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{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]<br />
The '''''Tengwar''''' (Tengwa [teŋ<sup>w</sup>a<sup>w</sup>] when singular)([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The Classical Quenya mode===<br />
{{main|Quenya mode}}<br />
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar on the [[Year of the Trees 1250]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{TI|Runes}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/><br />
<br />
However, Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.<ref name="ApD"/>. <br />
<br />
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===The Mode of Beleriand===<br />
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}<br />
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]<br />
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. <br />
<br />
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. <br />
<br />
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.<br />
<br />
===The General Use===<br />
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].<br />
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]<br />
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.<br />
<br />
Another mode that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.<br />
<br />
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.<br />
<br />
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow). <br />
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.<br />
<br />
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. <br />
<br />
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:<br />
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.<br />
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.<br />
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.<br />
<br />
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.<br />
<br />
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! | <br />
! colspan="2" | Labial<br />
! colspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Velar<br />
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| k<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| kw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| g<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| gw<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiceless plosives<br />
| {{tg|Q}}<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|!}}<br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|A}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|Z}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiced plosives<br />
| {{tg|W}}<br />
| b<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|@}}<br />
| d<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|S}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|X}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| ch<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| chw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| gh<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| ghw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>nasals<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| hm<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| hn<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| hñ<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| hñw<br />
|-<br />
|Nasals<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ñ<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ñw<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Arrangement===<br />
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.<br />
<br />
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
|Grade I<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| [[Tinco]]<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| [[Parma]]<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| [[Calma]]<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| [[Quesse]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade II<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| [[Ando]]<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| [[Anga]]<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| [[Ungwe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade III<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| [[Súlë]]<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| [[Formen]]<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| [[Aha]]<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade IV<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| [[Anto]]<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| [[Ampa]]<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| [[Anca]]<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| [[Unque]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade V<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| [[Númen]]<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| [[Malta]]<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| [[Noldo]]<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| [[Nwalme]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade VI<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| [[Óre]]<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| [[Vala|Vala]]<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| [[Anna]]<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| [[Rómen]]<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| [[Arda]]<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| [[Lambe]]<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| [[Silme]]<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
| [[Silme nuquerna]]<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| [[Essë]]<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| [[Esse nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| [[Hyarmen]]<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| [[Yanta]]<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| [[Úrë]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|&#189;}}<br />
| [[Halla]]<br />
| {{tg|`}}<br />
| [[Telco]]<br />
| {{tg|~}}<br />
| [[Ára]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Values==<br />
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.<br />
<br />
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. <br />
<br />
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>Anga/Jé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''')<br>Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/w<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| -i/y<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|&rsquo;?<br>&rsquo;á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| -u?<br>Úre/Au<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>AngaJé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch'''''<br>Hwesta/Aha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
|zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
|ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/u<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| o<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|a<br>'a<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Esse Nuquerna/Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e/e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| w<br>Úre/Au<br />
|-<br />
|{{tg|`B}} <br />
|i <br />
|{{tg|~B}} <br />
|i-/y-<br />
|{{tg|]}}<br />
|a <br />
| {{tg|š}}<br />
| mh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other modes==<br />
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.<br />
<br />
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: <br />
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]].<br />
*The "full writing" modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.<br />
<br />
== External History ==<br />
The [[sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).<br />
<br />
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".<br />
<br />
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. <br />
<br />
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.<br />
<br />
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.<br />
<br />
==Tengwar study==<br />
===Modes===<br />
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. <br />
=== Encoding Schemes ===<br />
==== Non-Unicode ====<br />
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.<br />
<br />
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.<br />
<br />
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.<br />
<br />
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).<br />
<br />
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.<br />
<br />
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}<br />
<br />
==== Unicode ====<br />
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].<br />
<br />
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono', 'Unifont CSUR'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">&#xe022;&#xe051;&#xe040; &#xe028;&#xe011;&#xe04c;&#xe010;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe013;&#xe044;&#xe058; &#xe014;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe014;&#xe04a;&#xe010; &#xe009;&#xe020;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe02e;&#xe046; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe052;&#xe046;&#xe022;&#xe040; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe004;&#xe007;&#xe044;&#xe010;&#xe000;&#xe044;&#xe02e;&#xe053; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe020;&#xe00f;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe058; ⸬ &#xe00c;&#xe016;&#xe046; &#xe020;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe046;&#xe015;&#xe045;&#xe04a;&#xe004; &#xe015;&#xe00c;&#xe044; &#xe020;&#xe032;&#xe046;&#xe024;&#xe010;&#xe04a; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe010;&#xe04a;&#xe024;&#xe025;&#xe02e;&#xe044;&#xe025;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe00a;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe022;&#xe004; &#xe003;&#xe040;&#xe000; &#xe000;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe040;&#xe004;&#xe058; &#xe010;&#xe045;&#xe04a; &#xe010;&#xe040;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe020;&#xe046; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe02e;&#xe040; &#xe024;&#xe001;&#xe020;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe044; &#xe01d; &#xe005;&#xe020;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe046;&#xe028;&#xe004;&#xe04a;&#xe04a; ⸬</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Uses outside the legendarium===<br />
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appears in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.<br />
<br />
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarati]]<br />
* [[Cirth]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples<br />
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
<br />
=== Modes ===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]<br />
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]<br />
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]<br />
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)<br />
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)<br />
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]<br />
* [https://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber<br />
<br />
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).<br />
<br />
=== Technical ===<br />
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.<br />
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]<br />
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<small><br />
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.<br />
</small><br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[de:Tengwar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Tengwar]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&diff=316062Tengwar2020-06-26T09:27:49Z<p>Arcorann: /* Unicode */ add unifont csur to accepted fonts</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]<br />
The '''''Tengwar''''' (Tengwa [teŋ<sup>w</sup>a<sup>w</sup>] when singular)([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The Classical Quenya mode===<br />
{{main|Quenya mode}}<br />
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar on the [[Year of the Trees 1250]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{TI|Runes}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/><br />
<br />
However, Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.<ref name="ApD"/>. <br />
<br />
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===The Mode of Beleriand===<br />
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}<br />
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]<br />
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. <br />
<br />
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. <br />
<br />
We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.<br />
<br />
===The General Use===<br />
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].<br />
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]<br />
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.<br />
<br />
Another mode that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.<br />
<br />
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.<br />
<br />
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow). <br />
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.<br />
<br />
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. <br />
<br />
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:<br />
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.<br />
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.<br />
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.<br />
<br />
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.<br />
<br />
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! | <br />
! colspan="2" | Labial<br />
! colspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Velar<br />
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| k<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| kw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| g<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| gw<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiceless plosives<br />
| {{tg|Q}}<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|!}}<br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|A}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|Z}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiced plosives<br />
| {{tg|W}}<br />
| b<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|@}}<br />
| d<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|S}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|X}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| ch<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| chw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| gh<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| ghw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>nasals<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| hm<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| hn<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| hñ<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| hñw<br />
|-<br />
|Nasals<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ñ<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ñw<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Arrangement===<br />
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.<br />
<br />
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
|Grade I<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| [[Tinco]]<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| [[Parma]]<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| [[Calma]]<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| [[Quesse]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade II<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| [[Ando]]<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| [[Anga]]<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| [[Ungwe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade III<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| [[Súlë]]<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| [[Formen]]<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| [[Aha]]<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade IV<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| [[Anto]]<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| [[Ampa]]<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| [[Anca]]<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| [[Unque]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade V<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| [[Númen]]<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| [[Malta]]<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| [[Noldo]]<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| [[Nwalme]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade VI<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| [[Óre]]<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| [[Vala|Vala]]<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| [[Anna]]<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| [[Rómen]]<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| [[Arda]]<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| [[Lambe]]<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| [[Silme]]<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
| [[Silme nuquerna]]<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| [[Essë]]<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| [[Esse nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| [[Hyarmen]]<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| [[Yanta]]<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| [[Úrë]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|&#189;}}<br />
| [[Halla]]<br />
| {{tg|`}}<br />
| [[Telco]]<br />
| {{tg|~}}<br />
| [[Ára]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Values==<br />
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.<br />
<br />
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. <br />
<br />
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>Anga/Jé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''')<br>Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/w<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| -i/y<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|&rsquo;?<br>&rsquo;á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| -u?<br>Úre/Au<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>AngaJé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch'''''<br>Hwesta/Aha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
|zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
|ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/u<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| o<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|a<br>'a<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Esse Nuquerna/Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e/e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| w<br>Úre/Au<br />
|-<br />
|{{tg|`B}} <br />
|i <br />
|{{tg|~B}} <br />
|i-/y-<br />
|{{tg|]}}<br />
|a <br />
| {{tg|š}}<br />
| mh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other modes==<br />
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.<br />
<br />
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: <br />
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]].<br />
*The "full writing" modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.<br />
<br />
== External History ==<br />
The [[sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).<br />
<br />
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".<br />
<br />
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. <br />
<br />
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.<br />
<br />
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.<br />
<br />
==Tengwar study==<br />
===Modes===<br />
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. <br />
=== Encoding Schemes ===<br />
==== Non-Unicode ====<br />
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.<br />
<br />
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.<br />
<br />
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.<br />
<br />
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).<br />
<br />
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.<br />
<br />
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}<br />
<br />
==== Unicode ====<br />
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].<br />
<br />
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono', 'Unifont CSUR'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">&#xe022;&#xe051;&#xe040; &#xe028;&#xe011;&#xe04c;&#xe010;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe013;&#xe044;&#xe058; &#xe014;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe014;&#xe04a;&#xe010; &#xe009;&#xe020;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe02e;&#xe046; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe052;&#xe046;&#xe022;&#xe040; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe004;&#xe007;&#xe044;&#xe010;&#xe000;&#xe044;&#xe02e;&#xe053; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe020;&#xe00f;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe058; ⸬ &#xe00c;&#xe016;&#xe046; &#xe020;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe046;&#xe015;&#xe045;&#xe04a;&#xe004; &#xe015;&#xe00c;&#xe044; &#xe020;&#xe032;&#xe046;&#xe024;&#xe010;&#xe04a; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe010;&#xe04a;&#xe024;&#xe025;&#xe02e;&#xe044;&#xe025;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe00a;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe022;&#xe004; &#xe003;&#xe040;&#xe000; &#xe000;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe040;&#xe004;&#xe058; &#xe010;&#xe045;&#xe04a; &#xe010;&#xe040;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe020;&#xe046; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe02e;&#xe040; &#xe024;&#xe001;&#xe020;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe044; &#xe01d; &#xe005;&#xe020;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe046;&#xe028;&#xe004;&#xe04a;&#xe04a; ⸬</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Uses outside the legendarium===<br />
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appears in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.<br />
<br />
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarati]]<br />
* [[Cirth]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples<br />
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
<br />
=== Modes ===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]<br />
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]<br />
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]<br />
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)<br />
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)<br />
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]<br />
<br />
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).<br />
<br />
=== Technical ===<br />
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.<br />
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]<br />
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<small><br />
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.<br />
</small><br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[de:Tengwar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Tengwar]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythlore&diff=309631Mythlore2020-01-18T06:53:17Z<p>Arcorann: fix</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mythlore''', published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Charles Williams]], and the genres of myth and fantasy. Beginning in [[2006]], Mythlore is published twice a year in the spring and fall as double issues.<br />
<br />
=== Issues ===<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 1]]''<br />
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*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 4]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 5]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #12)<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 6]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythlore 7]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythlore 8]]''<br />
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*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 13]]''<br />
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*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 24]]'' Glen GoodKnight resumes editorship<br />
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*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 40]]'' (subject guide to Mythlore 31-39)<br />
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*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 49]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50]]'' (color covers)<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 51]]'' Index to Mythlore 1-50<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 52]]''<br />
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*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 75]]''<br />
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*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 77]]'' (short supplemental issue)<br />
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*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythlore 80]]'' Proceedings of the 1992 Tolkien Centenary Conference; also ''[[Mallorn 33]]'' <br />
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*[[1998]]: ''[[Mythlore 84]]'' C.S. Lewis Centenary issue<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Mythlore 85]]'' New editor, [[Ted Sherman]]; new format<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 86]]''<br />
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*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 88]]'' (special Narnia Issue)<br />
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*[[2002]]: ''[[Mythlore 90]]''<br />
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*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 105/106]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 107/108]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 109/110]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 111/112]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 113/114]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 115/116]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 119/120]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 121/122]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 123]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 124]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 125]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 126]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 127]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 128]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 129]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 130]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 131]]''<br />
*[[2018]]: ''[[Mythlore 132]]''<br />
*[[2018]]: ''[[Mythlore 133]]''<br />
*[[2019]]: ''[[Mythlore 134]]''<br />
*[[2019]]: ''[[Mythlore 135]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mythsoc.org/mythlore.html Official website]<br />
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/ Online archive provided by SWOSU Digital Commons] (complete as of the end of 2019)<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Mythlore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien_Journal&diff=309630Tolkien Journal2020-01-18T06:53:13Z<p>Arcorann: link to online archive</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|a journal from the [[Tolkien Society of America]]|illustrated notebook|[[A Tolkien Journal]]}}<br />
<br />
'''''Tolkien Journal''''', an anthology of reviews, articles and art about [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], was published by the [[Tolkien Society of America]] (Center Harbor, NH, USA). 15 issues were published from Spring [[1965]] to Summer [[1972]] (aftwerwards, it merged with ''[[Mythlore]]''). For three issues, it was a dual-publication with ''[[Orcrist (journal)|Orcrist]]''.<ref>[http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wiwimod/index.php?page=TolkienJournal Tolkien Collector's Guide] and [http://fanlore.org/wiki/Tolkien_Journal Fanlore.org] (accessed 22 July 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[:Category:Tolkien Journal|Tolkien Journal issues]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/tolkien_journal/ Online archive provided by SWOSU Digital Commons]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Journal| ]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythlore&diff=309629Mythlore2020-01-18T06:40:57Z<p>Arcorann: updates</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mythlore''', published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Charles Williams]], and the genres of myth and fantasy. Beginning in [[2006]], Mythlore is published twice a year in the spring and fall as double issues.<br />
<br />
=== Issues ===<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 1]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 2]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 3]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 4]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 5]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 2|''Tolkien Journal'' #2]])<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 6]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythlore 7]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythlore 8]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Mythlore 9]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #16)<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #17; Tolkien Memorial issue)<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 11]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 18|''Tolkien Journal'' #18]])<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 12]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 13]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 14]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 15]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.3]] (March 1977)<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 16]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.5]] (June 1977)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 17]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 16.3]] (May 1978)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 18]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 19]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 20]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 21]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 22]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 23]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 24]]'' Glen GoodKnight resumes editorship<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 25]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 26]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 27]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 28]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 29]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 30]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 31]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 32]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 33]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 34]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 35]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 36]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 37]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 38]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 39]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 40]]'' (subject guide to Mythlore 31-39)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 41]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 42]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 43]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 44]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 45]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 46]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 47]]'' (includes subject index to the ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'')<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 48]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 49]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50]]'' (color covers)<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 51]]'' Index to Mythlore 1-50<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 52]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 53]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 54]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 55]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 57]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 58]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 59]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 61]]'' (includes index to Mythlore 51-60)<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 62]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 63]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 64]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 65]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 66]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 67]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 68]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 69]]'' (color covers; Tolkien Centenary issue; index to Tolkien articles in Mythlore)<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 70]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 71]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 72]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 73]]'' ([[Dorothy Sayers]] Centenary issue)<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 74]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 75]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 76]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 77]]'' (short supplemental issue)<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 78]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 79]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythlore 80]]'' Proceedings of the 1992 Tolkien Centenary Conference; also ''[[Mallorn 33]]'' <br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 81]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 82]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 83]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Mythlore 84]]'' C.S. Lewis Centenary issue<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Mythlore 85]]'' New editor, [[Ted Sherman]]; new format<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 86]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 87]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 88]]'' (special Narnia Issue)<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 89]]''<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Mythlore 90]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Mythlore 91]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Mythlore 92]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]'' New editor, [[Janet Croft]]<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 95/96]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 97/98]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 99/100]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 101/102]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 103/104]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 105/106]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 107/108]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 109/110]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 111/112]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 113/114]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 115/116]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 119/120]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 121/122]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 123]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 124]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 125]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 126]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 127]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 128]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 129]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 130]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 131]]''<br />
*[[2018]]: ''[[Mythlore 132]]''<br />
*[[2018]]: ''[[Mythlore 133]]''<br />
*[[2019]]: ''[[Mythlore 134]]''<br />
*[[2019]]: ''[[Mythlore 135]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mythsoc.org/mythlore.html Official website]<br />
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/ Online archive provided by SWOSU Digital Commons] (complete as of the end of 2019)<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Mythlore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythlore&diff=307449Mythlore2019-09-19T09:04:28Z<p>Arcorann: The archive was updated</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mythlore''', published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Charles Williams]], and the genres of myth and fantasy. Beginning in [[2006]], Mythlore is published twice a year in the spring and fall as double issues.<br />
<br />
=== Issues ===<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 1]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 2]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 3]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 4]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 5]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 2|''Tolkien Journal'' #2]])<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 6]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythlore 7]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythlore 8]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Mythlore 9]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #16)<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #17; Tolkien Memorial issue)<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 11]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 18|''Tolkien Journal'' #18]])<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 12]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 13]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 14]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 15]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.3]] (March 1977)<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 16]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.5]] (June 1977)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 17]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 16.3]] (May 1978)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 18]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 19]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 20]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 21]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 22]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 23]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 24]]'' Glen GoodKnight resumes editorship<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 25]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 26]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 27]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 28]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 29]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 30]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 31]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 32]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 33]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 34]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 35]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 36]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 37]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 38]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 39]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 40]]'' (subject guide to Mythlore 31-39)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 41]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 42]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 43]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 44]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 45]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 46]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 47]]'' (includes subject index to the ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'')<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 48]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 49]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50]]'' (color covers)<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 51]]'' Index to Mythlore 1-50<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 52]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 53]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 54]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 55]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 57]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 58]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 59]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 61]]'' (includes index to Mythlore 51-60)<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 62]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 63]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 64]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 65]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 66]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 67]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 68]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 69]]'' (color covers; Tolkien Centenary issue; index to Tolkien articles in Mythlore)<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 70]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 71]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 72]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 73]]'' ([[Dorothy Sayers]] Centenary issue)<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 74]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 75]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 76]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 77]]'' (short supplemental issue)<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 78]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 79]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythlore 80]]'' Proceedings of the 1992 Tolkien Centenary Conference; also ''[[Mallorn 33]]'' <br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 81]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 82]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 83]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Mythlore 84]]'' C.S. Lewis Centenary issue<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Mythlore 85]]'' New editor, [[Ted Sherman]]; new format<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 86]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 87]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 88]]'' (special Narnia Issue)<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 89]]''<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Mythlore 90]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Mythlore 91]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Mythlore 92]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]'' New editor, [[Janet Croft]]<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 95/96]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 97/98]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 99/100]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 101/102]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 103/104]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 105/106]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 107/108]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 109/110]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 111/112]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 113/114]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 115/116]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 119/120]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 121/122]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 123]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 124]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 125]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 126]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 127]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 128]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 129]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 130]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 131]]''<br />
*[[2018]]: ''[[Mythlore 132]]''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mythsoc.org/mythlore.html Official website]<br />
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/ Online archive provided by SWOSU Digital Commons] (includes issues 1-73, 77, 80 and all issues from 82 onwards)<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Mythlore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythlore&diff=299621Mythlore2018-05-29T09:16:23Z<p>Arcorann: /* Issues */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mythlore''', published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Charles Williams]], and the genres of myth and fantasy. Beginning in [[2006]], Mythlore is published twice a year in the spring and fall as double issues.<br />
<br />
=== Issues ===<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 1]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 2]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 3]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 4]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 5]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 2|''Tolkien Journal'' #2]])<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 6]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythlore 7]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythlore 8]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Mythlore 9]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #16)<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #17; Tolkien Memorial issue)<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 11]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 18|''Tolkien Journal'' #18]])<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 12]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 13]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 14]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 15]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.3]] (March 1977)<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 16]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.5]] (June 1977)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 17]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 16.3]] (May 1978)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 18]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 19]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 20]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 21]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 22]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 23]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 24]]'' Glen GoodKnight resumes editorship<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 25]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 26]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 27]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 28]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 29]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 30]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 31]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 32]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 33]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 34]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 35]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 36]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 37]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 38]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 39]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 40]]'' (subject guide to Mythlore 31-39)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 41]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 42]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 43]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 44]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 45]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 46]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 47]]'' (includes subject index to the ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'')<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 48]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 49]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50]]'' (color covers)<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 51]]'' Index to Mythlore 1-50<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 52]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 53]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 54]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 55]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 57]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 58]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 59]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 61]]'' (includes index to Mythlore 51-60)<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 62]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 63]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 64]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 65]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 66]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 67]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 68]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 69]]'' (color covers; Tolkien Centenary issue; index to Tolkien articles in Mythlore)<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 70]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 71]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 72]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 73]]'' ([[Dorothy Sayers]] Centenary issue)<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 74]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 75]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 76]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 77]]'' (short supplemental issue)<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 78]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 79]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythlore 80]]'' Proceedings of the 1992 Tolkien Centenary Conference; also ''[[Mallorn 33]]'' <br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 81]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 82]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 83]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Mythlore 84]]'' C.S. Lewis Centenary issue<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Mythlore 85]]'' New editor, [[Ted Sherman]]; new format<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 86]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 87]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 88]]'' (special Narnia Issue)<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 89]]''<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Mythlore 90]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Mythlore 91]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Mythlore 92]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]'' New editor, [[Janet Croft]]<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 95/96]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 97/98]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 99/100]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 101/102]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 103/104]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 105/106]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 107/108]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 109/110]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 111/112]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 113/114]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 115/116]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 119/120]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 121/122]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 123]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 124]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 125]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 126]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 127]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 128]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 129]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 130]]''<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[Mythlore 131]]''<br />
*[[2018]]: ''[[Mythlore 132]]''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mythsoc.org/mythlore.html Official website]<br />
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/ Online archive provided by SWOSU Digital Commons] (includes all issues from 82 onwards as well as most issues from 1-50)<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Mythlore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythlore&diff=299620Mythlore2018-05-29T09:13:37Z<p>Arcorann: /* External links */ online archive. Not complete but very extensive</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mythlore''', published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Charles Williams]], and the genres of myth and fantasy. Beginning in [[2006]], Mythlore is published twice a year in the spring and fall as double issues.<br />
<br />
=== Issues ===<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 1]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 2]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 3]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 4]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 5]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 2|''Tolkien Journal'' #2]])<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 6]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythlore 7]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythlore 8]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Mythlore 9]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #16)<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #17; Tolkien Memorial issue)<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 11]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 18|''Tolkien Journal'' #18]])<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 12]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 13]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 14]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 15]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.3]] (March 1977)<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 16]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.5]] (June 1977)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 17]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 16.3]] (May 1978)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 18]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 19]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 20]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 21]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 22]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 23]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 24]]'' Glen GoodKnight resumes editorship<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 25]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 26]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 27]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 28]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 29]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 30]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 31]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 32]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 33]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 34]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 35]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 36]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 37]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 38]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 39]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 40]]'' (subject guide to Mythlore 31-39)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 41]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 42]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 43]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 44]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 45]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 46]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 47]]'' (includes subject index to the ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'')<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 48]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 49]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50]]'' (color covers)<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 51]]'' Index to Mythlore 1-50<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 52]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 53]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 54]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 55]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 57]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 58]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 59]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 61]]'' (includes index to Mythlore 51-60)<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 62]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 63]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 64]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 65]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 66]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 67]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 68]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 69]]'' (color covers; Tolkien Centenary issue; index to Tolkien articles in Mythlore)<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 70]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 71]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 72]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 73]]'' ([[Dorothy Sayers]] Centenary issue)<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 74]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 75]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 76]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 77]]'' (short supplemental issue)<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 78]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 79]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythlore 80]]'' Proceedings of the 1992 Tolkien Centenary Conference; also ''[[Mallorn 33]]'' <br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 81]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 82]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 83]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Mythlore 84]]'' C.S. Lewis Centenary issue<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Mythlore 85]]'' New editor, [[Ted Sherman]]; new format<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 86]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 87]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 88]]'' (special Narnia Issue)<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 89]]''<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Mythlore 90]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Mythlore 91]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Mythlore 92]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]'' New editor,[[Janet Croft]]<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 95/96]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 97/98]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 99/100]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 101/102]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 103/104]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 105/106]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 107/108]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 109/110]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 111/112]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 113/114]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 115/116]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 119/120]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 121/122]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 123]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 124]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 125]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 126]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 127]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 128]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 129]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mythsoc.org/mythlore.html Official website]<br />
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/ Online archive provided by SWOSU Digital Commons] (includes all issues from 82 onwards as well as most issues from 1-50)<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Mythlore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&diff=292125Tengwar2017-02-25T14:19:54Z<p>Arcorann: /* Technical */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]<br />
The '''''Tengwar''''' ([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The Classical Quenya mode===<br />
{{main|Quenya mode}}<br />
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar on the [[Year of the Trees 1250]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{TI|Runes}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/><br />
<br />
However, Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made also use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.<ref name="ApD"/>. <br />
<br />
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===The Mode of Beleriand===<br />
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}<br />
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]<br />
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. <br />
<br />
It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement. <br />
<br />
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.<br />
<br />
===The General Use===<br />
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].<br />
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]<br />
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.<br />
<br />
Another mode that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.<br />
<br />
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.<br />
<br />
The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow). <br />
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.<br />
<br />
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. <br />
<br />
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:<br />
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.<br />
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.<br />
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.<br />
<br />
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.<br />
<br />
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! | <br />
! colspan="2" | Labial<br />
! colspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Velar<br />
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| k<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| kw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| g<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| gw<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiceless plosives<br />
| {{tg|Q}}<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|!}}<br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|A}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|Z}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiced plosives<br />
| {{tg|W}}<br />
| b<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|@}}<br />
| d<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|S}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|X}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| ch<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| chw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| gh<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| ghw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>nasals<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| hm<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| hn<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| hñ<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| hñw<br />
|-<br />
|Nasals<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ñ<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ñw<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Arrangement===<br />
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.<br />
<br />
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
|Grade I<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| [[Tinco]]<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| [[Parma]]<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| [[Calma]]<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| [[Quesse]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade II<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| [[Ando]]<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| [[Anga]]<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| [[Ungwe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade III<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| [[Súlë]]<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| [[Formen]]<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| [[Aha]]<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade IV<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| [[Anto]]<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| [[Ampa]]<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| [[Anca]]<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| [[Unque]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade V<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| [[Númen]]<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| [[Malta]]<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| [[Noldo]]<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| [[Nwalme]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade VI<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| [[Óre]]<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| [[Valar|Vala]]<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| [[Anna]]<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| [[Rómen]]<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| [[Arda]]<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| [[Lambe]]<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| [[Silme]]<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
| [[Silme nuquerna]]<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| [[Essë]]<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| [[Esse nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| [[Hyarmen]]<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| [[Yanta]]<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| [[Úrë]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|&#189;}}<br />
| [[Halla]]<br />
| {{tg|`}}<br />
| [[Telco]]<br />
| {{tg|~}}<br />
| [[Ára]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Values==<br />
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.<br />
<br />
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. <br />
<br />
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>Anga/Jé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''')<br>Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/w<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| -i/y<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|&rsquo;?<br>&rsquo;á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| -u?<br>Úre/Au<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>AngaJé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch'''''<br>Hwesta/Aha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
|zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
|ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/u<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| o<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|a<br>'a<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Esse Nuquerna/Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e/e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| w<br>Úre/Au<br />
|-<br />
|{{tg|`B}} <br />
|i <br />
|{{tg|~B}} <br />
|i-/y-<br />
|{{tg|]}}<br />
|a <br />
| {{tg|š}}<br />
| mh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other modes==<br />
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.<br />
<br />
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: <br />
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]].<br />
*The "full writing" modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.<br />
<br />
== External History ==<br />
The [[sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).<br />
<br />
Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".<br />
<br />
The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features, sound features and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. <br />
<br />
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.<br />
<br />
It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script (used to write Anglo-saxon) or the gothic textura and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.<br />
<br />
==Tengwar study==<br />
===Modes===<br />
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. <br />
=== Encoding Schemes ===<br />
==== Non-Unicode ====<br />
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.<br />
<br />
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.<br />
<br />
For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.<br />
<br />
Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).<br />
<br />
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.<br />
<br />
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}<br />
<br />
==== Unicode ====<br />
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].<br />
<br />
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">&#xe022;&#xe051;&#xe040; &#xe028;&#xe011;&#xe04c;&#xe010;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe013;&#xe044;&#xe058; &#xe014;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe014;&#xe04a;&#xe010; &#xe009;&#xe020;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe02e;&#xe046; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe052;&#xe046;&#xe022;&#xe040; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe004;&#xe007;&#xe044;&#xe010;&#xe000;&#xe044;&#xe02e;&#xe053; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe020;&#xe00f;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe058; ⸬ &#xe00c;&#xe016;&#xe046; &#xe020;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe046;&#xe015;&#xe045;&#xe04a;&#xe004; &#xe015;&#xe00c;&#xe044; &#xe020;&#xe032;&#xe046;&#xe024;&#xe010;&#xe04a; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe010;&#xe04a;&#xe024;&#xe025;&#xe02e;&#xe044;&#xe025;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe00a;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe022;&#xe004; &#xe003;&#xe040;&#xe000; &#xe000;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe040;&#xe004;&#xe058; &#xe010;&#xe045;&#xe04a; &#xe010;&#xe040;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe020;&#xe046; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe02e;&#xe040; &#xe024;&#xe001;&#xe020;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe044; &#xe01d; &#xe005;&#xe020;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe046;&#xe028;&#xe004;&#xe04a;&#xe04a; ⸬</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Uses outside the legendarium===<br />
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appears in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.<br />
<br />
Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarati]]<br />
* [[Cirth]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples<br />
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
<br />
=== Modes ===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]<br />
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]<br />
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]<br />
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)<br />
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)<br />
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]<br />
<br />
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).<br />
<br />
=== Technical ===<br />
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.<br />
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]<br />
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<small><br />
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.<br />
</small><br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[de:Tengwar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Tengwar]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythlore&diff=290648Mythlore2016-12-13T06:18:58Z<p>Arcorann: update to present</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mythlore''', published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Charles Williams]], and the genres of myth and fantasy. Beginning in [[2006]], Mythlore is published twice a year in the spring and fall as double issues.<br />
<br />
=== Issues ===<br />
<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 1]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 2]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 3]]''<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[Mythlore 4]]''<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 5]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 2|''Tolkien Journal'' #2]])<br />
*[[1970]]: ''[[Mythlore 6]]''<br />
*[[1971]]: ''[[Mythlore 7]]''<br />
*[[1972]]: ''[[Mythlore 8]]''<br />
*[[1973]]: ''[[Mythlore 9]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #16)<br />
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]'' (same as ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'' #17; Tolkien Memorial issue)<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 11]]'' (same as [[Tolkien Journal 18|''Tolkien Journal'' #18]])<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 12]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 13]]''<br />
*[[1976]]: ''[[Mythlore 14]]''<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 15]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.3]] (March 1977)<br />
*[[1977]]: ''[[Mythlore 16]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 15.5]] (June 1977)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 17]]'' Includes [[Mythprint 16.3]] (May 1978)<br />
*[[1978]]: ''[[Mythlore 18]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 19]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 20]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 21]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1979]]: ''[[Mythlore 22]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 23]]'' Guest editor, Gracia Fay Ellwood<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 24]]'' Glen GoodKnight resumes editorship<br />
*[[1980]]: ''[[Mythlore 25]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 26]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 27]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 28]]''<br />
*[[1981]]: ''[[Mythlore 29]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 30]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 31]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 32]]''<br />
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mythlore 33]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 34]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 35]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''[[Mythlore 36]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 37]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 38]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 39]]''<br />
*[[1984]]: ''[[Mythlore 40]]'' (subject guide to Mythlore 31-39)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 41]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 42]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 43]]''<br />
*[[1985]]: ''[[Mythlore 44]]'' (short supplemental issue to meet postal regulations)<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 45]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 46]]''<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 47]]'' (includes subject index to the ''[[Tolkien Journal]]'')<br />
*[[1986]]: ''[[Mythlore 48]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 49]]''<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50]]'' (color covers)<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 51]]'' Index to Mythlore 1-50<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 52]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 53]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 54]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 55]]''<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 57]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 58]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 59]]''<br />
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 61]]'' (includes index to Mythlore 51-60)<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 62]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 63]]''<br />
*[[1990]]: ''[[Mythlore 64]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 65]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 66]]''<br />
*[[1991]]: ''[[Mythlore 67]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 68]]''<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 69]]'' (color covers; Tolkien Centenary issue; index to Tolkien articles in Mythlore)<br />
*[[1992]]: ''[[Mythlore 70]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 71]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 72]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 73]]'' ([[Dorothy Sayers]] Centenary issue)<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[Mythlore 74]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 75]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 76]]''<br />
*[[1994]]: ''[[Mythlore 77]]'' (short supplemental issue)<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 78]]''<br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 79]]''<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[Mythlore 80]]'' Proceedings of the 1992 Tolkien Centenary Conference; also ''[[Mallorn 33]]'' <br />
*[[1995]]: ''[[Mythlore 81]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 82]]''<br />
*[[1997]]: ''[[Mythlore 83]]''<br />
*[[1998]]: ''[[Mythlore 84]]'' C.S. Lewis Centenary issue<br />
*[[1999]]: ''[[Mythlore 85]]'' New editor, [[Ted Sherman]]; new format<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 86]]''<br />
*[[2000]]: ''[[Mythlore 87]]''<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 88]]'' (special Narnia Issue)<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Mythlore 89]]''<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Mythlore 90]]''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Mythlore 91]]''<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Mythlore 92]]''<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]'' New editor,[[Janet Croft]]<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 95/96]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 97/98]]''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Mythlore 99/100]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 101/102]]''<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Mythlore 103/104]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 105/106]]''<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Mythlore 107/108]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 109/110]]''<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Mythlore 111/112]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 113/114]]''<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Mythlore 115/116]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 117/118]]''<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[Mythlore 119/120]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 121/122]]''<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Mythlore 123]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 124]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Mythlore 125]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 126]]''<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Mythlore 127]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 128]]''<br />
*[[2016]]: ''[[Mythlore 129]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.mythsoc.org/mythlore.html Official website]<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Mythlore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Third_Age&diff=283833Third Age2015-11-29T12:16:08Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Third Age|[[Third Age (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{History of Arda}}<br />
The '''Third Age''', often abbreviated to '''T.A.''', began after the first downfall of [[Sauron]], when he was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] following the downfall of [[Númenor]]. <br />
<br />
This age was characterized by the rise and decline of the exiled Númenorean kingdoms, the slow recovery of Sauron's power, and, also known as the '''Fading Years''', the waning of the [[Elves]].<br />
<br />
It lasted for 3021 years, until Sauron was again defeated, this time finally, when his [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed. When [[Elrond]] and the [[Three Rings]] left Middle-earth for the [[Valinor|Uttermost West]], the [[Fourth Age]] began.<br />
==Major events of the Third Age==<br />
{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%"<br />
!<br />
! style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |Military<ref group=note>Only wars and isolated battles are mentioned as events; for battles being part of larger campaigns, look the campaigns' respective articles</ref><br />
! style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |Political<br />
! style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |Other<br />
|-<br />
!|1st millennium <br />
|<br />
*[[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] (2)<br />
|<br />
*Division of [[Arnor]] (861)<br />
|<br />
*Arrival of the [[Wizards]] (c. 1000)<br />
|-<br />
!|2nd millennium <br />
|<br />
*[[Angmar War]] (1409-1974)<br />
*[[Kin-strife]] (1442)<br />
*[[Corsair Wars]] (1447-3019<br />
*[[Wainrider/Balchoth War]] (1851-2510)<br />
|<br />
*Founding of the [[Shire]] (1600)<br />
*Dissolution of Arnor (1974)<br />
*Evacuation of [[Moria]] (1981)<br />
*[[Thráin I]] establishes the Kingdom of [[Erebor]] (1999)<br />
|<br />
*[[Great Plague]] (1635)<br />
|-<br />
!|3rd millennium<br />
|<br />
*Fall of [[Minas Ithil]] (2002)<br />
*[[Uruk-hai attack on Osgiliath]] (2475)<br />
*[[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]] (2570-2589)<br />
*[[Battle of Greenfields]] (2747)<br />
*[[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] (2793)<br />
*[[Attack on Dol Guldur]] (2941)<br />
*[[Battle of Five Armies]] (2941)<br />
|<br />
*Death of [[Earnur]] and end of Kingship of [[Gondor]] (2050)<br />
*[[Thorin I]] leaves Erebor and joins the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] (2210) <br />
*[[Oath of Cirion|Founding]] of [[Rohan]] (2510)<br />
*[[Thrór]] re-establishes Erebor (2590)<br />
*[[Saruman]] occupies [[Orthanc]] (2759)<br />
*[[Sack of Erebor]] (2770)<br />
*Dwarves establish [[Thorin's Halls]] (2802)<br />
*Restoration of [[Kingdom Under the Mountain|Erebor]] (2941)<br />
*Establishent of the [[Kingdom of Dale]] (2944)<br />
*[[Balin's Colony]] of Moria (2989-2994)<br />
|<br />
*[[Watchful Peace]] (2063)<br />
*[[The One Ring]] is found (c. 2463)<br />
*[[Long Winter]] (2758)<br />
*[[Fell Winter (Third Age)]] (2911)<br />
|-<br />
!|4th millennium<br />
| <br />
*[[War of the Ring]] (3018-3019)<br />
|<br />
*Return of the King and the [[Reunited Kingdom]] (3019)<br />
|<br />
*[[Quest of the Ring]] (3018-3019)<br />
*Departure of the [[White Ship]] and end of the Third Age (3021)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Timeline/Third Age]]<br />
* [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/09/23/when-did-the-third-age-end-in-our-calendar/ When Did the Third Age End in Our Calendar?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Ages]]<br />
[[de:Drittes Zeitalter]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/chronologie/troisieme_age]]<br />
<br />
[[fi:Kolmas Aika]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&diff=283662Tengwar2015-11-22T12:19:21Z<p>Arcorann: Uncommented Unicode sample</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]<br />
The '''''Tengwar''''' ([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) had been a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It has been used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The Classical Quenya mode===<br />
{{main|Quenya mode}}<br />
[[Fëanor]] invented the tengwar on the [[Valian Year 1250]] strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet, and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{HM|Runes}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/><br />
<br />
However Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of [[tehtar]] (instead of the full letters).<ref name="ApD"/>. <br />
<br />
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===The Mode of Beleriand===<br />
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}<br />
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]<br />
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. <br />
<br />
In Beleriand, it is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]], mainly in their shape and arrangement. <br />
<br />
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that in [[Eregion]], a tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.<br />
<br />
===The General Use===<br />
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]], in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].<br />
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]<br />
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> which the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.<br />
<br />
In the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, another mode was used that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.<br />
<br />
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.<br />
<br />
The shape of the Tengwar were uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow). <br />
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar, therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.<br />
<br />
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. <br />
<br />
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: The basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:<br />
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.<br />
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.<br />
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.<br />
<br />
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.<br />
<br />
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! | <br />
! colspan="2" | Labial<br />
! colspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Velar<br />
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| k<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| kw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| g<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| gw<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiceless plosives<br />
| {{tg|Q}}<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|!}}<br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|A}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|Z}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiced plosives<br />
| {{tg|W}}<br />
| b<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|@}}<br />
| d<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|S}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|X}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| ch<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| chw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| gh<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| ghw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>nasals<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| hm<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| hn<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| hñ<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| hñw<br />
|-<br />
|Nasals<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ñ<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ñw<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Arrangement===<br />
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.<br />
<br />
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
|Grade I<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| [[Tinco]]<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| [[Parma]]<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| [[Calma]]<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| [[Quesse]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade II<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| [[Ando]]<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| [[Anga]]<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| [[Ungwe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade III<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| [[Súlë]]<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| [[Formen]]<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| [[Aha]]<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade IV<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| [[Anto]]<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| [[Ampa]]<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| [[Anca]]<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| [[Unque]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade V<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| [[Númen]]<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| [[Malta]]<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| [[Noldo]]<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| [[Nwalme]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade VI<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| [[Óre]]<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| [[Valar|Vala]]<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| [[Anna]]<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| [[Rómen]]<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| [[Arda]]<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| [[Lambe]]<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| [[Silme]]<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
| [[Silme nuquerna]]<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| [[Essë]]<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| [[Esse nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| [[Hyarmen]]<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| [[Yanta]]<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| [[Úrë]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|&#189;}}<br />
| [[Halla]]<br />
| {{tg|`}}<br />
| [[Telco]]<br />
| {{tg|~}}<br />
| [[Ára]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
== Values==<br />
As mentioned, the tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.<br />
<br />
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. <br />
<br />
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>Anga/Jé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''')<br>Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/w<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| -i/y<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|&rsquo;?<br>&rsquo;á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| -u?<br>Úre/Au<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>AngaJé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch'''''<br>Hwesta/Aha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
|zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
|ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/u<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| o<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|a<br>'a<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Esse Nuquerna/Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e/e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| w<br>Úre/Au<br />
|-<br />
|{{tg|`B}} <br />
|i <br />
|{{tg|~B}} <br />
|i-/y-<br />
|{{tg|]}}<br />
|a <br />
| {{tg|š}}<br />
| mh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other modes==<br />
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them, use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless<br />
<br />
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: <br />
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]] <br />
*The "full writing" modes, represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.<br />
<br />
== External History ==<br />
The [[sarati]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s, anticipates many features of the tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties), different tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).<br />
<br />
Even closer to the tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".<br />
<br />
The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. <br />
<br />
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script which he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.<br />
<br />
It is likewise not known whether, but conceivable that the shapes of several tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script, used to write Anglo-saxon, and the gothic textura and cursive scripts, used to write Middle English, with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.<br />
==Tengwar study==<br />
===Indexing===<br />
[[Mellonath Daeron]], the linguistic guild of the [[Forodrim]], devised a system to keep track of all the known genuine samples of the Tengwar made by Tolkien and create a reference list.<br />
<br />
As of [[2015]] the ''[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina]'' (DTS) lists 89 known sources of tengwar samples and is updated whenever a new sample is published, revealed or discovered.<br />
<br />
The DTS is used as a widely accepted standard in Tolkien studies, whenever an essay or article needs to refer to an example or an attested source. <br />
<br />
This is a list of few known samples predating publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (many of them published posthumously):<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS1 DTS1] ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', published 1937<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS22 DTS 22] - ''Ilbereth's Greeting'' from [[The Father Christmas Letters]], dating to 1937<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS 50]/[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 51] - ''Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript'' from [[The Notion Club Papers]] has [[Old English]] language text written in tengwar (with a few [[Adûnaic]] and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS10 DTS 10] - The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948.<br />
* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS16 DTS 16], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS17 DTS 17], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS18 DTS 18] - ''Elvish Script Sample I, II, III'', with parts of the English poems ''[[Errantry]]'' and ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|Bombadil]]'', first published in the ''Silmarillion Calendar 1978'', later in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', as well as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS23 DTS 23] - ''So Lúthien'', a page of the English ''Lay of Leithan'' text facsimiled in [[The History of Middle-earth#Volume 3|HoME 3]]:299.<br />
<br />
A few other samples, e.g. a tengwar mode for [[Gothic]] are known to exist, but remain unpublished to date<ref>http://www.reocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html</ref>.<br />
===Modes===<br />
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. <br />
=== Encoding Schemes ===<br />
==== Non-Unicode ====<br />
The contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that if no corresponding tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.<br />
<br />
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.<br />
<br />
For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.<br />
<br />
Other tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).<br />
<br />
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography. If no tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.<br />
<br />
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}<br />
<br />
==== Unicode ====<br />
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].<br />
<br />
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">&#xe022;&#xe051;&#xe040; &#xe028;&#xe011;&#xe04c;&#xe010;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe013;&#xe044;&#xe058; &#xe014;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe005;&#xe014;&#xe04a;&#xe010; &#xe009;&#xe020;&#xe02e;&#xe046;&#xe02e;&#xe046; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe052;&#xe046;&#xe022;&#xe040; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe004;&#xe007;&#xe044;&#xe010;&#xe000;&#xe044;&#xe02e;&#xe053; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe020;&#xe00f;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe058; ⸬ &#xe00c;&#xe016;&#xe046; &#xe020;&#xe045;&#xe040; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe046;&#xe015;&#xe045;&#xe04a;&#xe004; &#xe015;&#xe00c;&#xe044; &#xe020;&#xe032;&#xe046;&#xe024;&#xe010;&#xe04a; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe003;&#xe010;&#xe04a;&#xe024;&#xe025;&#xe02e;&#xe044;&#xe025;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe004;&#xe050;&#xe045; &#xe00a;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe022;&#xe004; &#xe003;&#xe040;&#xe000; &#xe000;&#xe015;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe040;&#xe004;&#xe058; &#xe010;&#xe045;&#xe04a; &#xe010;&#xe040;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe020;&#xe046; &#xe010;&#xe044; &#xe02e;&#xe040; &#xe024;&#xe001;&#xe020;&#xe044;&#xe000;&#xe044; &#xe01d; &#xe005;&#xe020;&#xe00c;&#xe04a;&#xe014;&#xe046;&#xe028;&#xe004;&#xe04a;&#xe04a; ⸬</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Uses outside the legendarium===<br />
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appear stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appear in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.<br />
<br />
Several linguists such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as they are culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarati]]<br />
* [[Cirth]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the tengwar script<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published tengwar samples<br />
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
<br />
=== Modes ===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]<br />
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]<br />
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]<br />
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)<br />
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)<br />
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]<br />
<br />
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).<br />
<br />
=== Technical ===<br />
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.<br />
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]<br />
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<small><br />
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.<br />
</small><br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[de:Tengwar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Tengwar]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Years_of_the_Sun&diff=283603Years of the Sun2015-11-19T13:43:52Z<p>Arcorann: corrected obvious error</p>
<hr />
<div>{{History of Arda}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
The '''Years of the Sun''' was the time after the first rising of the [[Sun]] in the [[First Age]] until the present.<br />
<br />
The unit of time of the Years of the Sun was the [[coranar]], also referred to as a [[loa]].<br />
<br />
The Valar intended a Year of the Sun to be exactly 350 full days, being a 1/10 fraction of a [[Years of the Trees|Year of the Trees]]. However the Sun was slower than expected and in one Year of the Sun, it turns 365.25 times instead of 350, or approximately 1/9.58 of a Year of the Trees.<ref>{{MR|P2}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Periods]]<br />
[[de:Jahre der Sonne]]<br />
[[fi:Auringon vuodet]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=278782Kings' Reckoning2015-09-01T12:58:12Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]] throughout the [[Second Age]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle (Middle days)<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi, resulting in a 367-day year. This held throughout the [[Second Age]] and continued based on the restarted numbering in the [[Third Age]] until the calendar was retired in {{TA|2060}}.<br />
<br />
According to [[Jim Allan]] in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the [[Wikipedia:French Republican Calendar|French Republican Calendar]]; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.<ref name="allan">{{HM|IE}}, p. 151</ref><!-- check chapter heading --><br />
<br />
==Days of the week==<br />
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Dedication<br />
|-<br />
|[[Elenya]]||[[Orgilion]]||[[Stars]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anarya]]||[[Oranor]]||[[Sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isilya]]||[[Orithil]]||[[Moon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aldëa]]||[[Orgaladh]]||[[White Tree]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menelya]]||[[Ormenel]]||[[Heavens]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eärenya]]||[[Oraearon]]||[[Sea]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Valanya]]||[[Orbelain]]||[[Valar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shire_Calendar&diff=278729Shire Calendar2015-08-31T05:58:17Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''[[Shire-reckoning]]'''.<br />
<br />
The calendar featured 12 months, all 30 days long, plus 5 or 6 named days added to round out 365 days (or 366 for leap years). Two of the named days were [[Yuledays]]; one was the first day of the year and the other was the last day of the year. Between June and July were the Lithedays. In regular years (not leap years) there were three: 1 Lithe, [[Mid-year's Day]], and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except in the last year of a century) an extra [[Overlithe]] Day was added after Mid-year's Day. All of the named days were major holidays (and a reason for feasting) with Overlithe being a day of special merrymaking. The two Yuledays were actually a portion of Yuletide, which included the last three and first three days of each year.<br />
==History==<br />
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week', but a 'month', governed more or less by the [[Moon]]. In their old calendar, the new year began after harvest. This can be seen in the name of the month [[Winterfilth]] meaning "filling (of the year) before winter".<br />
<br />
However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]]. It was based on the [[King's Reckoning]] but with several minor alterations to fit their customs.<br />
<br />
One innovation introduced by the [[Shire-hobbits]] was the '''[[Shire-reform]]'''. In the time of Thain [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] they arranged that Mid-year’s Day (and the Overlithe) would not have a weekday name, which stopped the shifting of weekday names in relation to dates. This change made the first day of the year always correspond to the first day of the week, and the last day of the year always correspond to the last day of the week. Over time, since the same date in any year had the same weekday name as in any other year, the Shire-folk ceased to record the weekday in letters and diaries. Since no month began on a Friday this arrangement also birthed a jesting idiom in the Shire: "On Friday the first" referred to a non-existent day or one on which impossible things would occur (the full expression was "on Friday the first of [[Summerfilth]]").<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Months of the year and special days==<br />
The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
The twelve months of the [[Shire Calendar]] were: [[Afteryule]], [[Solmath]], [[Rethe]], [[Astron]], [[Thrimidge]], [[Forelithe]], [[Afterlithe]], [[Wedmath]], [[Halimath]], [[Winterfilth]], [[Blotmath]], and [[Foreyule]]. Solmath was usually pronounced and sometimes written as Somath. Thrimidge was often written Thrimich and Blotmath was pronounced as Blodmath or Blommath.<br />
<br />
In the [[Eastfarthing]] the names of Afteryule, Astron, and Foreyule, were [[Frery]], [[Chithing]], and [[Yulemath]], respectively. These correspond for the names used in [[Bree]] for those months.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the table below, the Bree names are given in brackets where appropriate.<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Shire Name<br />
!Bree Name<br />
!Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||''2 [[Yule]]''||||22<sup>nd</sup> of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|1||''[[Afteryule]]''||''Frery''||23<sup>rd</sup> December to 21<sup>st</sup> January<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|2||''[[Solmath]]''||''Solmath''||22<sup>nd</sup> January to 20<sup>th</sup> February<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|3||''[[Rethe]]''||''Rethe''||21<sup>st</sup> February to 22<sup>nd</sup> March<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|4||''[[Astron]]''||''Chithing''||23<sup>rd</sup> March to 21<sup>st</sup> of April<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|5||''[[Thrimidge]]''||''Thrimidge''||22<sup>nd</sup> April to 21<sup>st</sup> May<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|6||''[[Forelithe]]''||''Lithe''||22<sup>nd</sup> May to 20<sup>th</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 [[Lithe]]''||rowspan="4"|''The Summerdays''||21<sup>st</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Mid-year's Day]]''||22<sup>nd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Overlithe]]''||Leap day<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''2 Lithe''||23<sup>rd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|7||''[[Afterlithe]]''||''Mede''||24<sup>th</sup> June to 23<sup>rd</sup> July<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|8||''[[Wedmath]]''||''Wedmath''||24<sup>th</sup> July to 22<sup>nd</sup> August<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|9||''[[Halimath]]''||''Harvestmath''||23<sup>rd</sup> August to 21<sup>st</sup> September<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|10||''[[Winterfilth]]''||''Wintring''||22<sup>nd</sup> September to 21<sup>st</sup> October<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|11||''[[Blotmath]]''||''Blooting''||22<sup>nd</sup> October to 20<sup>th</sup> November<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|12||''[[Foreyule]]''||''Yulemath''||21<sup>st</sup> November to 20<sup>th</sup> December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 Yule''||||21<sup>st</sup> of December<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Yuledays]]'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' (referred to as the ''Summerdays'' in Bree) are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, being approximately 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year.<br />
<br />
== Days of the week ==<br />
<br />
The seven weekdays of the Shire Calendar (at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]) were [[Sterday]], [[Sunday]], [[Monday]], [[Trewsday]], [[Hevensday]] (or Hensday), [[Mersday]], and [[Highday]]. The last day of the week, Highday, was the chief day, a post-noon holiday and time for evening feasts.<br />
<br />
The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|-<br />
!Day Name<br />
!Meaning<br />
!Translation in ''The Lord of the Rings''<br />
!Relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sterday]]''||Stars of [[Varda]]||Saturday||Monday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sunday]]''||[[Sun]]||Sunday||Tuesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Monday]]''||[[Moon]]||Monday||Wednesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trewsday]]''||[[Two Trees]] of Valinor||Tuesday||Thursday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hevensday]]''||[[Ilmen|Heavens]]||Wednesday||Friday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mersday]]''||[[Belegaer|Sea]]||Thursday||Saturday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Highday]]''||[[Valar]]||Friday||Sunday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Saturday''.<br />
<br />
Also, all days (except in Bilbo's Song) are translated according to the meaning of Sunday and Monday rather than according to position in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://shire-reckoning.com/ The Shire-reckoning] website, dedicated to detailed analysis of the Hobbit Calendar.<br />
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]<br />
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Years_of_the_Sun&diff=278728Years of the Sun2015-08-31T05:56:18Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{History of Arda}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
The '''Years of the Sun''' was the time after the first rising of the [[Sun]] in the [[First Age]] until the present.<br />
<br />
The unit of time of the Years of the Sun was the [[coranar]], also referred to as a [[loa]].<br />
<br />
The Valar intended a Year of the Sun to be 350 full days, being a 1/10 fraction of a [[Years of the Trees|Year of the Trees]]. However the Sun was slower than expected and in 1 Year of the Trees, it turns 365.25 times instead of 350.<ref>{{MR|P2}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Periods]]<br />
[[de:Jahre der Sonne]]<br />
[[fi:Auringon vuodet]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=278727Kings' Reckoning2015-08-31T05:40:45Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]] throughout the [[Second Age]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle (Middle days)<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi, resulting in a 367-day year. This held throughout the [[Second Age]] and continued based on the restarted numbering in the [[Third Age]] until the calendar was retired in {{TA|2060}}.<br />
<br />
According to [[Jim Allan]] in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the [[Wikipedia:French Republican Calendar|French Republican Calendar]]; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.<br />
<br />
==Days of the week==<br />
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Dedication<br />
|-<br />
|[[Elenya]]||[[Orgilion]]||[[Stars]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anarya]]||[[Oranor]]||[[Sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isilya]]||[[Orithil]]||[[Moon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aldëa]]||[[Orgaladh]]||[[White Tree]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menelya]]||[[Ormenel]]||[[Heavens]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eärenya]]||[[Oraearon]]||[[Sea]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Valanya]]||[[Orbelain]]||[[Valar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Possible_inconsistencies_in_the_legendarium&diff=278678Possible inconsistencies in the legendarium2015-08-29T08:30:22Z<p>Arcorann: specify edition. If it isn't in the source you gave, please change it to the History of the Hobbit (I forget exactly where)</p>
<hr />
<div>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] paid a great deal of attention to detail in his [[Secondary world]] to preserve a realistic consistency.<br />
<br />
However his work has been admired, studied and analyzed by "[[Tolkienist]]s" over the years in various aspects and levels; unavoidably, some more or less obvious '''inconsistencies seem to have slipped the author's attention'''. Most are revealed after more than one reading of the book and possibly thorough study.<br />
<br />
Fans of Tolkien usually accept that in any work there are usually plot holes. In a larger, far more detailed and realistic book we expect fewer (if any) plot holes, when in reality there is a far greater chance because of its complexity.<br />
<br />
Any inconsistency can be blamed on the fictitious Tolkien who adapted ancient sources such as the Red Book or on the characters who wrote and compiled those sources. Tolkien himself mentioned in Appendix D that he might have made many errors on the calendar while "translating" the "ancient sources", a comment written as a fail-safe for any narrative mistakes the author might have made, and mentioned in Appendix F ("Of the Elves") that Frodo had erred in thinking the dialect of Sindarin spoken by the elves of Lórien was Silvan Elvish.<ref>{{FR|II6}}. A footnote directs the reader to the correction in the appendix.</ref><br />
<br />
Such explanations attributing the mistakes to the "translator Tolkien" or the "original sources" are easy and unenlightening. Therefore many fans prefer to explain those inconsistencies with some internal explanation. The explanations below of are this type. For example, at least some of the logical mistakes can be attributed to the characters themselves who said a contradicting phrase, since none of them is supposed to have the "omniscience" of the author. Contradictions of this type are grouped as "character mistakes". Others are grouped as "factual mistakes", of which mistakes in chronology are a subgroup.<br />
<br />
=Character mistakes=<br />
==The Eldest==<br />
Possibly the most noticeable inconsistency in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is that both [[Tom Bombadil]] and [[Treebeard]] are referred to as the [[eldest]] being in [[Middle-earth]]. Tom says that about himself,<ref>{{FR|I7}}, "Eldest, that's what I am.... Tom was here before the river and the trees; Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn." </ref> and [[Elrond]] mentions that the Elves knew Tom as "oldest and fatherless".<ref name="CofE">{{FR|II2}}</ref> However, [[Gandalf]] tells [[Théoden]] that Treebeard is "the oldest of all living things",<ref name="Isengard">{{TT|III8}}</ref> and Celeborn addresses Treebeard as "Eldest".<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[Many Partings]]"</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe Tom is not "alive" as Treebeard is<ref>Tom Shippey, ''The Road to Middle-earth: Revised and Expanded Edition'', p. 107</ref> (though he seems to be). On this subject, Gandalf, [[Saruman]], and [[Sauron]] have existed far longer than Treebeard, as they are [[Maiar]], but they haven't been alive (in a physical body) as long.<br />
<br />
==Sam's spying==<br />
[[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] tells [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] that as a result of [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]'s eavesdropping, he and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] "know most of what Gandalf has told you about the [[The One Ring|Ring]]".<ref name=ACU>{{FR|I5}}</ref> Most of what Gandalf told Frodo was in one long conversation, at the end of which Gandalf caught Sam.<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref> This contradicts Merry's statement that after Sam was caught, he "seemed to regard himself as on parole, and dried up".<ref name=ACU/><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe Sam's information was what he learned before he was caught, though that's not what Merry says.<br />
<br />
==A choice of dangers==<br />
[[Aragorn]] tells the hobbits, as they prepare to leave [[Bree]], "After [[Weathertop]] our journey will become more difficult, and we shall have to choose between various dangers."<ref name=Strider/> The ridges they have to climb after Weathertop may be more difficult than the [[Midgewater Marshes]], but they encounter no dangers on the route Aragorn chooses, and Aragorn doesn't warn the hobbits of any dangers, except the chance that the Nazgûl will find them as they cross the [[Last Bridge]].<ref name="Flight">{{FR|I12}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Aragorn does cite two other possible courses. One is going north through the [[Ettenmoors|Ettendales]] instead of crossing the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but in addition to the danger of [[trolls]], that route would take too long and the Company would run out of food. The other is finding the Ford without following the Road, but that's impossible.<ref>{{FR|I12}}, "'We cannot hope to find a path through these hills. Whatever danger may beset it, the Road is our only way to the Ford.'"</ref> Maybe although he describes these alternatives as impossible when he faces them, in Bree they only seemed to present the danger of taking too long or getting lost.<br />
<br />
==Aragorn's knowledge==<br />
Aragorn tells the hobbits in Bree, "I know all the lands between [[the Shire]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], for I have wandered over them for many years."<ref name="Strider"/> But later, speaking of the Ettendales, he says, "That is troll-country, and little known to me," and "I do not know the way" to Rivendell by detouring through them.<ref name="Flight"/> The Ettendales or Ettenmoors are on a line between the Shire and the northern part of the Misty Mountains.<br />
;Explanation:If we take Aragorn's line "wandered over them" literally, we can accept that Aragorn has also wandered over the Ettendales. Of course that doesn't necessarily means that Aragorn should know ''everything'' about those lands, or even know ''all'' ways (e.g., to Rivendell) through them. He does say that he knows those lands a "little".<br />
<br />
==Possession of the [[Nine Rings]]==<br />
In ''[[The Council of Elrond]]'' [[Gandalf]] says that the [[Nazgûl]] kept their Rings by saying "The Nine the Nazgûl keep"<ref name="CofE"/>. However in most other references, it is mentioned that Sauron had taken them.<ref>{{FR|I2}}, "the Nine [Sauron] has gathered to himself; the Seven also, or else they are destroyed."</ref><ref>{{FR|II7}}, "You saw the Eye of him that holds the Seven and the Nine."</ref> Furthermore, Frodo doesn't see any Rings on them on [[Weathertop]], and it is believed that if they did wear the Rings, they would have been fully [[Unseen|invisible]] (including their cloaks).<ref>http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q0-InvRiders</ref><br />
<br />
The line in the Council of Elrond represents Tolkien's earlier intention that the Nazgûl should still be wearing their Rings, but he later changed his mind and simply missed revising that sentence.<br />
<br />
;Explanation: The phrase can be also interpreted as "The Nine keep the Nazgûl [in Sauron’s thralldom]"; or as the Nazgûl are Sauron's slaves, his owning the Rings may be equivalent to the Nazgûl's keeping them. <br />
:Or perhaps, Gandalf was mistaken. The Nazgûl were not well known by the Council nor were all of Sauron's personal actions, and it is possible that they assumed they kept the Rings when in reality they did not.<br />
<br />
==Feeling the [[Mithril#The_Mithril_Coat|''mithril'' coat]]==<br />
The ''mithril'' coat that Bilbo gives Frodo is "almost as supple as linen",<ref name="Ring">{{FR|II3}}</ref> and Aragorn carries Frodo in Moria (after the orc chieftain spears Frodo) without noticing the coat.<ref>{{FR|II5}}</ref> However, when Bilbo slaps Frodo on the back after giving him the coat, he says, "Ow!... You are too hard now to slap!"<ref name="Ring"/><br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Bilbo is joking.<br />
<br />
==Galadriel's mind-reading==<br />
Galadriel tells Frodo and Sam that she knows Sauron's thoughts that concern the Elves.<ref name="Mirror">{{FR|II7}}</ref> It seems strange that they don't ask her whether she has any information they might find useful and she doesn't offer them any. Also, she doesn't seem to have known about [[Saruman]]'s betrayal some nineteen years earlier, though the defection of a member of the [[White Council]] might be thought to concern the Elves. At least, she didn't warn Gandalf in the messages he got from Lórien after reading the [[Scroll of Isildur]], the year before he trustingly entered [[Orthanc]].<ref name="CofE"/> (Also, when Aragorn was serving in Gondor under the name [[Thorongil]], he "often warned [[Ecthelion II|Ecthelion]] not to put trust in Saruman".<ref>{{HM|AA}}</ref> It's strange that he knew not to trust Saruman but Gandalf didn't.)<br />
;Explanation: Conceivably Galadriel gained the ability to read Sauron's mind sometime after the messages went to Gandalf.<br />
<br />
==[[Galadriel]]'s role==<br />
Galadriel tells the Fellowship, "I will not give you counsel, saying do this, or do that. For not in doing or contriving, or in choosing between this course and another, can I avail; but only in knowing what was and is, and in part also what shall be."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref> Later she tells Frodo, "I do not counsel you one way or the other. I am not a counsellor."<ref name="Mirror"/> However, the rhyme she sends Aragorn advises a specific course: the [[Grey Company]] should come out of [[Rivendell]], and Aragorn should take the [[Paths of the Dead]].<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref> Likewise [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] conclude that Galadriel sent the message to the Grey Company telling them to join Aragorn in [[Rohan]]; this seems to be "contriving" and "choosing between one course and another". Incidentally, it is odd that the Grey Company got this message without knowing who it was from.<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: One could imagine that someone else (Celeborn?) made the decisions and Galadriel only sent the messages. Legolas and Gimli may have erred in thinking she was the source. Alternatively, it is conceivable that Galadriel's words to the Fellowship were calculated to have a desired impact, even though at face value they seemed to be of no use.<br />
<br />
==Tales of hobbits==<br />
Pippin tells [[Théoden]], "I have wandered in many lands, since I left my home, and never till now have I found people that knew any story concerning hobbits."<ref name="Isengard"/> But hobbits live in [[Bree]], [[Tom Bombadil]] knows many stories about hobbits, one would think the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] (who guard [[the Shire]] and Bree) and the Elves of Rivendell (where Bilbo has been living) would know some, and the Elves of Lórien have at least heard of hobbits.<ref>{{FR|II6}}, "We had not heard of&mdash;hobbits, of halflings, for many a long year...."</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Pippin has just woken up from a nap, after a lunch that included wine, and is talking to a king for the first time in his life; he may not be thinking clearly.<br />
<br />
==Crossing Rohan inconspicuously==<br />
As they ride away from Isengard, Gandalf tells Merry that the Lidless Eye will be looking toward Rohan, so "He [Théoden] will ride from there [Helm's Deep] to Dunharrow by paths among the hills. From now on no more than two or three together are to go openly over the land, by day or night, when it can be avoided."<ref>{{TT|III11}}</ref> However, later that night, after Pippin looks into the ''palantír'' and Gandalf says they must move from the spot, Théoden says he will go in a group of twelve, and Gandalf agrees.<ref>{{TT|III11}}, "'I will keep Éomer and ten Riders,' said the king. 'They shall ride with me at early day. The rest may go with Aragorn and ride as soon as they have a mind.' 'As you will,' said Gandalf."</ref> Then when the trip to Helm's Deep starts, the number has increased to twenty-six, and Aragorn goes with Théoden.<ref>{{RK|V2}}, "Soon all were ready to depart: twenty-four horses, with Gimli behind Legolas, and Merry in front of Aragorn."</ref> The trip from Helm's Deep to Dunharrow has a group of five hundred.<ref>{{RK|V2}}, "A thousand spears had indeed already ridden away at night, but still there would be some five hundred more to go with the king."</ref> They do ride through the hills, as Gandalf had said. "Most of the time" they're in a group bigger than three.<ref>{{RK|V3}}, "Sometimes where the way was broader he [Merry] had ridden at the king's side, not noticing that many of the Riders smiled to see the two together: the hobbit on his little shaggy grey pony, and the Lord of Rohan on his great white horse. [...] But most of the time, especially on the last day, Merry had ridden by himself just behind the king, saying nothing, and trying to understand the slow sonorous speech of Rohan that he heard the men behind him using."</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe there was some reason, not narrated, that Gandalf changed his mind about the need for small groups (and Théoden changed his about his companions). Or maybe for most of the journey, riding in big groups couldn't be avoided, though that would make the order pointless.<br />
<br />
==Knowledge of the ''Palantíri''==<br />
After Gandalf learns that the crystal ball he has recovered is the ''[[palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]], he tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] the [[White Council]] didn't know any of the ''palantíri'' (presumably those of [[Gondor]]) survived disaster in Gondor (presumably the [[Kin-strife]]).<ref>{{TT|III11}}, "It was not known to us that any of the ''palantíri'' had escaped the ruin of Gondor."</ref> However, after [[Denethor]] reveals his ''palantír'', Gandalf claims to have "long" known that the [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]] had it and that another ''palantír'' was at [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Pyre of Denethor]]", "Though the Stewards deemed that it was a secret kept only by themselves, long have I known that here in the White Tower, as at Orthanc, one of the Seven Stones was preserved."</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Gandalf could have learned about the two ''palantíri'' by himself, after the last time the White Council met (66 years earlier), or he was concealing his knowledge so as to keep secret his source for this information.<br />
<br />
==The peril of deep arts==<br />
In connection with the ''palantír'' of Orthanc, Gandalf observes to Pippin, "Perilous to us all are the devices of an art deeper than we possess ourselves."<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|III11}}</ref> However, never in ''The Hobbit'' or ''The Lord of the Rings'' does he warn [[Thorin|Thorin]] or the hobbits against using elvish swords, which glow in the presence of orcs, or [[Daggers of Westernesse|daggers from the barrow]], which are especially effective against Ringwraiths. He returns the [[Phial of Galadriel]] to Frodo and [[Gifts of Galadriel|Galadriel's box of earth]] to Sam without any warnings. Also, there is no apparent danger in characters' using other products of elven arts (cloaks, ''[[hithlain]]'' ropes, ''[[lembas]]'').<br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe the ''palantíri'' are "devices" in a sense in which the other things named are not. <br />
:Furthermore, it's possible that Gandalf was only attempting to discourage Pippin's curiosity, worrying that it could lead to another dangerous situation like that with the ''palantír''.<br />
==The eyes in Orthanc==<br />
<br />
When Aragorn tells Gimli and Legolas that he's confronted Sauron in the ''palantír'', he says, "To know that I lived and walked the earth was a blow to his heart, I deem; for he knew it not till now. The eyes in Orthanc did not see through the armour of Théoden".<ref>{{RK|V2}}</ref> But Wormtongue knew that Aragorn claimed to be Isildur's heir, as Gandalf points out to Pippin.<ref name=Palantir/> Thus whether Wormtongue recognized Aragorn from Orthanc doesn't matter to Sauron's knowledge of Aragorn's existence. What Aragorn should have deduced was that either Wormtongue never told Saruman about him, or Saruman didn't reveal the knowledge, whether to Sauron through the ''palantír'' or to the Nazgûl who came to demand Saruman's supposed captive hobbit. (The latter is what Gandalf tells Pippin he fears.)<br />
<br />
==[[Mouth of Sauron]] and "Sauron the Great"==<br />
[[Aragorn]] mentions that the name "[[Sauron]]" (meaning "Abominable") is the name used by his enemies, and Sauron himself does not permit it to be pronounced.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Therefore it would be problematic, if not logically impossible, for the messenger to Dáin to refer to his master as "the Lord Sauron the Great", as Aragorn had heard at the [[Council of Elrond]],<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref> and for a servant of Sauron to say, "I am the Mouth of Sauron".<ref>{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: It could be that Aragorn was mistaken, perhaps thinking of the time before Sauron had declared himself. Another possibility is that the "Mouth" used a different name or title, perhaps in the Black Speech, and Frodo or the translator Tolkien "translated" it as Sauron to clarify it for readers. A similar possibility is that despite Aragorn's blanket statement, Sauron sometimes allowed his servants to use the name for such purposes as communicating with others who used it. As many of his enemies only knew his "true" name as Sauron, it would also allow him to keep his true names and aliases hidden from them, as well as allow them to immediately recognize whom his servants were referring to.<br />
<br />
=Factual mistakes=<br />
==[[Doors of Durin]]==<br />
The name ''[[Moria]]'' means "Black Chasm" and was a derogatory description of the place which the [[Dwarves]] did not like much; it was given after [[Durin's Bane]] took over the city and it was overrun by [[Orcs]]. It is therefore a paradox why that name appears on the [[Doors of Durin]] (''Ennyn Durin Aran Moria''), made in the [[Second Age]], and with the consent of the Dwarves.<br />
<br />
;Explanation: An "external" explanation is that since the translated [[Norse]] names [[Durin (disambiguation)|Durin]] and [[Narvi]] are seen in the inscription, ''Moria'' may also be a "translated" name.<br />
<br />
==[[Eagles]]==<br />
One of the best-known alleged plot holes is why the Eagles came to carry Frodo and Sam back from [[Mount Doom]] but did not help them to fly [[the One Ring]] there. While there are many counter explanations, it is a logical gap that this idea was not proposed in the [[Council of Elrond]].<br />
;Explanation: Simply put, it would have likely made a dull read, as very few of the numerous events in between the Fellowship departing and the Ring being destroyed would have ever happened.<br />
:In an in-universe sense, it is also very likely that flying directly into Mordor whilst Sauron and his forces, particularly the Nazgûl and their [[fell beast|fell beasts]], were on alert and not distracted (as they were during the [[Battle of the Morannon]]) would have been an incredibly dangerous, if not impossible task.<br />
:See [[Eagles#Flying_the_Ring_to_Mount_Doom|here]] for a more detailed discussion.<br />
<br />
==Distances==<br />
The distances of the Dwarves' travel to [[Rivendell]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' seem to have different proportions than those in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien tried to reconcile the ''Hobbit'' description with the scale of the ''LotR'' map but couldn't find an appropriate solution.<ref>{{HM|RS}} p. 204</ref><br />
<br />
While Frodo and his companions needed 28 days from [[Hobbiton]] to [[Rivendell]] (10.7 miles/day)<ref name="atlas">[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref>, [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] calculated that Bilbo and [[Thorin and Company]] needed 38 days (17.5 miles/day)<ref name="atlas"/>. [[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]] goes further and supposes that Thorin and Co. wanted two weeks from the [[Trollshaws]] till Rivendell (a distance which [[Glorfindel]] covered in two days), resulting in c. 48 days total.<ref>http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Durin%27s_Day.html</ref>.<br />
;Explanation: The distances and days are not described in the narrative and can be measured only by references such as the moon phases and other fan calculations; therefore there can be a margin of miscalculation. <br />
:In general, perhaps the Dwarves are by nature slower travelers than Men and/or Hobbits. In ''[[The Departure of Boromir]]'' it is seen that [[Gimli]] had a problem keeping pace with Aragorn and Legolas.<br />
<br />
==Beater and Biter==<br />
The swords [[Glamdring]] and its "mate" [[Orcrist]] are said to have belonged to King [[Turgon]] of the [[First Age]]. They never appeared much in battle (Turgon fought only in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]) and they were witnessed only by the Orcs of Beleriand. However, in the [[Third Age]] the swords are found in a [[Troll]] hoard in [[Eriador]], and the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] recognize them by their names.<br />
<br />
The Orcs don't seem to react similarly in the sight of Glamdring in ''LotR'', nor do they seem to recognize [[Narsil]]/[[Andúril]], which is much more "recent".<br />
<br />
;Explanation: There can be several theories and explanations of how the swords and even their reputations reach Eriador. However, the narrative of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' doesn't justify their significance to the extent of being remembered and recognized by the Goblins of the Third Age, even by tradition.<br />
<br />
==The elf-king's favorite gems==<br />
The narration of ''The Hobbit'' says the [[Thranduil|elf-king]]'s favorite gems are "white."<ref>{{H|8}}, "If the elf-king had a weakness it was for treasure, especially for silver and white gems...."</ref> However, after the [[Battle of Five Armies]], the narration says, "To the Elven-king he <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Bard]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> sent the emeralds of [[Girion]], such gems as he most loved...."<ref>{{H|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: The sentence is somewhat ambiguous: "he" could refer to Bard or Girion instead of the elf-king. However, the elf-king's preference in gems, not the others', would be relevant to Bard's choice of what to give him.<br />
<br />
==Thráin and Thorin's settling in the [[Blue Mountains]]==<br />
[[File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (1 of 4).png|250px|thumb|A map of north-west Middle-earth]]<br />
After [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and his followers returned to [[Dunland]] following the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}},<br />
{{Blockquote|they removed and wandered in [[Eriador]], until at last they made a home in exile in the east of the [[Ered Luin]] beyond the [[Lune]].<ref name="AppADurin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
From the point of view of Eriador and the Shire, "beyond the Lune" is north of it.<br />
<br />
However, the "Tale of Years" ([[Appendix B]]) states,<br />
{{Blockquote|Thráin and his son Thorin wander westwards. They settle in the South of [[Ered Luin]] beyond [[the Shire]] ({{TA|2802|n}})<ref name="AppThird">{{App|TA}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
It is difficult to reconcile the descriptions "beyond the Lune" and "in the south of the Ered Luin."<br />
<br />
Other mentions of the Dwarves' homes in the Ered Luin are consistent with both possibilities. "Dwarves dwelt in the east side of the Blue Mountains, especially in those parts south of the [[Gulf of Lune]], where they have mines that are still in use."<ref name="AppEriador"/> "Especially in those parts south of the Gulf of Lune" implies that a smaller number of Dwarves lived north of the Gulf, as shown in two other quotations. In a parenthetical comment made in "Of Dwarves and Men" in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien indicated that beyond the inflow of the [[Little Lune]] was 'Dwarf territory'.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 313</ref> Likewise in Appendix A: [[Arvedui]], the last king of [[Arthedain]], "hid in the tunnels of the old dwarf-mines near the far end of the Mountains".<ref name="AppEriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Westron and English==<br />
In a few places, Tolkien might be thought to have forgotten that the English, including Old English, in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is supposed to be translated from [[Westron]] and related languages. Some of these are easily explained. The most difficult is the comment, "This was ''Orthanc'', the citadel of Saruman, the name of which had (by design or chance) a twofold meaning; for in the Elvish speech ''orthanc'' signifies Mount Fang, but in the language of the Mark of old ''the Cunning Mind''."<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref> However, ''orthanc'' means "cunning" not in [[Rohirric]] but in Old English, which Tolkien used to translate Rohirric.<br />
<br />
==Chronology==<br />
<br />
===When Bilbo departed===<br />
In the chapter ''[[Roast Mutton]]'', [[Thorin and Company]] depart from the ''[[Green Dragon]]'' "one fine morning just before May." In the later written and published "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", part of "[[Unfinished Tales]]", the author established that the day of departure was [[27 April]].<ref>{{UT|Quest}}</ref> However, the chapter ''[[Flies and Spiders]]'' refers to what has happened "since they started their journey that May morning long ago."<br />
<br />
;Explanation: The fifth month of the [[Shire Calendar]], Thrimidge, falls between 22 April to 21 May. By the human calendar, the journey would have started just before May; but by the hobbit calendar, the journey started during Thrimidge. The second reference to May could have been a "translation error", where "Thrimidge" was translated as "May" regardless of the actual date.<br />
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===[[White Council]] during the [[Watchful Peace]]===<br />
According to [[Appendix A]], "The Stewards", during the [[Watchful Peace]] "''Sauron withdrew before the power of the White Council and the Ringwraiths remained hidden in Morgul Vale''". However the Watchful Peace ended in {{TA|2460}}, three years before the White Council was formed. Thus according to [[Robert Foster]], the reference to the Council is "incorrect".<ref>[[Robert Foster]] (2001) ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Complete Guide to Middle-Earth: From The Hobbit through The Lord of the Rings and Beyond]]''. Random House Digital, [http://books.google.com/books?id=GNGJvGi849UC&pg=PA538 p. 538].</ref><br />
;Explanation: Foster suggests that the reference to the "White Council" is rather to "the [[Wise]]" in general.<br />
<br />
===Moon phases===<br />
Tolkien was particularly careful about the phases of the [[Moon]] in the ''LotR''. Yet some mistakes did elude him. See for example [[13 January|January 13]], [[16 January|January 16]], [[22 February|February 22]], [[22 September|September 22]]. <br />
<br />
In general, it is possible that Tolkien consulted a modern almanac to model the moon phases, and also possible that he confused the meanings of "New Moon": the astronomical (the moment when the moon is darkest) and the colloquial (appearance of the new crescent moon).<ref>http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html</ref><br />
<br />
Another mistake appears in ''The Hobbit'': [[Bard|Bard I]] killed [[Smaug]] "at the rising of the moon"<ref>{{H|15}}</ref> when "the moon rose above the eastern shore and silvered his [Smaug's] great wings... the waxing moon rose higher and higher". Also the [[thrush]] tells Bard, "Wait! Wait!... The Moon is rising." <ref>{{H|14}}</ref> However, according to astronomy a waxing moon rises only in the morning, after the sun. We can be certain the moon was waxing because this occurs the day after [[Durin's Day]], which is the first day in the last month of autumn that the new moon is visible together with the sun.<ref name=lalaith>http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Durin%27s_Day.html</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: One might imagine that Bard needed to wait for the moon to fall below a cloudbank and that the tradition is corrupt.<ref name=lalaith/><br />
<br />
===Gandalf's letter===<br />
The letter Gandalf leaves for Frodo at the ''[[Prancing Pony]]'' is dated "[[Midyear's Day]], Shire Year, 1418."<ref name="Strider">{{FR|I10}}</ref> However, Appendix B says Gandalf met [[Radagast]] on June 29, and Gandalf says he left [[Bree]] at dawn of the following day,<ref name="CofE"/> which would be June 30, two days before Midyear's day (as 1 [[Lithe]] comes between).<br />
;Explanation: Possibly someone made a mistake involving the different calendars, though Bree uses the [[Shire-reckoning]] (aside from the number of the year). Perhaps more likely is that Gandalf, who was in a hurry, and traveling for days, confused the passage of time.<br />
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===Shadow over Eregion===<br />
While the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] traverses [[Hollin]], they see and feel a flying shadow over them.<ref name="Ring"/> Since no other such phenomena occur, when the [[Fell Beast]]s are introduced, the reader makes such a connection. However later we learn that Sauron did not permit the Nazgûl to traverse west of the [[Anduin]] after their accident at [[Bruinen]].<br />
<br />
;Explanation: Possibly it was a "lost" or "disobeying" Nazgûl who despite orders found himself prematurely west of the Anduin, or simply something wholly unexplained and unrelated to the Fell Beasts. Perhaps it was some feeling of foreboding as they would eventually have to go to Moria. It could also be a sort of literal metaphor of Sauron observing them, as often throughout the books Sauron's gaze is compared to a "heavy shadow" bearing down on what it sees.<br />
<br />
===Nights in Lórien===<br />
The surviving members of the Company spend their first night in Lórien in a "flet" in a tree. On their second night, "they rested and slept without fear on the ground".<ref >{{FR|II6}}</ref> On their third night, they sleep on the ground again, in a pavilion in [[Caras Galadon]]. "For a little while the travellers talked of their night before in the tree-tops, and of their day's journey...." And Aragorn says, "But tonight I shall sleep without fear for the first time since I left Rivendell."<ref name="Mirror"/> The night in the tree-tops was not the night before, and Aragorn did sleep without fear on the previous night, so the second night appears to be forgotten.<br />
<br />
;Explanation: In Lórien at least some members of the fellowship lose track of the flow of time. Shortly after Aragorn's remark, the narration says, "They remained some days in Lothlórien, so far as they could tell or remember." Also, after leaving Lórien, Sam feels sure they had not spent a whole month there, despite the evidence of the phase of the moon, and Frodo thinks while in Lórien they were in the past and mentions that he doesn't remember seeing the moon while there. However, Legolas assures him that only their perception of time was changed, and Aragorn points out that the time had indeed been a month.<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Aragorn's forgetting his night without fear could be an effect of this changed sense of time. The phrase in the narration "the night before in the tree-tops" is harder to explain within the story, as the narration does include the intervening night, but the inconspicuous contradiction might be deliberate foreshadowing of what the Company will experience.<br />
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===The sapling's discovery===<br />
In the text of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' it is stated: "And Aragorn planted the new tree in the court by the fountain, and swiftly and gladly it began to grow; and when the month of June entered in it was laden with blossom".<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> The wording of this sentence suggests that Aragorn planted the sapling ''before'' June began. However, in ''[[Appendix B]]'' there is the entry: "June 25 (of {{TA|3019|n}}) King Elessar finds the sapling of the White Tree",<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> in which case it could not have blossomed until late in the month.<br />
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===Walda's death===<br />
King [[Walda]]'s death date is recorded in [[Appendix A]] as [[Third Age 2851]] but in [[Appendix B]] as [[Third Age 2861]].<br />
<br />
=Corrected mistakes=<br />
Several mistakes were simply remnants of earlier concepts of Tolkien, which later escaped his attention when revising the book. Some of them were corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]].<br />
===Durin's Day===<br />
The original text of ''The Hobbit'' described [[Durin's Day]] as occurring on "the first day of the last moon of autumn",<ref>{{H|3}}</ref> the "first moon of autumn",<ref>{{H|4}}</ref> and "the last week of autumn".<ref>{{H|11}}</ref> In the 1995 edition the mention in Chapter 4 was revised to place the day at the end of autumn, in line with the other two mentions.<ref>Chester N. Scoville, "''The Hobbit''" in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'' (2007), Michael D.C. Drout, ed., Taylor and Francis, p. 279</ref><br />
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===Bandobras' parentage===<br />
The ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' mentions that [[Bandobras Took]] was the son (not grandson) of [[Isengrim Took II]]. This has been corrected in the 50th Anniversary edition.<br />
<br />
===Sam's birth===<br />
In the second edition of ''LotR'', [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]'' as [[Third Age 2963]]. This contradicts both a later entry in ''The Tale of Years'' and the [[Appendix C]] given as [[Third Age 2980]].<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 716</ref><br />
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===[[Gimli]]'s axe===<br />
Upon arrival in [[Edoras]], Gimli mentions his axe has touched nothing but firewood since they left Moria. Yet he also claims he and [[Legolas]] killed several Orcs at [[Amon Hen]]. <br />
;Explanation: This discrepancy was noted by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', where they explained why they left it unchanged in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. Amon Hen was a week before the Battle of the Hornburg; even for a stout Dwarven warrior, lamenting not killing an Orc for that short period would make him look too bloodthirsty.<br />
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===Date of the addition of the Westmarch to the Shire===<br />
In the "Prologue" to ''The Lord of the Rings'' it stated that the Westmarch was added to the Shire in S.R. 1462.<ref name="OldPrologue">{{FR|Prologue}}</ref> In the "Tale of Years", however, this event was dated as {{SR|1452}}.<ref name="AppLater">{{App|Later}}</ref> The "S.R. 1462" date was corrected to "S.R. 1452" in the "Prologue" of the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (50th Anniversary Edition)]].<ref name="NewPrologue">{{FR|Prologue|50}}</ref><br />
===Mirror of Galadriel===<br />
In editions prior to the ''[[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]]'', the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]] mentions that Frodo and Sam looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] on [[14 February]]. However it is clear from the narrative that this occurred ''one day'' before departure on [[16 February]], not ''two''. [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] decided to fix the Tale of Years so that the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] sequence happened on 15 February.<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Forums:Height_accuracy&diff=278608Forums:Height accuracy2015-08-28T14:08:28Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
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<div><div style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px">'''[[Main Page|Tolkien Gateway]] &gt; [[Forum:Council|Forums]] &gt; {{PAGENAME}}'''</div> [[Category:Council]]<br />
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Hey, I noticed that we (as the human race) are constantly getting taller. This also makes Tolkien's characters no longer as tall in perspective. I get that we haven't an exact height of every character, but we can't just go on calling Saruman (and other characters) tall when we are evolving to be way taller than they! (this problem is created solely because of fashion models) How do we change this? Do we estimate or what? [[User:Arya|Arya]]<br />
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:You're comparing oranges and apples in that we exist in the real world and the characters in Tolkien's works don't. Very few characters are ascribed an exact height but Elendil the Tall was 7'11<nowiki>''</nowiki> whilst Galadriel was 6'4<nowiki>''</nowiki>; by any standard they are both tall! If Tolkien calls them "Tall", then tall they are. If humanity reaches a point where 7'11<nowiki>''</nowiki> is no longer regarded as tall then a note can be appended to the article to state the average heights in the mid-20th century. But I suspect this is a problem we won't have to deal with for many centuries! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 18:24, 6 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
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::I understand that Elendil and Galadriel are still considered tall, and will be for a very long time, but I believe that we should make these notes because we will as a species make it past the height of 7'11. When this happens is really not the question, but if it'll happen at all. The answer being yes, we should keep Tolkien Gateway as accurate as possible, for as long as possible, and make note of the current average height. [[User:Arya|Arya]] 05:55, 7 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
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:::Saying that Tolkien called Elendil "Tall" is accurate. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 09:57, 7 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::My reasoning is we need to make note of the average height because Tolkien's claim is accurate, but in the future, the reasoning for this claim will be not on many minds, and that if our pages explained the not so obvious, comprehension would be much more easily grasped. If my point is valid to you yet, is there any way I could get a list of all the Tolkien characters on this website, so I can not leave out any articles. [[User:Arya|Arya]] 17:05, 16 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::Can I get permission to go forward with this? [[User:Arya|Arya]] 03:43, 21 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Not from me. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 08:45, 25 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::Then can you tell me who I ask [[User:Arya|Arya]] 19:23, 25 August 2015 (UTC)<br />
:::::::I suggest you find someone who agrees with your proposal first. I agree with Mith that the height comparisons should stand as they are, since average heights are only a few centimetres taller than those during Tolkien's time at most, and the rate of increase in average human height is not fast enough for this to be an issue (and is also unevenly spread - apparently people during the Middle Ages were taller than in 1700). You're welcome to ask again if the issue becomes serious in a few hundred years. [[User:Arcorann|Arcorann]] 14:08, 28 August 2015 (UTC)</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Stewards%27_Reckoning&diff=278194Stewards' Reckoning2015-08-26T05:47:09Z<p>Arcorann: /* The Calendar */ table</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
'''Stewards' Reckoning''', also known as the '''Revised Calendar''', was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] by its first [[Ruling Steward]], [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], in [[Third Age 2060]]. It replaced the previous system known as the [[Kings' Reckoning]] and, following the [[War of the Ring]], it was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] used a [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] calendar called Kings' Reckoning but even after the fall of [[Sauron]] at the end of that Age, the old calendar was maintained by the [[Exiles of Númenor]] in [[Middle-earth]] into the [[Third Age]]. When the era of the Kings passed with the [[Battle of Fornost|fall of Arnor]] and the loss of King [[Eärnur]], the Kings' Reckoning presented (through the continued accumulation of the [[wikipedia:millenial deficit|millenial deficit]]s) an offset of about 1.6 days<ref name="lal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Time.html|articlename=The Reckoning of Time|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|website=Lalaith}}</ref> out of synchronicity with the astronomical observations.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
To correct the accumulating deficit of the calendar, Steward Mardil inserted two leap days into {{TA|2059}}. In addition, he reformed the calendar, to take effect in {{TA|2060|n}}, by making all months of equal length at 30 days and arranging the two extra days as holidays outside of the months. In {{TA|2360|n}} Steward [[Hador (Steward of Gondor)|Hador]] added 1 day to that year. However, there was no millennial addition in {{TA|3000|n}}, so by {{TA|3020|n}} the calendar was once again in deficit according to Tolkien, but by less than 1 day.<ref name="D2" /><br />
<br />
It is unclear whether the leap day in {{TA|2060|n}} was dropped in consequence. The deficit Tolkien would have calculated ignoring the additions in {{TA|2059|n}} for the end of {{TA|2060|n}} is 1 day, 8 hours, 5 minutes, 26 seconds; his claim that the deficit then was about 8 hours would imply that one extra day had occurred and therefore that the leap day was skipped. By contrast, his claim that a deficit of less than one day existed in {{TA|3020|n}} would imply that the {{TA|2060|n}} leap day as retained.<ref name="TLvAR">{{webcite|articleurl=http://rinsanity.weebly.com/tolkien.html|articlename=Tolkien's Legendarium versus Astronomical Reality|website=[http://rinsanity.weebly.com/ Redirected Insanity]|author=Aaron Chong|accessed=11 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Stewards' Reckoning was eventually adopted by most speakers of [[Westron]] such as the [[Dwarves]] and even the [[Elves]] (who maintained their former traditions only for ritual purposes).<br />
<br />
In the [[Fourth Age]], the calendar was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==The Calendar==<br />
The Revised Calendar consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, and five additional days that belonged to no month. The months were taken from those of the Kings' Reckoning, with the change that the seventh and eighth months were shortened to thirty days, and the two days placed outside the months as [[tuilérë]], meaning Spring-day, and [[yáviérë]], meaning Autumn-day.<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 <br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 <br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 <br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30<br />
|-<br />
| ||[[Tuilérë]] || || 1<br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 30<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 30<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 <br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30<br />
|-<br />
| ||[[Yáviérë]] || || 1<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The names of the months and days were now popularly used in Quenya (though [[Dale]] and [[Rohan]], retained old names, at least among the lower population); the [[Dúnedain]] adhered to [[Sindarin]] versions.<br />
<br />
==Observations==<br />
*Yestarë: Winter Solstice<br />
*28 Gwaeron: Vernal Equinox<br />
*30 Gwirith: [[Erukyermë]]<br />
*Loëndë: Summer Solstice/[[Erulaitalë]]<br />
*10 October: Automnal Equinox<br />
*?? [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth Calendars]]<br />
[[de:Truchsessen-Zeitrechnung]]<br />
[[fi:Käskynhaltijain lasku]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&diff=278192Tengwar2015-08-26T05:39:52Z<p>Arcorann: fix for Omniglot link, partial uncomment of Unicode section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]<br />
The '''''Tengwar''''' ([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) had been a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It has been used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The Classical Quenya mode===<br />
{{main|Quenya mode}}<br />
[[Fëanor]] invented the tengwar on the [[Valian Year 1250]] strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet, and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{HM|Runes}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/><br />
<br />
However Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of [[tehtar]] (instead of the full letters).<ref name="ApD"/>. <br />
<br />
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===The Mode of Beleriand===<br />
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}<br />
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]<br />
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. <br />
<br />
In Beleriand, it is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]], mainly in their shape and arrangement. <br />
<br />
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that in [[Eregion]], a tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.<br />
<br />
===The General Use===<br />
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]], in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].<br />
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]<br />
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> which the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.<br />
<br />
In the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, another mode was used that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.<br />
<br />
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.<br />
<br />
The shape of the Tengwar were uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow). <br />
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar, therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.<br />
<br />
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. <br />
<br />
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: The basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:<br />
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.<br />
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.<br />
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.<br />
<br />
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.<br />
<br />
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! | <br />
! colspan="2" | Labial<br />
! colspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Velar<br />
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| k<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| kw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| g<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| gw<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiceless plosives<br />
| {{tg|Q}}<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|!}}<br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|A}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|Z}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiced plosives<br />
| {{tg|W}}<br />
| b<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|@}}<br />
| d<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|S}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|X}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| ch<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| chw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| gh<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| ghw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>nasals<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| hm<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| hn<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| hñ<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| hñw<br />
|-<br />
|Nasals<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ñ<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ñw<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Arrangement===<br />
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.<br />
<br />
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
|Grade I<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| [[Tinco]]<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| [[Parma]]<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| [[Calma]]<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| [[Quesse]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade II<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| [[Ando]]<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| [[Anga]]<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| [[Ungwe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade III<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| [[Súlë]]<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| [[Formen]]<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| [[Aha]]<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade IV<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| [[Anto]]<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| [[Ampa]]<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| [[Anca]]<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| [[Unque]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade V<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| [[Númen]]<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| [[Malta]]<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| [[Noldo]]<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| [[Nwalme]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade VI<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| [[Óre]]<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| [[Valar|Vala]]<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| [[Anna]]<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| [[Rómen]]<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| [[Arda]]<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| [[Lambe]]<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| [[Silme]]<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
| [[Silme nuquerna]]<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| [[Essë]]<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| [[Esse nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| [[Hyarmen]]<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| [[Yanta]]<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| [[Úrë]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|&#189;}}<br />
| [[Halla]]<br />
| {{tg|`}}<br />
| [[Telco]]<br />
| {{tg|~}}<br />
| [[Ára]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
== Values==<br />
As mentioned, the tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.<br />
<br />
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. <br />
<br />
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>Anga/Jé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''')<br>Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/w<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| -i/y<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|&rsquo;?<br>&rsquo;á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| -u?<br>Úre/Au<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>AngaJé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch'''''<br>Hwesta/Aha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
|zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
|ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/u<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| o<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|a<br>'a<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Esse Nuquerna/Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e/e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| w<br>Úre/Au<br />
|-<br />
|{{tg|`B}} <br />
|i <br />
|{{tg|~B}} <br />
|i-/y-<br />
|{{tg|]}}<br />
|a <br />
| {{tg|š}}<br />
| mh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other modes==<br />
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them, use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless<br />
<br />
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: <br />
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]] <br />
*The "full writing" modes, represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.<br />
<br />
== External History ==<br />
The [[sarati]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s, anticipates many features of the tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties), different tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).<br />
<br />
Even closer to the tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".<br />
<br />
The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. <br />
<br />
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script which he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.<br />
<br />
It is likewise not known whether, but conceivable that the shapes of several tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script, used to write Anglo-saxon, and the gothic textura and cursive scripts, used to write Middle English, with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.<br />
==Tengwar study==<br />
===Indexing===<br />
[[Mellonath Daeron]], the linguistic guild of the [[Forodrim]], devised a system to keep track of all the known genuine samples of the Tengwar made by Tolkien and create a reference list.<br />
<br />
As of [[2015]] the ''[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina]'' (DTS) lists 89 known sources of tengwar samples and is updated whenever a new sample is published, revealed or discovered.<br />
<br />
The DTS is used as a widely accepted standard in Tolkien studies, whenever an essay or article needs to refer to an example or an attested source. <br />
<br />
This is a list of few known samples predating publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (many of them published posthumously):<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS1 DTS1] ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', published 1937<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS22 DTS 22] - ''Ilbereth's Greeting'' from [[The Father Christmas Letters]], dating to 1937<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS 50]/[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 51] - ''Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript'' from [[The Notion Club Papers]] has [[Old English]] language text written in tengwar (with a few [[Adûnaic]] and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS10 DTS 10] - The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948.<br />
* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS16 DTS 16], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS17 DTS 17], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS18 DTS 18] - ''Elvish Script Sample I, II, III'', with parts of the English poems ''[[Errantry]]'' and ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|Bombadil]]'', first published in the ''Silmarillion Calendar 1978'', later in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', as well as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS23 DTS 23] - ''So Lúthien'', a page of the English ''Lay of Leithan'' text facsimiled in [[The History of Middle-earth#Volume 3|HoME 3]]:299.<br />
<br />
A few other samples, e.g. a tengwar mode for [[Gothic]] are known to exist, but remain unpublished to date<ref>http://www.reocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html</ref>.<br />
===Modes===<br />
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. <br />
=== Encoding Schemes ===<br />
==== Non-Unicode ====<br />
The contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that if no corresponding tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.<br />
<br />
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.<br />
<br />
For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.<br />
<br />
Other tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).<br />
<br />
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography. If no tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.<br />
<br />
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}<br />
<br />
==== Unicode ====<br />
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].<br />
<br />
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. <!--The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript tengwar proposal.--> Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s [[Code2000]] and [[Code2001]] use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).<br />
<br />
<!--<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">{{PUA|&#xe022;}}{{PUA|&#xe051;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe028;}}{{PUA|&#xe011;}}{{PUA|&#xe04c;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe005;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe013;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe058;}} {{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe005;}}{{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}} {{PUA|&#xe009;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe003;}}{{PUA|&#xe052;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe022;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe007;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe053;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe00f;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe058;}} ⸬ {{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe016;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}} {{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}} {{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe032;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe024;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe003;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe024;}}{{PUA|&#xe025;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe025;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe00a;}}{{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe022;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}} {{PUA|&#xe003;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}} {{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe058;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}}{{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe024;}}{{PUA|&#xe001;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe01d;}} {{PUA|&#xe005;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe028;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}} ⸬</blockquote><br />
--><br />
<br />
===Uses outside the legendarium===<br />
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appear stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appear in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.<br />
<br />
Several linguists such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as they are culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarati]]<br />
* [[Cirth]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the tengwar script<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published tengwar samples<br />
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
<br />
=== Modes ===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]<br />
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]<br />
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]<br />
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)<br />
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)<br />
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]<br />
<br />
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).<br />
<br />
=== Technical ===<br />
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.<br />
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]<br />
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<small><br />
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.<br />
</small><br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[de:Tengwar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Tengwar]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tengwar&diff=278191Tengwar2015-08-26T05:32:00Z<p>Arcorann: /* Encoding Schemes */ c/p current Unicode scheme from Wikipedia, requires editing before uncommenting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:Ryszard Derdzinski - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar]]<br />
The '''''Tengwar''''' ([[Quenya]] "letters", pron. {{IPA|[ˈteŋʷɡʷar]}}; [[Sindarin]] '''''Tîw'''''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) had been a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It has been used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The Classical Quenya mode===<br />
{{main|Quenya mode}}<br />
[[Fëanor]] invented the tengwar on the [[Valian Year 1250]] strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet, and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{HM|Runes}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as indepedent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/><br />
<br />
However Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seem to have been proved far more popular; he held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati, and made also use of [[tehtar]] (instead of the full letters).<ref name="ApD"/>. <br />
<br />
The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===The Mode of Beleriand===<br />
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}<br />
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|The [[Doors of Durin]] created during the [[Second Age]]]]<br />
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand. <br />
<br />
In Beleriand, it is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]], mainly in their shape and arrangement. <br />
<br />
We know from the inscription on the Western [[Moria Gate]] that in [[Eregion]], a tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was appearently unable to read this mode.<br />
<br />
===The General Use===<br />
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]], in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].<br />
[[Image:One ring.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring Verse|inscription]] on [[The One Ring]].]]<br />
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> which the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.<br />
<br />
In the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, another mode was used that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.<br />
<br />
== Spelling and Pronunciation ==<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
The most notable characteristic of the tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.<br />
<br />
The shape of the Tengwar were uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow). <br />
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the Sarati resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar, therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.<br />
<br />
The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed. <br />
<br />
All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: The basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless fricatives; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:<br />
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.<br />
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding soft version of it.<br />
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.<br />
<br />
According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.<br />
<br />
The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the abovementioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! | <br />
! colspan="2" | Labial<br />
! colspan="2" | Dental<br />
! colspan="2" | Velar<br />
! colspan="2" | Labiovelar<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| k<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| kw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>plosives<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| g<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| gw<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiceless plosives<br />
| {{tg|Q}}<br />
| p<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|!}}<br />
| t<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|A}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|Z}}<br />
| k<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Aspirated<br>voiced plosives<br />
| {{tg|W}}<br />
| b<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|@}}<br />
| d<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|S}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup><br />
| {{tg|X}}<br />
| g<sup>h</sup>w<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| ch<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| chw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiced<br>fricatives<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| gh<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| ghw<br />
|-<br />
|Voiceless<br>nasals<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| hm<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| hn<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| hñ<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| hñw<br />
|-<br />
|Nasals<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ñ<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ñw<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Arrangement===<br />
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.<br />
<br />
Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
|Grade I<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| [[Tinco]]<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| [[Parma]]<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| [[Calma]]<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| [[Quesse]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade II<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| [[Ando]]<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
| [[Anga]]<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| [[Ungwe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade III<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| [[Súlë]]<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| [[Formen]]<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
| [[Aha]]<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| [[Hwesta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade IV<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| [[Anto]]<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| [[Ampa]]<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| [[Anca]]<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
| [[Unque]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade V<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| [[Númen]]<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| [[Malta]]<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| [[Noldo]]<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| [[Nwalme]]<br />
|-<br />
|Grade VI<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| [[Óre]]<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| [[Valar|Vala]]<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| [[Anna]]<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
| [[Vilya]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| [[Rómen]]<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| [[Arda]]<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| [[Lambe]]<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| [[Alda]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| [[Silme]]<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
| [[Silme nuquerna]]<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| [[Essë]]<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| [[Esse nuquerna]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| [[Hyarmen]]<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| [[Yanta]]<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| [[Úrë]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{tg|&#189;}}<br />
| [[Halla]]<br />
| {{tg|`}}<br />
| [[Telco]]<br />
| {{tg|~}}<br />
| [[Ára]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
== Values==<br />
As mentioned, the tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.<br />
<br />
The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation. <br />
<br />
Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>Anga/Jé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''')<br>Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
| zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
| ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/w<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| -i/y<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|&rsquo;?<br>&rsquo;á<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| -u?<br>Úre/Au<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma<br />
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|1}}<br />
| t<br>Tinco/Tó<br />
| {{tg|q}}<br />
| p<br>Parma/Pí<br />
| {{tg|a}}<br />
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''')<br>Calma/Ché<br />
| {{tg|z}}<br />
| k<br>Quesse/Ká<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|2}}<br />
| d<br>Ando/Dó<br />
| {{tg|w}}<br />
| b<br>Umbar/Bí<br />
| {{tg|s}}<br />
|j<br>AngaJé<br />
| {{tg|x}}<br />
| g<br>Ungwe/Gá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|3}}<br />
| th<br>Súle/Thó<br />
| {{tg|e}}<br />
| f<br>Formen/Fí<br />
| {{tg|d}}<br />
|sh<br>Aha/Shé<br />
| {{tg|c}}<br />
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch'''''<br>Hwesta/Aha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|4}}<br />
| dh<br>Anto/Adhó<br />
| {{tg|r}}<br />
| v<br>Ampa/Ví<br />
| {{tg|f}}<br />
|zh<br>Anca/Izhe<br />
| {{tg|v}}<br />
|gh<br>Unque/Agha<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|5}}<br />
| n<br>Númen/Nó<br />
| {{tg|t}}<br />
| m<br>Malta/Mí<br />
| {{tg|g}}<br />
|ny<br>Noldo/Nyé<br />
| {{tg|b}}<br />
| ng<br>Nwalme/Ngá<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|6}}<br />
| -r/r<br>Óre/Ar<br />
| {{tg|y}}<br />
| w, -u/u<br>Vala/Wí<br />
| {{tg|h}}<br />
| o<br>Anna/Yé<br />
| {{tg|n}}<br />
|a<br>'a<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|7}}<br />
| r<br>Rómen/Aro<br />
| {{tg|u}}<br />
| rh<br>Arda/Rho<br />
| {{tg|j}}<br />
| l<br>Lambe/Alo<br />
| {{tg|m}}<br />
| lh<br>Alda/Lho<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|8}}<br />
| s<br>Silme/Só<br />
| {{tg|i}}<br />
|s<br>Silme Nuquerna/Ós<br />
| {{tg|k}}<br />
| ss/z<br>Esse/Azo<br />
| {{tg|,}}<br />
| z<br>Esse Nuquerna/Oza<br />
|-<br />
| {{tg|9}}<br />
| h<br>Hyarmen/Há<br />
| {{tg|l}}<br />
| i-, -e/e<br>Yanta/Ai<br />
| {{tg|o}}<br />
| wh<br>Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí<br />
| {{tg|.}}<br />
| w<br>Úre/Au<br />
|-<br />
|{{tg|`B}} <br />
|i <br />
|{{tg|~B}} <br />
|i-/y-<br />
|{{tg|]}}<br />
|a <br />
| {{tg|š}}<br />
| mh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other modes==<br />
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them, use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless<br />
<br />
All the modes can be divided into two large categories: <br />
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]] <br />
*The "full writing" modes, represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.<br />
<br />
== External History ==<br />
The [[sarati]], described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]] 13'', a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s, anticipates many features of the tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many tengwar varieties), different tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).<br />
<br />
Even closer to the tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in ''Parma Eldalamberon 14'', which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many tengwar shapes, the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}found in some tengwar varieties, and the tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".<br />
<br />
The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes. A correspondence between shape features and sound features is also found in the Korean Hangul alphabet. <br />
<br />
It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script which he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of a general correspondence between shape features and sound features by himself.<br />
<br />
It is likewise not known whether, but conceivable that the shapes of several tengwar were inspired by the insular minuscule script, used to write Anglo-saxon, and the gothic textura and cursive scripts, used to write Middle English, with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.<br />
==Tengwar study==<br />
===Indexing===<br />
[[Mellonath Daeron]], the linguistic guild of the [[Forodrim]], devised a system to keep track of all the known genuine samples of the Tengwar made by Tolkien and create a reference list.<br />
<br />
As of [[2015]] the ''[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina]'' (DTS) lists 89 known sources of tengwar samples and is updated whenever a new sample is published, revealed or discovered.<br />
<br />
The DTS is used as a widely accepted standard in Tolkien studies, whenever an essay or article needs to refer to an example or an attested source. <br />
<br />
This is a list of few known samples predating publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'' (many of them published posthumously):<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS1 DTS1] ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', published 1937<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS22 DTS 22] - ''Ilbereth's Greeting'' from [[The Father Christmas Letters]], dating to 1937<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS 50]/[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 51] - ''Edwin Lowdham's Manuscript'' from [[The Notion Club Papers]] has [[Old English]] language text written in tengwar (with a few [[Adûnaic]] and Quenya words), dating to 1945/6.<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS10 DTS 10] - The Brogan Tengwa-greetings, appearing in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', No. 118, tentatively dated to 1948.<br />
* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS16 DTS 16], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS17 DTS 17], [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS18 DTS 18] - ''Elvish Script Sample I, II, III'', with parts of the English poems ''[[Errantry]]'' and ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|Bombadil]]'', first published in the ''Silmarillion Calendar 1978'', later in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', as well as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS23 DTS 23] - ''So Lúthien'', a page of the English ''Lay of Leithan'' text facsimiled in [[The History of Middle-earth#Volume 3|HoME 3]]:299.<br />
<br />
A few other samples, e.g. a tengwar mode for [[Gothic]] are known to exist, but remain unpublished to date<ref>http://www.reocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html</ref>.<br />
===Modes===<br />
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin or Spanish. <br />
=== Encoding Schemes ===<br />
==== Non-Unicode ====<br />
The contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that if no corresponding tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.<br />
<br />
Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.<br />
<br />
For each tengwar diacritic, there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.<br />
<br />
Other tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).<br />
<br />
The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English, according to the traditional English orthography. If no tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.<br />
<br />
{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}<br />
<!--<br />
==== Unicode ====<br />
A proposal has been made by [[Michael Everson]] to include the tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range {{U+|016080}} to U+0160FF in the [[Supplementary Multilingual Plane|SMP]] is tentatively allocated for tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].<br />
<br />
Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial [[ConScript Unicode Registry]], which assigns codepoints in the [[Private Use Area]]. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F; see [[#External links|External links]]. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript tengwar proposal. Some [[typeface]]s that support this proposal are [[Everson Mono]], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s [[Code2000]] and [[Code2001]] use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">{{PUA|&#xe022;}}{{PUA|&#xe051;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe028;}}{{PUA|&#xe011;}}{{PUA|&#xe04c;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe005;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe013;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe058;}} {{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe005;}}{{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}} {{PUA|&#xe009;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe003;}}{{PUA|&#xe052;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe022;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe007;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe053;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe00f;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe058;}} ⸬ {{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe016;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}} {{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}} {{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe032;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe024;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe003;}}{{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe024;}}{{PUA|&#xe025;}}{{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe025;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe050;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}} {{PUA|&#xe00a;}}{{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe022;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}} {{PUA|&#xe003;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}} {{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe015;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe058;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe045;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}}{{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}} {{PUA|&#xe010;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe02e;}}{{PUA|&#xe040;}} {{PUA|&#xe024;}}{{PUA|&#xe001;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}}{{PUA|&#xe000;}}{{PUA|&#xe044;}} {{PUA|&#xe01d;}} {{PUA|&#xe005;}}{{PUA|&#xe020;}}{{PUA|&#xe00c;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe014;}}{{PUA|&#xe046;}}{{PUA|&#xe028;}}{{PUA|&#xe004;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}}{{PUA|&#xe04a;}} ⸬</blockquote><br />
--><br />
<br />
===Uses outside the legendarium===<br />
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appear stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appear in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.<br />
<br />
Several linguists such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as they are culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sarati]]<br />
* [[Cirth]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the tengwar script<br />
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] &mdash; a continuously expanding list of all published tengwar samples<br />
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/4948/tengwar Tengwar] by Dan Smith<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/tengwar2001/ Tolkien Script Publishing]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
<br />
=== Modes ===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]<br />
* [http://www.duvendor.com.br/amanye/Downloads/FTMME_Text.pdf Full Tengwar Modes for Modern English]<br />
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]<br />
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/tengwarblog/blog/deutscher-tengwar-modus Tengwar mode for German (full writing)]<br />
<br />
=== Software ===<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)<br />
* [http://jadro.ludviku.cz/yatt/ YATT (Win32) and YATT lite (Linux, Mac)]<br />
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)<br />
* [http://www.acondia.com/font_tengwar/TengwarMacros_v19F.zip Tengwar Macros for Microsoft Word/97 and Word/2000]<br />
<br />
More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).<br />
<br />
=== Technical ===<br />
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Teng WikiTeX] supports editing Tengwar directly in Wiki articles.<br />
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]<br />
* [http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/elfscript/message/30 Critique on the official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<small><br />
* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.<br />
</small><br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Tengwar]]<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[de:Tengwar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Tengwar]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=277739Kings' Reckoning2015-08-18T10:28:42Z<p>Arcorann: /* Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle (Middle days)<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi, resulting in a 367-day year. This held throughout the [[Second Age]] and continued based on the restarted numbering in the [[Third Age]] until the calendar was retired in {{TA|2060}}.<br />
<br />
==Days of the week==<br />
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Dedication<br />
|-<br />
|[[Elenya]]||[[Orgilion]]||[[Stars]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anarya]]||[[Oranor]]||[[Sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isilya]]||[[Orithil]]||[[Moon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aldëa]]||[[Orgaladh]]||[[White Tree]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menelya]]||[[Ormenel]]||[[Heavens]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eärenya]]||[[Oraearon]]||[[Sea]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Valanya]]||[[Orbelain]]||[[Valar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=277479Kings' Reckoning2015-08-14T12:03:18Z<p>Arcorann: /* Structure */ Citation pending, but it most certainly exists</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle (Middle days)<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[Enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi, resulting in a 367-day year. This held throughout the [[Second Age]] and continued under the restarted numbering in the [[Third Age]] until the calendar was retired in {{TA|2060}}.<br />
<br />
==Days of the week==<br />
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Dedication<br />
|-<br />
|[[Elenya]]||[[Orgilion]]||[[Stars]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anarya]]||[[Oranor]]||[[Sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isilya]]||[[Orithil]]||[[Moon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aldëa]]||[[Orgaladh]]||[[White Tree]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menelya]]||[[Ormenel]]||[[Heavens]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eärenya]]||[[Oraearon]]||[[Sea]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Valanya]]||[[Orbelain]]||[[Valar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Stewards%27_Reckoning&diff=277478Stewards' Reckoning2015-08-14T12:00:00Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
'''Stewards' Reckoning''', also known as the '''Revised Calendar''', was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] by its first [[Ruling Steward]], [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], in [[Third Age 2060]]. It replaced the previous system known as the [[Kings' Reckoning]] and, following the [[War of the Ring]], it was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] used a [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] calendar called Kings' Reckoning but even after the fall of [[Sauron]] at the end of that Age, the old calendar was maintained by the [[Exiles of Númenor]] in [[Middle-earth]] into the [[Third Age]]. When the era of the Kings passed with the [[Battle of Fornost|fall of Arnor]] and the loss of King [[Eärnur]], the Kings' Reckoning presented (through the continued accumulation of the [[wikipedia:millenial deficit|millenial deficit]]s) an offset of about 1.6 days<ref name="lal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Time.html|articlename=The Reckoning of Time|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|website=Lalaith}}</ref> out of synchronicity with the astronomical observations.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
To correct the accumulating deficit of the calendar, Steward Mardil inserted two leap days into {{TA|2059}}. In addition, he reformed the calendar, to take effect in {{TA|2060|n}}, by making all months of equal length at 30 days and arranging the two extra days as holidays outside of the months. In {{TA|2360|n}} Steward [[Hador (Steward of Gondor)|Hador]] added 1 day to that year. However, there was no millennial addition in {{TA|3000|n}}, so by {{TA|3020|n}} the calendar was once again in deficit according to Tolkien, but by less than 1 day.<ref name="D2" /><br />
<br />
It is unclear whether the leap day in {{TA|2060|n}} was dropped in consequence. The deficit Tolkien would have calculated ignoring the additions in {{TA|2059|n}} for the end of {{TA|2060|n}} is 1 day, 8 hours, 5 minutes, 26 seconds; his claim that the deficit then was about 8 hours would imply that one extra day had occurred and therefore that the leap day was skipped. By contrast, his claim that a deficit of less than one day existed in {{TA|3020|n}} would imply that the {{TA|2060|n}} leap day as retained.<ref name="TLvAR">{{webcite|articleurl=http://rinsanity.weebly.com/tolkien.html|articlename=Tolkien's Legendarium versus Astronomical Reality|website=[http://rinsanity.weebly.com/ Redirected Insanity]|author=Aaron Chong|accessed=11 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Stewards' Reckoning was eventually adopted by most speakers of [[Westron]] such as the [[Dwarves]] and even the [[Elves]] (who maintained their former traditions only for ritual purposes).<br />
<br />
In the [[Fourth Age]], the calendar was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==The Calendar==<br />
The Revised Calendar consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, and five additional days that belonged to no month.<br />
<br />
*[[yestarë]]<br />
*[[Narwain]], [[Ninui]], [[Gwaeron]]<br />
*[[tuilérë]] or Spring-day<br />
*[[Gwirith]], [[Lothron]], [[Nórui]]<br />
*[[loëndë]] (in leap-years replaced by two [[enderi]])<br />
*[[Cerveth]], [[Úrui]], [[Ivanneth]]<br />
*[[yáviérë]] or Autumn-day<br />
*[[Narbeleth]], [[Hithui]],[[Girithron]]<br />
*[[mettarë]]<br />
<br />
The names of the months and days were now popularly used in Quenya (though [[Dale]] and [[Rohan]], retained old names, at least among the lower population); the [[Dúnedain]] adhered to [[Sindarin]] versions.<br />
<br />
==Observations==<br />
*Yestarë: Winter Solstice<br />
*28 Gwaeron: Vernal Equinox<br />
*30 Gwirith: [[Erukyermë]]<br />
*Loëndë: Summer Solstice/[[Erulaitalë]]<br />
*10 October: Automnal Equinox<br />
*?? [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth Calendars]]<br />
[[de:Truchsessen-Zeitrechnung]]<br />
[[fi:Käskynhaltijain lasku]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shire_Calendar&diff=277323Shire Calendar2015-08-10T05:12:32Z<p>Arcorann: Undo revision 277322 by Arcorann (talk) - missed that the category Hobbit Calendar (rename?) is already in the category</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''[[Shire-reckoning]]'''.<br />
<br />
The calendar featured 12 months, all 30 days long, plus 5 or 6 named days added to round out 365 days (or 366 for leap years). Two of the named days were [[Yuledays]]; one was the first day of the year and the other was the last day of the year. Between June and July were the Lithedays. In regular years (not leap years) there were three: 1 Lithe, [[Mid-year's Day]], and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except in the last year of a century) an extra [[Overlithe]] Day was added after Mid-year's Day. All of the named days were major holidays (and a reason for feasting) with Overlithe being a day of special merrymaking. The two Yuledays were actually a portion of Yuletide, which included the last three and first three days of each year.<br />
==History==<br />
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week', but a 'month', governed more or less by the [[Moon]]. In their old calendar, the new year began after harvest. This can be seen in the name of the month [[Winterfilth]] meaning "filling (of the year) before winter".<br />
<br />
However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]]. It was based on the [[King's Reckoning]] but with several minor alterations to fit their customs.<br />
<br />
One innovation introduced by the [[Shire-hobbits]] was the '''Shire-reform'''. In the time of Thain [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] they arranged that Mid-year’s Day (and the Overlithe) would not have a weekday name, which stopped the shifting of weekday names in relation to dates. This change made the first day of the year always correspond to the first day of the week, and the last day of the year always correspond to the last day of the week. Over time, since the same date in any year had the same weekday name as in any other year, the Shire-folk ceased to record the weekday in letters and diaries. Since no month began on a Friday this arrangement also birthed a jesting idiom in the Shire: "On Friday the first" referred to a non-existent day or one on which impossible things would occur (the full expression was "on Friday the first of [[Summerfilth]]").<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Months of the year and special days==<br />
The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
The twelve months of the [[Shire Calendar]] were: [[Afteryule]], [[Solmath]], [[Rethe]], [[Astron]], [[Thrimidge]], [[Forelithe]], [[Afterlithe]], [[Wedmath]], [[Halimath]], [[Winterfilth]], [[Blotmath]], and [[Foreyule]]. Solmath was usually pronounced and sometimes written as Somath. Thrimidge was often written Thrimich and Blotmath was pronounced as Blodmath or Blommath.<br />
<br />
In the [[Eastfarthing]] the names of Afteryule, Astron, and Foreyule, were [[Frery]], [[Chithing]], and [[Yulemath]], respectively. These correspond for the names used in [[Bree]] for those months.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the table below, the Bree names are given in brackets where appropriate.<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Shire Name<br />
!Bree Name<br />
!Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||''2 [[Yule]]''||||22<sup>nd</sup> of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|1||''[[Afteryule]]''||''Frery''||23<sup>rd</sup> December to 21<sup>st</sup> January<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|2||''[[Solmath]]''||''Solmath''||22<sup>nd</sup> January to 20<sup>th</sup> February<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|3||''[[Rethe]]''||''Rethe''||21<sup>st</sup> February to 22<sup>nd</sup> March<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|4||''[[Astron]]''||''Chithing''||23<sup>rd</sup> March to 21<sup>st</sup> of April<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|5||''[[Thrimidge]]''||''Thrimidge''||22<sup>nd</sup> April to 21<sup>st</sup> May<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|6||''[[Forelithe]]''||''Lithe''||22<sup>nd</sup> May to 20<sup>th</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 [[Lithe]]''||rowspan="4"|''The Summerdays''||21<sup>st</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Mid-year's Day]]''||22<sup>nd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Overlithe]]''||Leap day<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''2 Lithe''||23<sup>rd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|7||''[[Afterlithe]]''||''Mede''||24<sup>th</sup> June to 23<sup>rd</sup> July<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|8||''[[Wedmath]]''||''Wedmath''||24<sup>th</sup> July to 22<sup>nd</sup> August<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|9||''[[Halimath]]''||''Harvestmath''||23<sup>rd</sup> August to 21<sup>st</sup> September<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|10||''[[Winterfilth]]''||''Wintring''||22<sup>nd</sup> September to 21<sup>st</sup> October<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|11||''[[Blotmath]]''||''Blooting''||22<sup>nd</sup> October to 20<sup>th</sup> November<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|12||''[[Foreyule]]''||''Yulemath''||21<sup>st</sup> November to 20<sup>th</sup> December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 Yule''||||21<sup>st</sup> of December<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Yuledays]]'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' (referred to as the ''Summerdays'' in Bree) are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, being approximately 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year.<br />
<br />
== Days of the week ==<br />
<br />
The seven weekdays of the Shire Calendar (at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]) were [[Sterday]], [[Sunday]], [[Monday]], [[Trewsday]], [[Hevensday]] (or Hensday), [[Mersday]], and [[Highday]]. The last day of the week, Highday, was the chief day, a post-noon holiday and time for evening feasts.<br />
<br />
The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|-<br />
!Day Name<br />
!Meaning<br />
!Translation in ''The Lord of the Rings''<br />
!Relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sterday]]''||Stars of [[Varda]]||Saturday||Monday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sunday]]''||[[Sun]]||Sunday||Tuesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Monday]]''||[[Moon]]||Monday||Wednesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trewsday]]''||[[Two Trees]] of Valinor||Tuesday||Thursday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hevensday]]''||[[Ilmen|Heavens]]||Wednesday||Friday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mersday]]''||[[Belegaer|Sea]]||Thursday||Saturday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Highday]]''||[[Valar]]||Friday||Sunday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Saturday''.<br />
<br />
Also, all days (except in Bilbo's Song) are translated according to the meaning of Sunday and Monday rather than according to position in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://shire-reckoning.com/ The Shire-reckoning] website, dedicated to detailed analysis of the Hobbit Calendar.<br />
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]<br />
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shire_Calendar&diff=277322Shire Calendar2015-08-10T05:08:49Z<p>Arcorann: cat</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''[[Shire-reckoning]]'''.<br />
<br />
The calendar featured 12 months, all 30 days long, plus 5 or 6 named days added to round out 365 days (or 366 for leap years). Two of the named days were [[Yuledays]]; one was the first day of the year and the other was the last day of the year. Between June and July were the Lithedays. In regular years (not leap years) there were three: 1 Lithe, [[Mid-year's Day]], and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except in the last year of a century) an extra [[Overlithe]] Day was added after Mid-year's Day. All of the named days were major holidays (and a reason for feasting) with Overlithe being a day of special merrymaking. The two Yuledays were actually a portion of Yuletide, which included the last three and first three days of each year.<br />
==History==<br />
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week', but a 'month', governed more or less by the [[Moon]]. In their old calendar, the new year began after harvest. This can be seen in the name of the month [[Winterfilth]] meaning "filling (of the year) before winter".<br />
<br />
However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]]. It was based on the [[King's Reckoning]] but with several minor alterations to fit their customs.<br />
<br />
One innovation introduced by the [[Shire-hobbits]] was the '''Shire-reform'''. In the time of Thain [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] they arranged that Mid-year’s Day (and the Overlithe) would not have a weekday name, which stopped the shifting of weekday names in relation to dates. This change made the first day of the year always correspond to the first day of the week, and the last day of the year always correspond to the last day of the week. Over time, since the same date in any year had the same weekday name as in any other year, the Shire-folk ceased to record the weekday in letters and diaries. Since no month began on a Friday this arrangement also birthed a jesting idiom in the Shire: "On Friday the first" referred to a non-existent day or one on which impossible things would occur (the full expression was "on Friday the first of [[Summerfilth]]").<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Months of the year and special days==<br />
The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
The twelve months of the [[Shire Calendar]] were: [[Afteryule]], [[Solmath]], [[Rethe]], [[Astron]], [[Thrimidge]], [[Forelithe]], [[Afterlithe]], [[Wedmath]], [[Halimath]], [[Winterfilth]], [[Blotmath]], and [[Foreyule]]. Solmath was usually pronounced and sometimes written as Somath. Thrimidge was often written Thrimich and Blotmath was pronounced as Blodmath or Blommath.<br />
<br />
In the [[Eastfarthing]] the names of Afteryule, Astron, and Foreyule, were [[Frery]], [[Chithing]], and [[Yulemath]], respectively. These correspond for the names used in [[Bree]] for those months.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the table below, the Bree names are given in brackets where appropriate.<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Shire Name<br />
!Bree Name<br />
!Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||''2 [[Yule]]''||||22<sup>nd</sup> of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|1||''[[Afteryule]]''||''Frery''||23<sup>rd</sup> December to 21<sup>st</sup> January<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|2||''[[Solmath]]''||''Solmath''||22<sup>nd</sup> January to 20<sup>th</sup> February<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|3||''[[Rethe]]''||''Rethe''||21<sup>st</sup> February to 22<sup>nd</sup> March<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|4||''[[Astron]]''||''Chithing''||23<sup>rd</sup> March to 21<sup>st</sup> of April<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|5||''[[Thrimidge]]''||''Thrimidge''||22<sup>nd</sup> April to 21<sup>st</sup> May<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|6||''[[Forelithe]]''||''Lithe''||22<sup>nd</sup> May to 20<sup>th</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 [[Lithe]]''||rowspan="4"|''The Summerdays''||21<sup>st</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Mid-year's Day]]''||22<sup>nd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Overlithe]]''||Leap day<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''2 Lithe''||23<sup>rd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|7||''[[Afterlithe]]''||''Mede''||24<sup>th</sup> June to 23<sup>rd</sup> July<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|8||''[[Wedmath]]''||''Wedmath''||24<sup>th</sup> July to 22<sup>nd</sup> August<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|9||''[[Halimath]]''||''Harvestmath''||23<sup>rd</sup> August to 21<sup>st</sup> September<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|10||''[[Winterfilth]]''||''Wintring''||22<sup>nd</sup> September to 21<sup>st</sup> October<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|11||''[[Blotmath]]''||''Blooting''||22<sup>nd</sup> October to 20<sup>th</sup> November<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|12||''[[Foreyule]]''||''Yulemath''||21<sup>st</sup> November to 20<sup>th</sup> December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 Yule''||||21<sup>st</sup> of December<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Yuledays]]'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' (referred to as the ''Summerdays'' in Bree) are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, being approximately 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year.<br />
<br />
== Days of the week ==<br />
<br />
The seven weekdays of the Shire Calendar (at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]) were [[Sterday]], [[Sunday]], [[Monday]], [[Trewsday]], [[Hevensday]] (or Hensday), [[Mersday]], and [[Highday]]. The last day of the week, Highday, was the chief day, a post-noon holiday and time for evening feasts.<br />
<br />
The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|-<br />
!Day Name<br />
!Meaning<br />
!Translation in ''The Lord of the Rings''<br />
!Relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sterday]]''||Stars of [[Varda]]||Saturday||Monday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sunday]]''||[[Sun]]||Sunday||Tuesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Monday]]''||[[Moon]]||Monday||Wednesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trewsday]]''||[[Two Trees]] of Valinor||Tuesday||Thursday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hevensday]]''||[[Ilmen|Heavens]]||Wednesday||Friday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mersday]]''||[[Belegaer|Sea]]||Thursday||Saturday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Highday]]''||[[Valar]]||Friday||Sunday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Saturday''.<br />
<br />
Also, all days (except in Bilbo's Song) are translated according to the meaning of Sunday and Monday rather than according to position in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://shire-reckoning.com/ The Shire-reckoning] website, dedicated to detailed analysis of the Hobbit Calendar.<br />
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth Calendars]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]<br />
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=276972Kings' Reckoning2015-08-07T12:50:03Z<p>Arcorann: week</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle (Middle days)<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Days of the week==<br />
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Dedication<br />
|-<br />
|[[Elenya]]||[[Orgilion]]||[[Stars]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anarya]]||[[Oranor]]||[[Sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isilya]]||[[Orithil]]||[[Moon]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aldëa]]||[[Orgaladh]]||[[White Tree]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menelya]]||[[Ormenel]]||[[Heavens]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eärenya]]||[[Oraearon]]||[[Sea]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Valanya]]||[[Orbelain]]||[[Valar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Yestar%C3%AB&diff=274985Yestarë2015-07-21T14:16:54Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Yestarë''', meaning "First-day", was the name used in the [[Elves]]' calendars, and those derived from them, for the first day of the year. It was the first day of spring and the renewal of nature. It fell outside the months.<br />
<br />
The actual date of yestarë varied among calendars; in some it came near the vernal equinox, such as in the [[Reckoning of Rivendell]] (March 29) and the [[New Reckoning]] (March 17);<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Yestare"</ref> in other calendars it fell at the winter solstice, such as in the [[Kings' Reckoning]] and [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name=guide/> <br />
<br />
In [[the Shire]], the Elvish Yestarë fell on [[6 April]] of the [[Shire Calendar]].<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yestare}}<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[Category:Elven days]]<br />
[[fi:Yestarë]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Steward%27s_Reckoning&diff=274984Steward's Reckoning2015-07-21T14:16:23Z<p>Arcorann: Redirected page to Stewards' Reckoning</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Stewards' Reckoning]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Calendar_of_Imladris&diff=274983Calendar of Imladris2015-07-21T14:16:08Z<p>Arcorann: Redirected page to Reckoning of Rivendell</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Reckoning of Rivendell]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Stewards%27_Reckoning&diff=274558Stewards' Reckoning2015-07-18T12:22:48Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
'''Stewards' Reckoning''', also known as the '''Revised Calendar''', was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] by its first [[Ruling Steward]], [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], in [[Third Age 2060]]. It replaced the previous system known as the [[Kings' Reckoning]] and, following the [[War of the Ring]], it was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] used a [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] calendar called [[King's Reckoning]] but even after the fall of [[Sauron]] at the end of that Age, the old calendar was maintained by the [[Exiles of Númenor]] in [[Middle-earth]] into the [[Third Age]]. When the era of the Kings passed with the [[Battle of Fornost|fall of Arnor]] and the loss of King [[Eärnur]], the King's Reckoning presented (through the continued accumulation of the [[wikipedia:millenial deficit|millenial deficit]]s) an offset of about 1.6 days<ref name="lal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Time.html|articlename=The Reckoning of Time|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|website=Lalaith}}</ref> out of synchronicity with the astronomical observations.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
To correct the accumulating deficit of the calendar, Steward Mardil inserted two leap days into {{TA|2059}}. In addition, he reformed the calendar, to take effect in {{TA|2060|n}}, by making all months of equal length at 30 days and arranging the two extra days as holidays outside of the months. In {{TA|2360|n}} Steward [[Hador (Steward of Gondor)|Hador]] added 1 day to that year. However, there was no millennial addition in {{TA|3000|n}}, so by {{TA|3020|n}} the calendar was once again in deficit according to Tolkien, but by less than 1 day.<ref name="D2" /><br />
<br />
It is unclear whether the leap day in {{TA|2060|n}} was dropped in consequence. The deficit Tolkien would have calculated ignoring the additions in {{TA|2059|n}} for the end of {{TA|2060|n}} is 1 day, 8 hours, 5 minutes, 26 seconds; his claim that the deficit then was about 8 hours would imply that one extra day had occurred and therefore that the leap day was skipped. By contrast, his claim that a deficit of less than one day existed in {{TA|3020|n}} would imply that the {{TA|2060|n}} leap day as retained.<ref name="TLvAR">{{webcite|articleurl=http://rinsanity.weebly.com/tolkien.html|articlename=Tolkien's Legendarium versus Astronomical Reality|website=[http://rinsanity.weebly.com/ Redirected Insanity]|author=Aaron Chong|accessed=11 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Stewards' Reckoning was eventually adopted by most speakers of [[Westron]] such as the [[Dwarves]] and even the [[Elves]] (who maintained their former traditions only for ritual purposes).<br />
<br />
In the [[Fourth Age]], the calendar was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==The Calendar==<br />
The Revised Calendar consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, and five additional days that belonged to no month.<br />
<br />
*[[yestarë]]<br />
*[[Narwain]], [[Ninui]], [[Gwaeron]]<br />
*[[tuilérë]] or Spring-day<br />
*[[Gwirith]], [[Lothron]], [[Nórui]]<br />
*[[loëndë]] (in leap-years replaced by two [[enderi]])<br />
*[[Cerveth]], [[Úrui]], [[Ivanneth]]<br />
*[[yáviérë]] or Autumn-day<br />
*[[Narbeleth]], [[Hithui]],[[Girithron]]<br />
*[[mettarë]]<br />
<br />
The names of the months and days were now popularly used in Quenya (though [[Dale]] and [[Rohan]], retained old names, at least among the lower population); the [[Dúnedain]] adhered to [[Sindarin]] versions.<br />
<br />
==Observations==<br />
*Yestarë: Winter Solstice<br />
*28 Gwaeron: Vernal Equinox<br />
*30 Gwirith: [[Erukyermë]]<br />
*Loëndë: Summer Solstice/[[Erulaitalë]]<br />
*10 October: Automnal Equinox<br />
*?? [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth Calendars]]<br />
[[de:Truchsessen-Zeitrechnung]]<br />
[[fi:Käskynhaltijain lasku]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Reckoning_of_Rivendell&diff=274532Reckoning of Rivendell2015-07-18T09:23:07Z<p>Arcorann: table</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Calendar of Imladris''' or '''Reckoning of Rivendell''' (in the [[Red Book]]) is an [[Elves|Elvish]] calendar, and perhaps the only one known to the [[Hobbits]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Eldar]] measured time on two scales: <br />
#Long periods of time were reckoned in ''[[yén]]i'', which corresponded to 144 solar years<ref group=note>The number 144 (12x12) is 100 in the [[Wikipedia:duodecimal|duodecimal system]]; in other words a ''yén'' is a duodecimal century.</ref> containing 8,766 ''[[enquië|enquier]]'' ("weeks") or 52,596 days.<br />
#A single solar year was called a ''[[Coranar]]'' ("sun-round") or ''[[Loa]]'' ("growth"); this was divided in six ''[[astar]]'' of irregular length, having the role of "months" or rather "seasons".<br />
<br />
In addition to the six ''astar'', a ''coranar'' had additional days inserted into the calendar to bring the total to 365 days. The first day of the year was ''[[yestarë]]'', which preceded ''Tuilë'', and the last day of the year was ''[[mettarë]]'', which followed ''Coirë''. Between ''yávië'' and ''quellë'' were three ''[[enderi]]'' ("middle-days") which were doubled every twelve years as leap days. <br />
<br />
The names of the six ''astar'' and additional days of the ''coranar'' were:<br />
{| class="TGtable" <br />
![[Quenya]] name<br />
![[Sindarin]] name<br />
!English Translation<br />
!Length in Days<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yestarë]] || ||First Day || 1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tuilë]] || [[Ethuil]] || Spring || 54<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lairë]] || [[Laer]] || Summer || 72<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yávië]] || [[Iavas]] || Autumn || 54<br />
|-<br />
|[[Enderi]] || ||Middle Days || 3 or 6<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quellë]] || [[Firith]] || Fading || 54<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hrívë]] || [[Rhîw]] || Winter || 72<br />
|-<br />
|[[Coirë]] || [[Echuir]] || Stirring || 54<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mettarë]] || ||Last Day || 1<br />
|}<br />
''Quellë'' was also known as ''[[Lasse-lanta]]'' ("leaf-fall") or, in Sindarin, [[Narbeleth]] ("Sun-waning").<br />
<br />
Other calendar adjustments to deal with inaccuracies are unknown. As stated above a ''yén'' would be over a day too long. There is an indication that the last year of every third ''yén'' had its ''enderi'' omitted (see: ''[[haranyë]]''), but any further methods of adjustment are unknown.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=272492Kings' Reckoning2015-07-13T13:22:25Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]] ([[Enderi]]) || 1 (2) || Year-middle (Middle days)<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shire_Calendar&diff=272398Shire Calendar2015-07-12T09:23:59Z<p>Arcorann: /* Days of the week */ convert to wiki markup</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''[[Shire-reckoning]]'''.<br />
<br />
The calendar featured 12 months, all 30 days long, plus 5 or 6 named days added to round out 365 days (or 366 for leap years). Two of the named days were [[Yuledays]]; one was the first day of the year and the other was the last day of the year. Between June and July were the Lithedays. In regular years (not leap years) there were three: 1 Lithe, [[Mid-year's Day]], and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except in the last year of a century) an extra [[Overlithe]] Day was added after Mid-year's Day. All of the named days were major holidays (and a reason for feasting) with Overlithe being a day of special merrymaking. The two Yuledays were actually a portion of Yuletide, which included the last three and first three days of each year.<br />
==History==<br />
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week', but a 'month', governed more or less by the [[Moon]]. In their old calendar, the new year began after harvest. This can be seen in the name of the month [[Winterfilth]] meaning "filling (of the year) before winter".<br />
<br />
However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]]. It was based on the [[King's Reckoning]] but with several minor alterations to fit their customs.<br />
<br />
One innovation introduced by the [[Shire-hobbits]] was the '''Shire-reform'''. In the time of Thain [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] they arranged that Mid-year’s Day (and the Overlithe) would not have a weekday name, which stopped the shifting of weekday names in relation to dates. This change made the first day of the year always correspond to the first day of the week, and the last day of the year always correspond to the last day of the week. Over time, since the same date in any year had the same weekday name as in any other year, the Shire-folk ceased to record the weekday in letters and diaries. Since no month began on a Friday this arrangement also birthed a jesting idiom in the Shire: "On Friday the first" referred to a non-existent day or one on which impossible things would occur (the full expression was "on Friday the first of [[Summerfilth]]").<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Months of the year and special days==<br />
The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
The twelve months of the [[Shire Calendar]] were: [[Afteryule]], [[Solmath]], [[Rethe]], [[Astron]], [[Thrimidge]], [[Forelithe]], [[Afterlithe]], [[Wedmath]], [[Halimath]], [[Winterfilth]], [[Blotmath]], and [[Foreyule]]. Solmath was usually pronounced and sometimes written as Somath. Thrimidge was often written Thrimich and Blotmath was pronounced as Blodmath or Blommath.<br />
<br />
In the [[Eastfarthing]] the names of Afteryule, Astron, and Foreyule, were [[Frery]], [[Chithing]], and [[Yulemath]], respectively. These correspond for the names used in [[Bree]] for those months.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the table below, the Bree names are given in brackets where appropriate.<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="TGtable"<br />
|- <br />
!Month number<br />
!Shire Name<br />
!Bree Name<br />
!Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||''2 [[Yule]]''||||22<sup>nd</sup> of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|1||''[[Afteryule]]''||''Frery''||23<sup>rd</sup> December to 21<sup>st</sup> January<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|2||''[[Solmath]]''||''Solmath''||22<sup>nd</sup> January to 20<sup>th</sup> February<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|3||''[[Rethe]]''||''Rethe''||21<sup>st</sup> February to 22<sup>nd</sup> March<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|4||''[[Astron]]''||''Chithing''||23<sup>rd</sup> March to 21<sup>st</sup> of April<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|5||''[[Thrimidge]]''||''Thrimidge''||22<sup>nd</sup> April to 21<sup>st</sup> May<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|6||''[[Forelithe]]''||''Lithe''||22<sup>nd</sup> May to 20<sup>th</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 [[Lithe]]''||rowspan="4"|''The Summerdays''||21<sup>st</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Mid-year's Day]]''||22<sup>nd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Overlithe]]''||Leap day<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''2 Lithe''||23<sup>rd</sup> June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|7||''[[Afterlithe]]''||''Mede''||24<sup>th</sup> June to 23<sup>rd</sup> July<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|8||''[[Wedmath]]''||''Wedmath''||24<sup>th</sup> July to 22<sup>nd</sup> August<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|9||''[[Halimath]]''||''Harvestmath''||23<sup>rd</sup> August to 21<sup>st</sup> September<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|10||''[[Winterfilth]]''||''Wintring''||22<sup>nd</sup> September to 21<sup>st</sup> October<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|11||''[[Blotmath]]''||''Blooting''||22<sup>nd</sup> October to 20<sup>th</sup> November<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|12||''[[Foreyule]]''||''Yulemath''||21<sup>st</sup> November to 20<sup>th</sup> December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 Yule''||||21<sup>st</sup> of December<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Yuledays]]'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' (referred to as the ''Summerdays'' in Bree) are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, being approximately 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year.<br />
<br />
== Days of the week ==<br />
<br />
The seven weekdays of the Shire Calendar (at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]) were [[Sterday]], [[Sunday]], [[Monday]], [[Trewsday]], [[Hevensday]] (or Hensday), [[Mersday]], and [[Highday]]. The last day of the week, Highday, was the chief day, a post-noon holiday and time for evening feasts.<br />
<br />
The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).<br />
<br />
{|class="TGtable"<br />
|-<br />
!Day Name<br />
!Meaning<br />
!Translation in ''The Lord of the Rings''<br />
!Relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sterday]]''||Stars of [[Varda]]||Saturday||Monday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sunday]]''||[[Sun]]||Sunday||Tuesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Monday]]''||[[Moon]]||Monday||Wednesday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trewsday]]''||[[Two Trees]] of Valinor||Tuesday||Thursday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hevensday]]''||[[Ilmen|Heavens]]||Wednesday||Friday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mersday]]''||[[Belegaer|Sea]]||Thursday||Saturday<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Highday]]''||[[Valar]]||Friday||Sunday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Saturday''.<br />
<br />
Also, all days (except in Bilbo's Song) are translated according to the meaning of Sunday and Monday rather than according to position in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://shire-reckoning.com/ The Shire-reckoning] website, dedicated to detailed analysis of the Hobbit Calendar.<br />
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]<br />
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shire_Calendar&diff=272392Shire Calendar2015-07-12T05:13:47Z<p>Arcorann: /* Months of the year and special days */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''[[Shire-reckoning]]'''.<br />
<br />
The calendar featured 12 months, all 30 days long, plus 5 or 6 named days added to round out 365 days (or 366 for leap years). Two of the named days were [[Yuledays]]; one was the first day of the year and the other was the last day of the year. Between June and July were the Lithedays. In regular years (not leap years) there were three: 1 Lithe, [[Mid-year's Day]], and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except in the last year of a century) an extra [[Overlithe]] Day was added after Mid-year's Day. All of the named days were major holidays (and a reason for feasting) with Overlithe being a day of special merrymaking. The two Yuledays were actually a portion of Yuletide, which included the last three and first three days of each year.<br />
==History==<br />
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week' , but a 'month', governed more or less by the [[Moon]]. In their old calendar, the new year began after harvest. This can be seen in the name of the month [[Winterfilth]] meaning "filling (of the year) before winter".<br />
<br />
However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]]. It was based on the [[King's Reckoning]] but with several minor alterations to fit their customs.<br />
<br />
One innovation introduced by the [[Shire-hobbits]] was the '''Shire-reform'''. In the time of Thain [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] they arranged that Mid-year’s Day (and the Overlithe) would not have a weekday name, which stopped the shifting of weekday names in relation to dates. This change made the first day of the year always correspond to the first day of the week, and the last day of the year always correspond to the last day of the week. Over time, since the same date in any year had the same weekday name as in any other year, the Shire-folk ceased to record the weekday in letters and diaries. Since no month began on a Friday this arrangement also birthed a jesting idiom in the Shire: "On Friday the first" referred to a non-existent day or one on which impossible things would occur (the full expression was "on Friday the first of [[Summerfilth]]").<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Months of the year and special days==<br />
The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
The twelve months of the [[Shire Calendar]] were: [[Afteryule]], [[Solmath]], [[Rethe]], [[Astron]], [[Thrimidge]], [[Forelithe]], [[Afterlithe]], [[Wedmath]], [[Halimath]], [[Winterfilth]], [[Blotmath]], and [[Foreyule]]. Solmath was usually pronounced and sometimes written as Somath. Thrimidge was often written Thrimich and Blotmath was pronounced as Blodmath or Blommath.<br />
<br />
In the [[Eastfarthing]] the names of Afteryule, Astron, and Foreyule, were [[Frery]], [[Chithing]], and [[Yulemath]], respectively. These correspond for the names used in [[Bree]] for those months.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the table below, the Bree names are given in brackets where appropriate.<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"<br />
!Month number<br />
!Name<br />
!Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||''2 [[Yule]]''||22nd of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|1||''[[Afteryule]]'' (''Frery'')||23rd of December to the 21st of January<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|2||''[[Solmath]]''||22nd of January to the 20th of February<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|3||''[[Rethe]]''||21st of February to the 22nd of March<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|4||''[[Astron]]'' (''Chithing'')||23rd of March to 21st of April<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|5||''[[Thrimidge]]''||22nd of April to the 21st of May<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|6||''[[Forelithe]]'' (''Lithe'')||22nd of May to the 20th of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 [[Lithe]]''||21st of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Mid-year's Day]]''||22nd of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Overlithe]]''||Leap day<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''2 Lithe''||23rd of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|7||''[[Afterlithe]]'' (''Mede'')||24th of June to the 23rd of July<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|8||''[[Wedmath]]''||24th of July to the 22nd of August<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|9||''[[Halimath]]'' (''Harvestmath'')||23rd of August to the 21st of September<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|10||''[[Winterfilth]]'' (''Wintring'')||22nd of September to 21st of October<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|11||''[[Blotmath]]'' (''Blooting'')||22nd of October to the 20th of November<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|12||''[[Foreyule]]'' (''Yulemath'')||21st of November to the 20th of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 Yule''||21st of December<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Yuledays]]'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' (referred to as the ''Summerdays'' in Bree) are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, being approximately 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year.<br />
<br />
== Days of the week ==<br />
<br />
The seven weekdays of the Shire Calendar (at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]) were [[Sterday]], [[Sunday]], [[Monday]], [[Trewsday]], [[Hevensday]] (or Hensday), [[Mersday]], and [[Highday]]. The last day of the week, Highday, was the chief day, a post-noon holiday and time for evening feasts.<br />
<br />
The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tr style="background:#EFEFEF;"><th>Day Name</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Translation in ''The Lord of the Rings''</th><th>Relationship to Gregorian calendar</th></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Sterday]]''</td><td>Stars of [[Varda]]</td><td>Saturday</td><td>Monday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Sunday]]''</td><td>[[Sun]]</td><td>Sunday</td><td>Tuesday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Monday]]''</td><td>[[Moon]]</td><td>Monday</td><td>Wednesday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Trewsday]]''</td><td>[[Two Trees]] of Valinor</td><td>Tuesday</td><td>Thursday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Hevensday]]''</td><td>[[Ilmen|Heavens]]</td><td>Wednesday</td><td>Friday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Mersday]]''</td><td>[[Belegaer|Sea]]</td><td>Thursday</td><td>Saturday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Highday]]''</td><td>[[Valar]]</td><td>Friday</td><td>Sunday</td></tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Saturday''.<br />
<br />
Also, all days (except in Bilbo's Song) are translated according to the meaning of Sunday and Monday rather than according to position in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
{{references}}<br />
*{{App|Shire}}<br />
*{{App|Calendars}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://shire-reckoning.com/ The Shire-reckoning] website, dedicated to detailed analysis of the Hobbit Calendar.<br />
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]<br />
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Enderi&diff=272365Enderi2015-07-11T12:13:44Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Enderi''' were the three 'middle-days' unique to the [[Elvish]] calendars such as the [[Reckoning of Rivendell]]; modern 5, 6 and 7 October. Every twelfth year, these Enderi were increased in number from three to six.<ref name="D">{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Kings' Reckoning]] and [[Stewards' Reckoning]], [[loëndë]] would be replaced by two (occasionally three) enderi in leap years. In the [[New Reckoning]] each year contained three enderi, of which the second was referred to as loëndë.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Elven days]]<br />
[[fi:Enderi]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=New_Reckoning&diff=272364New Reckoning2015-07-11T12:11:13Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
<br />
The '''New Reckoning''' was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] shortly after the [[War of the Ring]] and intended to replace the [[Stewards' Reckoning]]. Its chief feature was that the year began on the anniversary of the destruction of the Ring.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"<br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Relationship to [[Shire Calendar]]<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 25 [[Rethe]]<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 26 Rethe to 25 [[Astron]]<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 26 Astron to 25 [[Thrimidge]]<br />
|-<br />
|3 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 26 Thrimidge to 25 [[Forelithe]]<br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 26 Forelithe to 22 [[Afterlithe]] (21 in leap years)<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 23 (22) Afterlithe to 22 (21) [[Wedmath]]<br />
|-<br />
|6||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 23 (22) Wedmath to 22 [[Halimath]]<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||1 [[Enderë]]|| || 23 Halimath<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]|| || 24 Halimath<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||2 Enderë|| || 25 Halimath<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 26 Halimath to 25 [[Winterfilth]]<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 26 Winterfilth to 25 [[Blotmath]]<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 26 Blotmath to 25 [[Foreyule]]<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 26 Foreyule to 23 [[Afteryule]]<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 24 Afteryule to 23 [[Solmath]]<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 24 Solmath to 23 Rethe<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 24 Rethe<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Middle-Earth calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=New_Reckoning&diff=272363New Reckoning2015-07-11T12:08:38Z<p>Arcorann: Created page with "{{stub}} The '''New Reckoning''' was the calendar system introduced in Gondor shortly after the War of the Ring and intended to replace the Stewards' Reckoning. Its ..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
<br />
The '''New Reckoning''' was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] shortly after the [[War of the Ring]] and intended to replace the [[Stewards' Reckoning]]. Its chief feature was that the year began on the anniversary of the destruction of the Ring.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"<br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Relationship to [[Shire Calendar]]<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 25 [[Rethe]]<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 26 Rethe to 25 [[Astron]]<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 26 Astron to 25 [[Thrimidge]]<br />
|-<br />
|3 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 26 Thrimidge to 25 [[Forelithe]]<br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 26 Forelithe to 22 [[Afterlithe]] (21 in leap years)<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 23 (22) Afterlithe to 22 (21) [[Wedmath]]<br />
|-<br />
|6||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 23 (22) Wedmath to 22 [[Halimath]]<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||1 [[Enderë]]|| || 23 Halimath<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]|| || 24 Halimath<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||2 Enderë|| || 25 Halimath<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 26 Halimath to 25 [[Winterfilth]]<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 26 Winterfilth to 25 [[Blotmath]]<br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 26 Blotmath to 25 [[Foreyule]]<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 26 Foreyule to 23 [[Afteryule]]<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 24 Afteryule to 23 [[Solmath]]<br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 24 Solmath to 23 Rethe<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || 24 Rethe<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Middle-Earth calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=272362Kings' Reckoning2015-07-11T11:56:26Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"<br />
!Month number<br />
!Quenya<br />
!Sindarin<br />
!Length<br />
!English translation<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding?<br />
|-<br />
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month<br />
|-<br />
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Loëndë]]|| || 1 || Middle day<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 30 ||Cutting?<br />
|-<br />
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving<br />
|-<br />
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading<br />
|-<br />
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Stewards%27_Reckoning&diff=272361Stewards' Reckoning2015-07-11T11:35:31Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
'''Stewards' Reckoning''', also known as the '''Revised Calendar''', was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] by its first [[Ruling Steward]], [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], in [[Third Age 2060]]. It replaced the previous system known as the [[Kings' Reckoning]] and, following the [[War of the Ring]], it was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref><br />
<br />
It survived until the end of the [[Third Age]], and was thus the calendar in use at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] used a [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] calendar called [[King's Reckoning]] but even after the fall of [[Sauron]] at the end of that Age, the old calendar was maintained by the [[Exiles of Númenor]] in [[Middle-earth]] into the [[Third Age]]. When the era of the Kings passed with the [[Battle of Fornost|fall of Arnor]] and the loss of King [[Eärnur]], the King's Reckoning presented (through the continued accumulation of the [[wikipedia:millenial deficit|millenial deficit]]s) an offset of about 1.6 days<ref name="lal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Time.html|articlename=The Reckoning of Time|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|website=Lalaith}}</ref> out of synchronicity with the astronomical observations.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
To correct the accumulating deficit of the calendar, Steward Mardil inserted two leap days into {{TA|2059}}. In addition, he reformed the calendar, to take effect in {{TA|2060|n}}, by making all months of equal length at 30 days and arranging the two extra days as holidays outside of the months. In {{TA|2360|n}} Steward [[Hador (Steward of Gondor)|Hador]] added 1 day to that year. However, there was no millennial addition in {{TA|3000|n}}, so by {{TA|3020|n}} the calendar was once again in deficit according to Tolkien, but by less than 1 day.<ref>{{HM|AB}}, "not yet amounted to 1 day"</ref><br />
<br />
It is unclear whether the leap day in {{TA|2060|n}} was dropped in consequence. The deficit Tolkien would have calculated ignoring the additions in {{TA|2059|n}} for the end of {{TA|2060|n}} is 1 day, 8 hours, 5 minutes, 26 seconds; his claim that the deficit then was about 8 hours would imply that one extra day had occurred and therefore that the leap day was skipped. By contrast, his claim that a deficit of less than one day existed in {{TA|3020|n}} would imply that the {{TA|2060|n}} leap day as retained.<ref name="TLvAR">{{webcite|articleurl=http://rinsanity.weebly.com/tolkien.html|articlename=Tolkien's Legendarium versus Astronomical Reality|website=[http://rinsanity.weebly.com/ Redirected Insanity]|author=Aaron Chong|accessed=11 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Stewards' Reckoning was eventually adopted by most speakers of [[Westron]] such as the [[Dwarves]] and even the [[Elves]] (who maintained their former traditions only for ritual purposes).<br />
<br />
In the [[Fourth Age]], the calendar was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==The Calendar==<br />
The Revised Calendar consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, and five additional days that belonged to no month.<br />
<br />
*[[yestarë]]<br />
*[[Narwain]], [[Ninui]], [[Gwaeron]]<br />
*[[tuilérë]] or Spring-day<br />
*[[Gwirith]], [[Lothron]], [[Nórui]]<br />
*[[loëndë]] (in leap-years replaced by two [[enderi]])<br />
*[[Cerveth]], [[Úrui]], [[Ivanneth]]<br />
*[[yáviérë]] or Autumn-day<br />
*[[Narbeleth]], [[Hithui]],[[Girithron]]<br />
*[[mettarë]]<br />
<br />
The names of the months and days were now popularly used in Quenya (though [[Dale]] and [[Rohan]], retained old names, at least among the lower population); the [[Dúnedain]] adhered to [[Sindarin]] versions.<br />
<br />
==Observations==<br />
*Yestarë: Winter Solstice<br />
*28 Gwaeron: Vernal Equinox<br />
*30 Gwirith: [[Erukyermë]]<br />
*Loëndë: Summer Solstice/[[Erulaitalë]]<br />
*10 October: Automnal Equinox<br />
*?? [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth Calendars]]<br />
[[de:Truchsessen-Zeitrechnung]]<br />
[[fi:Käskynhaltijain lasku]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Shire_Calendar&diff=272360Shire Calendar2015-07-11T11:08:09Z<p>Arcorann: /* Months of the year and special days */ convert table to wiki markup</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Shire Calendar''' was used by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. It was different from that used by the [[Men]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]]. Use of this calendar in Middle-earth is referred to as '''[[Shire-reckoning]]'''.<br />
<br />
The calendar featured 12 months, all 30 days long, plus 5 or 6 named days added to round out 365 days (or 366 for leap years). Two of the named days were [[Yuledays]]; one was the first day of the year and the other was the last day of the year. Between June and July were the Lithedays. In regular years (not leap years) there were three: 1 Lithe, [[Mid-year's Day]], and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except in the last year of a century) an extra [[Overlithe]] Day was added after Mid-year's Day. All of the named days were major holidays (and a reason for feasting) with Overlithe being a day of special merrymaking. The two Yuledays were actually a portion of Yuletide, which included the last three and first three days of each year.<br />
==History==<br />
When the [[Hobbits]] were still a [[Wandering Days|wandering]] people, their calendaric unit was not a 'week' , but a 'month', governed more or less by the [[Moon]]. In their old calendar, the new year began after harvest. This can be seen in the name of the month [[Winterfilth]] meaning "filling (of the year) before winter".<br />
<br />
However, through contact with alien peoples (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]]) they adopted the notion of weeks which formed the [[Shire Reckoning]]. It was based on the [[King's Reckoning]] but with several minor alterations to fit their customs.<br />
<br />
One innovation introduced by the [[Shire-hobbits]] was the '''Shire-reform'''. In the time of Thain [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] they arranged that Mid-year’s Day (and the Overlithe) would not have a weekday name, which stopped the shifting of weekday names in relation to dates. This change made the first day of the year always correspond to the first day of the week, and the last day of the year always correspond to the last day of the week. Over time, since the same date in any year had the same weekday name as in any other year, the Shire-folk ceased to record the weekday in letters and diaries. Since no month began on a Friday this arrangement also birthed a jesting idiom in the Shire: "On Friday the first" referred to a non-existent day or one on which impossible things would occur (the full expression was "on Friday the first of [[Summerfilth]]").<ref>{{HM|AD}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Months of the year and special days==<br />
The Shire calendar's year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. Five additional days were added to create a 365-day year. The months followed the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
The twelve months of the [[Shire Calendar]] were: [[Afteryule]], [[Solmath]], [[Rethe]], [[Astron]], [[Thrimidge]], [[Forelithe]], [[Afterlithe]], [[Wedmath]], [[Halimath]], [[Winterfilth]], [[Blotmath]], and [[Foreyule]]. Solmath was usually pronounced and sometimes written as Somath. Thrimidge was often written Thrimich and Blotmath was pronounced as Blodmath or Blommath.<br />
<br />
In the [[Eastfarthing]] the names of Afteryule, Astron, and Foreyule, were [[Frery]], [[Chithing]], and [[Yulemath]], respectively. These correspond for the names used in [[Bree]] for those months.<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"<br />
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"<br />
!Month number<br />
!Name<br />
!Approximate relationship to Gregorian calendar<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||''2 [[Yule]]''||22nd of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|1||''[[Afteryule]]'' (''Frery'')||23rd of December to the 21st of January<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|2||''[[Solmath]]''||22nd of January to the 20th of February<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|3||''[[Rethe]]''||21st of February to the 22nd of March<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|4||''[[Astron]]'' (''Chithing'')||23rd of March to 21st of April<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|5||''[[Thrimidge]]''||22nd of April to the 21st of May<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|6||''[[Forelithe]]''||22nd of May to the 20th of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 [[Lithe]]''||21st of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Mid-year's Day]]''||22nd of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''[[Overlithe]]''||Leap day<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''2 Lithe''||23rd of June<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|7||''[[Afterlithe]]''||24th of June to the 23rd of July<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|8||''[[Wedmath]]''||24th of July to the 22nd of August<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|9||''[[Halimath]]''||23rd of August to the 21st of September<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|10||''[[Winterfilth]]''||22nd of September to 21st of October<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|11||''[[Blotmath]]''||22nd of October to the 20th of November<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|12||''[[Foreyule]]'' (''Yulemath'')||21st of November to the 20th of December<br />
|-<br />
|align=center|&nbsp;||''1 Yule''||21st of December<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Yuledays]]'' were the days that mark the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one, so 2 Yule was the first day of the year. The ''Lithedays'' are the three days in the middle of the year, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. In leap years (every fourth year except centennial years) a day was added after Mid-year's Day called ''Overlithe''. All these days were placed outside of any month. These days were primarily holidays and feast days. ''Mid-year's Day'' is meant to correspond to the summer solstice, being 10 days earlier than the middle day of our year. However, since then the summer solstice has shifted slightly so it falls on a different date now, rendering the difference between ''Mid-year's Day'' and the middle day of our year eleven days, instead of ten.<br />
<br />
== Days of the week ==<br />
<br />
The seven weekdays of the Shire Calendar (at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]) were [[Sterday]], [[Sunday]], [[Monday]], [[Trewsday]], [[Hevensday]] (or Hensday), [[Mersday]], and [[Highday]]. The last day of the week, Highday, was the chief day, a post-noon holiday and time for evening feasts.<br />
<br />
The Mid-year's Day and, when present, Overlithe had no weekday assignments. This arrangement was used because it caused every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year (instead of changing as in the Gregorian calendar).<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><br />
<tr style="background:#EFEFEF;"><th>Day Name</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Translation in ''The Lord of the Rings''</th><th>Relationship to Gregorian calendar</th></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Sterday]]''</td><td>Stars of [[Varda]]</td><td>Saturday</td><td>Monday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Sunday]]''</td><td>[[Sun]]</td><td>Sunday</td><td>Tuesday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Monday]]''</td><td>[[Moon]]</td><td>Monday</td><td>Wednesday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Trewsday]]''</td><td>[[Two Trees]] of Valinor</td><td>Tuesday</td><td>Thursday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Hevensday]]''</td><td>[[Ilmen|Heavens]]</td><td>Wednesday</td><td>Friday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Mersday]]''</td><td>[[Belegaer|Sea]]</td><td>Thursday</td><td>Saturday</td></tr><br />
<tr><td >''[[Highday]]''</td><td>[[Valar]]</td><td>Friday</td><td>Sunday</td></tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
Highday was a holiday with evening feasts.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
It is highly based on the Germanic calendar.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the names of months and days are given in modern equivalents. For instance, Afteryule is called ''January'' and Sterday is called ''Saturday''.<br />
<br />
Also, all days (except in Bilbo's Song) are translated according to the meaning of Sunday and Monday rather than according to position in the Gregorian calendar.<br />
{{references}}<br />
*{{App|Shire}}<br />
*{{App|Calendars}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://shire-reckoning.com/ The Shire-reckoning] website, dedicated to detailed analysis of the Hobbit Calendar.<br />
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Auenland-Kalender]]<br />
[[fi:Konnun kalenteri]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Stewards%27_Reckoning&diff=272350Stewards' Reckoning2015-07-11T08:47:09Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
'''Stewards' Reckoning''' or '''Revised Calendar''' was the calendar system introduced in [[Gondor]] by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], its first [[Ruling Steward]] around [[Third Age 2000]]. <br />
<br />
It survived until the end of the [[Third Age]], and was thus the calendar in use at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] used a [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] calendar called [[King's Reckoning]] but even after the fall of [[Sauron]] at the end of that Age, the old calendar was maintained by the [[Exiles of Númenor]] in [[Middle-earth]] into the [[Third Age]]. When the era of the Kings passed with the [[Battle of Fornost|fall of Arnor]] and the loss of King [[Eärnur]], the King's Reckoning presented (through the continued accumulation of the [[wikipedia:millenial deficit|millenial deficit]]s) an offset of about 1.6 days<ref name="lal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Time.html|articlename=The Reckoning of Time|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|website=Lalaith}}</ref> out of synchronicity with the astronomical observations.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
To correct the accumulating deficit of the calendar, Steward Mardil inserted two leap days into {{TA|2059}}. In addition, he reformed the calendar to take effect {{TA|2060|n}} by making all months of equal length (30 days) and arranging the two days gained such symmetrically to the other holidays. In {{TA|2360|n}} Steward [[Hador (Steward of Gondor)|Hador]] added 1 day to that year. However, there was no millennial addition in {{TA|3000|n}}, so by {{TA|3020|n}} the calendar was once again in deficit according to Tolkien, but by less than 1 day. <ref>{{HM|AB}}, "not yet amounted to 1 day"</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is unclear whether the leap day in {{TA|2060|n}} was dropped in consequence. The deficit Tolkien would have calculated ignoring the additions in {{TA|2059|n}} for the end of {{TA|2060|n}} is 1 day, 8 hours, 5 minutes, 26 seconds; his claim that the deficit then was about 8 hours would imply that one extra day had occurred and therefore that the leap day was skipped. By contrast, his claim that a deficit of less than one day existed in {{TA|3020|n}} would imply that the {{TA|2060|n}} leap day as retained. <ref name="TLvAR">{{webcite|articleurl=http://rinsanity.weebly.com/tolkien.html|articlename=Tolkien's Legendarium versus Astronomical Reality|author=Aaron Chong}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Stewards' Reckoning was eventually adopted by most speakers of [[Westron]] such as the [[Dwarves]] and even the [[Elves]] (who maintained their former traditions only for ritual purposes).<br />
<br />
In the [[Fourth Age]], the calendar was replaced by the [[New Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
==The Calendar=<br />
The Revised Calendar consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, and five additional days that belonged to no month.<br />
*[[yestarë]]<br />
*[[Narwain]], [[Ninui]], [[Gwaeron]]<br />
*[[tuilérë]] or Spring-day<br />
*[[Gwirith]], [[Lothron]], [[Nórui]]<br />
*[[loëndë]] (in leap-years replaced by two [[enderi]])<br />
*[[Cerveth]], [[Úrui]], [[Ivanneth]]<br />
*[[yáviérë]] or Autumn-day<br />
*[[Narbeleth]], [[Hithui]],[[Girithron]]<br />
*[[mettarë]]<br />
<br />
The names of the months and days were now popularly used in Quenya (though [[Dale]] and [[Rohan]], retained old names, at least among the lower population); the [[Dúnedain]] adhered to [[Sindarin]] versions.<br />
<br />
==Observations=<br />
*Yestarë: Winter Solstice<br />
*28 Gwaeron: Vernal Equinox<br />
*30 Gwirith: [[Erukyermë]]<br />
*Loëndë: Summer Solstice/[[Erulaitalë]]<br />
*10 October: Automnal Equinox<br />
*?? [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]<br />
[[de:Truchsessen-Zeitrechnung]]<br />
[[fi:Käskynhaltijain lasku]]</div>Arcorannhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kings%27_Reckoning&diff=272349Kings' Reckoning2015-07-11T01:17:14Z<p>Arcorann: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
<br />
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<br />
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[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]]</div>Arcorann