 Years of a Tolkien Event by Alan Baxter
*'''26''' - Tolkien Tabletop...Literally! by Scott Ismail
*'''28''' - Mathom
*'''32''' - News From Fangorn
*'''34''' - All Brân
*Back cover: A Little help by Lourdes Velez
{{AHnav|290|292}}{{title|journal}}
[[Category:Amon Hen (journal)]]

Forums:First Age acronym clairty

2024-08-08T10:20:33Z

Anfang: Adding thoughts about First Age acronym

{{Counciltop}}


Over the last year or more various discussions have been held in the [[chat]] regarding how we represent the years of the [[First Age]] across the wiki.

At the moment we represent them as "{{FA|1}}" ([[Template:FA]]) but this perpetuates the common misconception that the First Age started in {{FA|1}}, when it instead started in {{YT|1050}} (this is properly explained in a section within the "First Age" article).
Many of us would like to change the current format to be better represent which of the First Age years are [[Years of the Trees]] and which are [[Years of the Sun]].

'''Initial proposals have suggested two primary options;'''
*Replacing {{FA|}} with [[Years of the Sun|Y.S.]]
*or creating [[Year of the Trees 1050|F.A. 1050]] <sup>[[Years of the Trees|(Y.T.)]]</sup> and [[First Age|F.A. 1]] <sup>[[Years of the Sun|(Y.S.)]]</sup>

We are looking for feedback on the above options but we are also open to new suggestions.
How can we best represent the timeline of the First Age clearly? {{unsigned|JR Snow}}

Just to complicate things, I'd rather the focus was on the Years of the Trees or the Years of the Sun with the superscript being the First Age: [[Year of the Trees 1050|Y.T. 1050]] <sup>[[First Age|(F.A.)]]</sup> and [[First Age 1|Y.S. 1]] <sup>[[First Age|(F.A.)]]</sup>. To me, it looks strange seeing a F.A. number being higher than another but taking place earlier in the timeline. I think Trees or Sun at the forefront avoids the confusion but I wouldn't be surprised if my suggestion may just end up confusing some others! However, there'd maybe also need to be a rewrite/rethinking of the timeline on here to go along with whatever change is decided since [[First Age 1]] is written as the first year of the sun which is exactly what we are saying it isn't.
{{unsigned|Anfang}}

File:Blind guardian nightfall cover.jpg

2024-08-06T15:47:24Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Blind guardian nightfall cover.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

User talk:Dmitry Azikov

2024-08-04T15:34:23Z

Anfang: /* Your edit on the Aragorn page */ Reply

==Welcome!==

'''{{PAGENAME}}, welcome!'''

Hello and [[Tolkien Gateway:Welcome|welcome]] to '''[[Tolkien Gateway]]'''. I hope you like the place and choose to join our work. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
*Internal pages:
**[[Tolkien Gateway:To-do|To-do list]]
**[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Standards]]
**[[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|Discord Chat]]
**[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]
*External Wikipedia pages:
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Tutorial|Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial]]
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Picture tutorial|Picture tutorial]]
**[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:How to write a great article|How to write a great article]]

I hope you enjoy editing here and we look forward to your future edits. If you have any questions, see the [[Help:Contents|help pages]], add a question to the [[Forums:Council|Council forums]] or ask me on [[User talk:Hyarion|my talk page]]. Keep up the great work! —  [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 00:08, 2 August 2024 (UTC)

==Your edit on the Aragorn page==
I reverted your edit on the Aragorn page, because your edit inserted a grammar mistake. In an unreal (hypothetical) sentence "were" is the correct form for the third person singular. It is an unreal (hypothetical) sentence, because Aragorn is not the (real) son of Elrond. So "Aragorn was fostered in Rivendell by Elrond as if he were his own son." is correct and the "were" did not need to be changed to "was". --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 13:36, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:Hello, But I always thought as I studied English at school that it there should be used "was" if singular past simple time and "were" in plural and that it was a misprint🤔 [[User:Dmitry Azikov|Dmitry Azikov]] ([[User talk:Dmitry Azikov|talk]]) 15:04, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
::As Akhorahil says, something unreal uses "were", same with something conditional. "You are talking to me as if I were a child". [[User:Anfang|Anfang]] ([[User talk:Anfang|talk]]) 15:34, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

Glaur

2024-07-31T13:11:29Z

Anfang:

__NOTOC__

'''''glaur''''' (sometimes applied as '''''glor''''') is a [[Sindarin]] word meaning "gold (light or colour)".<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, pp. 17, 159</ref>

===Etymology===
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], ''glaur'' derives from the [[root]]s "GLAW(-R)", "[[LAWAR|LÁWAR-]]".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries</ref>

==Examples==
*''[[Glaurung|'''Glaur'''ung]]'' = "Gold-worm"
*''[[Glorfindel|'''Glor'''findel]]''= "Golden-hair"
*''[[Glóredhel|'''Glór'''edhel]]'' = "Golden Elf"

==Cognate==
*[[Quenya]] ''[[laurë]]''
==See also==
*[[Sundocarme|Root]] [[KUL]] ("golden-red")
*For other words glossed as "gold", see ''[[Gold#Names|Gold: Names]]''
{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Noldorin nouns]]

Template:Infobox character

2024-07-31T13:08:49Z

Anfang: Manual of Style says to use British English color -> colour

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Timeline of Frodo Baggins

2024-07-31T13:06:23Z

Anfang: Manual of style calls for British English

[[File:John Howe - The One Ring 01.jpg|thumb|250px|''The One Ring'' by [[John Howe]]]]
A timeline of the life of [[Frodo Baggins]] in the [[Third Age]].

==[[Third Age 2968|2968]]==
*[[22 September]]: Birth of Frodo Baggins.

==[[Third Age 2980|2980]]==
*Death of Frodo's parents, [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]].

==[[Third Age 2989|2989]]==
*Frodo is adopted by [[Bilbo Baggins]] and moves to [[Bag End]] around this time.

==[[Third Age 3001|3001]]==
*22 September: Frodo comes of age and inherits Bag End and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] from Bilbo.

==[[Third Age 3004|3004]]==
*[[Gandalf]] visits Frodo in the [[The Shire|Shire]] several times over the next four years.

==[[Third Age 3008|3008]]==
*Gandalf visits Frodo for the last time for many years.

==[[Third Age 3018|3018]]==
*[[12 April]]: Gandalf arrives at Bag End.
*[[13 April]]: Frodo learns he has the One Ring and decides to leave the Shire.

*[[22 September]]: Frodo turns 50.
*[[23 September]]: Frodo leaves Bag End.
*[[24 September]]: Frodo is nearly caught twice by one of the [[Nazgûl]] and meets [[Gildor]] in the [[Woody End]].
*[[25 September]]: Frodo learns of his friends' intention to accompany him.
*[[26 September]]: Frodo and his companions travel through the [[Old Forest]] and come to the House of [[Tom Bombadil]].
*[[28 September]]: The Hobbits are trapped by a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]]. Frodo resists putting on the Ring.
*[[29 September]]: Frodo meets [[Aragorn]] in [[Bree]].

*[[6 October]]: Frodo is wounded by the [[Witch-king]] at [[Weathertop]].
*[[20 October]]: Frodo crosses the [[Ford of Bruinen]] pursued by the Nazgûl.
*[[23 October]]: [[Elrond]] removes the sliver of the [[Morgul-knife|Morgul-blade]] from Frodo's body.
*[[24 October]]: Frodo wakes in [[Rivendell]].
*[[25 October]]: At the [[Council of Elrond]], Frodo volunteers to take the Ring to [[Mordor]].

*[[25 December]]: Frodo and the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] leave Rivendell.

==[[Third Age 3019|3019]]==
*[[13 January]]: The Fellowship enters [[Moria]].
*[[15 January]]: Gandalf battles the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] and falls into [[shadow]]. The Fellowship enters [[Lothlórien]].
*[[17 January]]: Frodo meets [[Galadriel]].

*[[14 February]]: Frodo looks into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]].
*[[16 February]]: Frodo and the Fellowship leave Lothlórien.
*[[26 February]]: At Amon Hen, [[Boromir]] tries to take the Ring. Frodo decides to go to Mordor alone but is followed by [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]].
*[[29 February]]: Frodo meets [[Gollum]] and spares his life.

*[[1 March]]-[[2 March]]: Gollum leads the Hobbits through the [[Dead Marshes]].
*[[5 March]]: The Hobbits reach the [[Black Gate]] and realize it's impassable. Frodo agrees to follow Gollum to a [[Cirith Ungol|secret way]] into Mordor.
*[[7 March]]: Frodo meets [[Faramir]], brother of Boromir.
*[[8 March]]: Frodo asks Faramir to spare Gollum's life at the [[Forbidden Pool]]. The Hobbits part company with Faramir in the morning.
*[[9 March]]: The Hobbits reach the [[Morgul-road]] at dusk.
*[[10 March]]: The Hobbits reach the [[Cross-roads]] and continue to the [[Morgul Vale]]. Frodo sees the Witch-king leading an army from [[Minas Morgul]] and resists putting on the Ring.
*[[12 March]]: Gollum leads Frodo and Sam into [[Shelob's Lair]].
*[[13 March]]: Frodo is wounded by [[Shelob]] and is taken prisoner by [[Orcs of Mordor|Orcs]] to the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]].
*[[14 March]]: Sam finds Frodo in the Tower of Cirith Ungol.
*[[15 March]]: Frodo and Sam escape from the Tower.
*[[16 March]]: Frodo and Sam look toward [[Mount Doom]] from the [[Morgai]].
*[[18 March]]: Frodo and Sam are forced to join a company of Orcs marching toward Udun.
*[[19 March]]: Frodo and Sam escape from the Orcs and continue on.
*[[22 March]]: Frodo and Sam leave the road and turn south toward Mount Doom.
*[[23 March]]: The Hobbits cast away their gear.
*[[24 March]]: The Hobbits reach the foot of Mount Doom.
*[[25 March]]: Frodo reaches the [[Cracks of Doom]] and claims the Ring for himself. Gollum bites off Frodo's finger and falls into the fiery chasm. The Ring is destroyed.

*[[8 April|8 April]]: Frodo and Sam are honoured at the [[Field of Cormallen]].

*[[1 May]]: Frodo carries the crown at Aragorn's coronation.

*[[15 July]]: [[Arwen]] tells Frodo that he may pass into the [[Aman|West]] in her stead.

*[[6 October]]: Frodo feels pain in his shoulder on the anniversary of his confrontation with the Witch-king.
*[[30 October]]: The Hobbits arrive at the [[Brandywine Bridge]].

*[[3 November]]: The [[Battle of Bywater]]. Frodo says that [[Saruman]]'s life should be spared, but the Wizard is killed by [[Gríma]].
*[[4 November]]: Frodo agrees to be Deputy Mayor.

==[[Third Age 3020|3020]]==
*[[13 March]]: Frodo is ill on the anniversary of his encounter with Shelob.

*[[1 May]]: Sam marries [[Rosie Cotton]] and moves into Bag End.

*[[Mid-year's Day]]: Frodo resigns as Deputy Mayor.

*[[6 October]]: Frodo is ill again.

==[[Third Age 3021|3021]]==
*[[13 March]]: Frodo is ill again.

*[[21 September]]: Frodo and Sam set out for the [[Grey Havens]].
*[[22 September]]: Frodo meets Galadriel and Elrond in the Woody End.
*[[29 September]]: Frodo sails into the West to the [[Undying Lands]].

[[Category:Timelines]]

Sauron

2024-07-31T11:37:44Z

Anfang: Sauron's titles seemed to mostly be arranged in alphabetical order instead of something like prominence in the text. There were exceptions though, so I have listed them all in alphabetical order for readability/consistency

{{infobox character
| people=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| name=Sauron
| image=Alaïs - Annatar.jpg
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br/>''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br/>''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br/>''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<br/>The Enemy<br/>[[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]]<br/>The Necromancer<br/>The Shadow<br/>''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]]<br/>The [[Lord of the Ring (title)|Lord of the Rings]]<br/>[[King of Men]]<br/>Lord of the World<br/>Ring-maker
| position=Smith of [[Aulë]]<br/>Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]]
| location=[[Timeless Halls]], [[Almaren]], [[Valinor]], [[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], [[Barad-dûr]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]], [[Armenelos]], [[Temple]], [[Dol Guldur]], and [[Window of the Eye]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] (originally)<br>[[Melkor]] (later on)
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]], [[Adûnaic]], and possibly [[Westron]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=[[Timeless Halls]]
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]
| age=
| notablefor=Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]];<br/>Created [[The One Ring]];<br/>Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]];<br/>Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Physical form|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''' was a highly gifted [[Maia]], originally an apprentice of [[Aulë]], who became skilled at crafting and making. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the most trusted lieutenant of Morgoth, being reckoned as the greatest of his allies and servants in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his fortress of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldor]]in king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. The arrogant [[Númenóreans]], contesting their rule on Middle-earth, challenged him, and Sauron accepted to be brought to [[Númenor]] as a captive; however his influence corrupted the Númenóreans further - leading to the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. His spirit escaped, as did [[Elendil]] and his sons, founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son, [[Isildur]], severed his Ringed finger and took the One Ring for himself.

In the Third Age, Sauron the Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost servants, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], marshalling his armies and using his two-faced ally, the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]. By {{TA|3018}}, [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
{{quote|For nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so.|[[Elrond]]<ref name="lotr-coe"/>}}
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala" /> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name="myths" />

Early on, already by the blissful [[Spring of Arda]], he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his spy on the isle of [[Almaren]], the dwelling-place of the Valar.<ref name="Annals">{{MR|P2a}}, p. 52</ref> While [[Tulkas]] was asleep, Melkor ruined the [[Two Lamps]], and when Almaren was also destroyed, the [[Valar]] moved to the [[Aman|Blessed Realm of Aman]], still not perceiving Sauron's treachery.<ref name="Valinor">{{L|131}}: "''… Sauron was a being of Valinor perverted to the service of the Enemy …''"</ref> Soon Mairon left the Blessed Realm for [[Middle-earth]], [[Sleep of Yavanna|in a dark time]] where Melkor dominated limitlessly, and bent the knee before him as his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself;<ref name="SVala" /> and unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name="myths">{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

===First Age===
{{quote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}
At some point after the [[Awakening of the Elves]], it was Sauron who first discovered them and their dwellings.<ref>{{NM|P1xiv}}, p. 107</ref> Following their subsequent discovery by [[Oromë]], the Valar [[Battle of the Powers|made war against Melkor]] to protect them and though they stormed Angband and Utumno, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity" /> Thus Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] to Valinor, it is said that he may have been responsible for the affliction upon the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered throughout [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren" />

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren" />

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen then, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren" />

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings" />

===Second Age===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings" /> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings" /> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]]", "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn"</ref> He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings" />

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings" /><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings" />

====[[Black Years]]====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name="SRings" /><ref name="dm" />

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy" /> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name="dm">{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name="L131">{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name="Akallabeth" /> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings" /> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name="L131" />

====On Númenor====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name="Defeated">{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

====Against the Faithful====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy" /> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy" />

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

===Third Age===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

====The Necromancer====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name="TA" />

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name="TA" /> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name="SRings" /><ref name="TA" /><ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name="TA" />
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name="TA" /> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name="TA" /> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

====Return to Dol Guldur====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name="TA" /> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name="TA" />

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="TA" /><ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name="TA" /> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name="stew" /> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name="TA" />

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<ref name="TA" /><ref name="stew" /> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name="hunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<ref name="TA" />

====Attack of the White Council====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name="erebor">{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}}, Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}}, he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name="TA" /> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name="erebor" /><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name="erebor" /> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name="TA" />

====Return to Mordor====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<ref name="TA" /><ref name="stew">{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name="stew" /><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}}, the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to corrupt him;<ref name="TA" /> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest allies.

Around {{TA|3009}}, [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name="TA" /> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

====The War of the Ring====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name="TA" /> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name="hunt" /> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name="hunt" /> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref name="TT|IV4">{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name="hunt" /> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was the Wizard's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately.<ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name="RKV2">{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name="RKV9">{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name="RKVI3">{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name="RKVI4">{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name="RKV9" /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref name="SVala" />

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>

===Physical form===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name="Akallabeth" /> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe" /> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name="Closed">{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

===Eye of Sauron===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of Sauron the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref name="Beren" />

==Etymology==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group="note">''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name="Appendix">{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

==Other names==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala" /><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> which was composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"), thus meaning "Terrible Dread";<ref name="Appendix" /> an alternate variation of this name was '''''Gorsodh'''''.<ref>{{WJ|One}}, entry 455, §153, p. 54</ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1" />

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1" /> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name="Defeated" /> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name="Mouth">{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name="Closed" />
*The '''[[Master|Black Master]]''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name="RKV2" />
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref name="Closed" />
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name="Shadow">{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly referred to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name="Shadow">{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe" /> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name="Mouth">{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''[[King of Kings]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="L131" />
*The '''[[King of Men]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="Akallabeth" />
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''Lord of [[Barad-dûr]],''' used by [[Denethor]]<ref name=":0">{{RK|V4}}</ref> and [[Gandalf]].<ref name="RKV9" />
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="L131" />
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe" /> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref name=":0" />
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe" />
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref name="TT|IV4" />
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name="Shadow" />
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe" />
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe" />
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that Sauron took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

In the first version of the Fall of Númenor, Sûr (Thû) originally came to Númenor in the likeness of a great bird and preached a message of deliverance, and he prophesied the second coming of Morgoth. He spoke with the king (Angor) and queen (Istar) and promised them undying life and lordship of the Earth. They believed him and fell under the shadow, and the greatest part of the people of Númenor followed them. Angor raised a great temple to Morgoth in the midst of the land, and Sûr dwelt there.<ref name="downfall1">{{LR|P1II2}}</ref>{{rp|§5}} As Angor felt the oncoming of old age, Sûr convinced the king that that the gifts of Morgoth were withheld by the Gods, and that to obtain plenitude of power and undying life he must be master of the West. Sûr then aided the Númenóreans in making their great armament.<ref name="downfall1" />{{rp|§6}} Thû survived the destruction of the island and retreated to Middle-earth where he fought wars against the surviving Númenóreans, whose hearts were not crooked and hated Thû, that assailed his temples and servants.<ref name="downfall1" />{{rp|§13}} Eventually Amroth,<ref group="note">This Amroth is a predecessor to Eldendil, hence is a Man, not an Elf</ref> the King of Beleriand, took council with Elrond, and with what Elves remained they crossed over the mountains and assailed the fortress of Thû; Amroth himself was slain, but Thû was brought to his knees, with his servants dispelled and his dwellings destroyed, and he fled to a dark forest and hid himself.<ref name="downfall1" />{{rp|§14}}

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. For example, in early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron was described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

===The Necromancer===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for Sauron, a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

==Minions and allies==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White [[Wizard]] and treacherous ally; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Gate-keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Sauron in Adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="160px" heights="160px">
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
File:Shadow of Mordor - Annatar.png|[[Annatar]] in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
File:Shadow of Mordor - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron in Dúrnost.jpg|Sauron in [[Dúrnost]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Halbrand in Mordor.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in [[Mordor]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet in a non-speaking role.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'']]:'''
:'''1 September: Episode 1. ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron appears overseeing an army of [[Orcs]] at [[Dúrnost]] during the prologue, narrated by [[Galadriel]]. No actor is credited for the specific role.

:'''14 October: Episode 8. ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as [[Halbrand]] (portrayed by [[Charlie Vickers]]) the entire time. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Southlands]] and took up the crest because he thought that it suited him well.

===Radio series===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

===Video games===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'''''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

===Others===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maiar|Maia]] of <s>[[Aulë]]</s> [[Morgoth|Melkor]]
| born = [[Creation of the Ainur]]
| died=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by:<br/>'''[[Morgoth]]''', c. 1603 years earlier
| list=2nd [[Dark Lord]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - [[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=None
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=1st [[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

Lord of Barad-dûr

2024-07-31T11:27:33Z

Anfang: Other more prominent Sauron titles such as "Lord of Gifts" redirect to Sauron. I don't see the need for this title to have its own page

#REDIRECT [[Sauron]]

Sauron

2024-07-31T11:21:47Z

Anfang: /* Other names */ Added "Lord of Barad-dûr" to Sauron's list of names with references

{{infobox character
| people=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| name=Sauron
| image=Alaïs - Annatar.jpg
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}
| othernames=''Annatar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br/>''Gorthaur'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br/>''Mairon'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br/>''Zigûr'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<br/>The Enemy<br/>[[Eye of Sauron|The Eye]]<br/>The Necromancer<br/>The Shadow<br/>''([[#Other names|See below]])''
| titles=The [[Dark Lord]]<br/>The [[Lord of the Ring (title)|Lord of the Rings]]<br/>[[King of Men]]<br/>Lord of the World<br/>Ring-maker
| position=Smith of [[Aulë]]<br/>Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]]
| location=[[Timeless Halls]], [[Almaren]], [[Valinor]], [[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], [[Barad-dûr]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]], [[Armenelos]], [[Temple]], [[Dol Guldur]], and [[Window of the Eye]]
| affiliation=[[Aulë]] (originally)<br>[[Melkor]] (later on)
| language=[[Valarin]], [[Black Speech]], [[Adûnaic]], and possibly [[Westron]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=[[Timeless Halls]]
| rule={{SA|1600}} - {{TA|3019}}
| death=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]
| age=
| notablefor=Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]];<br/>Created [[The One Ring]];<br/>Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]];<br/>Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=''[[#Physical form|See below]]''
| hair=
| eyes=''[[#Eye of Sauron|See below]]''
| clothing=
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|But in after days he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}</center>

'''Sauron''' was a highly gifted [[Maia]], originally an apprentice of [[Aulë]], who became skilled at crafting and making. Coveting the power through which he would coordinate all things according to his own will, he joined with [[Melkor]]. As "Gorthaur" he became the most trusted lieutenant of Morgoth, being reckoned as the greatest of his allies and servants in the [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his fortress of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldor]]in king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of Morgoth, Sauron continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|the Lord of the Rings]]'''". Failing to corrupt the Elves, he assaulted the [[Westlands]], beginning a period called the [[Dark Years]], the first time he became known as the '''[[Dark Lord]]'''. The arrogant [[Númenóreans]], contesting their rule on Middle-earth, challenged him, and Sauron accepted to be brought to [[Númenor]] as a captive; however his influence corrupted the Númenóreans further - leading to the [[Downfall of Númenor]]. His spirit escaped, as did [[Elendil]] and his sons, founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died fighting Sauron. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son, [[Isildur]], severed his Ringed finger and took the One Ring for himself.

In the Third Age, Sauron the Enemy returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; one of his foremost servants, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, the Dark Lord Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]], marshalling his armies and using his two-faced ally, the corrupted [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Saruman]]. By {{TA|3018}}, [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] reached Mount Doom on [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's fall, and his stepping on Morgoth's path down into the [[Void]], resulting in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|left|''Mairon'' by [[:Category:Images by Maureval|Maureval]]]]
{{quote|For nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so.|[[Elrond]]<ref name="lotr-coe"/>}}
As one of the most powerful [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|IId}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]], among whose people he was deemed mighty and surpassed only by the Smith himself,<ref name="SVala" /> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref>

Mairon's virtue was his love for order, planning and coordination, disliking confusion and chaos. But his obsession with order gradually overshadowed his love for the other intelligent beings of Arda, who would benefit from his planning; it became the sole object of his will, the end in itself. He started admiring [[Melkor]]'s power to realize his designs quickly and masterfully.<ref name="myths" />

Early on, already by the blissful [[Spring of Arda]], he was ensnared by Melkor, becoming his spy on the isle of [[Almaren]], the dwelling-place of the Valar.<ref name="Annals">{{MR|P2a}}, p. 52</ref> While [[Tulkas]] was asleep, Melkor ruined the [[Two Lamps]], and when Almaren was also destroyed, the [[Valar]] moved to the [[Aman|Blessed Realm of Aman]], still not perceiving Sauron's treachery.<ref name="Valinor">{{L|131}}: "''… Sauron was a being of Valinor perverted to the service of the Enemy …''"</ref> Soon Mairon left the Blessed Realm for [[Middle-earth]], [[Sleep of Yavanna|in a dark time]] where Melkor dominated limitlessly, and bent the knee before him as his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others. Sauron initially was not as evil as Morgoth, as he was serving someone and not himself;<ref name="SVala" /> and unlike Melkor, who wanted to unmake and corrupt the world, Sauron wished to rule it and do what he wanted with it.<ref name="myths">{{MR|Myths}}, pp. 394-398</ref>

After [[Morgoth]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

===First Age===
{{quote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"}}
At some point after the [[Awakening of the Elves]], it was Sauron who first discovered them and their dwellings.<ref>{{NM|P1xiv}}, p. 107</ref> Following their subsequent discovery by [[Oromë]], the Valar [[Battle of the Powers|made war against Melkor]] to protect them and though they stormed Angband and Utumno, they failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity" /> Thus Sauron continued his evil operations; during the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] to Valinor, it is said that he may have been responsible for the affliction upon the [[Atyamar|land of the Elves]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], forcing the [[Elves]] to resume their journey.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, pp. 50-51</ref>

With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew, and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered throughout [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren" />

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious, as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguises but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren" />

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|''Huan subdues Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felagund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore, he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more, and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. According to prophecy, Huan would not die until he had encountered the greatest of all wolves, so Sauron contrived to take on that role and defeat the hound. Therefore Sauron took on the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen then, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes, afflicting him with fatigue and blindness. Then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren" />

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation, and he instead fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings" />

===Second Age===
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring.png|thumb|right|''Sauron-Annatar and the creation of the One Ring'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
It was {{SA|500|n}} years into the [[Second Age]] when Sauron started to stir again.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil; many Men in [[East]] and [[South]], already corrupted by Melkor, fell under the [[Shadow]] by following him.<ref name="SRings" /> By {{SA|882}}, [[Gil-galad]] sensed a shadow arising in the East and sent a [[Gil-galad's letter|warning]] to [[Númenor]].<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Around {{SA|1000}} Sauron was alarmed by the growing power of the [[Númenóreans]], and chose [[Mordor]] as a land to make into a stronghold. He began the building of [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful.<ref name="SRings" /> After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, in {{SA|1200}} Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, an emissary from the Valar.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]]", "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn"</ref> He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him, although they did not perceive who he truly was.<ref name="SRings" />

Elsewhere Annatar was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]], where only [[Galadriel]] distrusted him. The [[Noldorin]] smiths there learned much from him in art and magic, as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|SA}}</ref> Under the tutelage of Annatar and the leadership of [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], became more skilled than anyone save Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], which according to Annatar would help them preserve their powers over Middle-earth.

But Sauron was ready to begin his own plans, and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - he created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings. He invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it, so that it would be more powerful than the others. With its power he completed the building of the Dark Tower.<ref name="SRings" /><ref name="lotr-toy" />

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /><ref name="lotr-toy" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="SRings" />

====[[Black Years]]====
During this time Sauron constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion, and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]] whom he dominated as a king and god. He had them make many fortified towns, and armed those under him with iron.<ref name="SRings" /><ref name="dm" />

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began in {{SA|1693}} and was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarven allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.

Sauron was the [[Dark Lord]] of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]] responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]]. The Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the Elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. As the Númenóreans established dominions around the [[Westlands]] (c. {{SA|1800}}),<ref name="lotr-toy" /> Sauron's empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men as servants and worshippers to the far south and east.<ref name="dm">{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to three corrupted lords of [[Númenor]]<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and [[Khamûl|an Easterling king]] and other five Men, as well as lords of the Dwarves. The Dwarves proved too hardy and resistant to their effects; but the Men eventually faded and in {{SA|2251}} they appeared as [[Ringwraiths]], his greatest slaves.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

Believing he would dominate all of Middle-earth, Sauron assumed many glorious titles: '''King of Kings''',<ref name="L131">{{L|131}}</ref> '''King of Men''',<ref name="Akallabeth" /> '''Lord of the Earth''',<ref name="SRings" /> and even '''Lord of the World'''.<ref name="L131" />

====On Númenor====
[[File:Elena Kukanova - The Temple of Melkor.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Temple of Melkor'' by [[Elena Kukanova]]]]
This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] in {{SA|3262}}.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Zigûr''', the Wizard;<ref name="Defeated">{{HM|SD}}, ''passim''</ref> he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> He converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Darkness, becoming High Priest of a Melkor cult. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great [[Temple]] in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme God, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However, his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and it fled back to Middle-earth.

====Against the Faithful====
Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor in {{SA|3320}},<ref name="lotr-toy" /> where he slowly rebuilt his strength, although he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force, largely filling the fearsome role left vacant by his former master.

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}.<ref name="lotr-toy" />

In response, the Númenóreans formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]]. Learning of them, Sauron dispatched some [[Orcs of Mordor]] to the [[Misty Mountains]] to ambush them.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, Note #20</ref> He also burned the [[Brown Lands|gardens]] of the [[Entwives]] against the advance of the Allies down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> Nonetheless the Allies reached Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] in {{SA|3434}} and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="lotr-toy" />

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress, engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

===Third Age===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape in a physical living body. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent [[Wizards|five]] [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 388-389</ref>

His power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Apparently, Sauron's spirit managed to move some Easterlings, who invaded [[Rhovanion]] and came to the [[Vales of Anduin]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #60</ref>

====The Necromancer====
These moves coincided with the coming of the [[Shadow]] to [[Greenwood the Great]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> Around {{TA|1050|n}} he chose [[Amon Lanc|a hill]] in southern Greenwood as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that this "Necromancer" was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.<ref name="TA" />

The year {{TA|1300}} marked Sauron's increased power, evidenced by "evil things" who multiplied and grew bold again, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and some of the [[Dragons]], who attacked the [[Dwarves]]; and the return of the Nazgûl, with the founding of the evil realm of [[Angmar]].<ref name="TA" /> In the following centuries, Sauron's subjects in Angmar, the East and the South concentrated against his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was coordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they needed to work together to combat this evil. However, Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor, and soon after the Nazgûl gathered in Mordor and [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|conquered]] [[Minas Ithil]] to prepare for Sauron's return; their final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.<ref name="SRings" /><ref name="TA" /><ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> As his shadow deepened, [[Durin's Bane|a balrog]] awoke, causing the desertion of [[Moria]].<ref name="TA" />
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'' by [[John Howe]]]]
By {{TA|2060}} the power of Dol Guldur grew so much that [[the Wise]] were alerted that Sauron was returning. [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} but the shadow fled before him. Returning to the [[East]],<ref name="TA" /> Sauron started corrupting the [[Easterlings]] and forging a strong alliance between their tribes.{{fact}} The period of his absence was known as the ''[[Watchful Peace]]'', because the Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened and the Nazgûl stayed quiet in Minas Morgul,<ref name="TA" /> using this period to prepare for Sauron's return.

====Return to Dol Guldur====
The Necromancer returned in {{TA|2460|n}} more powerful, with many Men in his service, and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name="TA" /> His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself [[Third Age 2463|three years later]], falling in the hands of [[Gollum|a Stoor]]. Sensing the danger, the [[Wise]] formed the [[White Council]].<ref name="TA" />

The Necromancer's aims remained to gather the Rings of Power, find news about the One Ring, and eliminate the [[Heir of Isildur]], if one remained in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="TA" /><ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref> In {{TA|2475}} the [[Uruk-hai]] exited Mordor and briefly conquered [[Ithilien]]. [[Third Age 2480|Some years later]] the Orcs of the Mountains organized themselves, blocking the passes to the West; Moria had been depopulated centuries earlier by the Balrog, and Sauron sent Orcs and [[Trolls]] there.<ref name="TA" /> Also under his shadow were the [[Balchoth]], who invaded Mirkwood and cooperated with Orcs to attack Gondor.<ref name="stew" /> Sauron's servants captured the [[King of Durin's Folk|Dwarf King]] [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and took [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him.<ref name="TA" />

Still investigating the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] snuck into Dol Guldur in {{TA|2850|n}} and met the dying Dwarf King, learning that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron. [[Third Age 2851|The next year]], Gandalf informed the White Council and urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], and he thought it best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following this strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

As his power was growing and his arising came closer, his minions moved again against Gondor; his agents stirred the [[Haradrim]] to resume attacking Gondor, while [[Uruk-hai]] and [[Orcs of Mordor]] infested [[Ithilien]]<ref name="TA" /><ref name="stew" /> but never managed to pass beyond Anduin, further into Gondor.<ref name="hunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> All this time Sauron apparently had learned about the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] where his old enemy Isildur was killed, shortly after his own demise, almost three millennia ago. He sent his minions to look for the One Ring around [[Anduin]] near the [[Gladden Fields]], not knowing that it had been already in the possession of [[Gollum|a Stoor]].<ref name="TA" />

====Attack of the White Council====
Considering the situations, and the occupation of the dragon [[Smaug]] of [[Erebor]], Gandalf was worried that Sauron's military assault against the [[West]] was a matter of time, and that he would use Smaug in his force; Gandalf started considering a simultaneous attack both against Dol Guldur and against Smaug, to weaken Sauron.<ref name="erebor">{{UT|Erebor}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|''Dol Guldur'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In {{TA|2939}}, Saruman learned that Sauron was searching for the Ring, and worried that he would find it sooner than he. In {{TA|2941|n}}, he conceded with Gandalf to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attack Dol Guldur]].<ref name="TA" /> Indeed, in the meantime Gandalf managed to eliminate Smaug, and the Orcs of the Mountains were decimated in the [[Battle of Five Armies|ensuing battle]], allowing the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]] and [[Dale]] to flourish again.<ref name="erebor" /><ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

Although Gandalf was weakening Sauron's potential grasp in the [[Wilderland|North]],<ref name="erebor" /> Sauron had been expecting the White Council's attack against Dol Guldur and fled from there.<ref name="TA" />

====Return to Mordor====
The [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for Sauron's return, so it was easy for Sauron to return secretly to his old stronghold [[Third Age 2942|a year later]]. Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}, sent three Nazgûl back to Dol Guldur and started rebuilding the Dark Tower, and once it was completed, the [[Mount Doom]] erupted.<ref name="TA" /><ref name="stew">{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr to conduct his war on the [[Free peoples]]. The shadow of Mordor caused despair and sickness to the Gondorians, like [[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas]], and in his desperation, the Steward [[Denethor]], Sauron's most immediate enemy, used the [[Anor-stone]] to gain knowledge. That ''[[palantír]]'' was directly linked to the [[Ithil-stone]] that the Nazgûl had taken from Minas Morgul, and when Sauron used it, he discovered Denethor was using his. Sauron attempted to wrench the Anor-stone to his will, but failed due to Denethor's strength of will and birth-right to the stone. But this stressed and wore out the steward, who lost his hope.<ref name="stew" /><ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

By {{TA|3000}}, the shadow lengthened, and Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and decided to use the [[Orthanc-stone]]. As happened with Denethor, Sauron linked with his mind, managing to corrupt him;<ref name="TA" /> from one of his wisest enemies, Saruman became one of his greatest allies.

Around {{TA|3009}}, [[Gollum]], who formerly bore the One Ring and now pursued its thief, ventured into Mordor and was captured by Sauron's minions. Gollum was tortured and interrogated for the following years,<ref name="TA" /> and before releasing him, Sauron learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[the Shire]].

Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] became a symbol of power and fear.

====The War of the Ring====
Sauron was alarmed when the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] captured Gollum,<ref name="TA" /> so in June of {{TA|3018}} he dispatched the Nazgûl to hunt for the [[One Ring]] in secrecy. To disguise the crossing of the Nine over the Great River, Sauron staged an [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack on Osgiliath]]. This feint served two purposes: first, to test the strength and preparedness of Denethor, and second and more importantly, to present the Nazgûl as merely a military asset, concealing from the [[Wise]] their true mission.<ref name="hunt" /> Denethor's forces were stronger than Sauron hoped, but Sauron took the eastern half of the city nonetheless. This allowed the Nazgûl to cross the Great River and begin their hunt.<ref name="hunt" /> Now knowing the measure of his enemy, Sauron continued to amass his forces in Minas Morgul and Mordor in preparation for the siege of Gondor.<ref name="TT|IV4">{{TT|IV4}}</ref>

By September, the Nazgûl had failed to discover the Shire, and Sauron's wrath and fear were mounting. Via messenger, Sauron ordered the Nine to discard secrecy in favour of speed and go to Isengard to confront Saruman about his knowledge of the whereabouts of the Ring. At this time, Sauron also conveyed to the Nine such dire threats as to dismay even the Lord of Morgul.<ref name="hunt" /> The Nine ultimately failed in their mission, being defeated and unhorsed by the flood of the Bruinen. The Witch-king returned alone to Mordor in December of 3018 to Sauron's great fear, for Sauron perceived that his foes still had strength left in them, and luck seemed to be on their side.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Ring Goes South", p. 262</ref>

Sauron's next glimpse of the Ring (or so he believed) would come in the late hours of [[5 March]] T.A. 3019, when Pippin looked into the [[palantir]] of Orthanc that he had recovered from the flood of Isengard. Sauron, unaware of Saruman's defeat at hands of the [[Ents]], assumed Pippin was the Wizard's prisoner, and was being forced to look into the Palantir as a form of cruel sport. Rather than interrogate Pippin immediately, Sauron chose to torment him, and bid him tell Saruman that he would send for the prisoner immediately.<ref>{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> He was therefore deceived into thinking the Ring was finally within his grasp.

A few hours later, on the morning of [[6 March]], Sauron encountered one of his foes in the ''palantír'' of Orthanc: Aragorn looked into the Stone, revealing himself to Sauron as the Heir of Isildur and wielder of [[Andúril]], the Blade Reforged. Aragorn spoke no word to Sauron and with a great effort of will wrested control of the Stone from him. As Aragorn intended, this played on Sauron's gnawing doubts and filled him with fear, believing that Aragorn might have overthrown Saruman, seizing Pippin and therefore the Ring. Thus, he ordered the Witch-king to launch his long-planned assault on Gondor immediately, rather than wait for all preparations to be made, hoping to destroy his enemies before they had a chance to make full use of the Ring's power.<ref name="RKV2">{{RK|V2}}</ref>

The death of the Witch-king and the defeat of his army in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] were a setback to Sauron, but he still had a great force of arms held in reserve in Mordor, more than enough to eventually secure military victory against all of his enemies combined. After his encounter with Aragorn in the ''palantír'', Sauron believed that one of his foes in Minas Tirith held the One Ring and would soon attempt to use it. As such, Gandalf was able to exploit Sauron's false beliefs with an audacious plan: the army of the Free Peoples would march on the Black Gate as a feint, keeping Sauron's Eye fixed upon them and blind to all else that moved, as the true Ringbearer made his way to Mount Doom.<ref name="RKV9">{{RK|V9}}</ref>

For the next nine days, Gandalf's plan worked - as the Host of the West made its way east and north, Sauron kept his entire focus upon it and diverted the whole strength of Mordor to the Black Gate to meet them. Even when Shagrat brought news of an "Elvish" intruder in [[Cirith Ungol]], Sauron's belief that the Ring was with the Host of the West remained unshaken and he made no attempt to investigate further; he could certainly not imagine that his enemies were trying to sneak the Ring into Mordor. Frodo and Sam thus made it to the [[Cracks of Doom|Sammath Naur]] undetected, and Sauron did not become aware of them until the very moment that Frodo claimed the Ring for himself.<ref name="RKVI3">{{RK|VI3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|''The Shadow of Sauron'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

Only then did Sauron finally perceive Frodo and, realising he had been tricked, was overwhelmed with wrath and fear. He instantly lost all interest in the ongoing [[Battle of the Morannon]] and dispatched the Nazgûl from the skies above the battle to Mount Doom with all haste. It was too late; Gollum fell into the Crack of Doom with the Ring, destroying it and himself. In the moment of the Ring's destruction, Barad-dûr and many other of Sauron's fortresses crumbled to ruin. Sauron's spirit emerged and rose above Mordor like a black cloud - he stretched out his hand towards the army of the West, but even as he did so, he was blown away by a great wind and vanished.<ref name="RKVI4">{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his dominion in Middle-earth came to an end. According to Gandalf, Sauron was "maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape."<ref name="RKV9" /> Sauron's corporeal body that was in the Dark Tower died, and without the Ring his spirit no longer had the power to create a new one. Though his indestructible mind and being were bound forever to [[Eä]], Sauron had lost all power to effect his will upon the world<ref>{{L|200}}</ref> and could never again grow in strength.<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}, section iii, p. 403 and note 11, p. 407</ref>

It is said of Sauron, in summary of his long career of wickedness in Arda, that "he rose like a shadow of Morgoth and a ghost of his malice, and walked behind him on the same ruinous path down into the Void."<ref name="SVala" />

==Characteristics==
Sauron was a being of exceptional power, both in personal might and in sorcery, yet his greatest strength lie in his cunning, intellect, and charisma; through persuasion, deception, and coercion, he brought ruin to many mortal realms and united others unto himself, often without ever having to physically intervene, and he nearly cast Middle-earth into darkness several times throughout his existence.

Much like his [[Melkor|master]], pride in his own abilities was his greatest personal weakness, and this arrogance, coupled with an underestimation of his enemies, would ultimately doom him.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}</ref>

===Physical form===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|Tolkien's unfinished sketch of Sauron, apparently showing him just after the destruction of the Ring]]
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power and change his shape. Later, however, he could take only a terrible form, of a stature greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s, though not giant,<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> "an image of malice and hatred made visible; and the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure."<ref name="Akallabeth" /> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe" /> Gollum would also call him "Black Hand", noticing he only had four fingers after Isildur cut one off.<ref name="Closed">{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

===Eye of Sauron===
The '''[[Eye of Sauron]]''', called by various names, was the symbol of Sauron the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

Sauron's Eye as Frodo sees it in the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] is the only feature of his later form described in detail. It is yellow and rimmed with fire, with a slit pupil, "a window into nothing."<ref>{{FR|II7}}</ref> The colour is compared to that of a cat's eye, but because of the references to Sauron's Lidless Eye, it may also resemble that of a snake, such as an adder. Readers differ as to whether Sauron's eyes were literally lidless and resembled what Frodo saw, or instead the Eye was only a symbol that Frodo saw in the Mirror in an elaborate form.

Sauron's gaze, even indirectly, was known to wither, exhaust, and weaken his foes, with [[Denethor II|Denethor]], [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]], and [[Gandalf the Grey|Gandalf]] all rendered weary and dreadful after confronting him.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> The sheer malevolence Sauron exuded through his presence alone was enough to render Lúthien frail and nearly unconscious.<ref name="Beren" />

==Etymology==
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group="note">''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Sauron"</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[THUS]]-"</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''þaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''þaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref name="Appendix">{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''gor'', ''thaur''</ref>

==Other names==
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''''Gorthaur''''' was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref name="SVala" /><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> which was composed of the elements ''[[gor]]'' ("horror, dread") and ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"), thus meaning "Terrible Dread";<ref name="Appendix" /> an alternate variation of this name was '''''Gorsodh'''''.<ref>{{WJ|One}}, entry 455, §153, p. 54</ref> The Quenya equivalent was '''''Ñorsus'''''.<ref name="PE17.1" />

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], "the Admirable"), but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. He continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or '''Tar-mairon''' ("King Excellent"), until after Númenor's downfall,<ref name="PE17.1" /> although he could not use that name in Númenor, as it was a Quenya name with royal implications. There he was called '''''Zigûr''''',<ref name="Defeated" /> meaning "Wizard" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|3vi9}}, p. 437</ref>

'''''Annatar''''' is Quenya for "Lord of Gifts", from ''[[anna]]'' + ''[[tar]]''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''anna'', ''tar''</ref> It can be noticed that Morgoth used a similar name when he seduced the first [[Men]]: "Giver of Gifts".<ref>{{MR|P4i}}, The '[[Tale of Adanel]]', p. 344</ref> In an isolated note, Tolkien gives other names used by Sauron when he seduced the Elves in the Second Age: '''''Artano''''' ("High-smith") and '''''Aulendil''''' ("Devoted to Aulë").<ref>{{UT|6}}, Notes, p. 254</ref>

Among his many titles and epithets were:
*The '''Base Master of Treachery''', used once by Gandalf to explain why the [[Mouth of Sauron]] should not be trusted.<ref name="Mouth">{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''Black One''', used once by [[Gollum]].<ref name="Closed" />
*The '''[[Black Hand]]''', used twice by Gollum.<ref name="Closed">{{TT|IV3}}</ref>
*The '''[[Master|Black Master]]''', used by [[Isildur]] when cursing Sauron's former servants, the [[Men of the Mountains|Oathbreakers]].<ref name="RKV2" />
*The '''[[Dark Lord]]''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''Dark Power''', used by Gandalf.<ref name="Shadow">{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*The '''Deceiver''', given by [[Amandil]] before departing to ask the Valar deliverance from Sauron's corruption.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Enemy''', given by the [[Free Peoples]] after he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''One Enemy''', used once by Frodo Baggins.<ref name="TT|IV4" />
*The '''[[Eye of Sauron|Eye]]''', with its variants, mainly referred to his mental form and his [[Eye of Sauron|emblem]], but also applied to Sauron himself.<ref>{{RK|I3}}, entry "Eye, The"</ref>
*The '''Great''', following the name of ''Sauron'', it is only used once by Gandalf,<ref name="Shadow">{{FR|I2}}</ref> once by [[Glóin]],<ref name="lotr-coe" /> and once by the Mouth of Sauron.<ref name="Mouth">{{RK|V10}}</ref>
*The '''[[King of Kings]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="L131" />
*The '''Lord of the Earth''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''[[King of Men]]''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>
*The '''Lord of [[Barad-dûr]],''' used by [[Denethor]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Gandalf]].<ref name="RKV9" />
*The '''Lord of the World''', given by himself when he rose in the Second Age, enraging Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="L131" />
*The '''North King''', given by the people of [[Agar]].<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>
*The '''Necromancer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe" />
*The '''Nameless''', probably given by the [[Gondorians|people of Gondor]], as it is only used by Boromir as '''Nameless Enemy''',<ref name="lotr-coe" /> by Faramir as '''Nameless One''',<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref> and by the watchmen of Gondor.<ref name=":0">{{RK|V4}}</ref>
*The '''[[Lord of the Ring]]''' or '''Lord of the Rings'''.
*The '''[[Ring-maker]]'''.<ref name="Shadow" />
*The '''Ruler''', used once by Saruman during his confrontation with Gandalf.<ref name="lotr-coe" />
*The '''[[Shadow]]''', not properly given to him, but to his power when he expanded it in the Third Age.<ref name="SRings" />
*The '''Sorcerer''', used during his rule in [[Dol Guldur]] when his identity was unknown.<ref name="lotr-coe" />
*'''Wolf-Sauron''', the name given to the dreadful werewolf-shape that Sauron took on when he went to do battle with [[Huan]].<ref name="Beren" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Since the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]". Morgoth also had another servant named '''[[Fankil]]''' who led evil [[Dwarves]] and notably acted as his lieutenant, a role assumed by Sauron in the final works.

Tevildo later was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer - the first proper iteration of the later Sauron. The name was then changed to ''Gorthû'', ''Sûr'', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'', remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

In the first version of the Fall of Númenor, Sûr (Thû) originally came to Númenor in the likeness of a great bird and preached a message of deliverance, and he prophesied the second coming of Morgoth. He spoke with the king (Angor) and queen (Istar) and promised them undying life and lordship of the Earth. They believed him and fell under the shadow, and the greatest part of the people of Númenor followed them. Angor raised a great temple to Morgoth in the midst of the land, and Sûr dwelt there.<ref name="downfall1">{{LR|P1II2}}</ref>{{rp|§5}} As Angor felt the oncoming of old age, Sûr convinced the king that that the gifts of Morgoth were withheld by the Gods, and that to obtain plenitude of power and undying life he must be master of the West. Sûr then aided the Númenóreans in making their great armament.<ref name="downfall1" />{{rp|§6}} Thû survived the destruction of the island and retreated to Middle-earth where he fought wars against the surviving Númenóreans, whose hearts were not crooked and hated Thû, that assailed his temples and servants.<ref name="downfall1" />{{rp|§13}} Eventually Amroth,<ref group="note">This Amroth is a predecessor to Eldendil, hence is a Man, not an Elf</ref> the King of Beleriand, took council with Elrond, and with what Elves remained they crossed over the mountains and assailed the fortress of Thû; Amroth himself was slain, but Thû was brought to his knees, with his servants dispelled and his dwellings destroyed, and he fled to a dark forest and hid himself.<ref name="downfall1" />{{rp|§14}}

Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. For example, in early editions of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron was described as "probably of the Eldar elves".

===The Necromancer===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road through Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a "fairy-tale" to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias, it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for Sauron, a figure from the very earliest phases of his legendarium (as [[Tevildo]] in "[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]"). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[Letter 19]]}}

Indeed, in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Thû]] is called a "necromancer" who "held his hosts of [[phantoms]] and of wandering [[ghosts]]" (l. 2075) in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref>{{LB|C7}}</ref>

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

Fans have noted that the alias "Necromancer" for Sauron is obscure, as in the context of neither ''The Hobbit'' nor ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sauron is ever specifically mentioned to use [[Wikipedia:necromancy|necromancy]], i.e. controlling the [[spirits]] of the dead.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/47756/why-is-sauron-called-the-necromancer|articlename=Why is Sauron called the "Necromancer"?|dated=|website=Stackexchange|accessed=9 January 2020}}</ref>

A later essay mentions the practice of necromancy concerning the ''[[fëar]]'' of the [[Unbodied]] Elves, mentioning that Sauron possibly did so and also taught his followers,<ref>{{MR|P3II3c}}, p. 224</ref> although this reference is not given in the context of the story.

==Minions and allies==
*[[Thuringwethil]]- Vampire Herald
*[[Draugluin]]- First of the Werewolves of Angband; mortally-wounded by [[Huan]]
*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]] - Lord of Morgul, Lord of the Nazgûl and deadliest servant; vanquished by [[Éowyn]] and [[Merry]]
**[[Khamûl]] - Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, second only to the Witch-king among the Nazgûl; undone by the destruction of the [[One Ring]]
**Other 7 [[Nazgûl]] - Most terrible of his servants; perished with the One Ring
*The [[King of the Dead]] - King of the Oathbreakers, former servant bound to the [[Heir of Isildur]]
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]] - Last King of Númenor, rival-turned-puppet, coerced to the worship of the Darkness
*[[Herumor]] - Lord among the Haradrim
*[[Fuinur]] - Chief among the Haradrim
*[[Captain of the Haven]] - Commander of the Corsairs of Umbar; slain by [[Aragorn]]
*The [[Mouth of Sauron]] - Lieutenant of the Dark Tower and personal Ambassador
**[[Grishnákh]] - Orc captain of the Dark Tower; slain by the Riders of Rohan
*[[Saruman]] - Lord of Isengard, corrupted White [[Wizard]] and treacherous ally; stabbed in the back by Gríma
**[[Gríma]] - Chief counsellor of King [[Théoden]] in Rohan, Saruman's mole at the court; shot by Hobbit arrows
**[[Squint-eyed southerner]] - Dunlending spy at the Prancing Pony Inn
**[[Bill Ferny]] - Outlaw of Bree-land
**[[Harry Goatleaf]] - Gate-keeper of the West-gate of Bree, informant
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]] - Lieutenant of Morgul, second only to the Witch-king among the Morgul-host
**[[Gorbag]] - Captain of the Orcs of Morgul that captured [[Frodo Baggins]]; murdered by Shagrat
*[[Shagrat]] - Captain of Cirith Ungol; put to death for his failures
**[[Muzgash]] - Orc guard at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Lagduf]] - Orc sentry stationed at Cirith Ungol; shot by treacherous comrades
**[[Radbug]] - Orc sentinel of Cirith Ungol; had his eyes squeezed out by Shagrat
**[[Snaga (orc of Mordor)|Snaga]] - Torturer of Cirith Ungol; fell to his demise in a fight with [[Samwise Gamgee]]
**[[Ufthak]] - Orc subordinate in Cirith Ungol; caught by Shelob in her webs
*[[Shelob]] - Descendant of [[Ungoliant]] and convenient guardian of the pass through Mordor
*The [[Two Watchers]] - Statues inhabited by evil spirits
;Characters from older concepts
*[[Naglur-Danlo]] - Orc of Cirith Ungol
*[[Shagram]] - Orc soldier of Cirith Ungol

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Sauron in Adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="160px" heights="160px">
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Sauron.jpg|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[Minas Morgul]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
File:Shadow of Mordor - Annatar.png|[[Annatar]] in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
File:Shadow of Mordor - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Sauron in Dúrnost.jpg|Sauron in [[Dúrnost]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Halbrand in Mordor.jpg|[[Charlie Vickers]] as Sauron/[[Halbrand]] in [[Mordor]] within ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet in a non-speaking role.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall -yet not gigantic - armored warlord wielding a huge mace (a blend between his vague description by Tolkien and the more detailed appearance of [[Morgoth]] as described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted dispatching a number of Elves and Men with his mace, before killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen; the scene figured in the concept art done for the prologue, however) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already corrupted by his yearning for power and Sauron's influence).

:For the portrayal of Sauron as a giant eye of fire in these movies, see [[Eye of Sauron#Portrayal in adaptations]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films. With him as the slit black pupil, he projects flames around him, creating the visage of the Great Eye.

===Television===
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|''The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power'']]:'''
:'''1 September: Episode 1. ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Sauron appears overseeing an army of [[Orcs]] at [[Dúrnost]] during the prologue, narrated by [[Galadriel]]. No actor is credited for the specific role.

:'''14 October: Episode 8. ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
::It is revealed that Sauron was disguised as [[Halbrand]] (portrayed by [[Charlie Vickers]]) the entire time. After being supposedly "split open" by [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], he took on the form of a mortal [[Men|Man]] and gave to himself the name Halbrand. At some point in time, he came upon the corpse of the last King of the [[Southlands]] and took up the crest because he thought that it suited him well.

===Radio series===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

===Video games===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'''''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Sauron, in his fair guise, appears during the flashback to the years of the [[Second Age]]. He uses the name "Antheron" instead of "Annatar", which only appears in the works not covered by the game' licese.
:Visiting Sauron's personal chambers in [[Dol Guldur]] leads to a vision of the Dark Lord, still weak and recovering from his defeat at the hand of [[Isildur]].
:During an extended flashback sequence to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], Sauron himself is met within [[Barad-dur]] by the player, who controls a historic character.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'''''

===Others===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm ''A Name for the Dark Lord''] by [[Helge Fauskanger]].

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maiar|Maia]] of <s>[[Aulë]]</s> [[Morgoth|Melkor]]
| born = [[Creation of the Ainur]]
| died=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by:<br/>'''[[Morgoth]]''', c. 1603 years earlier
| list=2nd [[Dark Lord]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - [[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=None
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=1st [[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{ainur}}
{{numenor}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

The Siege of Gondor

2024-07-30T18:01:30Z

Anfang:

{{disambig-more|Siege of Gondor|[[Siege of Gondor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{chapter
| image=Ted Nasmith - Nazgûl at the Walls.jpg
| title=The Siege of Gondor
| book=The Return of the King
| number=4
| event=[[Minas Tirith]] is besieged.
| date=[[10 March|10]]-[[15 March]] {{TA|3019|n}}
| location=[[Minas Tirith]]
| perspective=[[Peregrin Took|Peregrin]]
| previous=The Muster of Rohan
| next=The Ride of the Rohirrim
}}
'''The Siege of Gondor''' is the fourth chapter of the first book of ''[[The Return of the King]]''. It tells of the siege of [[Minas Tirith]] by the forces of [[Mordor]], led by the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]]. Key characters involved are [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Gandalf]], [[Faramir]] and [[Denethor]].

The chapter covers various events such as Faramir's perilous assignment to protect [[Osgiliath]], the subsequent battle for the nearby [[Pelennor Fields]], the siege of Minas Tirith, and the internal strife within the city, particularly between Denethor and his son Faramir. Central to the chapter is the tension between Gandalf and Denethor over the handling of the Ring, and the arrival of the [[Riders of Rohan|Rohirrim]]. The chapter ends with a standoff between Gandalf and the Lord of the Nazgûl just as the Riders of Rohan arrive.

==Overview==
===Pippin’s Service and the Rescue of Faramir===
In Minas Tirith, [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] received his new uniform and gear having become a member of the [[Guards of the Citadel|Tower Guard]]. He spent a long day serving Lord [[Denethor]], [[Gandalf]], and the [[Captains of the West]]. While chatting at the outer wall of the Citadel amid heavy darkness and a stagnant air, Pippin and [[Beregond]] heard the terrifying shriek of a [[Nazgûl|Black Rider]]. Beyond the outermost gate, they saw five [[Nazgûl]] swooping over a small, rapidly approaching group of [[Men]] on horseback. The leader of the horsemen sounded his horn, recognised by Beregond as the trumpet call of Faramir.

The men, thrown from their terrified horses, ran for the city gate on foot. As one of the Nazgûl descended on Faramir, Pippin saw what appeared to be a brilliant white star in the north. The light is revealed to be from Gandalf approaching on his horse, [[Shadowfax]]. Gandalf had raised his hand and sent a shaft of light shooting upward into one of the Nazgûl, which cried and circled away, the other Nazgûl following. Gandalf returned to the city with Faramir slumped in the saddle.

===Faramir’s Report and Denethor’s Displeasure===
Faramir was escorted into Denethor’s chambers, where he was shocked to see Pippin, having already had a [[Faramir#In_Ithilien|strange encounter]] with two other [[Hobbits]]—[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]—in [[Ithilien]]<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}</ref>. Gandalf erupted when he learned from Faramir that Frodo and Sam were heading to [[Mordor]] by way of [[Cirith Ungol]]. Faramir noted that he bid farewell to the Hobbits only two days ago;<ref>{{TT|Journey}}</ref> they could not have reached Cirith Ungol yet. They surmised that [[Sauron]]’s new movement on [[Gondor]] was not related to Frodo’s approach to Mordor.

Denethor upbraided Faramir for showing cowardice in defending the outposts. The [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward]] bitterly remarked that [[Boromir]], his other son, would have brought him a "mighty gift"—meaning [[The One Ring|the Ring]]. Gandalf pointed out that to the contrary, Boromir would have kept the "gift" for himself. The two argued, and Pippin again sensed the strain between them. Denethor opposed sending the Ring with a Hobbit into the hands of Sauron, believing that he himself should have been given the Ring for safekeeping. The gathering dispersed. Pippin asked Gandalf why, as Faramir had indicated, Frodo and Sam were traveling with [[Gollum]].<ref>{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Gandalf feared Gollum’s treachery, but noted that perhaps some good may yet come of [[Gollum#War_of_the_Ring|Gollum’s actions]].

===The Battle for Osgiliath===
The next morning, Denethor sent Faramir to protect the outlying ruins of Osgiliath where Mordor's armies were likely to strike first. Faramir dutifully accepted the perilous, possibly suicidal assignment from his father and Steward. The [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]], the Black Captain against whom none could stand, led the armies of Mordor. Gandalf rode off toward Osgiliath to help fight the Black Captain, returning the next day leading many wounded men. Faramir remained at Pelennor, trying to hold his men together to execute a safe retreat.

===Minas Tirith Besieged===
Not long after the battle for Osgiliath, the armies of Mordor approached Minas Tirith. Thousands of black-clad Men and [[Orcs]] streamed onto the plains. A small, beleaguered ensemble rode before them: the last of Gondor's rearguard in retreat. Lord Denethor, clad in armour, sent a small army of horsemen out to protect the retreat. Gandalf rode among them, using his white fire to deter the front lines of the Enemy. The retreating men reached the city safely, but one of the Nazgûl’s poisoned arrows struck Faramir.

Sauron's armies besieged the city in a vale of fire, cutting off all roads. They used huge catapults to lob blazing missiles into the [[Minas_Tirith#Geography|first ring of the city]]. As the forces of Minas Tirith tried to put these fires out, they realized to their horror that the Enemy’s missiles were the burning heads of those who had died defending Osgiliath.

===Denethor’s Despair===
Stricken with bitterness and grief, Denethor locked himself in the [[Tower of Ecthelion|White Tower]] with Faramir, who was delirious with fever from his arrow wound. Pippin looked on as Denethor wept, cursing Gandalf and bewailing the end of his lineage as Steward of Gondor. As Denethor was holed up in the White Tower, Gandalf took over the defence of Minas Tirith. The army of Mordor launched an attack on the outer wall of the city. Denethor instructed the desperate messengers who arrived in his court that everyone in the city should give up and burn in the fires.

Denethor called for his servants to carry Faramir out of the Citadel to the [[Tower Hall|Hall of Kings]], where Gondor's leaders were laid to rest. Denethor placed Faramir on a marble table and called for dry wood and a torch. Pippin warned the servants not to obey Denethor's orders, as it was clear that the Steward was overcome with madness. Pippin broke the rule of the Tower Guard by leaving his post. He sent Beregond up to the Hall of Kings to try to intervene with Denethor, and then the hobbit went in frantic search of Gandalf.

===Stand off at the Great Gate and Unlooked-for Aid===
The armies of Mordor, led by the Lord of the Nazgûl, approached the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith]] with a mighty [[Grond (battering ram)|battering ram]]. The servants of the Enemy struck the great iron door three times, shattering it on the third strike. The Black Captain entered the first ring of the city, and all fled in terror before him bar Gandalf, whom stood alone before him. Gandalf ordered the Lord of the Nazgûl to return to Mordor, to nothingness, but the Ringwraith laughed. He threw back his hood to reveal a crown on a headless body. His sword burst into flame, ready to strike, but Gandalf stood firm and resolute, ready to do battle. As a cock crowed and a great clamour of horns emanated from the north, the [[Riders of Rohan|Rohirrim]] arrived.
{{references}}
[[Category:The Return of the King chapters|Siege of Gondor]]
[[fi:Gondorin piiritys (TSH)]]

Donald A. Wollheim

2024-07-30T12:46:44Z

Anfang: Fixed broken quoteblock

{{author infobox
| image=
| name=Donald A. Wollheim
| born=[[1 October]] [[1914]]
| died=[[2 November]] [[1990]]
| education=
| occupationeditor
| location=Unites States
| website={{WP|Donald A. Wollheim}}
}}
'''Donald Allen Wollheim''' ([[1 October]] [[1914]] – [[2 November]] [[1990]]) was an American editor, publisher and writer. He was the editor of [[Ace Books]] and published an unauthorized paperback edition of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in three volumes — the first mass-market paperback edition in America.

==Ace Books controversy==

In a [[2006]] interview<ref>http://www.locusmag.com/2006/Issues/06Wollheim.html</ref>, his daughter Elizabeth Rosalind Wollheim said:

{{Blockquote|He called Professor Tolkien in 1964 and asked if he could publish Lord of the Rings as Ace paperbacks. Tolkien said he would never allow Lord of the Rings, his great work, to appear in 'so degenerate a form’ as the paperback book. Don was one of the fathers of the entire paperback industry. He'd spearheaded the Ace line, he was the originating editor-in-chief of the Avon paperback list in 1945, and I think he was hurt and took it personally. He did a little research and discovered a loophole in the copyright. Houghton Mifflin, Tolkien’s American hardcover publisher, had neglected to protect the work in the United States. So, incensed by Tolkien’s response, he realized that he could legally publish the trilogy and did.|Elizabeth Rosalind Wollheim
}}

==See Also==
*[[Ace Books]]
*[[Letter to Donald A. Wollheim]]
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wollheim,Donald A.}}
[[Category:Editors]]
[[Category:American people]]
[[Category:People by name]]

Ants

2024-07-30T12:43:03Z

Anfang: Used blockquote template for quote in article

'''Ants''' are typically small insects that form large communal colonies under the rule of a single queen.

Though unmentioned directly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the presence of ants in [[Middle-earth]] may be deduced from the question that [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] put to [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] when they were trying to sleep after the parley at [[Isengard]]. Pippin was restless, twisting and turning about, which prompted Merry to ask, "''What's the matter? Are you lying on an ant-hill?''"<ref>{{TT|III11}}</ref>

On other occasions, the servants of [[Sauron]] are compared to ants. From the Seat of Seeing on the summit of [[Amon Hen]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] could see that the "''[[Misty Mountains]] were crawling like anthills: [[Orcs]] were issuing out of a thousand holes''".<ref>{{FR|II10}}</ref> When Frodo, [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], and [[Gollum]] first looked upon the [[Morannon]], it is mentioned that the hills behind the gate were tunneled with hundreds of caves filled with Orcs, "''ready at a signal to issue forth like black ants going to war.''"<ref>{{TT|IV3}}</ref>

At the moment of Sauron's downfall it was said:

{{Blockquote|As when death smites the swollen brooding thing that inhabits their crawling hill and holds them all in sway, ants will wander witless and purposeless and then feebly die, so the creatures of Sauron, orc or troll or beast spell-enslaved, ran hither and thither mindless..|''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Field of Cormallen]]"
}}{{references}}
[[Category:Insects]]
[[fi:Muurahaiset]]

Tolkien Gateway:To-do

2024-07-30T10:37:43Z

Anfang: Page was unreadable using dark theme following site redesign. Should be readable now using light or dark theme

{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; background:var(--tg-color-surface-3); border:1px solid #ccc; border-top-left-radius: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px;"
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__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
[[Category:Tolkien Gateway|{{PAGENAME}}]]

File:Beren and Lúthien 2017.png

2024-07-29T16:23:09Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Beren and Lúthien 2017.png

== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-cover}}
[[Category:Images of books]]

Christopher Lee

2024-07-28T17:49:19Z

Anfang: /* Other projects */ Rhapsody are on TG due to the Christopher Lee connection but they had an orphan page. Linked them on his page.

{{actor
| image = Christopher Lee.jpg
| name=Christopher Lee
| lifetime=[[27 May]], [[1922]] - [[7 June]], [[2015]]
| played=[[Saruman]]
| film=[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]] <br>[[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film trilogy]]
| imdb=[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000489/ Profile]
}}
'''Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] ([[1922]]-[[2015]])<ref>{{webcite|author=Anita Singh|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11666316/christopher-lee-dies-live.html |articlename=Sir Christopher Lee dies at 93 - latest reaction and tributes|dated=11 June 2015|website=telegraph|accessed=14 February 2016}}</ref> was an English actor, who portrayed [[Saruman]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]], [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film trilogy]], and read the [[The Children of Húrin (audiobook)|''The Children of Húrin'' audiobook]].

==Life==
Lee had a long history with [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s fiction; he read ''[[The Hobbit]]'' after leaving the Royal Air Force in [[1945]], and since ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' came out, he read all Tolkien's books once a year. Lee also had the experience of actually meeting Tolkien in person (making him the only individual involved in the film trilogies to do so) while visiting [[The Eagle and Child]] during the 1950s:

{{Blockquote|We were sitting there talking and drinking beer, and someone said, "Oh, look who walked in." It was Professor Tolkien, and I nearly fell off my chair. I didn't even know he was alive. He was a benign looking man, smoking a pipe, walking in, an English countryman with earth under his feet. And he was a genius, a man of incredible intellectual knowledge. He knew somebody in our group. He (the man in the group) said "Oh Professor, Professor..." And he came over. And each one of us, well I knelt of course, each one of us said "how do you do?" And I just said "Ho.. How.. How..."|<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://christopherleeweb.com/forums/front-page-news/interview-christopher-lee-ian-mckellen-and-john-rhys-0|articlename=Interview with Christopher Lee, Ian Mckellen, and John Rhys|dated=|website=[http://christopherleeweb.com/ Christopherleeweb.com]|accessed=12 June 2013}}</ref>}}

Lee always envisioned himself as being [[Gandalf]], so when he read that [[Peter Jackson]] would be adapting his bedside book, he immediately called his agent. {{citation needed}}

===Filming The Lord of The Rings===
Although he realized he was too old to play Gandalf, he read the part.{{citation needed}} He did not get it, but was called back as Saruman instead. He had never been in a movie with the actual Gandalf, [[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]], but the two quickly became friends, being the oldest actors on the set (though Lee was 17 years older). When McKellen was cast as Gandalf, Lee was 78 years old and McKellen was 61.

Lee shot most of his scenes in [[Wellington]], in the main studio, but also shot one scene in Wellington's national park. He visited [[New Zealand]] four times, the longest time being ten weeks. He later did some post-synching in London.{{citation needed}}

While jet-lagged, Lee broke his hand smashing it against a wall.{{citation needed}} Several shots of him in the finished films show him carefully hiding this bandaged left hand.

===Other projects===
Known for his booming voice, Christopher Lee has sung operas, and performed with the [[Tolkien Ensemble]] on their CDs ''[[At Dawn in Rivendell]]'' and ''[[Leaving Rivendell]]''. He sang the role of [[Treebeard]], as well as reciting numerous other poems. He also performed narration and sang with the metal band [[Rhapsody]].

Lee has recounted his life and his connections with Tolkien's work in the foreword to [[Chris Smith]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]'', and in chapter 74, titled "Spellbinder", of his autobiography, ''Lord of Misrule''.

Lee agreed to reprise his role as Saruman for [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film series]] on the condition that, due to his age, he did not have to fly out to New Zealand to be filmed. As a result all of his close-up his scenes as Saruman in this film where shot in London and not in New Zealand, while his stunt scenes where shot in New Zealand with a body double.<ref>{{webcite|author=Michelle Jaworski|articleurl=https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/christopher-lee-the-hobbit-last-scene-filming/|articlename=This is what Christopher Lee's final 'Hobbit' scene looked like on set|dated=20 March 2020|website=[https://www.dailydot.com Daily Dot]|accessed=16 October 2022}}</ref>

==Roles==
*[[2014]] - ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' - Saruman
*2014 - ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]'' - Narrator / Saruman
*[[2012]] - ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey ]]'' - Saruman
*[[2007]] - [[The Children of Húrin (audiobook)|''The Children of Húrin'' (audiobook)]] - Narrator
*[[2006]] - ''[[Complete Songs and Poems]]'' - Gandalf / [[Bilbo]] / Treebeard
*[[2005]] - ''[[Leaving Rivendell]]'' - Gandalf
*[[2004]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'' - Saruman
*2004 - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'' - Saruman
*[[2003]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' - Saruman (extended edition)
*2003 - [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]] - Saruman (archive footage)
*2003 - ''[[Beyond the Movie: The Return of the King]]'' - Himself
*2003 - ''[[At Dawn in Rivendell]]'' - [[Treebeard]] / [[Gandalf]]
*2003 - ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Origins of Middle-earth]]'' - Himself
*[[2002]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' - Saruman
*2002 - [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]] - Saruman
*[[2001]] - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' - [[Saruman]]
*2001 - ''[[Beyond the Movie: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' - Himself
*2001 - ''[[Quest for the Ring]]'' - Himself
*2001 - ''[[A Passage to Middle-earth]]'' - Himself

==Quotations==
{{Blockquote|What Professor Tolkien achieved is unique in the literature of my lifetime. Indeed, in my opinion, he had reached the peak of literary invention of all time. Nothing like it has ever existed, and probably never will.|Christopher Lee, foreword to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]''}}
{{Blockquote|It's just going to be...I'm trying to think of the right word - without making it sound like the usual fashionable superlative. I think it will create film history. I think it's going to have the biggest impact, on screen, of anything of the last 40 or 50 years|Christopher Lee, SFX Magazine June #65}}
{{Blockquote|Saruman is number one. Saruman is, very definitely, the most brilliant, the most powerful, with the greatest intellect and the greatest knowledge. Gandalf...well he's number two. But Saruman's whole character becomes perverted and distorted and he lusts for power and gradually, as it very often does, the old famous quote 'power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely'.|Christopher Lee, Fox's [[Quest for the Ring]]}}
{{Blockquote|I did meet him [Tolkien], very briefly, in the Fifties. It was in a pub that he used to go to in Oxford, called the Eagle and Child. I was there having a beer and I was completely overcome when he walked in. I had already started reading the books and thought, "This man has created a unique form of literature - one of the great works of all time." While I was filming The Lord of the Rings, I thought about what he would have thought all the time, and hope he would have approved. I'm still an enormous fan - I read The Lord of the Rings every year.|[http://web.archive.org/web/20100925072809/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/christopher-lee-you-ask-the-questions-735506.html ''The Independent'', 11 February 2009]}}

==Awards==
*[[2002]] - '''[http://www.cinemaclips.com/PFCS.htm PFCS Award]''', Best Acting Ensemble, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
*[[2003]] - '''[http://ofcs.rottentomatoes.com/ OFCS Award]''', Best Ensemble, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
*2003 - '''PFCS Award''', Best Acting Ensemble, ''Peter Jackson's The Two Towers''

==Bibliography, selected==
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare]]''
**"Foreword"

==External links==
*'''[http://www.christopherleeweb.com/ Official website]'''
*{{WP|Christopher Lee}}

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Christopher}}
[[Category:Actors and actresses]]
[[Category:Narrators]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings (film series) cast]]
[[Category:The Hobbit (film series) cast]]

[[de:Christopher Lee]]
[[fi:Christopher Lee]]

Farewell

2024-07-28T17:37:28Z

Anfang: Added the song "Farewell"

{{Song
| title = Farewell
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 9:19
| track = 8
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/0gR3B9WD8C1OtIWxF7rjur
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| previous = [[Ashen Cold]]
}}'''''Farewell''''' is the eigth and final track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]].

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Who can find you clear springs of waters, but I can!
Who can tell you the age of the moon, but I can!
Who can call the fish from the depths of the sea, yes I can!
Who can change the shapes of the hills and the headlands, I can!

I have been a sword in the hand,
I have been a shield in a fight,
I have been the string of a harp,
I can shift my shape like a god.

Farewell, leave the shore to an ocean wide and untamed
Hold your shield high, let the wind bring your enemy your nightmare
By the bane of my blade, a mighty spell is made and
Far beyond the battle blood shall fall like a hard rain.
</poem>
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Ashen Cold

2024-07-28T17:34:28Z

Anfang: Added the song "Ashen Cold"

{{Song
| title = Ashen Cold
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 6:16
| track = 7
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/6mHB6rehJhvkjnz7eT7wLo
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[Farewell]]
| previous = [[Runes of Power]]
}}'''''Ashen Cold''''' is the seventh track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name is taken from the [[Song of Durin]]<ref>{{FR|Journey}}</ref>. The lyrics reference the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] and possibly [[Bilbo Baggins]].

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
A grin and a word is his trade
From these his profit is made
Though his body is not tall and his courage seems small
His fame will take longer to fade

Beyond the ocean brews a battle
Beyond the battle blood shall fall
To a place where man forsaken
Dwells the one who should not live

Then a bargain shall be entered
Saurons might shall be restored
You and we were first to conquer
You and we shall be the last.
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Runes of Power

2024-07-28T17:30:14Z

Anfang: Added the song"Runes of Power

{{Song
| title = Runes of Power
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 5:51
| track = 6
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5w6BNJGOpNTBV0JsvDoerE
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[Ashen Cold]]
| previous = [[The Mountain King's Return (song)|The Mountain King's Return]]
}}'''''Runes of Power''''' is the sixth track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name is taken from the [[Song of Durin]]<ref>{{FR|Journey}}</ref> and the lyrics are taken from the poem [[The wind was on the withered heath]].<ref>{{H|7}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The wind came down from mountain could
And like a tide it roared and rolled
The branches groaned, the forest moaned
And leaves were laid upon the mould

The wind went on from West to east
All movement in the forest ceased
But shrill an harsh across the marsh
Its whistling voices were released
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

The Mountain King's Return (song)

2024-07-28T17:26:14Z

Anfang: Added the song "The Mountain King's Return"

{{Song
| title = The Mountain King's Return
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 8:53
| track = 5
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/3kb6dKtR9xAqS0oVR28vjR
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[Runes of Power]]
| previous = [[Our Foes Shall Fall]]
}}'''''The Mountain King's Return''''' is the fifth track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name and lyrics are taken from the poem [[The King beneath the mountains]].<ref>{{H|10}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The king beneath the mountains
The king of carven stone
The lord of silver fountains
Shall come into his own!

His crown shall be upholden
His harp shall be restrung
His halls shall echo golden
To songs of yore resung

The woods shall wave on mountains
And grass beneath the sun
His wealth shall flow in fountains
And rivers golden run

The streams shall run in gladness
The lakes shall shine and burn
All sorrow fail and sadness
At mountains king's return
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Our Foes Shall Fall

2024-07-28T17:22:19Z

Anfang:

{{Song
| title = Our Foes Shall Fall
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 7:01
| track = 4
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5t1yVhyyWj5btsY8AOTxXb
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[The Mountain King's Return (song)|The Mountain King's Return]]
| previous = [[In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells]]
}}'''''A New Power is Rising''''' is the fourth track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name and lyrics are taken from the poem [[Under the mountain dark and tall]].<ref>{{H|Gathering}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The sword is sharp, the spear is long
The arrow swift, the gate is strong
The heart is bold that looks on gold
The dwarves no more shall suffer wrong

The mountain throne once more is freed
O! Wandering fold, the summons heed
Come haste! Come haste! Across the waste
The king of friend and kin has need.

Now call we over mountains cold
Come back unto the caverns old
Here at the gates the king awaits
His hands are rich with gems and gold

The king is come unto his hall
Under the mountain dark and tall
The worm of dread is slain and dead
And ever so our foes shall fall
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Our Foes Shall Fall

2024-07-28T17:21:01Z

Anfang:

{{Song
| title = Our Foes Shall Fall
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 7:01
| track = 4
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5t1yVhyyWj5btsY8AOTxXb
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[The Mountain King's Return]]
| previous = [[In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells]]
}}'''''A New Power is Rising''''' is the fourth track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name and lyrics are taken from the poem [[Under the mountain dark and tall]].<ref>{{H|Gathering}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The sword is sharp, the spear is long
The arrow swift, the gate is strong
The heart is bold that looks on gold
The dwarves no more shall suffer wrong

The mountain throne once more is freed
O! Wandering fold, the summons heed
Come haste! Come haste! Across the waste
The king of friend and kin has need.

Now call we over mountains cold
Come back unto the caverns old
Here at the gates the king awaits
His hands are rich with gems and gold

The king is come unto his hall
Under the mountain dark and tall
The worm of dread is slain and dead
And ever so our foes shall fall
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Our Foes Shall Fall

2024-07-28T17:20:44Z

Anfang: Added the song "Our Foes Shall Fall"

{{Song
| title = Our Heroes Shall Fall
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 7:01
| track = 4
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5t1yVhyyWj5btsY8AOTxXb
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[The Mountain King's Return]]
| previous = [[In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells]]
}}'''''A New Power is Rising''''' is the fourth track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name and lyrics are taken from the poem [[Under the mountain dark and tall]].<ref>{{H|Gathering}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The sword is sharp, the spear is long
The arrow swift, the gate is strong
The heart is bold that looks on gold
The dwarves no more shall suffer wrong

The mountain throne once more is freed
O! Wandering fold, the summons heed
Come haste! Come haste! Across the waste
The king of friend and kin has need.

Now call we over mountains cold
Come back unto the caverns old
Here at the gates the king awaits
His hands are rich with gems and gold

The king is come unto his hall
Under the mountain dark and tall
The worm of dread is slain and dead
And ever so our foes shall fall
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells

2024-07-28T17:16:52Z

Anfang: Added the song "In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells"

{{Song
| title = In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 8:56
| track = 3
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/6Qg3RDlrvJg8mN7iJ3zmmm
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[Our Foes Shall Fall]]
| previous = [[South Away]]
}}'''''In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells''''' is the third track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name and lyrics are taken from the poem [[Far over the misty mountains cold]].<ref>{{H|1}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Far over the misty mountains cold
To dungeons deep and carvens old
We must away ere break of day
To seek the pale enchanted gold

The pines were roaring on the height
The winds were moaning in the night
The fire was read, it flaming spread
The trees like torches blazed with light

The dwarves of yore made mighty spells
While hammers fell like ringing bells
In places deep where dark things sleep
In hollow halls beneath the fells

For ancient kind and elvish lord
There many a gleaming golden hoard
They shaped and wrought, and light they caught
To hide in gems on hilt of sword
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

South Away

2024-07-28T17:12:04Z

Anfang: Added song template for "South Away" and additional links/information

{{Song
| title = South Away
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 6:04
| track = 2
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5JnR2dIaS1AySjjHeGCKP5
| writer = [[Summoning]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells]]
| previous = [[A New Power Is Rising]]
}}'''''South Away''''' is the second track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are based upon the poem [[Roll-Roll-Roll-Roll]] which is found in [[The Hobbit]].<ref>{{H|9}}</ref> Other references include words spoken by [[Saruman]] to [[Gandalf]] in [[The Lord of the Rings]]<ref>{{TT|Voice}}</ref>, and the toast to the new [[King of Rohan]], [[Éomer]].<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Leave the halls and caverns deep
Were the forests wide and dim
Stoops in shadow grey and grim

Float beyond the world of trees
Past the rushes, past the reeds
Past the marshes, weaving weeds

"[...] and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards."

South away! South away now!
Far away seek the sunlight and the day.

Hail, Éomer, king of the mark.
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame

2024-07-28T17:02:59Z

Anfang: Added template for the album, lineup, track listing, and description

{{Album
| title = Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame
| image = letmortal.jpg
| type = Studio album
| artist = [[Summoning]]
| released = 31 October [[2001]]
| genre = Black Metal
| length = 56:23
| language = English, [[Black Speech]]
| label = Napalm Records
| recorded =
}}'''''Let Mortal Heroes Since Your Fame''''' is the fifth full-length studio album by [[Summoning]] and was released in [[2001]]. This is the first Summoning album to make use of ''clean'' vocals and to make use of audio samples from radio productions of [[The Lord of the Rings]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Summoning/Let_Mortal_Heroes_Sing_Your_Fame/115|articlename=Summoning - Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Name Additional Notes|author=www.metalarchives.com|accessed=28 July 2024}}</ref> Many of the lyrics are taken from, or are influenced by, [[The Hobbit]].

==Lineup==

*Protector: ''Vocals (tracks 3, 4, 6-8), Drum Programming, Keyboards, Guitars''
*Silenius: ''Vocals (tracks 2, 5, 8), Keyboards, Bass''

==Track listing==
#[[A New Power Is Rising]] – ''4:08''
#[[South Away]] – ''6:04''
#[[In Hollow Halls Beneath the Fells]] – ''8:56''
#[[Our Foes Shall Fall]] – ''7:01''
#[[The Mountain King's Return (song)|The Mountain King's Return]] – ''8:53''
#[[Runes of Power]] – ''5:51''
#[[Ashen Cold]] – ''6:16''
#[[Farewell]] – ''9:19''

{{title|italics}}{{References}}
[[Category:Albums]]

A New Power Is Rising

2024-07-28T17:01:27Z

Anfang: Added song template for "A New Power is Rising" and additional information/references

{{Song
| title = A New Power is Rising
| album = [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]]
| image = letmortal.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 4:08
| track = 1
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/1iLvUWFUIxN9wkZcEM1bXd
| writer = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| next = [[South Away]]
}}'''''A New Power is Rising''''' is the first track of the album [[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name is possibly taken from the words of [[Saruman]] to [[Gandalf]] during the latter's imprisonment in the tower of [[Orthanc]] as told in [[The Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> The lyrics are in the [[Black Speech]], and are the [[Ring Verse|inscription]] written on the [[The One Ring|One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul
ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

File:Letmortal.jpg

2024-07-28T16:36:29Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Letmortal.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

House of Fëanor

2024-07-26T16:34:06Z

Anfang: /* History */ Added references to this section. Feel free to revert the removal of the source request if some sources are still needed for this page.

{{Noble House infobox
| name=House of Fëanor
| image = Amanyar - Fëanor device.png
| caption=
| othernames=''Nos Fëanor'' ([[Noldorin|N]])<br />The Dispossessed
| founder=[[Fëanor]]
| location=[[Tirion]], [[Formenos]], [[East Beleriand]], [[Eregion]]
| affiliation=[[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], [[House of Finwë]], [[Union of Maedhros]]
| rivalry=
| destroyed={{SA|1697}}<ref group="note">It is possible that [[Fëanor|Fëanor's]] second son [[Maglor]] survived beyond this date. He lived past the end of the [[First Age]], wandering the shores of Middle-earth lamenting his lost [[Silmaril]]. It's at least conceivable that he lived on into the [[Second Age]] and beyond, but his fate is unknown.</ref>
| language=[[Fëanorian dialect]] ([[Exilic Quenya]])<br />[[Sindarin]]
| members=[[Sons of Fëanor]], [[Celebrimbor]]
| race=[[Noldor]]
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=Black, red
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Sword
| heirlooms=[[Silmarils]]
| gallery=the House of Fëanor
}}
{{quote|On the House of Fëanor the wrath of the Valar lieth from the West unto the uttermost East, and upon all that will follow them it shall be laid also.|[[Doom of Mandos]]}}
The '''House of Fëanor''' were the cursed descendants and followers of [[Fëanor]], the eldest son of [[Finwë]] and his spouse [[Míriel]].

==History==
[[File:Angel Falto - Feanor & Sons.jpg|left|thumb|''Feanor & Sons'' by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]]]
Fëanor was one of the greatest, and certainly the most skilled<ref>{{S|6}}</ref>, of the [[Noldor]], but his burning anger at the loss of his [[Silmarils]] led him to commit acts that would greatly diminish the influence of his house among his people. As the heir of Finwë, his descendants (specifically [[Maedhros]], his eldest son) should have inherited the [[King of the Noldor|Kingship of the Noldor]], but because of Fëanor's rash acts, the lordship of the Noldor passed to his brothers: [[Finarfin]] in [[Aman]],<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref> and [[Fingolfin]] in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=":0">{{S|Return}}</ref> For this reason, and for the loss of the Silmarils, the members of the House of Fëanor are referred to as the ''Dispossessed''.<ref name=":0" />

The history of the House was a woeful one, and most of its members met an early end. Fëanor and six of his seven sons perished before the end of the First Age. His second son [[Maglor]] survived beyond the [[War of Wrath]], wandering the shores of Middle-earth, but his fate is unknown.<ref>{{S|24}}</ref> The last of the House was Fëanor's grandson [[Celebrimbor]], the son of [[Curufin]],<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, Note 7, pp. 317-9</ref> who had a great part in the making of the [[Rings of Power]], and was tortured to death by [[Sauron]] during the [[Second Age]].<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| MHT | | MIR |y| FIN | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>}}
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| NRD |~|y|~| FEA | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA='''FËANOR'''<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR=[[Caranthir]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB=[[Celebrimbor]]<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other names==
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the [[Noldorin]] name of the House of Fëanor was '''''Nos Fëanor''''' (cf. ''[[nossë#Quenya|nosse]]'').<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 6</ref>

[[Christopher Tolkien]] used the term "'''[[Fëanorians]]'''" for the followers of Fëanor many times in his notes and comments along ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', probably just for practical reasons.<ref>{{HM|IX}}, pp. 158-159</ref> It is used like this by the [[fandom]].

In the fourth stanza of the final form of the ''[[Song of Eärendil|Eärendillinwë]]'', Tolkien uses the word '''Fëanorians''', though it is unclear if the term refers to the followers of Fëanor or the [[Sons of Fëanor]].<ref>{{TI|V}}, pp. 102, 104</ref> Tolkien also uses the word '''Fëanorian''', when discussing linguistic matters of Old [[Sindarin]], to refer to the people of the House of Fëanor.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pg. 131</ref>

{{references|notes}}

[[Category:Elven noble houses]]
[[Category:House of Fëanor| ]]
[[fi:Fëanorin huone]]

Beren

2024-07-26T12:43:36Z

Anfang: The page seems quite comprehensive with references. 16 have been added since the call for better sources.

{{Disambig-more|Beren|[[Beren (disambiguation)]]}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Edain|Adan]]
| name=Beren
| image=Tuuliky - Beren.jpg
| caption="Beren" by [[:Category:Images by Tuuliky|Tuuliky]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Camlost'', ''Erchamion'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| titles=Lord of [[Tol Galen]]
| position=Head of the [[House of Bëor]]
| location=[[Dorthonion]]<br />[[Ossiriand]]
| affiliation=[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Taliska]]
| birth={{FA|432}}
| birthlocation=[[Dorthonion]]
| rule=
| death={{FA|466}}
| deathlocation=[[Hunting of the Wolf]]<br/>Returned to life, final death: {{FA|503}} (aged 71)<br/>[[Dor Firn-i-Guinar]]
| age=34
| notablefor=Retrieving a [[Silmaril]] from [[Iron Crown|Morgoth's crown]]
| house=[[House of Bëor]]
| parentage=[[Barahir]] and [[Emeldir]]
| siblings=[[Hiril (daughter of Barahir)|Hiril]]
| spouse=[[Lúthien]]
| children=[[Dior]]
| gender=Male
| height=Taller than most of his House<ref name=n46>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 46</ref>
| hair=Golden brown<ref name=n46/>
| eyes=Grey<ref name=n46/>
| clothing=
| weapons=Spear<br />[[Angrist]]<br />[[Dagmor]] (in the [[Lays of Beleriand]])<ref>{{HM|LB}}; last version of the [[Lay of Leithian]] p. 344 cf. p.350 line 512</ref>
| steed=[[Huan]]<br/>Unnamed horse (from [[Curufin]])
}}
{{Quote|And thus in anguish Beren paid<br />for that great doom upon him laid,<br />the deathless love of Lúthien,<br />too fair for love of mortal Men...|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|Canto III]], vv. 786-789}}

'''Beren the Renowned''', son of [[Barahir]], was a [[Men|Man]] of the [[House of Bëor]] during the [[First Age]]. He was a hero whose romance with the [[Elves|Elf]] [[Lúthien]], and their [[Quest for the Silmaril|Quest]] to obtain a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Morgoth]], was one of the great tales of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name="S19">{{S|19}}</ref>

==History==
===Life in Dorthonion===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Beren Gamlost heraldic device.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Beren Gamlost's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
Beren was the son of [[Barahir]] and [[Emeldir]] and was named after [[Beren (son of Belemir)|Beren, his maternal grandfather]].<ref>{{WJ|West}}</ref> He was a Man of the royal [[House of Bëor]] of [[Dorthonion]] for his father was most likely the last Chieftain of the House of Bëor. The [[Dagor Bragollach]] ("Battle of Sudden Flame") befell during his youth, bringing about the ruin of his land. The young Beren lived with his father and ten loyal followers in the highlands of Dorthonion, and the twelve of them performed many acts of bravery, to the great frustration of [[Morgoth]], the Dark Lord of [[Angband]]. But due to the treachery of [[Gorlim the Unhappy]], the [[Barahir's Outlaw Band|Outlaws of Dorthonion]] were slain at the hands of the [[Orcs]] of [[Sauron]]. Beren swore an oath to avenge his father. But he "wept not, for his heart was ice".<ref>{{LB|C2}}</ref> He slew the orcs responsible for the death of his people and recovered from them the [[Ring of Barahir]].<ref name="S19" />

Living as an outlaw, his daring feats won renown throughout the free world, and earned the hatred of Morgoth, who set upon his head a bounty. Thus, he was forced to abandon the land of his birth and the grave of his father. He passed through the horrors of [[Nan Dungortheb]] by paths traversed by no other elves or men, and came into [[Doriath]], where he met and fell in love with Lúthien — princess of the [[Sindar]], and daughter of [[Thingol]], King of Doriath and [[Melian]] the [[Maia]] — upon seeing her dancing in the woods of [[Neldoreth]], and she loved him too.<ref name="S19" />

===Quest for the Silmaril===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Beren leaves Menegroth.jpg|thumb|left|''Beren leaves Menegroth'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
{{Main|Quest for the Silmaril}}
Thingol refused to give Lúthien's hand in marriage, as Beren was a mortal. He charged Beren that he would allow the marriage to take place only if he brought back a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of Morgoth. The task was intended to be impossible, but Beren was determined. He set out on his quest with the aid of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] of [[Nargothrond]], but was soon captured by [[Sauron]] and imprisoned in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]]. There Finrod succumbed to death, at the hands of the wolves of Sauron, saving the life of Beren with his dying act. Lúthien, along with [[Huan]] the great hound, eventually came to his rescue, and they departed that place. Near to [[Brethil]], they were ambushed by two of the [[Sons of Fëanor]], [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], the latter of whom had swept Lúthien up into his saddle. To rescue her, Beren carried out his [[Leap of Beren|leap of renown]] to the steed of Curufin. Stripping him of his horse and knife, [[Angrist]], Beren bade the two brothers be gone. Curufin fired arrows at Lúthien as they fled, and Beren was hit. He was nursed back to health by Lúthien and Huan.<ref name="S19" />

[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_Transformed.jpg|thumb|''Transformed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
After a time, Beren continued upon his quest. Leaving Lúthien in the care of Huan, he travelled to the borders of [[Anfauglith]] and despairing, there sung the [[Song of Parting]]. Unlooked for, Lúthien and Huan heard his lament and came to him, and Beren tried to dissuade her from joining his quest, but then Huan spoke, counselling that their fates were now entwined. Then, disguising themselves as fell servants of Sauron, they crossed leagues of desert, ashes and dust until they came to the [[Gates of Angband]].<ref name="S19" />

Using Lúthien's powers to place Morgoth's court into a deep sleep, they were able to enter Angband where Beren cut a Silmaril from the [[Iron Crown]] of Morgoth. However, as they escaped from Angband, the great wolf [[Carcharoth]], whom Morgoth had personally bred, awoke. Beren held out the Silmaril, hoping that its radiance would avert the beast, but he was mistaken. Carcharoth bit off his hand, swallowing it along with the Silmaril, and proceeded to run rampant through Doriath. Thus Beren was called '''''Erchamion''''', "One-handed". Lúthien and the unconscious Beren were rescued by the Eagles of [[Manwë]]. Coming back to Thingol's court, both told him the tale of their quest and how Beren had fulfilled Thingol's demand, as he had one Silmaril in his hand. Thus, Thingol relented, and Beren and Lúthien were married; this was the first [[Unions of Elves and Men|union of Elves and Men]].
Beren participated in the hunting of Carcharoth, where the beast was slain and the Silmaril recovered; the quest was accomplished, but in the process Huan was slain and Beren was mortally wounded.<ref name="S19" />

Succumbing to grief over the death of her beloved, Lúthien died, and her soul fled to the [[Halls of Mandos]], where she moved [[Mandos]] to pity. So it came to pass that Lúthien and Beren were granted a life together in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="S19" /> Both she and Beren were restored to life, but both of them would die the mortal death of Men, and go beyond the walls of [[Arda]] to the unknown [[Doom of Men]].<ref name="doriath">{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
{{Quote|(...) and whether the second span of his life was brief or long is not known to Elves or Men|''The Lost Road and Other Writings'', "VI. Quenta Silmarillion"}}
Thus Beren and Lúthien lived again, and dwelt on [[Tol Galen]] in the middle of the [[Adurant|River Adurant]] in [[Ossiriand]]. There they stayed apart from other mortals. Lúthien bore Beren a son, named [[Dior]], Thingol's heir.<ref name="S20" /> He was considered to be one of the fairest beings to ever live, for in him flowed the blood of Men, the blood of Elves, and the blood of the [[Ainur]]. Through his descendants, the blood of Beren and of Lúthien was preserved among the [[Eldar]] and the [[Edain]].
[[File:Turner Mohan - Beren and Luthien.jpg|thumb|''Beren and Luthien'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]

The taking of the Silmaril from Angband by Beren and Lúthien led [[Maedhros]], the eldest of the [[sons of Fëanor]] to lead a [[Union of Maedhros|union]] of Elves and Men in an assault upon Angband in the ill-fated [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. It was here that Morgoth gained a greater control over Beleriand and where [[Húrin]] of the [[House of Hador]] was taken prisoner to Angband.<ref name="S20">{{S|20}}</ref>

Beren was involved with the events of the [[First Age]] only one further time. After the murder of Thingol, [[Mablung]] was sent by Melian to warn Beren. He gathered the [[Green-elves]], and with the aid of some [[Ents]]<ref>{{L|248}}</ref> they waylaid a group of the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] who had [[Battle of the Thousand Caves|destroyed]] Doriath and stolen its treasures. They ambushed the Dwarves and vanquished them in the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]]. Because the [[Naugladur|Lord of Nogrod]] cursed the treasure, Beren threw it in the river [[Ascar]], but salvaged the [[Nauglamir]] which he brought to his wife. Their son Dior left to restore and rule [[Menegroth]].<ref name="doriath" />

Beren and Lúthien died together on Tol Galen. Among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] the final death of Beren and Lúthien is accounted in {{FA|503}}, for in the Autumn of that year Dior received the Silmaril in Doriath, and it was taken as a sign of his parents' death. In truth the date of their death is unknown.<ref name="doriath" /><ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 306</ref>

==Characteristics==
Beren had golden-brown hair and grey eyes. He was taller than most of his kinsmen, but (according to the trait of his House) he was broad-shouldered, and his limbs were very strong.<ref name="n46" />

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Beren Erchamion.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Beren'' is glossed as "bold" in [[Noldorin]] of ''[[The Etymologies]]''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, root "[[BER]]"</ref>

==Other names==
His epithet '''''Erchamion''''' means "one-handed".<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, pp. 51, 231</ref> Its [[Quenya]] cognate was '''''Ercambo'''''.<ref>{{VT|47a}}, p. 8</ref> It has been suggested that '''''Camlost''''' means "empty-handed". Both epithets contain [[Sindarin]] ''cam'' ("hand").<ref>{{S|Elements}}, entry ''cam''</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | |BRE| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRE=[[Bregor]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | |BGL| | | |BAR|y|EME| | | | | | | | |BGL=[[Bregolas]]|BAR=[[Barahir]]|EME=[[Emeldir]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |BAR| |BEL| |HIR| |BER|y|LUT| | | | | | |BAR=[[Baragund]]|BEL=[[Belegund]]|HIR=[[Hiril (daughter of Barahir)|Hiril]]|BER='''BEREN'''|LUT=[[Lúthien]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | |HUR|y|MOR| |RIA|y|HUO| | | |DIO|y|NIM| | | | |HUR=[[Húrin]]|MOR=[[Morwen]]|RIA=[[Rían]]|HUO=[[Huor]]|DIO=[[Dior]]|NIM=[[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|TUR| |LAL| |NIE| |TUO|y|IDR| | | | |!| | | | | | | |TUR=[[Túrin]]|LAL=[[Lalaith]]|NIE=[[Nienor]]|TUO=[[Tuor]]|IDR=[[Idril]]}}
{{familytree | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |EAR|y|ELW| |ELD| |ELN|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]|ELD=[[Eluréd]]|ELN=[[Elurín]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | |ELS| | | | | |ELD|y|CEL| | | | |ELS=[[Elros]]|ELD=[[Elrond]]|CEL=[[Celebrían]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | |KON| |LOA| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |KON=[[King of Númenor|Kings of Númenor]]|LOA= [[Lords of Andúnië]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ELE| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |ELE= [[Elendil]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | |KOG|y|KOA| | | | |!| | | | | | | |KOG= [[Kings of Gondor]]|KOA= [[Kings of Arnor]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |COD| | | | | | |!| | |COD=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of]]<br/>[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|the Dúnedain]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ARA|y|ARW| |ELL| |ELR| | |ARA= [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]|ARW= [[Arwen]]|ELL= [[Elladan]]|ELR= [[Elrohir]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ELD| |DTR| | | | | | | | | | |ELD= [[Eldarion]]|DTR=Daughters}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK= Kings of the<br/>[[Reunited Kingdom]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the first pencilled draft of the story of Beren and Lúthien, Beren was a mortal Man.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.52">{{LT2|In}}, p. 52</ref> However, Tolkien erased it and wrote the "[[Tale of Tinúviel]]" of the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' over it. In this version, Beren was an Elf: one of the [[Gnomes]] of [[Dor-lómin]], the son of [[Egnor]] the Forester.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.11">{{LT2|In}}, p. 11</ref>

He arrived in [[Artanor]] (an early form of Doriath) and saw Tinúviel (the early name of Lúthien) as in the later work, although the backstory regarding the outlaws of Barahir is absent in the early tale. The displeasure of King [[Tinwelint]] against him was because the [[Dark Elves]] of [[Artanor]] considered those Elves treacherous.<ref>{{BL|Introduction}}</ref> After being sent to obtain a Silmaril by Tinwelint, Beren heads directly to [[Angamandi]], and is captured by orcs and brought before [[Melko]]<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp.14-5">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 14-5</ref> rather than going to seek the aid of King Finrod Felagund. Throughout this early tale, the entire "Nargothrond element" is absent.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.53">{{LT2|In}}, p. 53</ref> Instead of being imprisoned in Tol-in-Gaurhoth by Sauron, Beren is put to work as a scullion in the kitchens of [[Tevildo]], Prince of Cats, a very early narrative forerunner to Sauron.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.54">{{LT2|In}}, p. 54</ref> Upon his rescue from the castle of Tevildo by Tinúviel, he emerged with a kitchen knife<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.29">{{LT2|In}}, p. 29</ref> which he later used to cut a Silmaril from the Iron Crown of Melko.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.33">{{LT2|In}}, p. 33</ref> This weapon is used in place of Angrist, since the encounter with Celegorm and Curufin is absent in this early tale.

After obtaining the Silmaril, the jewel and the hand of Beren were bitten off by the wolf Karkaras (an early name for Carcharoth).<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.34">{{LT2|In}}, p. 34</ref> Beren and Tinúviel then fled and were found by Huan, who brought them to Artanor.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp.35-7">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 35-7</ref> This contrasts with the rescue of Beren and Lúthien from the gates of Angband by Thorondor and the [[Eagles]] in the published version of [[The Silmarillion]]; Christopher Tolkien remarks that "far more is made of the healing of Beren's wound" in the final work.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p. 58">{{LT2|In}}, p. 58</ref>

The death of Beren in the early tale follows a similar story arc, however Christopher Tolkien discusses the consequences of Beren's Elvish nature in the early tale here.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp. 59-60">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 59-60</ref>

==Inspiration==
The story of Beren and Lúthien, though mentioned only briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', was a central part of the [[Legendarium]]. Tolkien once referred to it as "the kernel of the mythology".<ref>{{L|165}}</ref> He went on to say that it "arose from a small woodland glade filled with 'hemlocks'", which he visited while serving in the Humber Garrison in 1918 (during [[World War I]]).

Tolkien seemed to be somehow connected to this character, and parallels can be drawn with his relationship with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]. Furthermore it is possible that ''Beren'' (meaning 'brave') is a reference to the original meaning of his Germanic surname (Toll kühn) of similar meaning. It is said that, like the story of Lúthien dancing in the woods before Beren, that one day while Tolkien and his wife were on a picnic in the woods she danced for him, thus creating another parallel to Beren and Luthien.

Tolkien was buried in [[Wolvercote Cemetery]] (North [[Oxford]]) and this name appears on the stone:

:JOHN RONALD REUEL TOLKIEN Beren 1892 – 1973

The name of Lúthien also appears on the stone:

:EDITH MARY TOLKIEN Lúthien 1889 – 1971

[[John Garth]] has theorized that the name Beren could have originally come from Beren’s Hill in [[Wikipedia:South Oxfordshire|South Oxfordshire]].<ref name="VanityFair">{{webcite|authorJohn Garth|articleurl=https://steadyhq.com/en/john-garth-on-tolkiens-life-and-works/posts/40c3274b-ffc1-4c1e-aba4-547f4d15bd6b?utm_campaign=steady_sharing_button|articlename=Where did Tolkien’s Silmarillion hero Beren get his name?|dated=22-March-2024|website=Steady|accessed=23-March-2024}}</ref>{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| name=Beren
| race=edain
| house=[[House of Bëor]]
| born={{FA|432}}
| died={{FA|466}}/{{FA|503|n}}
}}
{{seq
| prow=
| pvac=
| prev=[[Barahir]]
| list=8th Head of the [[House of Bëor]]
| dates={{FA|460}} - {{FA|466|n}}
| next=''House of Bëor ceased to exist''
| nvac=None
| nrow=
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{Outlaws}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:House of Bëor]]
[[Category:Noldorin names]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Beren Erchamion]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:1a:peuple de beor:beren]]
[[fi:Beren]]

King's Letter

2024-07-26T12:33:20Z

Anfang: /* Position in the story */ Added a reference for the Epilogue published in Sauron Defeated since it is mentioned several times

{{Footnotes}}
[[File:King's Letter third version.png|thumb|250px|Manuscript of the King's Letter, third version]]

The '''King's Letter''' was a letter sent by King [[Aragorn|Elessar]], to be published in an epilogue to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but was omitted. It is the longest known sample of both [[Sindarin]] prose and [[Tengwar]].

==Position in the story==
The omitted epilogue was finally published in ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', and tells the story of [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and his children in the year 16 of the [[Fourth Age]].<ref>{{SD|XI}}</ref> At this time, only eight of Sam's thirteen children are born, [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]] being the youngest.

One night, Sam gathers his children around the fire to tell them of a letter he received, from King Elessar far away. It was black, the letters were golden, and it was wrapped in silk. In the letter, Elessar greets Samwise and his children, and tells them he will ride to the [[Fornost Erain|North]]. He would meet all those interested on the [[Brandywine Bridge|Bridge of Baranduin]]. He would not enter [[the Shire]], as he himself banned Men from entering the Hobbits' land.

==Versions==
Three versions of the actual letter exist. The first and third were published with the epilogue in ''Sauron Defeated''. The second version was first published as the cover image of [[Vinyar Tengwar 29]], and later reproduced as image 199 in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''.

===First version===
The first version is written in a vowel-mode which employs tengwar for vowels, like the [[Mode of Beleriand]]. The text goes:
{|
|-
|Aragorn Strider The Elfstone, King of Gondor and Lord of the Westlands, will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring, or in the Shire-reckoning the second day of April. And he desires to greet there all his friends. ''In especial'' he desires to see Master ''Samwise'', Mayor of the Shire, and ''Rose'' his wife; and ''Elanor'', ''Rose'', ''Goldilocks'', and ''Daisy'' his daughters; and ''Frodo'', ''Merry'', ''Pippin'' and ''Hamfast'' his sons.<br>
:To Samwise and Rose the King's greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of the Stirring, being the twenty-third of February in their reckoning.<br><center>A•E•</center>
|Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornion Edhelharn, aran Gondor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui, anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil, egor ben genediad Drannail erin Gwirith edwen. Ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain: ''edregol'' e aníra tírad i Cherdir ''Perhael'' (i sennui ''Panthael'' estathar aen) Condir i Drann, ar ''Meril'' bess dîn, ar ''Elanor'', ''Meril'', ''Glorfinniel'', ar ''Eirien'' sellath dîn; ar ''Iorhael'', ''Gelir'', ''Cordof'', ar ''Baravorn'', ionnath dîn. <br>
:A ''Pherhael'' ar am ''Meril'' suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen uin Echuir.<center>A•E•</center>
|}

The translation misses one line: ''(i sennui ''Panthael'' estathar aen)''. This translates as "who ought to be called ''Fullwise''", referring to Samwise's name, meaning "Halfwise".

===Second version===
This second version polishes up some minor mistakes and corrections in the first, but omits the date and place of the letter, and ''ar Arnor'' is added after the first ''Gondor''. It is also written in the vowel mode.

===Third version===
This version, included in a second sketch of the epilogue, uses vowel-[[tehtar]] instead of the vowel-tengwar of the previous mode. The text is slightly different from the second version. The word order of the first sentence is changed, and in the postscript, the year is added: 1436 of the [[Shire Reckoning]] in the English version, and 16 in the [[Stewards' Reckoning]]. The signature, which could not consist of two vowels in this mode, is written ''Ar•El•''

==Significance==
===Tengwar===
These texts are the longest known examples of Sindarin Tengwar, and added several symbols to the alphabet. Commas, colons, brackets and periods were previously unknown, and the third letter contained information on numerals.

The letter also provided the correct tengwar for diphthongs. These are as follows:
*'''AE''': written as {{tg|mode=smith|lD}} ''[[yanta]]'' + /a/-[[tehtar|tehta]]
*'''AI''': written as {{tg|mode=smith|hD}} ''[[anna]]'' + /a/-tehta
*'''EI''': written as {{tg|mode=smith|hF}} ''[[anna]]'' + /e/-tehta
*'''IE''': written as {{tg|mode=smith|1B}} /i/-short carrier amd the /e/ on top of the following consonant
*'''UI''': written as {{tg|mode=smith|hJ}} ''[[anna]]'' + u-tehta

Though numerals were already published in ''[[Quettar]]'' ([[1982#February|1982]]), the letter employs a quite different shape for the characters.<ref>Reconstructed and analyzed [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_kl_num.html here] by [[Per Lindberg]]</ref> We also see
the order of the numerals - right to left. So 1436 and 16 appear as [6341] and [61] here.

===Sindarin===
These texts show the use of various formations unknown prior to publication, such as the use of the gerund after another verb, word order, passive sentences, and various names.

The following Sindarin names appear in the versions of this letter:
*Aragorn
*Arathornion, "Arathornsson"
*Edhelharn, "Elessar, Elfstone"
*Perhael, "Samwise", though this had already appeared in the [[Minstrel of Gondor|minstrel of Gondor's]] [[Frodo of the Nine Fingers|lay]] in the chapter ''[[The Field of Cormallen]].''
*Panthael, "Fullwise"
*Meril, "Rose". This name was used in early writings for the lady of [[Tol Eressëa]], [[Meril-i-Turinqi]].
*Glorfinniel, "Goldilocks"
*Eirien, "Daisy", reminiscient of ''[[Arien]]''.
*Iorhael, "Frodo". In the Ringbearer's praise, [[Frodo Baggins]] was called ''Taur'' (lenited ''Daur'') instead.
*Gelir, "Merry"
*Cordof, "Pippin"
*Baravorn, "Hamfast"
*i Drann, "The Shire"
*i Varanduiniant, "Brandywine Bridge"

==Calendar==
The dating system of the letter is not described in the Appendices but can be found in the ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. It is a system where "dates were usually given in official documents by the Seasons, but the old month-names ... remained in private and popular use."

The "thirty-first day of Stirring" (echuir) of 16 N.R. represents [[23 February]] of {{SR|1436}}; the "eighth day of Spring" (ethuil) 17 N.R. represents [[2 April]] {{SR|1436}}.

1 N.R. = {{SR|1420}} = {{TA|3020}} (not {{TA|3021}} as [[Christopher Tolkien]] suggests in a footnote).

Note that this corresponds to the abandoned calendaric system displayed in ''The Peoples of Middle-earth'' which was abandoned and contradicts that of the Appendices where 31 echuir should represent [[24 February]].<ref>[[Andreas Moehn]] [http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Time.html The Reckoning of Time]</ref>

==External links==
*{{SD|Epilogue}}
*[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]'', pages 201-2
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "The King's Letter", ([[Marquette University|Marquette]] MS Tolkien 3/9/35 1r), published in [[Vinyar Tengwar 29]] (May [[1993]]), cover
*[[Arden R. Smith]], "The Tengwar Versions of the King's Letter", published in [[Vinyar Tengwar 29]] (May [[1993]]), pages 7–20
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]], "The ''King's Letter'', An Historical and Comparative Analysis", published in [[Vinyar Tengwar 31]] (September [[1993]]), pages 12–34

{{References}}

[[Category:Books and documents within the legendarium]]
[[Category:Sindarin texts]]

Buckland

2024-07-26T12:18:53Z

Anfang: /* Status */ Added references for the downfall of Arthedain and Buckland being thought of as an "independent country" by Hobbits

{{sources}}
{{kingdom
| image=Mark Fisher - Buckland.png
| name=Buckland
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine River]] and the [[Old Forest]]
| capital=[[Bucklebury]]
| towns=[[Breredon]], [[Crickhollow]], [[Haysend]], [[Newbury]], [[Standelf]]
| regions=
| population=[[Hobbits]], mostly [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]]
| language=[[Hobbitish]] ([[Stoorish]] variant)
| govern1=[[Master of Buckland]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{TA|2340}}
| event2=
| event2date=
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Buckland''' was a small but densely populated sliver of land between the [[Old Forest]] and the east bank of the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] river,<ref name="Part">{{FR|Part}}</ref> inhabited by [[Hobbits]] from the Shire. Most were of the Brandybuck family, who colonized the land. Buckland was thus technically not part of the Shire itself, and was effectively a tiny independent country.

==History==
[[File:Matěj Čadil - Brandy Hall.jpg|left|thumb|[[Matěj Čadil]] - ''Brandy Hall'']]
740 years after the founding of [[the Shire]], in {{TA|2340}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2340 of the Third Age</ref> [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]] crossed the River [[Brandywine]] from the [[Eastfarthing]] and started the building of [[Brandy Hall]] in [[Buck Hill]], in a land hitherto unpopulated by hobbits.<ref name="Brandybucks">{{FR|Conspiracy}}, fourth paragraph</ref>

As Gorhendad's family grew, the Hall also expanded, and soon there was a flourishing community in the land between the River and the Old Forest. From that time, Buckland was ruled by the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybuck]]s (as Gorhendad renamed his family to reflect their new relationship with the river). Gorhendad became the first '[[Master of Buckland]]'.<ref name="Brandybucks" />

The village of [[Bucklebury]], lying close by [[Buck Hill]], was Buckland's chief village,<ref name="Brandybucks" /> but with the expanding population, many other villages soon grew up in the region, the largest of which were [[Newbury]], [[Crickhollow]] and [[Standelf]].<ref name="Part" /> The growing power of the Master of Buckland gained respect from those close by in the Eastfarthing, too; the lands of the [[Marish]] between [[Stock]] and [[Rushey]] also acknowledged themselves under the sway of Brandy Hall.<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}, fifth paragraph</ref>

The Bucklanders soon found themselves threatened by the strange trees of the Forest, and so built a vast hedge, the [[High Hay]], stretching twenty miles along the eastern border of their land.<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}, sixth paragraph</ref> This was not the only danger to threaten Buckland - in {{TA|2911}}, the year of the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]], the Brandywine froze<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911 of the Third Age</ref> and Buckland was invaded by white wolves.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}, seventh paragraph</ref><ref>{{FR|South}}</ref>
[[File:Matěj Čadil - Crickhollow.jpg|thumb|[[Matěj Čadil]] - ''Crickhollow'']]
Buckland was also the childhood home of [[Frodo Baggins]],<ref>{{FR|Party}}, sixteenth paragraph</ref> who returned here on his journey to [[Bree]] in {{TA|3018}}.<ref name="Conspiracy">{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref> He bought a house in Crickhollow, and claimed that he would be living there,<ref>{{FR|Three}}, seventeenth paragraph</ref> but instead entered the [[Old Forest]] through the old private<ref name="Conspiracy" /> gate of the Brandybucks through the High Hay, and left the Shire.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}</ref>

==Status==
Buckland was technically not part of the Shire (as granted by the [[King of Arthedain]]), and was indeed formed over 300 years after [[Arthedain]] ceased to exist.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1976 of the Third Age</ref> Buckland may actually have been in what used to be considered part of [[Cardolan]] and may never have belonged to Arthedain, further making its colonization an independent action by the Hobbits. Thus, Buckland was essentially a small independent country of Hobbits, mostly of the Brandybuck family.<ref name="Brandybucks" />

However, it was effectively not much different from other Hobbit family homelands (such as the [[Tookland]], which the [[Took Family|Tooks]] were effectively controlling). Authority in the Shire had become so bucolic and decentralized that no one took the time to assert these rival claims. Parts of the Marish, part of the Shire-proper, acknowledge the authority of the Master of Buckland and not the [[Thain]] of the Shire.

In practice, Hobbits from the Shire-proper seem to have considered Buckland an odd frontier of "the Shire" more than as a separate country.

==Culture==
The Bucklanders did have certain peculiarities. There was an ubiquitous sentiment in other regions of the Shire (such as [[Hobbiton]] and [[Bywater]]) that "there's queer folk in Buckland".

Due in part to the [[Fallohides|Fallohidish]] blood of the Brandybucks, they were somewhat more adventurous than their cousins in the Shire (while still conservative by the measure of many other races in Middle-earth). The Bucklanders are characterized as being of predominantly [[Stoors|Stoor]] ancestry, and were thus a people accustomed to riversides. They enjoyed boating, an activity frowned upon by Shire-hobbits, and some of them could even swim. Due to the often muddy nature of the land near the river, it was not uncommon for Bucklanders to wear boots, making them the only Hobbits known to wear shoes.

When the [[Bree-folk]] ventured to the Shire, Buckland was their usual destination (though some ventured as far as the Eastfarthing), and so was rather more cosmopolitan (in hobbit terms) than the rest of the land.

Living under constant danger from the Old Forest, the Bucklanders were hardier and more suspicious than the usual Shire-hobbit. They were organised to deal with danger (through the famous [[Horn-call of Buckland]]), and they kept their doors locked at night, which was unusual in the Shire.

There were some minor linguistic regional differences between Buckland and the Shire (perhaps also in the accents) as the Bucklanders, being descended from the Stoors, inherited the [[Stoorish]] linguistic features. Also, Hobbits of Stoorish blood are noted as being the only Hobbits who are known to normally grow facial hair.

==Part of the Shire?==
{{rewrite}}
In the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' to the ''[[Fellowship of the Ring]]'' [[Tolkien]] states:
{{Blockquote|Outside the Farthings were the East and West Marches: the Buckland''';''' and the [[Westmarch]] added to the Shire in {{SR|1452}}.<ref name=EastMarch>{{FR|Ordering}} p. 12</ref>}}

Earlier editions do not have the semicolon and give the year as {{SR|1462|n}}.

Without the semicolon, the sentence seems to imply that not only Westmarch, but also Buckland was added to the Shire in {{FoA|31}} (or {{FoA|41}} according to the old edition).

Several reference works interpret the phrase in such a way, and refer to it as "Eastmarch", although Tolkien used the spelling "East March",<ref name="EastMarch" /> and the area is still typically referred to as "Buckland".

[[Robert Foster]] says: ''Buckland was officially added to [the Shire] by the gift of [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] in FA 42 and was then known as the East March.''.<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 57 entry "Buckland"</ref> Note also that his dating of FA 42 mirrors the earlier uncorrected date of the ''Prologue''.

[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] also says: ''Two adjacent areas were added to the Shire: the Eastmarch (Buckland) and...''<ref>[[Karen Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', p. 69, The Shire</ref>

The semicolon in the above quote, which separates Buckland from Westmarch, was added to show that only "the [[Westmarch]] added to the Shire". That is consistent with various other references, such as that the [[Appendix B]] mentions the creation of the Westmarch in {{FoA|31}}, but there is no reference to Buckland or an "Eastmarch" under that year.<ref>{{App|Later}}, entry for the year 1452 in the Shire Reckoning (S.R.)</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''[[Wiktionary:buck|buck]]'' means "goat" or "deer", and comes from the family name [[Oldbucks]].

''Buckland'' and ''Little Buckland'' are real places in England, located just to the south of [[Evesham]].<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[The Hobbitonian Anthology]]'', pp. 97, 112</ref> The etymology of these towns comes from ''book'' (i.e. The Bible), referring to a land that was owned by a church or a written charter.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 754</ref> There is a Buckland in the former county of [[Wikipedia:Brecknockshire|Brecknockshire]] (modern day Powys), Wales in the parish of Llan-sant-ffraid. The gloss for this Welsh ''Buckland'' exactly matches Tolkien's instructions in [[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|''Nomenclature'']] for translating the name ''Buckland''. It means the "land of the deer".<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]'' pp. 18-19</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tolkien mentioned that the survival of traces of the older language of the Stoors and the Bree-men resembled the survival of [[Celtic]] elements in England.<ref>{{App|Translation}}, twelfth and thirteenth paragraphs</ref>

{{References}}
{{masters}}
[[Category:Buckland| ]]
[[de:Bockland]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/comte/pays de bouc]]
[[fi:Bukinmaa]]

Orkish

2024-07-26T12:02:39Z

Anfang: The only reference to "Orkish" was added months after the call for a source. The "Of Other Races" reference covers the description of Orkish

'''Orkish''' was a general term for the jumble of languages used by the [[Orcs]], composed from corrupted borrowings from other languages of [[Middle-earth]]. The variations in Orkish between different tribes and types of Orc were so great that it was often useless for communication, and so a standard language was necessary. [[Sauron]] devised his [[Black Speech]] for this purpose in [[Mordor]], but in practice the [[Westron|Common Tongue]] was more normally used.<ref>{{App|Other}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[:Category:Orkish words|Category: Orkish words]]

==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/orkish.htm Orkish and the Black Speech] by [[Helge Fauskanger]]
*[http://midgardsmal.com/yrksk-ordabok/ Yrksk Orðabók] (Neo-Orkish wordlist from [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film series]]) by [[David Salo]]

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Orkish| ]]
[[de:Orkisch]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/orquien]]
[[fi:Örkkikieli]]

A Distant Flame Before the Sun

2024-07-26T09:03:08Z

Anfang: Added the song "A Distant Flame Before the Sun"

{{Song
| title = A Distant Flame Before the Sun
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 9:43
| track = 9
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/4YOTRKvMLTh6m9MWOwzq5G
| writer = [[Summoning]]
}}'''''A Distant Flame Before the Sun''''' is the ninth and final track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are influenced by [[I Sit beside the Fire and Think]] and the [[Song of Eärendil]] from [[The Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/summoning/lyrical-sources-t383.html|articlename=Lyrical Sources|accessed=26 July 2024|author=Tapatalk Summoning Board}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
I sit beside the fire and think
Of how the world will be
When winter comes without a spring
That I shall ever see

I sit beside the fire and think
Of people long ago
And people who will see a world
That I shall never know

I sit beside the fire and think
Of older times that were before
I listen for returning feet
And voices at my door

On high above the mists I came
A distant flame before the sun
A wonder ere the waking dawn
Where grey the nordland waters run
In elder days and years of yore
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills

2024-07-26T09:00:17Z

Anfang: Added the song "The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills"

{{Song
| title = The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 7:01
| track = 7
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5UMcNwL2bGEjwYKFDgcFl4
| writer = [[Summoning]]
| previous = [[The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground]]
}}'''''The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills''''' is the eighth track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are influenced by the chapters [[A Conspiracy Unmasked]] and [[Many Meetings]] from [[The Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/summoning/lyrical-sources-t383.html|articlename=Lyrical Sources|accessed=26 July 2024|author=Tapatalk Summoning Board}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Farewell we call to the earth and hall
Though wind may blow so fast rain may fall
We must away ere break of day
For over wood, tree and mountain tall.

With foes ahead, behind us dread
Beneath the sky's our bed
Until at last our toil be passed
Our journey's done with sped

Beneath the moon and under a tall star
I wandered so far from northern lands
Bewildered on enchanting charming ways
So far from the days of mortal lands

From gashing of the narrow ice so near
Where shadows lie frozen on the hills top
From neither heats and burning glowing waste
I'm turning in haste and fear.
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground

2024-07-26T08:46:26Z

Anfang: Added the song "The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground"

{{Song
| title = The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 8:25
| track = 6
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/5uWuvDgHLziiphfN4PJYm5
| writer = [[Summoning]]
| previous = [[Where Hope and Daylight Die]]
| next = [[The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills]]
}}'''''The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground''''' is the sixth track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are influenced by the [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] poem [[The Song of Eriol]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/summoning/lyrical-sources-t383.html|articlename=Lyrical Sources|accessed=26 July 2024|author=Tapatalk Summoning Board}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Wars of great kings and clash of armouries
Whose swords no man could tell, whose spears
Were numerous as wheat field’s ears
Rolled over all the great lands, and seas

Were loud with navies, their devouring fires
Behind the armies burned both fields and towns
And sacked and crumbled or to flaming pyres
Were cities made, where treasuries and crowns

Kings and their folk, their wives and tender maids
Were all consumed. Now silent are those courts
Ruined the towers, whose old shape slowly fades
And no feet pass beneath their broken ports

I need no call of clamant bell that rings
Iron tongued in the towers of earthly kings

Take a ride on, ride on,
on your rotting horse
on that deadly ground
Take a ride, ride on,
on your rotting horse
with a pounding sound.

Here on the stones and trees there lies a spell
Of unforgotten loss, of memories more blest
than mortal wealth.
Here undefeated dwell the fog immortal
under withered elmes,
Alalminore one in ancient realms
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Where Hope and Daylight Die

2024-07-26T08:42:05Z

Anfang: Added the song "Where Hope and Daylight Die"

{{Song
| title = Where Hope and Daylight Die
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 6:28
| track = 5
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/1jjhiKscw0Xxwb0dnCcFZM
| writer = [[Summoning]]
| previous = [[Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes]]
| next = [[The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground]]
}}'''''Where Hope and Daylight Die''''' is the fifth track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are influenced by an earlier version of the [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] poem [[In Western Lands beneath the Sun]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/summoning/lyrical-sources-t383.html|articlename=Lyrical Sources|accessed=26 July 2024|author=Tapatalk Summoning Board}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Still here I wake and I think of you
I see you far away
Answer my call
Can you hear my voice
I hear you

For we are gone and forever lost
Broken here I lie
Beneath the shadow sink
Where daylight dies
I wake for you

In better lands the sun may shine
And green leaves on trees spring
Their opening and blossoming
But here the raven sing

But still I stand and think of
Days when grass was green
And my heart was so young
They 've never been past
Forever lost
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes

2024-07-26T08:35:44Z

Anfang: Added the song "Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes"

{{Song
| title = Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 7:19
| track = 4
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/1KkpdUyInVJnnWSgNE9iVN
| writer = [[Summoning]]
| previous =
| next = [[Where Hope and Daylight Die]]
}}'''''Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes''''' is the fourth track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are influenced by the Robert Frost poem ''Stars''. but are also influenced by captivity of [[Húrin]] at the hands of [[Morgoth]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/summoning/lyrical-sources-t383.html|articlename=Lyrical Sources|accessed=26 July 2024|author=Tapatalk Summoning Board}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
How countless they congregate
O'er our tumultuous snow
Which flows in shapes as tall as trees
When wintry winds do blow

As if with keenness for our fate
Our faltering few steps on
To white rest, and a place of rest
Invisible at dawn

And yet with neither love nor hate
Those stars like some snow-white
Morgoth snow-white marble eyes
Without the gift of sight

Upon this star I fixed my eye
All over the wide land
My horse moved on, hoof after hoof
He raised and never stopped
When down behind the cottage roof
At once the planet dropped
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes

2024-07-26T08:30:02Z

Anfang: Added the song "Creating Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes"

{{Song
| title = Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 7:23
| track = 2
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/615Q1VvHcgtKu0XKPLrUSQ
| writer = [[Summoning]]
| previous = [[Rhûn (song)|Rhûn]]
}}'''''Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes''''' is the second track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The lyrics are influenced by [[The Lays of Beleriand]], [[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]], and the [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] poem [[Imram]].<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/summoning/lyrical-sources-t383.html|articlename=Lyrical Sources|accessed=26 July 2024|author=Tapatalk Summoning Board}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
My star, I saw it high and far
At the parting of the ways
A light on the edge of the outer night
Like silver set ablaze
Where the round world plunges steeply down
But on the old roads goes
As an unseen bridge that on arches runs
To coasts that no man knows

I would not find the burning domes and sands
Where reigns the sun, nor dare the snows
Nor seek in mountains dark the landscapes of the men
Long lost to where no pathway goes

But where they bloom those flowers fair
In what air or land they grow
What words beyond the world I heard
If you would seek for know

In a boat then, brother, far afloat
You must labour in the sea
And find yourself things out of mind:
You will learn no more of me

I would not find the burning domes and sands
Where reigns the sun, nor dare the deadly snows
Nor seek in mountains dark the landscapes of the men
Of long lost to where no pathway goes

There the twain enfolded,
Phantom twilight, phantom twilight,
And dim the mazes dark, unholy.

I would never find the burning domes and sands
Where reigns the sun, nor dare the snows
Nor seek in mountains dark, the landscapes of the men
Long lost to whom no pathway goes
</poem>{{References}}
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

<references />

Rhûn (song)

2024-07-26T08:22:45Z

Anfang: Added the song "Rhun"

{{Song
| title = Rhûn
| album = [[Stronghold]]
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 3:25
| track = 1
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/3yTW4KwoA4SwrjQ1bsJS2h
| writer =
| next = [[Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes]]
}}'''''Rhûn''''' is the first track of the album [[Stronghold]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The song name is taken from the [[Rhûn]] (''East)'', the lands found to the east of [[Middle-earth]].
[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]

Stronghold

2024-07-26T08:18:02Z

Anfang: Added template for the album, lineup, track listing, and description

{{Album
| title = Stronghold
| image = Stronghold.jpg
| type = Studio album
| artist = [[Summoning]]
| released = 11 May [[1999]]
| genre = Black Metal
| length = 01:04:20
| language = English
| label = Napalm Records
| recorded =
}}'''''Stronghold''''' is the fourth full-length studio album by [[Summoning]] and was released in [[1999]]. Unlike the previous three studio albums, the album name is not [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]-related. Only the song [[Rhûn (song)|Rhûn]] has a title directly referring to Tolkien. Despite many of the lyrics still being adapted from Tolkien's works, this album was the first to incorporate lyrics and audio samples from other works.<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Summoning/Stronghold/114|articlename=Summoning - Stronghold Additional Notes|author=Metal Archives|accessed=26 July 2024|dated=4 June 2023}}</ref>

==Lineup==

*Protector: ''Vocals, Keyboards, Drum programming, Vocals (tracks 2, 4, 7-9)''
*Silenius: ''Keyboards, Vocals (tracks 3, 6, 9)''

==Track listing==
#[[Rhûn (song)|Rhûn]] - ''3:25''
#[[Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes]] - ''7:23''
#The Glory Disappears - ''7:49''
#[[Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes]] - ''7:19''
#[[Where Hope and Daylight Die]] - ''6:28''
#[[The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground]] - ''8:25''
#[[The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills]] - ''7:01''
#The Loud Music of the Sky - ''6:47''
#[[A Distant Flame Before the Sun]] - ''9:43''
{{References}}{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Albums]]

File:Stronghold.jpg

2024-07-26T07:57:56Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Stronghold.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

File:Lugburz.jpg

2024-07-26T07:48:31Z

Anfang: Anfang reverted File:Lugburz.jpg to an old version

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

File:Lugburz.jpg

2024-07-26T07:47:56Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Lugburz.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

File:Lugburz.jpg

2024-07-26T07:45:24Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Lugburz.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

File:DolGuldur.jpg

2024-07-26T07:44:08Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:DolGuldur.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

File:Summoning Minas Morgul.jpg

2024-07-26T07:41:42Z

Anfang: Anfang uploaded a new version of File:Summoning Minas Morgul.jpg

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-cover}}

[[Category:Images of albums]]

Minas Morgul (album)

2024-07-25T20:29:08Z

Anfang:

{{Album
| title = Minas Morgul
| image = Summoning Minas Morgul.jpg
| type = Studio album
| artist = [[Summoning]]
| released = 1 October [[1995]]
| label = Napalm Records
| language = English
| length = 01:07:49
| genre = Black Metal
}}

'''''Minas Morgul''''' is the second full-length album by [[Summoning]] and was released in [[1995]]. The name is a reference to the fallen city of [[Minas Morgul]], formerly the twin city of [[Minas Tirith]] called Minas Ithil. Despite being released after [[Lugburz (album)|Lugburz]], fans often call this album the band's debut album due to a change in direction leading to the "Summoning-sound" of [[Tolkien metal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|articleurl=https://napalmrecords.com/english/minas-morgul-cd.html|articlename=Summoning - Minas Morgul|author=Napalm Records|accessed=25 July 2024}}</ref> The cover artwork is taken from the Roger Taylor novel ''The Call of the Sword''.<ref name=":0" />

==Lineup==

*Protector: ''Vocals, Guitars, Keyboards''
*Silenius: ''Bass, Keyboards, Vocals''

==Track listing==

#Soul Wandering - ''2:32''
#[[Lugburz (song)|Lugburz]] – ''7:14''
#[[The Passing of the Grey Company (song)|The Passing of the Grey Company]] - ''9:16''
#[[Morthond (song)|Morthond]] - ''6:44''
#Marching Homewards - ''8:11''
#[[Orthanc (song)|Orthanc]] - ''1:39''
#[[Ungolianth]] - ''6:37''
#[[Dagor Bragollach (song)|Dagor Bragollach]] - ''5:05''
#[[Through the Forest of Dol Guldur]] – ''4:47''
#[[The Legend of the Master-Ring]] – ''5:27''
#[[Dor Daedeloth (song)|Dor Daedeloth]] – ''10:16''
{{title|italics}}{{References}}
[[Category:Albums]]
<references />

Over Old Hills

2024-07-25T20:21:42Z

Anfang: Added song template for "Over Old Hills"

{{Song
| title = Over Old Hills...
| album = [[Dol Guldur (album)|Dol Guldur]]
| image = DolGuldur.jpg
| composer = [[Summoning]]
| performer = Summoning
| duration = 8:57
| track = 8
| spotify = https://open.spotify.com/track/2UMEQkrLMLf2XOS1sjF6iV
| writer = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], P.K.
| previous = [[Unto a Long Glory...]]
}}'''''Over Old Hills''''' is the eighth and final track of the album [[Dol Guldur (album)|Dol Guldur]] by the band [[Summoning]]. The name [[Cottage of Lost Play]] is mentioned several times, and it is assumed that the story of the song takes place in [[Tol Eressëa]].

==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The air was neither night or a day,
But faintly dark with softest light
When first glimmered into sight
The Cottage of Lost Play

You and me - we know that land
And often have been there in
The old days, old days
The dark child and a fair
Was it down the paths of firelight
Dreams in winter cold and white,
Or in the blue-spun twilight, twilight hours
The air was neither night or day,
But faintly dark with softest light,
When first there glimmered into sight
The Cottage of Lost Play

And why we never found the same
Old cottage, or magic
Track that leads between a silver sea,
Between a silver sea
And those old shores and gardens fair
Where all things are that ever were -
We know not, You and Me
We know not, You and Me

Those old shores and gardens fair
Where all things are
That ever were

The air was neither night or day,
But faintly dark with softest light,
When first there glimmered into sight
The Cottage of Lost Play
And those old shores and gardens
Where all things are that ever were
We know not, You and Me,
We know not, You and Me

And these old shores
And gardens fair
Where all things are
That ever were [before]
Air was neither night or day
But faintly dark with softest light
When first there glimmered
The Cottage of Lost Play
</poem>

[[Category:Songs by Summoning]]