Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Blue Wizards

2025-03-05T05:23:16Z

BartAllen: Small addition.

{{Expansion}}

{{infobox character
| people-duplicated=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| name=Blue Wizards
| people=[[Maiar]] ([[Wizards]])
| image=Daniel Pilla - The Blue Wizards.jpg
| caption="The Blue Wizards" by [[:Category:Images by Daniel Pilla|Daniel Pilla]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Earlier writings: ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) Later writings: ''Morinehtar'' and ''Rómestámo''; ''Palacendo'' and ''Haimenar'' (Q)
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]]<ref name="UTIstari"/>
| affiliation=[[Order of Wizards]] [[Five Guardians]]
| language=[[Valarin]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sea-blue clothing
| weapons=
| steed=
| gallery=the Blue Wizards
}}

The '''Blue Wizards''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ithryn Luin''''')<ref group="note">The term "Blue Wizards" is mentioned only in an "essay" and is the only source where they are assigned a colour; although Tolkien revisited the concept of the remaining two Wizards, giving them different names and backgrounds, their assigned colour (whether blue or other) or title, is never specified again. However the term "Blue Wizards" is used by the fans to refer to all concepts of these two Wizards.</ref> were the two [[Wizards]] (''Istari)'' who were sent into the far [[Rhun|East]] and [[Harad|South]] of [[Middle-earth]] to contest the will of [[Sauron]], but never returned.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] conception of the two Blue Wizards changed dramatically between his earlier and later writings.
===Earlier writings===
The idea that there were two other [[Wizards]] in addition to [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]], and [[Radagast]] was first conceived when Saruman, in his wrath, revealed that there were five members of the Order of Wizards:
{{Blockquote|Later! Yes, when you [Gandalf] also have the Keys of Barad-dûr itself, I suppose; and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards...|[[Saruman]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"}}

Nothing more was said of these two Wizards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as it was published. However, whilst preparing (in [[1954]]) an index for ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Tolkien wrote what his [[Christopher Tolkien|son]] later referred to as the 'essay on the Istari'. There it is said that of the chief Wizards who went to the North of [[Middle-earth]] there were five, and two of these were clad in sea-blue. Little was known about these two in the West of Middle-earth; even their individual names were unknown, but they were known collectively as ''Ithryn Luin'', or "Blue Wizards". It is said they travelled into the East with Curunír (Saruman), but they did not return into the West. Their fate was unknown, but some held that they fell into evil and became servants of [[Sauron]].<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Tolkien expanded upon this last point in a letter written in [[1958]]:
{{Blockquote|I really do not know anything clearly about the other two [wizards] – since they do not concern the history of the N[orth].W[est]. I think they went as emissaries to distant regions, East and South, far out of Númenórean range: missionaries to 'enemy-occupied' lands, as it were. What success they had I do not know; but I fear that they failed, as Saruman did, though doubtless in different ways; and I suspect they were founders or beginners of secret cults and 'magic' traditions that outlasted the fall of Sauron.|[[Letter 211]]<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tom Cross - Alatar - Darkness-slayer.jpg|thumb|''Alatar: Darkness-slayer'' by Tom Cross<ref group="note">Tolkien did not associate Alatar with Morinehtar (which means "Darkness-slayer") and they should not be considered synonymous.</ref>]]

Tolkien also suggests that only Gandalf returned to [[Valinor]]:

{{Blockquote|Wilt thou learn the lore <nowiki>||</nowiki> that was long secret of the Five that came <nowiki>||</nowiki> from a far country? One only returned. <nowiki>||</nowiki> Others never again|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"<ref name="UTIstari"/>}}

In a brief narrative about a council of the [[Valar]], the origins of the other two Wizards are placed alongside those of the known three, Curumo (Saruman), [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] (Radagast), and Olórin (Gandalf). Whilst in the essay on the Istari the Blue Wizards were given no names, here these two are called Alatar and Pallando. [[Oromë]] chose Alatar to send to Middle-earth (to contest the will of Sauron), and Alatar decided to bring along Pallando as his friend. Christopher Tolkien has speculated that their association with Oromë could be because he was the Vala who had the greatest knowledge of the furthest regions of Middle-earth, and hence that is where the two Wizards journeyed.<ref name="UTIstari" />

[[File:Angus McBride - Pallando.jpg|''Pallando'' by [[Angus McBride]]|thumb]]

Based on the above material, the history of the two "Blue Wizards" can be determined as the following:

*[[Manwë]] summons a council of the Valar. They decide to send emissaries to Middle-earth. Oromë chooses to send Alatar, and Alatar brings along his friend Pallando.<ref name="UTIstari" />
** Notably, Pallando was originally affiliated with [[Mandos]] and [[Nienna]], though this was emended to Oromë.<ref name="UTIstari" />
*The two Wizards arrive in Middle-earth at roughly the same time as the other wizards, c. {{TA|1000}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
*The two, known as the "Blue Wizards", travel into the East of Middle-earth with Saruman. Saruman returns to the North-West, but the two do not.<ref name="UTIstari" />
*Together or independent of each other, the two fall from their appointed task. They may have founded "magic" cults amongst the peoples of the East and South, which existed beyond the downfall of Sauron.<ref name="Letter211" />

===Later writings===
[[File:Jef Murray - Slayer of Darkness.jpg|''Slayer of Darkness'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb]]

Towards the end of his life, Tolkien returned to the issue of the other two Wizards. In a brief outline he noted that the two Wizards were sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] and were destined to disrupt the work of [[Sauron]] in the East:

{{Blockquote|Their task was to circumvent Sauron: to bring help to the few tribes of [[Men]] that had rebelled from [[Melkor]]-worship, to stir up rebellion ... and after his first fall to search out his hiding (in which they failed) and to cause [?dissension and disarray] among the dark East ... They must have had very great influence on the history of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] in weakening and disarraying the forces of East ... who would both in the Second Age and Third Age otherwise have ... outnumbered the West.|"[[Last Writings]]", ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>}}

Therefore, Tolkien dramatically altered his conception of the two [[Wizards]]. They no longer arrived in Middle-earth along with [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Radagast]] in c. {{TA|1000}}. Instead they arrived much earlier, at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}}. Whilst Glorfindel was tasked with aiding [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] with the war in [[Eriador]], the Wizards were destined to journey to the East. Instead of mentioning that they drifted from their mission, Tolkien points out that they played a decisive role in the downfall of Sauron at the end of both the [[Second Age]] and the [[Third Age]]. They were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, "Darkness-slayer" and "East-helper", and were successful in preventing the forces of the East from outnumbering those of the [[Free peoples]] in the West.<ref name="PMLast" />

Additionally, Tolkien stated that the interference of both Wizards, both in the East and South, was the reason that Sauron was not at sufficient strength to be able to resist the Númenor invasion:

{{Blockquote|Thus it was that though, as soon as [Sauron's] disguise was pierced and he was recognized as an enemy, he exerted all his time and strength to gathering and training armies, it took some ninety years before he felt ready to open war. And he misjudged this, as we see in his final defeat, when the great host of Minastir from Númenor landed in Middle-earth. His gathering of armies had not been unopposed, and his success had been much less than his hope. But this is a matter spoken of in notes on “The Five Wizards”. He had powerful enemies behind his back, the East, and in the Southern lands to which he had not yet given sufficient thought.|"Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans", ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''}}

Based on these later writings, a history of the two Wizards can be summarised as the following:<ref name="PMLast" />

*The two Wizards were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, "Darkness-slayer" and "East-helper".
*The two Wizards were sent to Middle-earth at roughly the same time as Glorfindel in c. {{SA|1600}} (and similarly at the behest of the Valar), the Year of Dread, when Sauron forged [[The One Ring]] and completed the building of [[Barad-dûr]].
*The two Wizards journeyed into the East and South of Middle-earth, though it's uncertain whether they separated.
*They were tasked with finding Sauron's hiding place in the East. They failed.
*They brought "help to the few tribes of Men [in the East] that had rebelled from Melkor-worship," and they encouraged rebellion against Sauron.<ref name="PMLast" /> They were able to hinder Sauron's gathering and training of armies in the East and South during the Second Age, aiding the defeat of Sauron in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and beyond.<ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref>
*They ensured that Sauron's forces in the East did not outnumber the West, thus ultimately helping secure victory for the Free peoples against Sauron in the [[War of the Ring]].

==Etymology==
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Ithryn Luin'' consists of ''[[ithron|ithryn]]'' ("wizards"; plural of ''ithron'') and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref>

==Νames and etymologies==
''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' are [[Quenya]] names. The first is not clear, and possibly contains the Quenya elements for "radiance" (cf. [[Alatariel]]) and/or the ending ''-[[tar]]'' "lord" (cf. [[Annatar]]).<ref name="alatar-haimenar">{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-163516871.html|website=[[Eldamo]]|accessed=20 September 2023}}</ref>
''Pallando'', according to [[Christopher Tolkien]], possibly contains the element ''[[palan]]-'' "far"<ref name="UTIstari" />{{rp|401}}

''Morinehtar'' is described as meaning "Darkness-slayer",<ref name="pome" /> likely based on the Quenya words ''[[mori-]]'' ("darkness") and ''nehtar'' ("slayer").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/quen-eng.rtf|articlename=Quenya-English Wordlist|website=[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf Ardalambion]|accessed=12-September-2012}}</ref>

''Rómestámo'' or ''Róme(n)star'' is a Quenya name meaning "East-helper".<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-5, 391, note 28</ref>

If they were among the Maiar sent to [[Cuiviénen]] with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]] to protect the first Elves, they would have been called '''''Palacendo''''' ("*Far sighted one") and '''''Haimenar''''' ("*Far-farer") at the time.<ref name="alatar-haimenar" /><ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
The Blue Wizards have not appeared physically in any adaptation of [[Middle-earth]] works so far, and they are mentioned and implied only in the following adaptations:

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Khundolar tribe of the [[Easterlings]] had among them the "Blue Caste" of sorcerers. Their Master, "Yirokhsar the Blue", forbade his followers to march with the Dark Lord's forces, but many still joined their kings who had fallen under the sway of [[Sauron]]. Also, the Jangovar Easterlings viewed Sauron as a god, but were confused why their master, "Yetkeyin the Violet", refused to obey Sauron.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions the Blue Wizards when he explains the number of Wizards, and says that he has forgotten their names.
:
:
:Since the film production team did not have the rights to include material from sources other than ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the decision to include the line "Blue Wizards" (only appearing in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 244</ref>) has been regarded as legally controversial.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Janet Brennan Croft]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731034017/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/23828|articlename=Source Material (message #23828)|dated=17 December 2012|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list]|accessed=27 February 2023}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:[[File:Middle-earth- Shadow of War .png|thumb|312x312px|An azurite figurine of the Blue Wizards in ''Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor'']]In the game, three artefacts describe the encounter of two Wizards whose names could not be remembered travelling side by side into [[Mordor]]. It is implied to be the Blue Wizards from the description of the artefact. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the [[Black Hand]] could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of two Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.

{{References|Notes}}
{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Ithryn Luin]]
[[fi:Siniset velhot]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/ithryn luin]]

Blue Wizards

2025-03-04T21:57:11Z

BartAllen: Small addition.

{{Expansion}}

{{infobox character
| people-duplicated=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| name=Blue Wizards
| people=[[Maiar]] ([[Wizards]])
| image=Daniel Pilla - The Blue Wizards.jpg
| caption="The Blue Wizards" by [[:Category:Images by Daniel Pilla|Daniel Pilla]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Earlier writings: ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) Later writings: ''Morinehtar'' and ''Rómestámo''; ''Palacendo'' and ''Haimenar'' (Q)
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]]<ref name="UTIstari"/>
| affiliation=[[Istari]] [[Order of Wizards]]
| language=[[Valarin]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sea-blue clothing
| weapons=
| steed=
| gallery=the Blue Wizards
}}

The '''Blue Wizards''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ithryn Luin''''')<ref group="note">The term "Blue Wizards" is mentioned only in an "essay" and is the only source where they are assigned a colour; although Tolkien revisited the concept of the remaining two Wizards, giving them different names and backgrounds, their assigned colour (whether blue or other) or title, is never specified again. However the term "Blue Wizards" is used by the fans to refer to all concepts of these two Wizards.</ref> were the two [[Wizards]] (''Istari)'' who were sent into the far [[Rhun|East]] and [[Harad|South]] of [[Middle-earth]] to contest the will of [[Sauron]], but never returned.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] conception of the two Blue Wizards changed dramatically between his earlier and later writings.
===Earlier writings===
The idea that there were two other [[Wizards]] in addition to [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]], and [[Radagast]] was first conceived when Saruman, in his wrath, revealed that there were five members of the Order of Wizards:
{{Blockquote|Later! Yes, when you [Gandalf] also have the Keys of Barad-dûr itself, I suppose; and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards...|[[Saruman]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"}}

Nothing more was said of these two Wizards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as it was published. However, whilst preparing (in [[1954]]) an index for ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Tolkien wrote what his [[Christopher Tolkien|son]] later referred to as the 'essay on the Istari'. There it is said that of the chief Wizards who went to the North of [[Middle-earth]] there were five, and two of these were clad in sea-blue. Little was known about these two in the West of Middle-earth; even their individual names were unknown, but they were known collectively as ''Ithryn Luin'', or "Blue Wizards". It is said they travelled into the East with Curunír (Saruman), but they did not return into the West. Their fate was unknown, but some held that they fell into evil and became servants of [[Sauron]].<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Tolkien expanded upon this last point in a letter written in [[1958]]:
{{Blockquote|I really do not know anything clearly about the other two [wizards] – since they do not concern the history of the N[orth].W[est]. I think they went as emissaries to distant regions, East and South, far out of Númenórean range: missionaries to 'enemy-occupied' lands, as it were. What success they had I do not know; but I fear that they failed, as Saruman did, though doubtless in different ways; and I suspect they were founders or beginners of secret cults and 'magic' traditions that outlasted the fall of Sauron.|[[Letter 211]]<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tom Cross - Alatar - Darkness-slayer.jpg|thumb|''Alatar: Darkness-slayer'' by Tom Cross<ref group="note">Tolkien did not associate Alatar with Morinehtar (which means "Darkness-slayer") and they should not be considered synonymous.</ref>]]

Tolkien also suggests that only Gandalf returned to [[Valinor]]:

{{Blockquote|Wilt thou learn the lore <nowiki>||</nowiki> that was long secret of the Five that came <nowiki>||</nowiki> from a far country? One only returned. <nowiki>||</nowiki> Others never again|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"<ref name="UTIstari"/>}}

In a brief narrative about a council of the [[Valar]], the origins of the other two Wizards are placed alongside those of the known three, Curumo (Saruman), [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] (Radagast), and Olórin (Gandalf). Whilst in the essay on the Istari the Blue Wizards were given no names, here these two are called Alatar and Pallando. [[Oromë]] chose Alatar to send to Middle-earth (to contest the will of Sauron), and Alatar decided to bring along Pallando as his friend. Christopher Tolkien has speculated that their association with Oromë could be because he was the Vala who had the greatest knowledge of the furthest regions of Middle-earth, and hence that is where the two Wizards journeyed.<ref name="UTIstari" />

[[File:Angus McBride - Pallando.jpg|''Pallando'' by [[Angus McBride]]|thumb]]

Based on the above material, the history of the two "Blue Wizards" can be determined as the following:

*[[Manwë]] summons a council of the Valar. They decide to send emissaries to Middle-earth. Oromë chooses to send Alatar, and Alatar brings along his friend Pallando.<ref name="UTIstari" />
** Notably, Pallando was originally affiliated with [[Mandos]] and [[Nienna]], though this was emended to Oromë.<ref name="UTIstari" />
*The two Wizards arrive in Middle-earth at roughly the same time as the other wizards, c. {{TA|1000}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
*The two, known as the "Blue Wizards", travel into the East of Middle-earth with Saruman. Saruman returns to the North-West, but the two do not.<ref name="UTIstari" />
*Together or independent of each other, the two fall from their appointed task. They may have founded "magic" cults amongst the peoples of the East and South, which existed beyond the downfall of Sauron.<ref name="Letter211" />

===Later writings===
[[File:Jef Murray - Slayer of Darkness.jpg|''Slayer of Darkness'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb]]

Towards the end of his life, Tolkien returned to the issue of the other two Wizards. In a brief outline he noted that the two Wizards were sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] and were destined to disrupt the work of [[Sauron]] in the East:

{{Blockquote|Their task was to circumvent Sauron: to bring help to the few tribes of [[Men]] that had rebelled from [[Melkor]]-worship, to stir up rebellion ... and after his first fall to search out his hiding (in which they failed) and to cause [?dissension and disarray] among the dark East ... They must have had very great influence on the history of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] in weakening and disarraying the forces of East ... who would both in the Second Age and Third Age otherwise have ... outnumbered the West.|"[[Last Writings]]", ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>}}

Therefore, Tolkien dramatically altered his conception of the two [[Wizards]]. They no longer arrived in Middle-earth along with [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Radagast]] in c. {{TA|1000}}. Instead they arrived much earlier, at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}}. Whilst Glorfindel was tasked with aiding [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] with the war in [[Eriador]], the Wizards were destined to journey to the East. Instead of mentioning that they drifted from their mission, Tolkien points out that they played a decisive role in the downfall of Sauron at the end of both the [[Second Age]] and the [[Third Age]]. They were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, "Darkness-slayer" and "East-helper", and were successful in preventing the forces of the East from outnumbering those of the [[Free peoples]] in the West.<ref name="PMLast" />

Additionally, Tolkien stated that the interference of both Wizards, both in the East and South, was the reason that Sauron was not at sufficient strength to be able to resist the Númenor invasion:

{{Blockquote|Thus it was that though, as soon as [Sauron's] disguise was pierced and he was recognized as an enemy, he exerted all his time and strength to gathering and training armies, it took some ninety years before he felt ready to open war. And he misjudged this, as we see in his final defeat, when the great host of Minastir from Númenor landed in Middle-earth. His gathering of armies had not been unopposed, and his success had been much less than his hope. But this is a matter spoken of in notes on “The Five Wizards”. He had powerful enemies behind his back, the East, and in the Southern lands to which he had not yet given sufficient thought.|"Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans", ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''}}

Based on these later writings, a history of the two Wizards can be summarised as the following:<ref name="PMLast" />

*The two Wizards were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, "Darkness-slayer" and "East-helper".
*The two Wizards were sent to Middle-earth at roughly the same time as Glorfindel in c. {{SA|1600}} (and similarly at the behest of the Valar), the Year of Dread, when Sauron forged [[The One Ring]] and completed the building of [[Barad-dûr]].
*The two Wizards journeyed into the East and South of Middle-earth, though it's uncertain whether they separated.
*They were tasked with finding Sauron's hiding place in the East. They failed.
*They brought "help to the few tribes of Men [in the East] that had rebelled from Melkor-worship," and they encouraged rebellion against Sauron.<ref name="PMLast" /> They were able to hinder Sauron's gathering and training of armies in the East and South during the Second Age, aiding the defeat of Sauron in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and beyond.<ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref>
*They ensured that Sauron's forces in the East did not outnumber the West, thus ultimately helping secure victory for the Free peoples against Sauron in the [[War of the Ring]].

==Etymology==
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Ithryn Luin'' consists of ''[[ithron|ithryn]]'' ("wizards"; plural of ''ithron'') and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref>

==Νames and etymologies==
''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' are [[Quenya]] names. The first is not clear, and possibly contains the Quenya elements for "radiance" (cf. [[Alatariel]]) and/or the ending ''-[[tar]]'' "lord" (cf. [[Annatar]]).<ref name="alatar-haimenar">{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-163516871.html|website=[[Eldamo]]|accessed=20 September 2023}}</ref>
''Pallando'', according to [[Christopher Tolkien]], possibly contains the element ''[[palan]]-'' "far"<ref name="UTIstari" />{{rp|401}}

''Morinehtar'' is described as meaning "Darkness-slayer",<ref name="pome" /> likely based on the Quenya words ''[[mori-]]'' ("darkness") and ''nehtar'' ("slayer").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/quen-eng.rtf|articlename=Quenya-English Wordlist|website=[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf Ardalambion]|accessed=12-September-2012}}</ref>

''Rómestámo'' or ''Róme(n)star'' is a Quenya name meaning "East-helper".<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-5, 391, note 28</ref>

If they were among the Maiar sent to [[Cuiviénen]] with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]] to protect the first Elves, they would have been called '''''Palacendo''''' ("*Far sighted one") and '''''Haimenar''''' ("*Far-farer") at the time.<ref name="alatar-haimenar" /><ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
The Blue Wizards have not appeared physically in any adaptation of [[Middle-earth]] works so far, and they are mentioned and implied only in the following adaptations:

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Khundolar tribe of the [[Easterlings]] had among them the "Blue Caste" of sorcerers. Their Master, "Yirokhsar the Blue", forbade his followers to march with the Dark Lord's forces, but many still joined their kings who had fallen under the sway of [[Sauron]]. Also, the Jangovar Easterlings viewed Sauron as a god, but were confused why their master, "Yetkeyin the Violet", refused to obey Sauron.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions the Blue Wizards when he explains the number of Wizards, and says that he has forgotten their names.
:
:
:Since the film production team did not have the rights to include material from sources other than ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the decision to include the line "Blue Wizards" (only appearing in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 244</ref>) has been regarded as legally controversial.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Janet Brennan Croft]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731034017/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/23828|articlename=Source Material (message #23828)|dated=17 December 2012|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list]|accessed=27 February 2023}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:[[File:Middle-earth- Shadow of War .png|thumb|312x312px|An azurite figurine of the Blue Wizards in ''Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor'']]In the game, three artefacts describe the encounter of two Wizards whose names could not be remembered travelling side by side into [[Mordor]]. It is implied to be the Blue Wizards from the description of the artefact. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the [[Black Hand]] could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of two Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.

{{References|Notes}}
{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Ithryn Luin]]
[[fi:Siniset velhot]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/ithryn luin]]

Blue Wizards

2025-03-04T21:49:28Z

BartAllen: Small additions based on the Nature of Middle-earth, which weren't included, pertaining to both Rhun and Harad.

{{Expansion}}

{{infobox character
| people-duplicated=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| name=Blue Wizards
| people=[[Maiar]] ([[Wizards]])
| image=Daniel Pilla - The Blue Wizards.jpg
| caption="The Blue Wizards" by [[:Category:Images by Daniel Pilla|Daniel Pilla]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Earlier writings: ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' Later writings: ''Morinehtar'' and ''Rómestámo''; ''Palacendo'' and ''Haimenar''
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]]<ref name="UTIstari"/>
| affiliation=[[Order of Wizards]]
| language=[[Valarin]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sea-blue
| weapons=
| steed=
| gallery=the Blue Wizards
}}

The '''Blue Wizards''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ithryn Luin''''')<ref group="note">The term "Blue Wizards" is mentioned only in an "essay" and is the only source where they are assigned a colour; although Tolkien revisited the concept of the remaining two Wizards, giving them different names and backgrounds, their assigned colour (whether blue or other) or title, is never specified again. However the term "Blue Wizards" is used by the fans to refer to all concepts of these two Wizards.</ref> were the two [[Wizards]] (''Istari)'' who were sent into the far [[Rhun|East]] and [[Harad|South]] of [[Middle-earth]] to contest the will of [[Sauron]], but never returned.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] conception of the two Blue Wizards changed dramatically between his earlier and later writings.
===Earlier writings===
The idea that there were two other [[Wizards]] in addition to [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]], and [[Radagast]] was first conceived when Saruman, in his wrath, revealed that there were five members of the Order of Wizards:
{{Blockquote|Later! Yes, when you [Gandalf] also have the Keys of Barad-dûr itself, I suppose; and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards...|[[Saruman]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"}}

Nothing more was said of these two Wizards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as it was published. However, whilst preparing (in [[1954]]) an index for ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Tolkien wrote what his [[Christopher Tolkien|son]] later referred to as the 'essay on the Istari'. There it is said that of the chief Wizards who went to the North of [[Middle-earth]] there were five, and two of these were clad in sea-blue. Little was known about these two in the West of Middle-earth; even their individual names were unknown, but they were known collectively as ''Ithryn Luin'', or "Blue Wizards". It is said they travelled into the East with Curunír (Saruman), but they did not return into the West. Their fate was unknown, but some held that they fell into evil and became servants of [[Sauron]].<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Tolkien expanded upon this last point in a letter written in [[1958]]:
{{Blockquote|I really do not know anything clearly about the other two [wizards] – since they do not concern the history of the N[orth].W[est]. I think they went as emissaries to distant regions, East and South, far out of Númenórean range: missionaries to 'enemy-occupied' lands, as it were. What success they had I do not know; but I fear that they failed, as Saruman did, though doubtless in different ways; and I suspect they were founders or beginners of secret cults and 'magic' traditions that outlasted the fall of Sauron.|[[Letter 211]]<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tom Cross - Alatar - Darkness-slayer.jpg|thumb|''Alatar: Darkness-slayer'' by Tom Cross<ref group="note">Tolkien did not associate Alatar with Morinehtar (which means "Darkness-slayer") and they should not be considered synonymous.</ref>]]

Tolkien also suggests that only Gandalf returned to [[Valinor]]:

{{Blockquote|Wilt thou learn the lore <nowiki>||</nowiki> that was long secret of the Five that came <nowiki>||</nowiki> from a far country? One only returned. <nowiki>||</nowiki> Others never again|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"<ref name="UTIstari"/>}}

In a brief narrative about a council of the [[Valar]], the origins of the other two Wizards are placed alongside those of the known three, Curumo (Saruman), [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] (Radagast), and Olórin (Gandalf). Whilst in the essay on the Istari the Blue Wizards were given no names, here these two are called Alatar and Pallando. [[Oromë]] chose Alatar to send to Middle-earth (to contest the will of Sauron), and Alatar decided to bring along Pallando as his friend. Christopher Tolkien has speculated that their association with Oromë could be because he was the Vala who had the greatest knowledge of the furthest regions of Middle-earth, and hence that is where the two Wizards journeyed.<ref name="UTIstari" />

[[File:Angus McBride - Pallando.jpg|''Pallando'' by [[Angus McBride]]|thumb]]

Based on the above material, the history of the two "Blue Wizards" can be determined as the following:

*[[Manwë]] summons a council of the Valar. They decide to send emissaries to Middle-earth. Oromë chooses to send Alatar, and Alatar brings along his friend Pallando.<ref name="UTIstari" />
** Notably, Pallando was originally affiliated with [[Mandos]] and [[Nienna]], though this was emended to Oromë.<ref name="UTIstari" />
*The two Wizards arrive in Middle-earth at roughly the same time as the other wizards, c. {{TA|1000}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
*The two, known as the "Blue Wizards", travel into the East of Middle-earth with Saruman. Saruman returns to the North-West, but the two do not.<ref name="UTIstari" />
*Together or independent of each other, the two fall from their appointed task. They may have founded "magic" cults amongst the peoples of the East and South, which existed beyond the downfall of Sauron.<ref name="Letter211" />

===Later writings===
[[File:Jef Murray - Slayer of Darkness.jpg|''Slayer of Darkness'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb]]

Towards the end of his life, Tolkien returned to the issue of the other two Wizards. In a brief outline he noted that the two Wizards were sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] and were destined to disrupt the work of [[Sauron]] in the East:

{{Blockquote|Their task was to circumvent Sauron: to bring help to the few tribes of [[Men]] that had rebelled from [[Melkor]]-worship, to stir up rebellion ... and after his first fall to search out his hiding (in which they failed) and to cause [?dissension and disarray] among the dark East ... They must have had very great influence on the history of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] in weakening and disarraying the forces of East ... who would both in the Second Age and Third Age otherwise have ... outnumbered the West.|"[[Last Writings]]", ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>}}

Therefore, Tolkien dramatically altered his conception of the two [[Wizards]]. They no longer arrived in Middle-earth along with [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Radagast]] in c. {{TA|1000}}. Instead they arrived much earlier, at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}}. Whilst Glorfindel was tasked with aiding [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] with the war in [[Eriador]], the Wizards were destined to journey to the East. Instead of mentioning that they drifted from their mission, Tolkien points out that they played a decisive role in the downfall of Sauron at the end of both the [[Second Age]] and the [[Third Age]]. They were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, "Darkness-slayer" and "East-helper", and were successful in preventing the forces of the East from outnumbering those of the [[Free peoples]] in the West.<ref name="PMLast" />

Additionally, Tolkien stated that the interference of both Wizards, both in the East and South, was the reason that Sauron was not at sufficient strength to be able to resist the Númenor invasion:

{{Blockquote|Thus it was that though, as soon as [Sauron's] disguise was pierced and he was recognized as an enemy, he exerted all his time and strength to gathering and training armies, it took some ninety years before he felt ready to open war. And he misjudged this, as we see in his final defeat, when the great host of Minastir from Númenor landed in Middle-earth. His gathering of armies had not been unopposed, and his success had been much less than his hope. But this is a matter spoken of in notes on “The Five Wizards”. He had powerful enemies behind his back, the East, and in the Southern lands to which he had not yet given sufficient thought.|"Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans", ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''}}

Based on these later writings, a history of the two Wizards can be summarised as the following:<ref name="PMLast" />

*The two Wizards were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, "Darkness-slayer" and "East-helper".
*The two Wizards were sent to Middle-earth at roughly the same time as Glorfindel in c. {{SA|1600}} (and similarly at the behest of the Valar), the Year of Dread, when Sauron forged [[The One Ring]] and completed the building of [[Barad-dûr]].
*The two Wizards journeyed into the East and South of Middle-earth, though it's uncertain whether they separated.
*They were tasked with finding Sauron's hiding place in the East. They failed.
*They brought "help to the few tribes of Men [in the East] that had rebelled from Melkor-worship," and they encouraged rebellion against Sauron.<ref name="PMLast" /> They were able to hinder Sauron's gathering and training of armies in the East and South during the Second Age, aiding the defeat of Sauron in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and beyond.<ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref>
*They ensured that Sauron's forces in the East did not outnumber the West, thus ultimately helping secure victory for the Free peoples against Sauron in the [[War of the Ring]].

==Etymology==
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Ithryn Luin'' consists of ''[[ithron|ithryn]]'' ("wizards"; plural of ''ithron'') and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref>

==Νames and etymologies==
''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' are [[Quenya]] names. The first is not clear, and possibly contains the Quenya elements for "radiance" (cf. [[Alatariel]]) and/or the ending ''-[[tar]]'' "lord" (cf. [[Annatar]]).<ref name="alatar-haimenar">{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-163516871.html|website=[[Eldamo]]|accessed=20 September 2023}}</ref>
''Pallando'', according to [[Christopher Tolkien]], possibly contains the element ''[[palan]]-'' "far"<ref name="UTIstari" />{{rp|401}}

''Morinehtar'' is described as meaning "Darkness-slayer",<ref name="pome" /> likely based on the Quenya words ''[[mori-]]'' ("darkness") and ''nehtar'' ("slayer").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/quen-eng.rtf|articlename=Quenya-English Wordlist|website=[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf Ardalambion]|accessed=12-September-2012}}</ref>

''Rómestámo'' or ''Róme(n)star'' is a Quenya name meaning "East-helper".<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-5, 391, note 28</ref>

If they were among the Maiar sent to [[Cuiviénen]] with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]] to protect the first Elves, they would have been called '''''Palacendo''''' ("*Far sighted one") and '''''Haimenar''''' ("*Far-farer") at the time.<ref name="alatar-haimenar" /><ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
The Blue Wizards have not appeared physically in any adaptation of [[Middle-earth]] works so far, and they are mentioned and implied only in the following adaptations:

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Khundolar tribe of the [[Easterlings]] had among them the "Blue Caste" of sorcerers. Their Master, "Yirokhsar the Blue", forbade his followers to march with the Dark Lord's forces, but many still joined their kings who had fallen under the sway of [[Sauron]]. Also, the Jangovar Easterlings viewed Sauron as a god, but were confused why their master, "Yetkeyin the Violet", refused to obey Sauron.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions the Blue Wizards when he explains the number of Wizards, and says that he has forgotten their names.
:
:
:Since the film production team did not have the rights to include material from sources other than ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the decision to include the line "Blue Wizards" (only appearing in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 244</ref>) has been regarded as legally controversial.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Janet Brennan Croft]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731034017/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/23828|articlename=Source Material (message #23828)|dated=17 December 2012|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list]|accessed=27 February 2023}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:[[File:Middle-earth- Shadow of War .png|thumb|312x312px|An azurite figurine of the Blue Wizards in ''Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor'']]In the game, three artefacts describe the encounter of two Wizards whose names could not be remembered travelling side by side into [[Mordor]]. It is implied to be the Blue Wizards from the description of the artefact. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the [[Black Hand]] could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of two Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.

{{References|Notes}}
{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Ithryn Luin]]
[[fi:Siniset velhot]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/ithryn luin]]

Harad

2024-02-19T03:27:02Z

BartAllen: Adding Black Númenóreans to the list.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[South Gondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]] At least one inland city
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Black Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Days before days]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}

'''Harad''', also known as the '''South''', refers to the little-known lands in southern [[Middle-earth]]. The great region is located south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]. Very little is known of the [[Dark Land|southern lands]] beyond the great [[Sea of Ringil]].

==History==
===Before the First Age===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the [[Days before days|primordial times]] of [[Arda]], the southern land of Middle-earth was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar. Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the [[Valar]] still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Morgoth|Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern Sea of Ringil.<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

During the period in which Melkor bred monsters of diverse shapes and kinds that troubled [[Endor]], his realm spread from [[Utumno]] over the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}, p. 54</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 306</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-40</ref>

The coast south of Harad extended much farther west before the ruin of Beleriand.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, entry VY 1130/95, p. 52</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the Rings of Power almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
[[File:Lída Holubová - Harad.jpg|thumb|''Harad'' by [[Lída Holubová]]]]
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|936|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]], [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Aragorn|Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Elessar</ref><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called [[Near Harad]] and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> Somewhere in Harad was the inland city that [[Berúthiel]] came from.<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 10</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange".<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the ''Haradrim'' to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "KHYAR"</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, p. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, p. 336</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, p. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to the south dark regions and fire mountains are mentioned.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is probably to the south of Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]]. J.R.R. Tolkien mentioned that Africa lies south of Harad in an interview and also wrote that the coast south of Haradwaith extended much farther west before the ruin of Beleriand.</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, pp. 250-1</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world. In addition, apart from the peninsula and firth of Umbar, the shape of the coastline of Harad south of the mouth of the river Harnen on the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] is similar to the shape of the coastline of the northwestern coast of Africa south of the city of [[Wikipedia:Tangier|Tangier]].

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Talk:Haradrim

2024-02-19T03:23:59Z

BartAllen: Small edit.

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Quenya) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf#Other names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==
I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim, as the latter isn't a race and you've had Numenoreans of Gondor, Arnor and even Umbar, for instance. In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 14:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). J.R.R. Tolkien himself writes in Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age in the silmarillion "the Haradrim, a great and cruel people that dwelt in the wide lands south of Mordor beyond the mouths of Anduin".<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> As a consequence, J.R.R. Tolkien uses the term Haradrim to refer to a "people" (i.e. a race). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:The index of the Silmarillion is not a source that was written by J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref name=SForeword>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> Men of Harad is a synonm for Haradrim. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in an early version of what would later become Appendix A of the Lord of the Rings in a changed form "The rebels of Umbar had never ceased to make war on Gondor since the death of Kastamir, attacking its ships and raiding itscoast at every opportunity. They had however become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race". So J.R.R. Tolkien uses "Men of Harad" as a race that is different from the Numenorean race.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Southern line of Gondor: the Anarioni, 25. Minardil</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien wrote "The sons of Kastamir and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven. They never ceased to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity. But they married women of the Harad and had in three generations lost most of their Numenorean blood; but they did not forget their feud with the house of Eldakar."<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, Commentary on manuscript B on the entry for king Minardil</ref> So J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "women of the Harad" as being of a different race than the Númenoreans. J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "men of Harad" when Faramir reports about the attack on the Haradrim in Ithilien and when mentioning that the location of the ambush by the Orcs and Easterlings was in the same place where he had ambushed the Haradrim.<ref>{{RK|Siege}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}, seventeenth paragraph</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 12:40, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
"Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad."

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
"Stated above."

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim, a great and cruel people that dwelt in the wide lands south of Mordor beyond the mouths of Anduin".<ref name=Rings/> J.R.R. Tolkien does distinguish the Nùmenoreans Herumor and Fuinor from the Haradrim among whom they rose to power. Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref name=SForeword/> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
"Being from south of Umbar."

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
"Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
"A chieftain of the Haradrim."

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''Bart Allen's reply:''''' 
As I stated (yet again) it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim and remove down much of my original post (as such with the Third Age etc). Naturally, Haradrim are different to the race of Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just those born on Numenor (as that would include the later Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land almost as a citizen (even changing one's allegiance). As Tolkien (Christopher) constituted a Man of Harad as one living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race or ethnicity, nor even an allegiance to Sauron (as there were those who fled to the forests, or joined the Blue Wizards' campaign).

Not sure if it's ever been stated that one becomes a Haradrim via a membership process, of sorts ~

'''1.''' Is Umbar in western Haradwaith? 
'''2.''' Are the Men of Harad a race, ethnicity or the inhabitants of Haradwaith? 
'''3.''' Can a race be beholden to a land? Are the Druedain of Armenelos of Harad or Numenor, despite having an over 3,000 history within the latter.

On a different note, are Númenoreans of Gondor comparable to those of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife? Or is Aragorn not a Gondorian due to his region of birth, similar to Isildur?

:Do your reading before you edit to answer your questions. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 12:40, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 14:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''Bart Allen's second reply:''''' 
'''Akhorahil:''' ''"The index of the Silmarillion is not a source that was written by J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion[3] Men of Harad is a synonm for Haradrim. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in an early version of what would later become Appendix A of the Lord of the Rings in a changed form "The rebels of Umbar had never ceased to make war on Gondor since the death of Kastamir, attacking its ships and raiding itscoast at every opportunity. They had however become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race". So J.R.R. Tolkien uses "Men of Harad" as a race that is different from the Numenorean race.[4] J.R.R. Tolkien wrote "The sons of Kastamir and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven. They never ceased to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity. But they married women of the Harad and had in three generations lost most of their Numenorean blood; but they did not forget their feud with the house of Eldakar."[5] So J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "women of the Harad" as being of a different race than the Númenoreans. J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "men of Harad" when Faramir reports about the attack on the Haradrim in Ithilien and when mentioning that the location of the ambush by the Orcs and Easterlings was in the same place where he had ambushed the Haradrim."''

We agree that Men of Harad is synonymous to that of the Haradrim then, so then the definition within the index should hold true then, perhaps? ~ I don't believe it's so cut and dry as Numenoreans are a different race altogether, thus a questionable comparison. Numenoreans are a different to other Men due to the fixed and traced bloodline, in point of fact even the Northmen of Rhovanion (all citations from Appendix A):

"After the return of Eldacar the blood of the kingly house and other houses of the Dunedain '''became more mingled with that of lesser Men...''' This mingling did not at first hasten the waning of the Dunedain, as had been feared; but the waning still proceeded, little by little, as it had before. For no doubt it was due above all to Middle-earth itself, and to the slow withdrawing of the gifts of the Numenoreans after the downfall of the Land of the Star."

"For the high men of Gondor already looked askance at the Northmen among them; and it was a thing unheard of before that the heir to the crown, or any son of the King, '''should wed one of lesser and alien race [...] After the fall of Sauron their '''race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-Earth''', but they inherited without lessening their hatred of Gondor."

Additionally, those of Harad have a variety of skin-types ranging from swarthy, dark, brown to black. My point is that Tolkien using those Harad in contrast to Numenoreans isn't exactly an admission of the Men of the South having a prerequisite of being a specific race to be classed as such (or even race at all), as much as it is being an inhabitant of that part of Endor. So even those of West are still different - in terms of race - to that those of Numenor, as are those of Harad. --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:24, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Small edit, as well as to encourage other users to put their thoughts about on this matter.--[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] ([[User talk:BartAllen|talk]]) 03:23, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

{{references}}

Blue Wizards

2024-02-09T08:05:09Z

BartAllen: Small additions.

{{claimed|[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]]}}
{{Expansion}}

{{maiar infobox
| name=Blue Wizards
| image=[[File:Daniel Pilla - The Blue Wizards.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Blue Wizards" by [[:Category:Images by Daniel Pilla|Daniel Pilla]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Ithryn Luin'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Morinehtar'' and ''Rómestámo'' (Q) ''Palacendo'' and ''Haimenar'' (Q)
| titles=
| position=
| location=Regions of [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]]<ref name="UTIstari"/>
| affiliation=[[Oromë]] [[Five Guardians]] [[Order of Wizards]] [[Haradrim]] [[Easterlings]]
| language=[[Valarin]]
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]] [[Timeless Halls]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sea-blue robes
| weapons=
| steed=
| gallery=the Blue Wizards
}}

The '''Blue Wizards''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ithryn Luin''''')<ref group=note>The term "Blue Wizards" is mentioned only in an "essay" and is the only source where they are assigned a color; although Tolkien revisited the concept of the remaining two Wizards, giving them different names and backgrounds, their assigned color (whether blue or other) or title, is never specified again. However the term "Blue Wizards" is used by the fans to refer to all concepts of these two Wizards.</ref> were the two [[Wizards]] who were sent into the far [[Rhun|East]] and [[Harad|South]] of [[Middle-earth]] to contest the will of [[Sauron]], but never returned.

== History ==


== Other versions of the legendarium ==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] conception of the two Blue Wizards changed dramatically between his earlier and later writings.
=== Earlier writings ===
The idea that there were two other [[wizards]] in addition to [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]], and [[Radagast]] was first conceived when Saruman in his wrath revealed that there were five members of the Order of Wizards:

{{Blockquote|Later! Yes, when you [Gandalf] also have the Keys of Barad-dûr itself, I suppose; and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards|[[Saruman]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"}}

Nothing more was said of these two wizards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as it was published. However, whilst preparing (in [[1954]]) an Index for ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Tolkien wrote what his [[Christopher Tolkien|son]] later referred to as the 'essay on the Istari'. There it is said that of the chief wizards who went to the North of [[Middle-earth]] there were five, and two of these were clad in sea-blue. Little was known about these two in the West of Middle-earth; even their individual names were unknown, but they were known collectively as ''Ithryn Luin'', the Blue Wizards. It is said they travelled into the East with [[Saruman|Curunír]] but they did not return into the West. Their fate was unknown, but some held that they fell into evil and became servants of [[Sauron]].<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Tolkien expanded upon this last point in a letter written in [[1958]]:
{{Blockquote|I really do not know anything clearly about the other two [wizards] – since they do not concern the history of the N[orth].W[est]. I think they went as emissaries to distant regions, East and South, far out of Númenórean range: missionaries to 'enemy-occupied' lands, as it were. What success they had I do not know; but I fear that they failed, as Saruman did, though doubtless in different ways; and I suspect they were founders or beginners of secret cults and 'magic' traditions that outlasted the fall of Sauron.|[[Letter 211]]<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tom Cross - Alatar - Darkness-slayer.jpg|thumb|''Alatar: Darkness-slayer'' by Tom Cross<ref group="note">Tolkien did not associate Alatar with Morinehtar (which means "Darkness-slayer") and they should not be considered synonymous.</ref>]]

Tolkien also suggests that only Gandalf returned to [[Valinor]]:

{{Blockquote|Wilt thou learn the lore <nowiki>||</nowiki> that was long secret of the Five that came <nowiki>||</nowiki> from a far country? One only returned. <nowiki>||</nowiki> Others never again|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"<ref name="UTIstari"/>}}

In a brief narrative about a council of the [[Valar]], the origins of the other two Wizards are placed alongside those of the known three, [[Saruman|Curumo]] (Saruman), [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] (Radagast), and [[Gandalf|Olórin]] (Gandalf). Whilst in the essay on the Istari the Blue Wizards were given no names, here these two are called Alatar and Pallando. [[Oromë]] chose Alatar to send to [[Middle-earth]] (to contest the will of Sauron), and Alatar decided to bring along Pallando as his friend. Christopher Tolkien has speculated that their association with Oromë could be because he was the Vala who had the greatest knowledge of the furthest regions of Middle-earth and hence that is where the two Wizards journeyed.<ref name="UTIstari"/>

[[File:Angus McBride - Pallando.jpg|''Pallando'' by [[Angus McBride]]|thumb]]

Based on the above material, the history of the two "Blue Wizards" can be determined as the following:

* [[Manwë]] summons a council of the [[Valar]]. They decide to send emissaries to [[Middle-earth]]. [[Oromë]] chooses to send Alatar, and Alatar brings along his friend Pallando.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
* The two Wizards arrive in Middle-earth at roughly the same time as the other wizards c. {{TA|1000}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
* The two, known as the "Blue Wizards", travel into the East of Middle-earth with [[Saruman]]. Saruman returns to the North West, but the two do not.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
* Together or independent of each other, the two fall from their appointed task. They may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the eastern and southern regions, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211"/>

=== Later writings ===
[[File:Jef Murray - Slayer of Darkness.jpg|''Slayer of Darkness'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb]]

Towards the end of his life Tolkien returned to the issue of the other two Wizards. In a brief outline he noted that the two Wizards were sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] and were destined to disrupt the work of Sauron in the East:

{{Blockquote|Their task was to circumvent Sauron: to bring help to the few tribes of [[Men]] that had rebelled from [[Melkor]]-worship, to stir up rebellion ... and after his first fall to search out his hiding (in which they failed) and to cause [?dissension and disarray] among the dark East ... They must have had very great influence on the history of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] in weakening and disarraying the forces of East ... who would both in the Second Age and Third Age otherwise have ... outnumbered the West.|"[[Last Writings]]", ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>}}

Therefore Tolkien dramatically altered his conception of the two Wizards. They no longer arrived in Middle-earth along with [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Radagast]] in c. {{TA|1000}}. Instead they arrived much earlier, at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}}. Whilst Glorfindel was tasked with aiding [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] with the war in [[Eriador]], the Wizards were destined to journey to the East and South. Instead of mentioning that they drifted from their mission, Tolkien points out that they played a decisive role in the downfall of Sauron at the end of both the [[Second Age]] and the [[Third Age]]. They were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, Darkness-slayer and East-helper, and were successful in preventing the forces of the East and South from outnumbering those of the [[Free peoples]] in the West.<ref name="PMLast"/>

Based on these later writings, a history of the two Wizards can be summarised as the following:<ref name="PMLast"/><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref>

* The two Wizards were sent to Middle-earth at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}} (and similarly at the behest of the [[Valar]]), the Year of Dread, when Sauron forged [[The One Ring]] and completed the building of [[Barad-dûr]].
* The two Wizards journeyed into the East and South of Middle-earth, where they remained; they were not heard or seen west of [[Mordor]].
* They were known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, Darkness-slayer and East-helper.
* The two Wizards were able to hinder Sauron's operations in the East and South, aiding the defeat of [[Sauron]] in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Last Alliance]].
* During the early [[Third Age]] and until the end of the [[Watchful Peace]], they were tasked with finding where Sauron dwelt. They failed.
* They ensured that the forces of the East and South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in [[War of the Ring]].

== Etymology ==
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Ithryn Luin'' consists of ''[[ithron|ithryn]]'' ("wizards"; plural of ''ithron'') and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref>

== Νames and etymologies==
''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' are [[Quenya]] names. The first is not clear, and possibly contains the Quenya elements for "radiance" (cf. [[Alatariel]]) and/or the ending ''-[[tar]]'' "lord" (cf. [[Annatar]]).<ref name=alatar-haimenar>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-163516871.html|website=[[Eldamo]]|accessed=20 September 2023}}</ref>
''Pallando'', according to [[Christopher Tolkien]], possibly contains the element ''[[palan]]-'' "far"<ref name="UTIstari"/>{{rp|401}}

''Morinehtar'' is described as meaning "Darkness-slayer",<ref name="pome"/> likely based on the [[Quenya]] words ''[[mori-]]'' ("darkness") and ''nehtar'' ("slayer").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/quen-eng.rtf|articlename=Quenya-English Wordlist|website=[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf Ardalambion]|accessed=12-September-2012}}</ref>

''Rómestámo'' or ''Róme(n)star'' is a [[Quenya]] name meaning "East-helper".<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-5, 391, note 28</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], they were called '''''Palacendo''''' ("*Far sighted one") and '''''Haimenar''''' ("*Far-farer").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref><ref name=alatar-haimenar />

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
The Blue Wizards have not appeared physically in any adaptation of Middle earth works so far, and they are mentioned and implied only in the following adaptations:

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Khundolar tribe of the [[Easterlings]] had among them the "Blue Caste" of sorcerers. Their Master, "Yirokhsar the Blue", forbade his followers to march with the Dark Lord's forces, but many still joined their kings who had fallen under the sway of [[Sauron]]. Also, the Jangovar Easterlings viewed Sauron as a god, but were confused why their master, "Yetkeyin the Violet", refused to obey Sauron.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions the Blue Wizards when he explains the number of Wizards, and says that he has forgotten their names.

:Since the film production team did not have the rights to include material from sources other than ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the decision to include the line "Blue Wizards" (only appearing in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 244</ref>) has been regarded as legally controversial.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Janet Brennan Croft]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731034017/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/23828|articlename=Source Material (message #23828)|dated=17 December 2012|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list]|accessed=27 February 2023}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:In the game,three artefacts describe the encounter of two wizards whose names couldn't be remembered travelling side by side into Mordor. It is implied to be the Blue Wizards from the description of the artifact. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the [[Black Hand]] could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of two Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.

{{References|Notes}}
{{Ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Ithryn Luin]]
[[fi:Siniset velhot]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/ithryn_luin]]

Harad

2024-01-13T19:02:18Z

BartAllen: Small reversion to Umbar

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]] At least one inland city
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Days before days]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}

'''Harad''', also known as the '''South''', refers to the little-known lands in southern [[Middle-earth]]. The great region is located south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]. Very little is known of the [[Dark Land|southern lands]] beyond the great [[Sea of Ringil]].

==History==
===Before the First Age===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the [[Days before days|primordial times]] of [[Arda]], the southern land of Middle-earth was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar. Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the [[Valar]] still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Morgoth|Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern Sea of Ringil.<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

During the period in which Melkor bred monsters of diverse shapes and kinds that troubled [[Endor]], his realm spread from [[Utumno]] over the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}, p. 54</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 306</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-40</ref>

The coast south of Harad extended much farther west before the ruin of Beleriand.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, entry VY 1130/95, p. 52</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the Rings of Power almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
[[File:Lída Holubová - Harad.jpg|thumb|''Harad'' by [[Lída Holubová]]]]
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|936|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]], [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Aragorn|Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Elessar</ref><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> Somewhere in Harad was the inland city that [[Berúthiel]] came from.<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 10</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange".<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the ''Haradrim'' to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "KHYAR"</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, p. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, p. 336</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, p. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to the south dark regions and fire mountains are mentioned.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is probably to the south of Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]]. J.R.R. Tolkien mentioned that Africa lies south of Harad in an interview and also wrote that the coast south of Haradwaith extended much farther west before the ruin of Beleriand.</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, pp. 250-1</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world. In addition, apart from the peninsula and firth of Umbar, the shape of the coastline of Harad south of the mouth of the river Harnen on the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] is similar to the shape of the coastline of the northwestern coast of Africa south of the city of [[Wikipedia:Tangier|Tangier]].

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2024-01-13T18:37:35Z

BartAllen: Small addition.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar|City of the Corsairs]] At least one inland city
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Days before days]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}

'''Harad''', also known as the '''South''', refers to the little-known lands in southern [[Middle-earth]]. The great region is located south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]. Very little is known of the [[Dark Land|southern lands]] beyond the great [[Sea of Ringil]].

==History==
===Before the First Age===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the [[Days before days|primordial times]] of [[Arda]], the southern land of Middle-earth was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar. Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the [[Valar]] still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Morgoth|Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern Sea of Ringil.<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

During the period in which Melkor bred monsters of diverse shapes and kinds that troubled [[Endor]], his realm spread from [[Utumno]] over the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}, p. 54</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 306</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-40</ref>

The coast south of Harad extended much farther west before the ruin of Beleriand.<ref>{{NM|P1vii}}, entry VY 1130/95, p. 52</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the Rings of Power almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
[[File:Lída Holubová - Harad.jpg|thumb|''Harad'' by [[Lída Holubová]]]]
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|936|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]], [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Aragorn|Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Elessar</ref><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> Somewhere in Harad was the inland city that [[Berúthiel]] came from.<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 10</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange".<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the ''Haradrim'' to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "KHYAR"</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, p. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, p. 336</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, p. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, p. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to the south dark regions and fire mountains are mentioned.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is probably to the south of Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]]. J.R.R. Tolkien mentioned that Africa lies south of Harad in an interview and also wrote that the coast south of Haradwaith extended much farther west before the ruin of Beleriand.</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, pp. 250-1</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world. In addition, apart from the peninsula and firth of Umbar, the shape of the coastline of Harad south of the mouth of the river Harnen on the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] is similar to the shape of the coastline of the northwestern coast of Africa south of the city of [[Wikipedia:Tangier|Tangier]].

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-12-25T16:51:22Z

BartAllen: Small additions to the introduction of the page.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Endor]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''', also known as the '''South''', refers to the little-known lands in southern [[Middle-earth]]. The great region is located south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]. Very little is known of the [[Dark Land|southern lands]] beyond the great [[Sea of Ringil]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===Years of the Trees===
During the period in which Melkor bred monsters of diverse shapes and kinds that troubled [[Endor]], his realm spread over the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}, pp. 54.</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-12-14T08:42:26Z

BartAllen: Small correction

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===Years of the Trees===
During the period in which Melkor bred monsters of diverse shapes and kinds that troubled [[Endor]], his realm spread over the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}, pp. 54.</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-12-14T08:40:05Z

BartAllen: Adding a reference to Melkor's dominance of Endor, including the Southlands as included in 'Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor'.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

==Years of the Trees==
During the period in which Melkor bred monsters of diverse shapes and kinds that troubled [[Endor]], his realm spread over the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref>{{S|3}}, pp. 54.</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-12-05T08:04:17Z

BartAllen: Small correction

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-12-05T08:03:14Z

BartAllen: Adding two additional points post-War of Palisor.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned some obscure descriptions of the lands of the South: [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref>

Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> After the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> The southern lands also had a blue sky, whose color was surpassed by the eyes of [[Eärendel]].<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref>

Eärendel also travelled to the south. After the building of [[Wingilot]], Eärendel searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In his voyage wih [[Voronwe]] on Wingilot to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-11-28T19:05:01Z

BartAllen: Small addition regarding notes.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-11-28T18:58:11Z

BartAllen: Adding a note to support the location claim of Earendil's venture.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

User talk:BartAllen

2021-11-22T00:58:17Z

BartAllen: Small correction

== Equating "south" with Harad and men of the south with Haradrim on pages ==
You made some edits on the Harad page, the Haradrim page and some more pages dealing with the south. When the sources simply use a term like "south" or "the South" you assume that this is the same as Harad. However this is a speculation and your edits do not diclose it as a speculation. We only know from the General Map of Middle-earth that was included in older editions of The Lord of the Rings that a region that went as far as a bit further south than the bay of Umbar was referred to as "Harad" or "Haradwaith" in Sindarin. We do not know what other regions (for example even further south) people who knew Sindarin would refer to as Harad or Haradwaith. References in The Silmarillion or in the Book of Lost Tales Part one or Two that talks of "south" or "the south" could also refer to southern parts of Beleriand which are below the sea after the War of Wrath, to southern parts of Beleriand, which are not on the map of Beleriand or simply to regions which later became known as Gondor or even to the south of the continent of Aman. For example, I searched for the words "Harad" and "Haradwaith" in the Book of Lost Tales Part Two, which you have indicated as a reference and did not find any use of the words "Harad" or "Haradwaith". In one instance "Men of the South" in the Book of Lost Tales Part Two seems to refer to Romans from Constantinople (The History of Eriol or Aelfwine footnote 26). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 15:22, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hey there ^_^ Thanks for your post ~ There are many aspects of the term "south" or "the South", and there's naturally a difference if that was let's say south of Mordor/Gondor or south of once Beleriand. Well in the instance of The Book of Lost Tales I referred to it as Harad, as part of Earendil's voyage was deemed to be southern Haradwaith rather than the Dark Lands due to a mentioning of southern Isles beyond that region, and those can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in The Chaining of Melko, which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the Inner Seas. I used the words "Harad" and "Haradwaith" as I didn't realise I had couldn't retroactively use a term as such, nor did I know of the footnote #26 as I was sticking to references only to the forests and wilds of the South; one of the two Lamps; the tawny cats of the south and Earendil's venture there --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 23:15, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

User talk:BartAllen

2021-11-21T23:15:19Z

BartAllen: Small addition.

== Equating "south" with Harad and men of the south with Haradrim on pages ==
You made some edits on the Harad page, the Haradrim page and some more pages dealing with the south. When the sources simply use a term like "south" or "the South" you assume that this is the same as Harad. However this is a speculation and your edits do not diclose it as a speculation. We only know from the General Map of Middle-earth that was included in older editions of The Lord of the Rings that a region that went as far as a bit further south than the bay of Umbar was referred to as "Harad" or "Haradwaith" in Sindarin. We do not know what other regions (for example even further south) people who knew Sindarin would refer to as Harad or Haradwaith. References in The Silmarillion or in the Book of Lost Tales Part one or Two that talks of "south" or "the south" could also refer to southern parts of Beleriand which are below the sea after the War of Wrath, to southern parts of Beleriand, which are not on the map of Beleriand or simply to regions which later became known as Gondor or even to the south of the continent of Aman. For example, I searched for the words "Harad" and "Haradwaith" in the Book of Lost Tales Part Two, which you have indicated as a reference and did not find any use of the words "Harad" or "Haradwaith". In one instance "Men of the South" in the Book of Lost Tales Part Two seems to refer to Romans from Constantinople (The History of Eriol or Aelfwine footnote 26). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 15:22, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hey there ^_^ Thanks for your post ~ There are many aspects of the term "south" or "the South", and there's naturally a difference if that was let's say south of Mordor/Gondor or south of once Beleriand. Well in the instance of The Book of Lost Tales I referred to it as Harad, as part of Earendil's voyage was deemed to be southern Haradwaith rather than the Dark Lands due to a mentioning of southern Isles beyond that region, and those can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in The Chaining of Melko, which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the Inner Seas. I used the words "Harad" and "Haradwaith" as I didn't realise I had couldn't retroactively use a term as such, nor did I know of the footnote #26. --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 23:15, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Harad

2021-11-13T08:41:56Z

BartAllen: Small corrections to 'other names'.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), South (W), Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-11-12T19:04:03Z

BartAllen: Addition of the Valar, but I understand if it may be superfluous thus not a remaining addition.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), the South (W), the Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Ormal was made by [[Aulë]], filled by [[Varda]] and hallowed by [[Manwë]] in the south of the world while the Valar still dwelt on [[Almaren]]. Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-11-08T18:49:43Z

BartAllen: Adding some of the known inhabitants.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), the South (W), the Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]], [[Istari]], [[Númenóreans]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-11-08T17:04:29Z

BartAllen: Small addition to 'othernames'.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hyarmen]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Sutherland'' ([[Westron|W]]), the South (W), the Southlands (W)
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Blue Wizards

2021-11-07T21:18:53Z

BartAllen: Small correction

{{rewrite}}

{{maiar infobox
| name=The Blue Wizards
| image=[[File:Daniel Pilla - The Blue Wizards.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Blue Wizards" by [[:Category:Images by Daniel Pilla|Daniel Pilla]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Ithryn Luin'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) Earlier writings: ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' Later writings: ''Morinehtar'' and ''Rómestámo''; ''Palacendo'' and ''Haimenar''
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]]<ref name="UTIstari"/>
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]] (Wizards)
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sea-blue
| weapons=
| steed=
| gallery=the Blue Wizards
}}
The '''Blue Wizards''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ithryn Luin''''') were two [[Wizards]] sent to contest the will of [[Sauron]] in the furthest regions of [[Middle-earth]]. [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s conception of the two Blue Wizards changed dramatically between his earlier and later writings.

==History==
===Earlier writings===
The idea that there were two other [[wizards]] in addition to [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]], and [[Radagast]] was first conceived when Saruman in his wrath revealed that there were five members of the Order of Wizards:
{{Blockquote|Later! Yes, when you [Gandalf] also have the Keys of Barad-dûr itself, I suppose; and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards|[[Saruman]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"}}

Nothing more was said of these two wizards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as it was published. However, whilst preparing (in [[1954]]) an Index for ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Tolkien wrote what his [[Christopher Tolkien|son]] later referred to as the 'essay on the Istari'. There it is said that of the chief wizards who went to the North of [[Middle-earth]] there were five, and two of these were clad in sea-blue. Little was known about these two in the West of Middle-earth; even their individual names were unknown, but they were known collectively as ''Ithryn Luin'', the Blue Wizards. It is said they travelled into the East with [[Saruman|Curunír]] (Saruman) but they did not return into the West. Their fate was unknown, but some held that they fell into evil and became servants of [[Sauron]].<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Tolkien expanded upon this last point in a letter written in [[1958]]:
{{Blockquote|I really do not know anything clearly about the other two [wizards] – since they do not concern the history of the N[orth].W[est]. I think they went as emissaries to distant regions, East and South, far out of Númenórean range: missionaries to 'enemy-occupied' lands, as it were. What success they had I do not know; but I fear that they failed, as Saruman did, though doubtless in different ways; and I suspect they were founders or beginners of secret cults and 'magic' traditions that outlasted the fall of Sauron.|[[Letter 211]]<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tom Cross - Alatar - Darkness-slayer.jpg|thumb|''Alatar: Darkness-slayer'' by Tom Cross<ref group="note">Tolkien did not associate Alatar with Morinehtar (which means "Darkness-slayer") and they should not be considered synonymous.</ref>]]
Tolkien also suggests that only Gandalf returned to [[Valinor]]:
{{Blockquote|Wilt thou learn the lore <nowiki>||</nowiki> that was long secret of the Five that came <nowiki>||</nowiki> from a far country? One only returned. <nowiki>||</nowiki> Others never again|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"<ref name="UTIstari"/>}}

In a brief narrative about a council of the [[Valar]], the origins of the Blue Wizards are placed alongside those of the other three, [[Saruman|Curumo]] (Saruman), [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] (Radagast), and [[Gandalf|Olórin]] (Gandalf). Whilst in the essay on the Istari the Blue Wizards are given no names, here they are called Alatar and Pallando. [[Oromë]] chose Alatar to send to [[Middle-earth]] (to contest the will of Sauron), and Alatar decided to bring along Pallando as his friend. Christopher Tolkien has speculated that their association with Oromë could be because he was the Vala who had the greatest knowledge of the furthest regions of Middle-earth and hence that is where the Blue Wizards journeyed.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
[[File:Angus McBride - Pallando.jpg|''Pallando'' by [[Angus McBride]]|thumb]]
Based on the above material, the history of the Blue Wizards can be determined as the following:
*[[Manwë]] summons a council of the [[Valar]]. They decide to send emissaries to [[Middle-earth]]. [[Oromë]] chooses to send Alatar, and Alatar brings along his friend Pallando.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
*The Blue Wizards arrive in Middle-earth at roughly the same time as the other wizards c. {{TA|1000}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
*The Blue Wizards travel into the East of Middle-earth with [[Saruman]]. Saruman returns to the North West, but the Blue Wizards do not.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
*Together or independent of each other, Alatar and Pallando fall from their appointed task. They may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the eastern and southern regions, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211"/>

===Later writings===
[[File:Jef Murray - Slayer of Darkness.jpg|''Slayer of Darkness'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb]]
Towards the end of his life Tolkien returned to the issue of the Blue Wizards. In a brief outline he noted that the Blue Wizards were sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] and were destined to disrupt the work of Sauron in the East:

{{Blockquote|Their task was to circumvent Sauron: to bring help to the few tribes of [[Men]] that had rebelled from [[Melkor]]-worship, to stir up rebellion ... and after his first fall to search out his hiding (in which they failed) and to cause [?dissension and disarray] among the dark East ... They must have had very great influence on the history of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] in weakening and disarraying the forces of East ... who would both in the Second Age and Third Age otherwise have ... outnumbered the West.|"[[Last Writings]]", ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>}}

Therefore Tolkien dramatically altered his conception of the Blue Wizards. They no longer arrived in Middle-earth along with [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Radagast]] in c. {{TA|1000}}. Instead they arrived much earlier, at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}}. Whilst Glorfindel was tasked with aiding [[Elrond]] with the war in [[Eriador]], the Blue Wizards were destined to journey to the East and South. Tolkien no longer believed that they drifted from their mission; instead he makes it clear that they played a decisive role in the downfall of Sauron at the end of both the [[Second Age]] and the [[Third Age]]. They became known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, Darkness-slayer and East-helper, and were successful in preventing the forces of the East and South from outnumbering those of the [[Free peoples]] in the West.<ref name="PMLast"/>

Based on these later writings, a history of the Blue Wizards can be summarised as the following:<ref name="PMLast"/><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref>
*The two Blue Wizards were sent to Middle-earth at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}} (and similarly at the behest of the [[Valar]]), the Year of Dread, when Sauron forged [[the One Ring]] and completed the building of [[Barad-dûr]].
*The Blue Wizards journeyed into the East and South of Middle-earth, where they remained; they were not heard or seen of west of [[Mordor]].
*There they became known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, Darkness-slayer and East-helper.
*The Blue Wizards were able to hinder Sauron's operations in the East and South, aiding the defeat of [[Sauron]] in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Last Alliance]].
*During the early [[Third Age]] and until the end of the [[Watchful Peace]], they were tasked with finding where Sauron dwelt. They failed.
*Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in [[War of the Ring]].

==Etymology==
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Ithryn Luin'' consists of ''[[ithron|ithryn]]'' ("wizards"; plural of ''ithron'') and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref>

==Other names==

''Morinehtar'' is described as meaning "Darkness-slayer",<ref name="pome"/> likely based on the [[Quenya]] words ''[[mori-]]'' ("darkness") and ''nehtar'' ("slayer").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/quen-eng.rtf|articlename=Quenya-English Wordlist|website=[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf Ardalambion]|accessed=12-September-2012}}</ref>

''Rómestámo'' or ''Róme(n)star'' is a [[Quenya]] name meaning "East-helper".<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-5, 391, note 28</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], they were called '''''Palacendo''''' ("*Far sighted one") and '''''Haimenar''''' ("*Far-farer").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The Khundolar tribe of the [[Easterlings]] had among them the "Blue Caste" of sorcerers. Their Master, "Yirokhsar the Blue", forbade his followers to march with the Dark Lord's forces, but many still joined their kings who had fallen under the sway of [[Sauron]]. Also, the Jangovar Easterlings viewed Sauron as a god, but were confused why their master, "Yetkeyin the Violet", refused to obey Sauron.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions the Blue Wizards when he explains the number of Wizards, and says that he has forgotten their names.

:Since the film production team did not have the rights to include material from sources other than ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the decision to include the line "Blue Wizards" (only appearing in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 244</ref>) has been regarded as legally controversial.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Janet Brennan Croft]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/23828|articlename=Source Material (message #23828)|dated=17 December 2012|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list]|accessed=17 December 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:In the game,three artefacts describe the encounter of two wizards whose names couldn't be remembered travelling side by side into Mordor. These may have been the Blue Wizards. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the [[Black Hand]] could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of 2 Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.

{{References|n}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Second Age charactes]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Ithryn Luin]]
[[fi:Siniset velhot]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/ithryn_luin]]

Wizards

2021-11-07T21:00:27Z

BartAllen: Making some changes based on 'The Nature of Middle-earth'.

{{rewrite}}{{people infobox
| name=Wizards
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|The Istari]]" by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Istari'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''Ithryn'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| origin=[[Maiar]] sent to [[Middle-earth]]
| location=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman) [[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast) [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] (Blue Wizards)
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]], [[Free peoples]]
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]
| language=
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Three is Company]]"}}

The '''Wizards''' of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the '''Istari''' in [[Quenya]] and the '''[[Ithron|Ithryn]]''' in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power. Together they formed the '''[[Heren Istarion]]''', the Order of the Wizards, led by [[Saruman]] [[the White]].

==History==
[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|right|''Gandalf'' by [[John Howe]]]]
The wizards, also called Istari, were [[Maiar]], vassals of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]].

The five known Istari were:

*[[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]]
*[[Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] (held by Círdan the Shipwright to be the wisest of the Order).<ref>{{S|IIc}}</ref><ref group=note>Gandalf does, however, refer to Saruman as “''the wisest of our Order''“ during the [[Council of Elrond]]. This could be an inconsistency, but could also be humility on Gandalf’s part.</ref>
*[[Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]]
*Alatar and Pallando, both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the "Blue Wizards," went into the East and South, and do not appear in any of the main tales of Middle-earth.

In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]]; Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Mithrandir]] to Elves; while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].

The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that travelled to the East and South wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the "Blue Wizards." Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as "Saruman the White," "Gandalf the Grey," and "Radagast the Brown." It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.

They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.

They were immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf was mortally wounded in his duel with the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar]] himself was he restored to his body.

Very few of Middle-earth's inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (''Gandalf'' represents this interpretation, meaning ''Wand-elf'', because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people's affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.

Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron's direct influence on him through the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron's power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman's death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.

When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.

Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.

The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and South and do not come into the tales of north-western Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East and South. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East and South.

== Etymology ==
Tolkien's Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like 'wise men' or even 'messengers.' [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted 'wisdom' and conveniently conveyed to the reader the 'other worldly' powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay ''The Istari'' in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:

<blockquote>Wizard ''is a translation of Quenya ''istar'' (Sindarin ''ithron''): one of the members of an "order" (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (though suitable in its relation to "wise" and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of ''istar'' in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since ''Heren'' Istarion or "Order of Wizards" was quite distinct from "wizards" and "magicians" of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.''</blockquote>

The [[Quenya]] word ''Istari'' means "those who know".<ref name=L156>{{L|156}}</ref> The word seems to come from the verb ''[[ista-]]'' ("to know"), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] ''[[-ro]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==

In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for "wizard" is ''curug'' (and "witch" is ''curus''). An alternative word is ''thothweg'', also translated as "wizard".<ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73</ref> In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his "cousin".<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref> In the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},<ref name="Istari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref> but in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].<ref>{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.<ref name="Istari"/>

==Other fiction==
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien's story ''[[Roverandom]]''. The bewitchment turns Rover into a toy.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:In Peter Jackson's film version of ''The Lord of the Rings'', two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Although Radagast has a small role in ''The Lord of the Rings'', his role was omitted in Peter Jackson's film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in ''The Hobbit'' films, and Saruman had a brief appearance. The Blue Wizards are also referenced in passing by Gandalf, although they make no appearance.

{{notes}}

{{references}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Wizards| ]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]

Heren Istarion

2021-11-07T20:56:40Z

BartAllen: Small addition of the southern regions of Middle-earth. Also fixing the spacing issues.

{{disambig-two|the Wizards' order|the [[Tolkien Societies|Tolkien Society]]|[[North East Tolkien Society]]}}
{{merge|Wizards}}
{{organization infobox
| name=Heren Istarion
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Istari" by Angel Falto
| pronun=
| othernames=Order of Wizards
| founded=c. {{TA|1000}}
| founder=[[Manwë]]
| purpose=The help the [[Free peoples]] to resist [[Sauron]]
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Alatar]], [[Pallando]]
| location=[[Middle-earth]]
| disbanded={{TA|3021}}
| notablefor=Bringing about the final defeat of [[Sauron]] (mostly by Gandalf)
}}
'''Heren Istarion''' ([[Quenya|Q.]] "Order of Wizards") was the title assigned to the [[Wizards|Istari]] of the [[Third Age]]. None except [[Elrond]], [[Círdan]], and [[Galadriel]] knew of what kind and from where they came. Among [[Men]] it was initially assumed that the wizards were also men who by long and secret study had acquired great knowledge of lore and arts. However, as the Third Age passed it was marked that the wizards did not die and so Men began to believe that they were of Elven-kind.

In truth the Heren Istarion had been created in [[Valinor]]. A council of the [[Valar]] was called by [[Manwë]] which resolved to send three emissaries. Initially only Curumo (Saruman), chosen by [[Aulë]], and Alatar, chosen by [[Oromë]], stepped forward. Manwë then asked for Olórin (Gandalf) and commanded him to go. Curumo took Aiwendil (Radagast) with him because [[Yavanna]] begged him to do so and Alatar took along his friend Pallando.

Círdan witnessed the landing of the Order c. {{TA|1000}}. Their "mission" was to advise and persuade Men and Elves to resist [[Sauron]]. The number of members of the Heren Istarion was unknown but to the North of [[Middle-earth]] came five. One was clad in white, two in sea-blue, one in earthen brown, and one in grey.

The wizard in white was [[Saruman]], regarded by all as leader of the order. The two in blue were [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], who journeyed far into the East and South. The one in brown was [[Radagast]] and the one in grey was [[Gandalf]], seemingly the oldest and the least of the Order.<ref name="Istari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

The Heren Istarion came to an end with the passing of Sauron. Saruman died in Middle-earth and was not allowed to return to the West.<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref> Gandalf, who remained true to the mission of the Order, departed from Middle-earth in {{TA|3021|n}}.<ref>{{RK|VI9}}</ref> The fate of the other three wizards who landed in the North is unknown.<ref name="Istari"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', while no mention is made of an Order of Wizards, Gandalf tells [[Beorn]] that Radagast is his "cousin".<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref> In the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' it is said that the wizards appeared in Middle-earth about {{TA|1000|n}},<ref name="Istari"/> but in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' a rough note by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] said that the [[Blue Wizards]] (Alatar and Pallando, or [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]]) came much earlier in the [[Second Age]].<ref>{{PM|Last}}, The Five Wizards, pp. 384-385</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] stated that much of the writings about the Istari are rapid jottings and often illegible.<ref name="Istari"/>

{{References}}
[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[Category:Wizards]]
[[de:Istari]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]
[[fi:Heren Istarion]]

Blue Wizards

2021-11-07T20:49:53Z

BartAllen: Adding information as provided in 'The Nature of Middle-earth' relating to the Wizards in Rhun and Harad, whilst adding references to the southern regions. I'm curious whether I should include the quotation as was done with the 'Last Writings'?

{{rewrite}}

{{maiar infobox
| name=The Blue Wizards
| image=[[File:Daniel Pilla - The Blue Wizards.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Blue Wizards" by [[:Category:Images by Daniel Pilla|Daniel Pilla]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Ithryn Luin'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) Earlier writings: ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando'' Later writings: ''Morinehtar'' and ''Rómestámo''; ''Palacendo'' and ''Haimenar''
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] <ref name="UTIstari"/>
| affiliation=[[Heren Istarion]] (Wizards)
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sea-blue
| weapons=
| steed=
| gallery=the Blue Wizards
}}
The '''Blue Wizards''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ithryn Luin''''') were two [[Wizards]] sent to contest the will of [[Sauron]] in the furthest regions of [[Middle-earth]]. [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s conception of the two Blue Wizards changed dramatically between his earlier and later writings.

==History==
===Earlier writings===
The idea that there were two other [[wizards]] in addition to [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]], and [[Radagast]] was first conceived when Saruman in his wrath revealed that there were five members of the Order of Wizards:
{{Blockquote|Later! Yes, when you [Gandalf] also have the Keys of Barad-dûr itself, I suppose; and the crowns of seven kings, and the rods of the Five Wizards|[[Saruman]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"}}

Nothing more was said of these two wizards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as it was published. However, whilst preparing (in [[1954]]) an Index for ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Tolkien wrote what his [[Christopher Tolkien|son]] later referred to as the 'essay on the Istari'. There it is said that of the chief wizards who went to the North of [[Middle-earth]] there were five, and two of these were clad in sea-blue. Little was known about these two in the West of Middle-earth; even their individual names were unknown, but they were known collectively as ''Ithryn Luin'', the Blue Wizards. It is said they travelled into the East with [[Saruman|Curunír]] (Saruman) but they did not return into the West. Their fate was unknown, but some held that they fell into evil and became servants of [[Sauron]].<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Tolkien expanded upon this last point in a letter written in [[1958]]:
{{Blockquote|I really do not know anything clearly about the other two [wizards] – since they do not concern the history of the N[orth].W[est]. I think they went as emissaries to distant regions, East and South, far out of Númenórean range: missionaries to 'enemy-occupied' lands, as it were. What success they had I do not know; but I fear that they failed, as Saruman did, though doubtless in different ways; and I suspect they were founders or beginners of secret cults and 'magic' traditions that outlasted the fall of Sauron.|[[Letter 211]]<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tom Cross - Alatar - Darkness-slayer.jpg|thumb|''Alatar: Darkness-slayer'' by Tom Cross<ref group="note">Tolkien did not associate Alatar with Morinehtar (which means "Darkness-slayer") and they should not be considered synonymous.</ref>]]
Tolkien also suggests that only Gandalf returned to [[Valinor]]:
{{Blockquote|Wilt thou learn the lore <nowiki>||</nowiki> that was long secret of the Five that came <nowiki>||</nowiki> from a far country? One only returned. <nowiki>||</nowiki> Others never again|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Istari]]"<ref name="UTIstari"/>}}

In a brief narrative about a council of the [[Valar]], the origins of the Blue Wizards are placed alongside those of the other three, [[Saruman|Curumo]] (Saruman), [[Radagast|Aiwendil]] (Radagast), and [[Gandalf|Olórin]] (Gandalf). Whilst in the essay on the Istari the Blue Wizards are given no names, here they are called Alatar and Pallando. [[Oromë]] chose Alatar to send to [[Middle-earth]] (to contest the will of Sauron), and Alatar decided to bring along Pallando as his friend. Christopher Tolkien has speculated that their association with Oromë could be because he was the Vala who had the greatest knowledge of the furthest regions of Middle-earth and hence that is where the Blue Wizards journeyed.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
[[File:Angus McBride - Pallando.jpg|''Pallando'' by [[Angus McBride]]|thumb]]
Based on the above material, the history of the Blue Wizards can be determined as the following:
*[[Manwë]] summons a council of the [[Valar]]. They decide to send emissaries to [[Middle-earth]]. [[Oromë]] chooses to send Alatar, and Alatar brings along his friend Pallando.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
*The Blue Wizards arrive in Middle-earth at roughly the same time as the other wizards c. {{TA|1000}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>
*The Blue Wizards travel into the East of Middle-earth with [[Saruman]]. Saruman returns to the North West, but the Blue Wizards do not.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
*Together or independent of each other, Alatar and Pallando fall from their appointed task. They may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the eastern and southern regions, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211"/>

===Later writings===
[[File:Jef Murray - Slayer of Darkness.jpg|''Slayer of Darkness'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb]]
Towards the end of his life Tolkien returned to the issue of the Blue Wizards. In a brief outline he noted that the Blue Wizards were sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Second Age]] and were destined to disrupt the work of Sauron in the East:

{{Blockquote|Their task was to circumvent Sauron: to bring help to the few tribes of [[Men]] that had rebelled from [[Melkor]]-worship, to stir up rebellion ... and after his first fall to search out his hiding (in which they failed) and to cause [?dissension and disarray] among the dark East ... They must have had very great influence on the history of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] in weakening and disarraying the forces of East ... who would both in the Second Age and Third Age otherwise have ... outnumbered the West.|"[[Last Writings]]", ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>}}

Therefore Tolkien dramatically altered his conception of the Blue Wizards. They no longer arrived in Middle-earth along with [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Radagast]] in c. {{TA|1000}}. Instead they arrived much earlier, at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}}. Whilst Glorfindel was tasked with aiding [[Elrond]] with the war in [[Eriador]], the Blue Wizards were destined to journey to the East and South. Tolkien no longer believed that they drifted from their mission; instead he makes it clear that they played a decisive role in the downfall of Sauron at the end of both the [[Second Age]] and the [[Third Age]]. They became known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, Darkness-slayer and East-helper, and were successful in preventing the forces of the East and South from outnumbering those of the [[Free peoples]] in the West.<ref name="PMLast"/>

Based on these later writings, a history of the Blue Wizards can be summarised as the following:<ref name="PMLast"/><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref>
*The two Blue Wizards were sent to Middle-earth at roughly the same time as [[Glorfindel]] in c. {{SA|1600}} (and similarly at the behest of the [[Valar]]), the Year of Dread, when Sauron forged [[the One Ring]] and completed the building of [[Barad-dûr]].
*The Blue Wizards journeyed into the East and South of Middle-earth, where they remained; they were not heard or seen of west of [[Mordor]].
*There they became known as Morinehtar and Rómestámo, Darkness-slayer and East-helper.
*The Blue Wizards were able to hinder Sauron's operations in the East and South, aiding the defeat of [[Sauron]] in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Last Alliance]].
*During the early [[Third Age]] and until the end of the [[Watchful Peace]], they were tasked with finding where Sauron dwelt. They failed.
*Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in [[War of the Ring]].

==Etymology==
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Ithryn Luin'' consists of ''[[ithron|ithryn]]'' ("wizards"; plural of ''ithron'') and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref>

==Other names==

''Morinehtar'' is described as meaning "Darkness-slayer",<ref name="pome"/> likely based on the [[Quenya]] words ''[[mori-]]'' ("darkness") and ''nehtar'' ("slayer").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/quen-eng.rtf|articlename=Quenya-English Wordlist|website=[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf Ardalambion]|accessed=12-September-2012}}</ref>

''Rómestámo'' or ''Róme(n)star'' is a [[Quenya]] name meaning "East-helper".<ref name="pome">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-5, 391, note 28</ref>

When sent to Cuiviénen with the other [[Five Guardians|Guardians]], they were called '''''Palacendo''''' ("*Far sighted one") and '''''Haimenar''''' ("*Far-farer").<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, "Notes", p. 102, note 7</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The Khundolar tribe of the [[Easterlings]] had among them the "Blue Caste" of sorcerers. Their Master, "Yirokhsar the Blue", forbade his followers to march with the Dark Lord's forces, but many still joined their kings who had fallen under the sway of [[Sauron]]. Also, the Jangovar Easterlings viewed Sauron as a god, but were confused why their master, "Yetkeyin the Violet", refused to obey Sauron.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions the Blue Wizards when he explains the number of Wizards, and says that he has forgotten their names.

:Since the film production team did not have the rights to include material from sources other than ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the decision to include the line "Blue Wizards" (only appearing in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 244</ref>) has been regarded as legally controversial.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Janet Brennan Croft]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/23828|articlename=Source Material (message #23828)|dated=17 December 2012|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ MythSoc mailing list]|accessed=17 December 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
:In the game,three artefacts describe the encounter of two wizards whose names couldn't be remembered travelling side by side into Mordor. These may have been the Blue Wizards. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the [[Black Hand]] could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of 2 Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.

{{References|n}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Second Age charactes]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Ithryn Luin]]
[[fi:Siniset velhot]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/ithryn_luin]]

Harad

2021-11-07T20:20:07Z

BartAllen: Reverting the Resnick section once more - I accidently didn't log into my account when adding the BOLT #1 and #2 additions.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), Sutherland ([[Westron|W]])
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1967, when asked what lay south of Harad, Tolkien replied "And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries."<ref>{{webcite|author=Henry Resnick|articleurl=https://efanzines.com/Niekas/Niekas-18.pdf|articlename=An Interview with Tolkien|dated=2 March 1966|website=Niekas Volume 18 (archived on eFanzines.com)|accessed=7 October 2021}}, p. 41</ref> Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-11-07T20:18:53Z

BartAllen: Undo revision 338187 by 172.69.79.173 (talk)

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), Sutherland ([[Westron|W]])
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]In the primordial days of [[Arda]], the southern land of [[Middle-earth]] was illuminated by one of the [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]], named [[Ormal]], atop a mighty pillar.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Both lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]],<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> and the destruction of Ormal created the southern [[Sea of Ringil]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Some of the first [[Men]] leaving [[Rhûn]], after the [[Awakening of Men|awakening]] in [[Hildórien]], eventually settled in Harad and became the ancestors of the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref><ref>{{S|12}}</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people"). An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref> The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for Harad were ''Harwan'', ''Sunharrowland'' and ''Harrowland''.<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref> In an early sketch of the chapter "[[The Last Debate]]", the region was called the Lothland desert,<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, p. 426</ref> to which [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that the name ''Lostladen'' is likely related to the names ''[[Lothlann]]''/''Lothland'' found in the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 367, 370</ref>

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', Tolkien mentioned, after the death of [[Nuin]] at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> [[Lindo]] spoke of the "untrodden wilds" of the South.<ref>{{LT1|X}}, pp. 34.</ref> [[Melko]] raised the great tower [[Helkar]] to house the southern of the [[Two Lamps]] fashioned by [[Aulë]] to illuminate Middle-earth.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 69-70</ref> The southern lands, where the Sun burnt hot, had mighty tawny [[cats]].<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 47</ref> In the original text, [[Palisor]], where the [[Elves]] woke, is placed in the south of the world.<ref>{{LT2|In}}, pp. 49</ref> [[Eärendil]] was said to have eyes of a blue surpassing that of the sky in southern lands.<ref>{{LT2|III}}, pp. 165</ref> It was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of dark regions and fire mountains.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref> Additionally, after the building of Vingilótë, Eärendil searches for [[Elwing]] and is blown far to the South where he encounters [[Wirilómë]] before escaping eastward.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 260</ref> In 1930, Tolkien wrote how Eärendil fought and slew [[Ungoliant]] in the South, which resulted in light coming to many places which had yet long been hid.<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Harad

2021-10-10T22:50:49Z

BartAllen: Small addition.

Harad

2021-10-10T21:04:46Z

BartAllen: Small correction

Harad

2021-10-10T15:15:30Z

BartAllen: Removing links.

Harad

2021-10-10T15:07:08Z

BartAllen: Small addition.

Talk:Harad

2021-10-09T23:32:06Z

BartAllen: /* Ungoliant */ new section

==War Icons thumbnail==
It looks good to me without the border/caption. No objections here, though I don't mind it with the caption/border either. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 13:54, 11 May 2006 (EDT)

:Narfil, I added the frame so we could have a description indicating the icon was Howe's work, not Tolkien's. I agree that the image looks better frameless, but I also think we need to describe where the image came from. Anyone else have an opinion? --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 13:58, 11 May 2006 (EDT)

::Kind of off topic but this reminds me I need to make a <nowiki>{{johnhowe}}</nowiki> template, anything by [[John Howe]] we put that template in there and it will say By John Howe http://www.john-howe.com or something a bit fancier. We also need to go back and put where these images can be found (which books, boardgames, etc.) as well as where to purchase them. Another possibility for the war icon is to mention it is by John Howe within the article. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 14:29, 11 May 2006 (EDT)

==Revisions==
Could someone please replace the non-canonical map with a river flowing from the south-east of harad flowing into the bay of Umbar with the canonical General Map of Middle-earth from LOTR that shows Umbar, Near Harad and Far Harad? There is no reference that the Haradrim came into contact with Sauron during the second Age. As far as I recall it is only mentioned that Sauron had troops from the South during the War of the last alliance of elves and men. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:56, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

There is a lot of overlap with the article about the Haradrim. Maybe the article should be restricted to the geography and climate and the history should be restricted to the Druedain wandering through, Harad probably being discovered by Aldarion and some people living at or Near the by of Umbar so that the Numenoreans could pick up the name "Umbar" from them. Most of the history should be in the articles about the Haradrim, Umbar, the Black Numenoreans, Gondor or some of the gondorian Kings and stewards. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 08:19, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

::I agree with most of your points. Naturally when talking about the history of the area there will be some overlap when talking about its peoples, but we just have to be mindful of what to include and decide if its relevant. I made some quick revisions on the text to make it more about 'Harad' and removed some sentences that I believe is not useful, though it can be added back if some disagree.
::It is certain that Sauron came in contact with the Haradrim in the Second Age, I put a reference to that on the article but the line is ''"And in the south and in the further east Men multiplied; and most of them turned to evil, for Sauron was at work."''
::I removed two images and kept one for the peoples. Unfortunately we don't have any [[:Category:Images of Middle-earth|images]] of the geography of Harad so this is something to look for in the future. [[User:Gaetano|Gaetano]] 15:06, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
:::I know it seems likely that those Men in the South were Haradrim and I'd like to believe they are too, but it is not definitive because those Men may be a seperate ethnic group in the South altogether. There's no room for speculation so the detail should be removed.--[[User:WhiteWizard|WhiteWizard]] 18:00, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
The description "A vast hot area, filled with deserts and jungles" after "Description" in the info box is specutlative and does not have a reference. J.R.R. Tolkien never mentioned that Harad included "deserts" or that it included "jungles". That is pure speculation. Elephants or camels can also survive in normal woods, savannas or in landscape with a mediterranean climate. The Statement "Haradrim" after "Inhabitants" in the info box is speculative. We do not know, whether there were other inhabitants or not (e.g. Dúnedain or Black Númenóreans in Umbar or further down the coast). Umbar is part of the geographical Region of Harad (Haradwaith) and the inhabitants of Umbar could also have included other groups of inhabitants. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 17:13, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

The statement about the Númenóreans teaching agriculture and craftsmanship refers to men in Middle-earth in general and does not mention the Haradrim. We do not know where that was. That they taught the Haradrim in Harad is speculative and should be cleary disclosed as a speculation. The statement that the Númenóreans became more ruthless and enslaved refers to men in Middle-earth in general and does not mention the Haradrim. We do not know where that was. That they were ruthless against the Haradrim and that they enslaved the Haradrim is speculative and should be clearly disclosed as a speculation. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 17:13, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

The statement that King Elessar Extended his realm south, reconquered Umbar and much of Harad's western coast is a speculation. That is not included in Gondor and the heirs of Anarión in appendix A and not included in The House of Eorl in appendix A, which are provided as references for this statement. The statement that Harad's eastern lands remained Independent is speculative. We do not know what happened in the Fourth Age. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 17:13, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

The Statement that much of Far Harad was a jungle and that there was also a desert is speculative and does not have a reference. The Statement that the Oliphaunts lived in Far Harad is speculative and does not have a reference. We do not know, whether they lived in Near Harad or Far Harad or in both regions. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 17:13, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
:I like you^. I say that you should go forward with this cleanup. There's so much speculation on so many pages as well.--[[User:WhiteWizard|WhiteWizard]] 18:00, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
:I guess the speculation about oliphaunts can be sourced on the Baynes' map (although Tolkien's draft wrote elephants on Near Harad. The same map also suggests that camels live on Near Harad. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 05:52, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

:*I am not aware of much of the geography if its described like that in any text, but it seems you know more than me and if its pure speculation as you said then it should be edited, though the only way for sure is to look at the edit history and question the editor where he/she got that info from but seeing that its a very old article the editor may be inactive.
:*The info on the Númenóreans is mostly inferred to in the texts. Men of Middle-earth can apply to Haradrim, Harad is part of Middle-earth. Since the article is about Harad it is sensible to alter the wording to suit the subject.
:*Inhabitants can be expanded further, what I added was just a placeholder.
:*For the last paragraph I added those two references from Appendix A because it didn't have any references and those two are the only ones that I am aware of that mentions what happened to the region at the end of the story. I also thought that the lines about the western coasts and eastern lands was speculative but I didn't think it was too ridiculous but it can be edited if you or others feel its too much no probs. [[User:Gaetano|Gaetano]] 16:39, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
:Actually, Tolkien made it rather clear that Harad (generally defined as the area south of Gondor/Mordor) had deserts, though you have to delve deep to find the evidence. In early drafts, part of Harad was called the [[Desert of Lostladen]] (among other similar names, Lothlann/Lothland). This name didn't make it into the final map, but also, in the published version of the The Two Towers, Gollum refers to the area south of Mordor like this: "and further still there are more lands, they say, but the Yellow Face is very hot there, and there are seldom any clouds, and the men are fierce and have dark faces." And Tolkien said in an interview published in Niekas, issue 18, in response to a fan's question "What is east of Rhûn and south of Harad?", that "Rhûn is the Elvish word for 'east'. Asia, China, Japan and all the things which people in the west regard as far away. And south of Harad is Africa, the hot countries." That said, I don't believe Tolkien ever said Harad had "jungles"--just "dark forests" with "apes" (though in fairness, it wouldn't be too much of a leap to intepret "dark forests" with "apes" in "Africa" as being jungles). [[User:Protospace|Protospace]] 07:39, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Infobox image change==
Proposal from [[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] to change the map to [[:File:Christopher Tolkien - Map of Harad.jpg]] because the current image is ''non-canonical''. [[User:Gaetano|Gaetano]] 16:13, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

:The map in the info box is a part of the map that was made by Daniel Reeve (www.danielreeve.co.nz Projects -> The Lord of the Rings -> Maps as the "First merchandising map Middle-Earth" for The Lord of the Rings films that were directed by Peter Jackson. It is non-canonical, because it includes a river that flows into the bay of Umbar and another river flowing to the Belegaer further south of Umbar, which is not shown on the General Map of Middle-Earth that was drawn by Christohper Tolkien based on a map that was drawn by J.R.R. Tolkien. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 17:13, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

:I tried to include the part of the General Map of Middle-earth with Harad on it that was made by Christopher Tolkien and that was published in earlier editions of LOTR and uploaded by Gaetano in the infobox, but either the size is too large or I made a mistake, because it did not fit into the infobox and covered the whole breadth of the screen. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 08:37, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

::There you have :) You need to include the size in the link of the image (250px generally in infoboxes) and the caption in the caption section. Also, before saving, click on "Show preview" to be sure everything is all right. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

::Thanks Lorenzo, I was in the process of doing it but you got it done before me :) I think the image change is fine because the previous map was from an adaptation as Akhorahil pointed out so I don't believe it needed that many votes. [[User:Gaetano|Gaetano]] 09:05, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

::Thanks Lorenzo and Gaetano for uploading the map, linking it to the infobox and explaning that adding the 250px parameter in the file statement is necessary for pictures in infoboxes. I did not know that. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 09:42, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

==Migrating to Harad==
I deleted that speculative statement that '''Men migrated west from Hildorien and reached Harad and settled in the area''' that had the chapter Of Men from ''The Silmarillion'' as a reference for that Statement. In the chapter Of Men in ''The Silmarillion'' nothing is said about Men reaching "Harad" and settling "in Harad". It only says that Men woke in Hildórien and spread and wandered (from there) West, North and South. In that context South is to the south of Hildórien and not the geographic area to the south of Mordor that was called Harad or Haradwaith on the General Map of Middle-earth. We only know that Hildórien was somewhere in the east of Middle-earth so to the south of there may be some other geographic area. The next statement that the Drúedain moved trough Harad and turned north before they reached the coast in the First Age is sufficient and there the reference clearly says that the Drúedain came from lands south of Mordor and turned north into Ithilien before they reached the coasts of Haradwaith. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:56, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

:Disagree. That statement is ''inferred'' to in the text. Sometimes you will never find information that is explicitly said in the text and if you are going to keep at this line of thought, you are limiting yourself of what details you can add to articles. And that line from ''The Silmarillion'' is not being used to say that they travelled south and reached Harad, they could have moved west and then south or south and then west or whatever way, it is left vague.
:The original statement is the most bare bone explanation of how Men arrived to Harad based on what we know. If you want a speculative sentence then stating that the ''"ancestors of the Haradrim reached the Anduin and built boats and sailed down the river and settled in Harad"'' is one. [[User:Gaetano|Gaetano]] 17:40, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

:::I disagree. The statement was speculative. A Migration of men in the First Age to Harad and a settling of Men in Harad is NOT mentioned in The chapter Of Men in the Silmarillion. The speculative statement can NOT be inferred from this reference, because we simply do not know to where in the south Men spread to. We so not know when other groups of Men than the Drúdain reached Harad and when they settled there. We do not know if it was in the First Age or in the Second Age. We only know from the chapter The Drúedain that the Drúdain migrated from the south of Mordor into Ithilien across the Anduin to the White Mountains and then on to Beleriand in the First Age and this is why I left The statement about the Drúedain in the First Age subsection of the History section. The statement about Men in general was phrased Like a fact and not like a speculation (it lacked any "It is possible", "probably", etc.) In addition, it was in a section with the title First Age, although we so not know when Men other than the Drúedain moved there. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 18:14, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

== Additions to the Harad article ==

I'm going to make some additions to the Harad article, but initially the focus is going to be on the 'Other versions of the legendarium' section whilst referring to ''The Book of Lost Tales'', ''Part Two'', ''The Shaping of Middle-earth'', etc. I hasten to add I'll avoid speculative text, whilst adhering to the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien. Small additions; narrative in-context and readable narrative, instead of the cumbersome nightmare that befell us previously. The items I was planning on including are as follow (for the stated section):

*Variant names for Harad.
*Early drafts of Lord of the Rings.
*War of Palisor
*Eärendil and Voronwe's voyage on Vingilótë to southern Haradwaith
*Search for Elwing.
*Where Ungoliant fled.
*Where Eärendil slew Ungoliant --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 21:01, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

== Ungoliant ==

Under the First Age section of Harad should references to Ungoliant travelling to the South after she fled Nan Dungortheb be included?

"and even after Ungoliant herself departed, '''and went whither she would into the forgotten south of the world''', her offspring abode there and wove their hideous webs. Of the fate of Ungoliant no tale tells. Yet some have said that she ended long ago, when in her uttermost famine she devoured herself at last." - — ''The Silmarillion, "Of the Flight of the Noldor"''

--[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 23:32, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Harad

2021-10-09T23:23:01Z

BartAllen: Removing some superfluous information.

{{location infobox
| name=Harad
| image=[[File:Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map of Harad drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|}} ([[Sindarin|S]])
| othernames=''Haradwaith'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Sunlands]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), Sutherland ([[Westron|W]])
| location=Southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], south of [[Harondor]] and [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=A vast hot area, filled with deserts and dark forests
| regions=[[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| towns=[[Umbar]]
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=Between the [[Years of the Lamps]] and the [[Years of the Trees]]
| destroyed=
| events=Destruction of [[Ormal]] [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Harad''' was the name of a great region south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]].

==History==
===Years of the Lamps===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Lamp of the Valar.jpg|thumb|left|"Ormal, The Lamp of the Valar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]After the [[Valar]] entered the world [[Aulë]] at the prayer of [[Yavanna]] wrought [[Two Lamps|two mighty lamps]] for the lighting of the Middle-earth which he had built amid the encircling seas.<ref>{{S|Days}}, pp. 39</ref> Then [[Varda]] filled the lamps and [[Manwë]] hallowed them, and the Valar set them upon high pillars. One lamp they raised in the south of Middle-earth, and it was named [[Ormal]]; and the light of the Lamps of the Valar flowed out over the Earth. The lamps were eventually destroyed by an assault by [[Melkor]].<ref name="Rend">{{S|Days}}, pp. 41</ref> Their fall was cataclysmic as the symmetry of [[Arda]] was destroyed as the weight of the lamps broke continents and their fire burned the land, such that the original design of the Valar, including [[Almaren]], was undone forever.<ref>{{SM|A5}}</ref> The destruction of Ormal created the [[Sea of Ringil]], south of the [[Sea of Helcar]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

===First Age===
Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]], possibly near [[Cair Andros]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

===Second Age===
When the Men of [[Númenor]] began sailing east they explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad. The Númenóreans initially benefited the people in the lands they explored by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref>. The Númenóreans later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the Havens of [[Umbar]].

In the 9th century of the Second Age, the great mariner [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] sailed to the haven of [[Lond Daer|Vinyalondë]] and then sailed along the coasts southwards, far beyond any place yet reached by the Númenóreans. On his return northwards he barely escaped being shipwrecked in the Harad.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim. The Númenóreans expanded their control over Harad and Sauron did not at first dare to challenge them. But after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]], Sauron began to attack the Númenórean settlements on the coast.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

After the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]] were under [[Sauron|Sauron's]] rule. Sauron was both their king and their god. These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Umbar was fortified in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

[[Ar-Pharazôn]], the king of Númenor, landed at [[Umbar]] in {{SA|3261|n}}<ref name="SA"/> with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them. Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers. Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

During the stay of Sauron in Númenor many of the Númenóreans who sailed east from Númenor and made fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts of the southlands in Middle-earth were already bent to his will.<ref name="Rings"/>

The Númenóreans who lived in Harad survived the [[Downfall of Númenor|drowning]] of Númenor in {{SA|3319|n}}. They were later called [[Black Númenóreans]] in Gondor<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I footnote 1</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>, because they still served Sauron in Middle-earth after the drowning of Númenor. They fought with Sauron during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against the Alliance of Elves and Men. Two of those númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]] rose to power among the Haradrim.<ref name="Rings"/>

===Third Age and later history===
The settlements of the Númenóreans beyond Umbar had been absorbed or had become hostile to Gondor and parts of Sauron's dominions because they were made by men that were already corrupted by Sauron in Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

King [[Eärnil I]] of Gondor laid siege by sea and land to Umbar and in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>conquered Umbar, which became a great fortress of Gondor. Three years later in {{TA|933|n}}<ref name="APTA"/> Eärnil I was lost with many ships and men in a storm near Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I</ref>

The Men of the Harad, led by the lords that had been driven from Umbar, came with great power against Umbar and laid siege to it. King [[Ciryandil]] fell in the siege of Umbar in {{TA|1015|n}}.<ref name>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil</ref><ref name="APTA"/>.

Umbar was under a siege for many years, but could not be taken because of the sea-power of Gondor. King [[Ciryaher]] of Gondor came from the north by sea and by land and crossed the river Harnen. His armies defeated the Men of the Harad and the kings of Harad were forced to acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[Kin-strife]] [[Castamir]]'s sons with others of their kin and with many people of the fleets sailed away from [[Pelargir]] and seized Umbar in {{TA|1448|n}}<ref name="APTA"/>. They made a refuge for all enemies of King [[Eldacar]] and a Lordship independent of Gondor at Umbar. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a thread to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. After Gondor lost Umbar to the rebels, Gondor's control over the Men of the Harad was loosened.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar</ref>

King [[Telumehtar Umbardacil|Telumehtar]] of Gondor conquered Umbar in {{TA|1810|n}}. During that war the last descendants of Castamir perished and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar</ref><ref name="APTA"/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref>

== Geography ==
Harad was located south of Mordor, with the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] forming part of the northern border of Harad. The River Harnen flowed westward from the Mountains of Shadow to the [[Bay of Belfalas]] and was Harad's border with South Gondor - a deserted region contested between [[Gondor]] and Harad. The Harad Road ran from Harad northward through South Gondor and on to [[Ithilien]].

To the north-east of Harad was [[Khand]], a land that also had ties with Sauron. It is not known how far eastward or southward Harad stretched. On the west, Harad was bounded by the Bay of [[Belfalas]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]].

The northernmost part of Harad was called Near Harad and the southern part was [[Far Harad]]. On the coast there was a natural harbour with a narrow cape curving around it. The coastal region around the harbour was known as Umbar, and the harbour was called the Havens of Umbar. The seafaring raiders known as the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] lived there. At the eastern end of the harbour was the City of the Corsairs.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

There were fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts in the south.<ref name="Rings"/> There were also fields<ref Name="Éomer"/> and "dark forests" with [[apes]] in the south.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> In Harad lived also [[camels]] and the gigantic [[Oliphaunts]],<ref>''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''</ref><ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> which were used by the Haradrim as moving war towers.

Harad was called the "[[Sunlands]]" by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]],<ref Name="Gate"/> suggesting the climate was warmer and sunnier. Even the constellations in Harad's night sky down in the southern hemisphere<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note #10}}</ref> were different from those in northern Middle-earth ([[Aragorn]] had travelled far into Harad "where the stars are strange"<ref name="Council">{{FR|II2}}</ref>.

==Inhabitants==
[[Image:Jan Pospisil - Haradrim Camp.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Haradrim Camp'' by [[Jan Pospíšil]]]]
{{main|Haradrim}}
The Men of Harad were also known as the Haradrim to the peoples of north-western Middle-earth. There were many tribes of the Haradrim often mutually hostile. The men of [[Near Harad]] were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes,<ref name="Gate"/> while the men of [[Far Harad]] were described as black-skinned with white eyes and red tongues like "[[Half-trolls|half-trolls]]".<ref>{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Harad'' means "South" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref> The word is derived from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KHYAR]], and is cognate to [[Quenya]] ''[[hyarmen]]'' ("south").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''KHYAR'''</ref> It is also called [[Haradwaith]] which includes ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people").

The [[Men]] of Harad were called [[Haradrim]] ("Southern-host").<ref name="Council"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
An early name of Harad was ''(Sun)Harrowland'', which is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the Aethiopans, ''Sigerhearwan'', and therefore meaning "Aethiopia" (See also: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'').<ref name="Fangorn">{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4</ref>

In early drafts of ''[[The Return of the King]]'', the portion of Harad directly south of Mordor was named the [[Desert of Lostladen]], Lothlann, or Lothland.<ref>{{WR|3|XIV}}, pp. 413, 426 (note 35), 435, 439 (note 4)</ref>

==Inspiration==
Given the descriptions of the inhabitants of Middle-earth's southern lands,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> the early etymologies of their name,<ref name="Fangorn"/> and the overall shape of the southern lands as shown in the [[Ambarkanta maps]],<ref>{{SM|Ambar}}, p. 250-251</ref> it is likely that Harad may have been based on the lands of [[Wikipedia:North Africa|northern]] and [[Wikipedia:Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] and perhaps the [[Wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] in our world.

{{references}}
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Harad]]
[[fi:Harad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/harad]]

Talk:Harad

2021-10-09T21:01:16Z

BartAllen: /* Additions to the Harad article */ new section

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-09T15:24:12Z

BartAllen: Notes on Haradrim and Men of Harad as inhabitants of the southern lands of Middle-earth; whilst providing information on Numenoreans being a difference race to virtually all groups on Endor.

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Sindarin) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf/Names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==
I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim, as the latter isn't a race and you've had Numenoreans of Gondor, Arnor and even Umbar, for instance. In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 14:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). J.R.R. Tolkien himself writes in Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age in the silmarillion "the Haradrim, a great and cruel people that dwelt in the wide lands south of Mordor beyond the mouths of Anduin".<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> As a consequence, J.R.R. Tolkien uses the term Haradrim to refer to a "people" (i.e. a race). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:The index of the Silmarillion is not a source that was written by J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref name=SForeword>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> Men of Harad is a synonm for Haradrim. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in an early version of what would later become Appendix A of the Lord of the Rings in a changed form "The rebels of Umbar had never ceased to make war on Gondor since the death of Kastamir, attacking its ships and raiding itscoast at every opportunity. They had however become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race". So J.R.R. Tolkien uses "Men of Harad" as a race that is different from the Numenorean race.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Southern line of Gondor: the Anarioni, 25. Minardil</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien wrote "The sons of Kastamir and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven. They never ceased to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity. But they married women of the Harad and had in three generations lost most of their Numenorean blood; but they did not forget their feud with the house of Eldakar."<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, Commentary on manuscript B on the entry for king Minardil</ref> So J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "women of the Harad" as being of a different race than the Númenoreans. J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "men of Harad" when Faramir reports about the attack on the Haradrim in Ithilien and when mentioning that the location of the ambush by the Orcs and Easterlings was in the same place where he had ambushed the Haradrim.<ref>{{RK|Siege}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Gate}}, seventeenth paragraph</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 12:40, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
"Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad."

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
"Stated above."

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim, a great and cruel people that dwelt in the wide lands south of Mordor beyond the mouths of Anduin".<ref name=Rings/> J.R.R. Tolkien does distinguish the Nùmenoreans Herumor and Fuinor from the Haradrim among whom they rose to power. Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref name=SForeword/> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
"Being from south of Umbar."

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
"Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
"A chieftain of the Haradrim."

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''Bart Allen's reply:''''' 
As I stated (yet again) it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim and remove down much of my original post (as such with the Third Age etc). Naturally, Haradrim are different to the race of Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just those born on Numenor (as that would include the later Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land almost as a citizen (even changing one's allegiance). As Tolkien (Christopher) constituted a Man of Harad as one living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race or ethnicity, nor even an allegiance to Sauron (as there were those who fled to the forests, or joined the Blue Wizards' campaign).

Not sure if it's ever been stated that one becomes a Haradrim via a membership process, of sorts ~

'''1.''' Is Umbar in western Haradwaith? 
'''2.''' Are the Men of Harad a race, ethnicity or the inhabitants of Haradwaith? 
'''3.''' Can a race be beholden to a land? Are the Druedain of Armenelos of Harad or Numenor, despite having an over 3,000 history within the latter.

On a different note, are Númenoreans of Gondor comparable to those of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife? Or is Aragorn not a Gondorian due to his region of birth, similar to Isildur?

:Do your reading before you edit to answer your questions. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 12:40, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 14:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''Bart Allen's second reply:''''' 
'''Akhorahil:''' ''"The index of the Silmarillion is not a source that was written by J.R.R. Tolkien. Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion[3] Men of Harad is a synonm for Haradrim. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in an early version of what would later become Appendix A of the Lord of the Rings in a changed form "The rebels of Umbar had never ceased to make war on Gondor since the death of Kastamir, attacking its ships and raiding itscoast at every opportunity. They had however become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race". So J.R.R. Tolkien uses "Men of Harad" as a race that is different from the Numenorean race.[4] J.R.R. Tolkien wrote "The sons of Kastamir and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven. They never ceased to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity. But they married women of the Harad and had in three generations lost most of their Numenorean blood; but they did not forget their feud with the house of Eldakar."[5] So J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "women of the Harad" as being of a different race than the Númenoreans. J.R.R. Tolkien also uses the term "men of Harad" when Faramir reports about the attack on the Haradrim in Ithilien and when mentioning that the location of the ambush by the Orcs and Easterlings was in the same place where he had ambushed the Haradrim."''

We agree that Men of Harad is synonymous to that of the Haradrim then, so then the definition within the index should hold true then, perhaps? ~ I don't believe it's so cut and dry as Numenoreans are a different race altogether, thus a questionable comparison. Numenoreans are a different to other Men due to the fixed and traced bloodline, in point of fact even the Northmen of Rhovanion (all citations from Appendix A):

"After the return of Eldacar the blood of the kingly house and other houses of the Dunedain '''became more mingled with that of lesser Men...''' This mingling did not at first hasten the waning of the Dunedain, as had been feared; but the waning still proceeded, little by little, as it had before. For no doubt it was due above all to Middle-earth itself, and to the slow withdrawing of the gifts of the Numenoreans after the downfall of the Land of the Star."

"For the high men of Gondor already looked askance at the Northmen among them; and it was a thing unheard of before that the heir to the crown, or any son of the King, '''should wed one of lesser and alien race.'''"

"After the fall of Sauron their '''race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-Earth''', but they inherited without lessening their hatred of Gondor."

Additionally, those of Harad have a variety of skin-types ranging from swarthy, dark, brown to black. My point is that Tolkien using those Harad in contrast to Numenoreans isn't exactly an admission of the Men of the South having a prerequisite of being a specific race to be classed as such (or even race at all), as much as it is being an inhabitant of that part of Endor. So even those of West are still different - in terms of race - to that those of Numenor, as are those of Harad. --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:24, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

{{references}}

User talk:Sage

2021-10-08T16:38:35Z

BartAllen: /* Men of Harad */ new section

{{w|Hyarion|[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]]}}
==Tale of Years==
It's a known fact that the Tale of Years is full of mistakes, however, most of these were corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. That should be included as well. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 04:54, 30 July 2008 (EDT)

==Standards==
We should really include this in the welcome message, but just FYI: [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]]. This is in reference to your use of "LotR" in [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]]. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 05:39, 30 July 2008 (EDT)

== Elves ==

What published works say that elves are taller?

[[User:Ælfwine|Ælfwine228]] 20:58, 2 August 2008 (EDT)

:from the Appendices:
*the People of the Great Journey, the People of the Stars. They were tall, fair of skin and grey-eyed

:Since the writer of the Appendices is a Man, and his readers are also Men, why would he describe the Eldar as tall and not as short?

:Some characters, both Elves and Men are mentioned to be tall, and I understand these can be understood as 'relativistic'; for example you can say that the Eldar were tall relative to the other Elves, but still shorter than Men (although this explanation is quite tentative, and plausible only if you ''want'' to prove that Elves were shorter). I skimmed through the Silmarillion and saw that while the people of Marach are said to be tall, and while other men described as tall such as Galdor the Tall, most references were about Elves.
:*Ingwë the High King, golden-haired and tall
:*The seven sons of Fëanáro were Maedhros the tall...
:*their sister was Ar-feiniel the White. She was younger in the years of the Eldar than her brothers; and when she was grown to full stature and beauty she was tall and strong
:*[Thingol] tallest of all the Children of Ilúvatar
:*But Eöl, though stooped by his smithwork, was no Dwarf, but a tall Elf of a high kin of the Teleri
:*[Maeglin] was tall and black-haired; his eyes were dark

:I don't argue that the assumption that more Elves than Men tended to be tall, can be proben by a statistical analysis. However if Elves are shorter, why Thingol was to be the tallest of all Elves and Men, and not some Man? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 05:56, 3 August 2008 (EDT)

Well, Tolkien stated that elves and men were at first "of a like size" (that is probably the best description in the whole legendarium for their size difference) in the BOLT2. If this is true, whether they became smaller in later ages or not, Thingol could easily be the tallest of all the Children of Iluvatar, but that doesn't mean that most elves were taller than men. Also, more elves are described as tall in the Silmarillion than men because the Silmarillion was almost all about elves, and the very few central character men that were in it were often described as tall, such as Tuor and Turin, as were many men of later ages, especially of Numenorian decent.

While the elves may not be shorter than men in general, I do not think it can be said with certainty that they are taller. By the way, can we make a real talk page/forum for this?
[[User:Ælfwine|Ælfwine228]] 17:48, 3 August 2008 (EDT)
:I am new here, I don't know the process so be my guest. But as a last note, I also remember in BOLT 1 that Elves are shorter, and I was shocked. Furthermore, I think I also read a comment that this idea was later dropped. Anyway I hope you are aware that the BOLT books take place in a different 'continuity' and shouldn't be considered as guides for the general canon. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:51, 3 August 2008 (EDT)

Perhaps they shouldn't be considered canon, but from '''''Tolkien's Legendarium; Essays on The History of Middle-earth'''''; "...there are Tolkien's latest thoughts, his best thoughts, and his published thoughts and these are not necessarily the same."
That is probably the wisest analysis that I have ever read about the world of Middle earth.
[[User:Ælfwine|Ælfwine228]] 18:31, 3 August 2008 (EDT)

==Amras==

Hi and welcome to TG (I never "officially" got to greet you). [[Amras]] now. I know it is not much what you wrote, but please don't do it again in the future when you see that "claimed" tag. I am asking this of you as nice as I can and I can only hope that you'll understand it. I know you saw a mistake and wanted to correct it, but keep in mind that all the Sons will get rewritten by me to the last word in those articles, so all the errors will be fixed. It is just a matter of time. There are over 7000 articles here. I'm sure there's plenty of work for all of us. All the best! :) ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 05:24, 4 August 2008 (EDT)
:Yes I know you are asking it nicely (I am not of those hot-tempered people who frown at each scolding :P) and I understand. But last time I asked I was told its usage was mainly to avoid edit conflicts and loss of data, therefore it's not always that ''bad'' to edit minimally those articles in the meantime (of course there is a problem with larger edits). So my edit was to make sure that you wouldn't miss that mistake and leave it there intact. Anyway I won't do this again (at least with your claimed articles :)). I trust you will do a good work. Namarie :) [[User:Sage|Sage]] 06:41, 4 August 2008 (EDT)

::My bad for that. I voiced my personal opinion. Like I said, guidelines are too grey. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 06:58, 4 August 2008 (EDT)

::: Sage - It's a good thing at least one of us isn't from that kind of hot-tempered people :)) If you won't agree with something I'll write in future articles (for various reasons, like better knowledge of the text), feel free to drop me a message and corrections will be made, promise. Ederchil - There's no such thing as "my bad" here. :) Thank you both for understanding. ~~ [[User:Þelma|Þelma]] 13:52, 4 August 2008 (EDT)

==Dwarf names==
A couple of things... there are several etymological theories about the Dwarf-names in the ''Dvergatal''. Therefore, I think it's important to state the source of the translation, and add others as well. Also, place Etymolgies above Genealogies, and use double ", not '. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 03:49, 5 August 2008 (EDT)
:Right away [[User:Sage|Sage]] 04:50, 5 August 2008 (EDT)

::And maybe it's handy to mention the language as well, re: [[Arkenstone]]. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 10:20, 5 August 2008 (EDT)

== Meetings ==

Hi Sage! I just wanted to draw your attention to [[Forum:Meetings|here]]. We are currently discussing the idea of a weekly site meeting. Thanks!--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:11, 7 August 2008 (EDT)

==Individual Tengwar==
Since you're listing the Westron names, you should really mention ''Report from Marquette'' by Jim Allan among the references. Even if you haven't read it. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 05:07, 15 August 2008 (EDT)

==References==
Hiya. Just a note: <nowiki><ref> tags don't work unless you include a <references/> section at the end (or rather, a <references> section). </nowiki>-- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:02, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

==[[:Template:HM]]==
Any thoughts? Other than "Expand to include LotR, S, H and UT" and "Add chapters"? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 12:45, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

== Next Meeting ==

It is planned that we hold our next meeting on the [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/5 April 2009|5th of April 2009]], please inform us if you can attend [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/5 April 2009|here]].--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:40, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

== Re: Geia!==
Geia sou kai esena! dystyxws den to exw to allo vivlio tou Tsouli alla to xw diavasei... o typos einai kamenos.

Xairomai pou kai alloi ellhnares diavazoun Tolkien kai grafoun so Tolkien Gateway. Kai se eixa dei polles fores sto Recent changes kai den hxera oti eisai ellhnas... nomizw pws sou eixa grapsei ena talk page se kapoio athro sta agglika... [[User:Mthomas|mthomas]] 15:30, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

==Next Meeting==

Sorry to clutter up your talk page, but just informing you about the next meeting. It is planned that we hold our next meeting on '''Monday''' the [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/13 April 2009|13th of April 2009]], please inform us if you can attend [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/13 April 2009|here]]. Remember that it's on Easter Monday, not Easter Sunday. Thanks!--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 13:21, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
==Xristos Anesth==
Xristos Anesth re patriwth! xronia polla![[User:Mthomas|mthomas]] 08:14, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

==Multiple language words==
Just a question how to deal with words that exist in multiple languages - [[Tur]], [[Tûr]], [[Aran]] for example. What layout do we use? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 11:35, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
==Orcs==
Exw dei edw kai kairo oti psaxnete gia contributors stin selida twn Orcs. Loipon, ama psaxnete akomh endiaferomai egw na voithisw giati ta goustarw poly ta Orcs. Oti idees exeis pes mou. [[User:Mthomas|mthomas]] 14:48, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

==Tengwar==
A lot of the tengwar pages require specific fonts, and people that don't have those fonts installed get gibberish. How about a template at the top, saying "for optimal reading, this page requires any of the following fonts"? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 18:47, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

==[[Common Eldarin|CE]] "3"==
I see you use the 3 to represent the [[wikipedia:Yogh|yogh]]/ʒ. If you look at the edittools bar ("Insert:") at the bottom, you can see the actual symbol next to the dagger symbol. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 11:28, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

== [[Amrod]] (and [[Amras]]) ==

You’re not wrong in what you added to the etymology of that name (although ''Ambaráto'' is the Telerin form, appropriate for Aegnor, whereas Amrod would of course have the Quenya form ''Ambarto''), but unfortunately it makes the messed up alignment of names that was already there even worse. Have a look at what I wrote on the Talk pages of both twins, and see if you can follow what I argue. Feel free to get back to me (or add to the Talk pages) when you got problems. But I think probably the time has come to untangle the mess and reorganise both articles (on the twins). I would be glad of your opinion on that. — [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 04:40, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

== Upcoming Meeting ==

Hi Sage, I was wondering if you wanted to attend an upcoming meeting this Sunday. If you can make, please [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/27 June 2010|sign up]]. Thanks! --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 16:21, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

== Cirth/Angerthas ==

Hi Sage, I was wondering why you moved Angerthas Daeron, Angerthas Erebor and Angerthas Moria to [[Cirth/Angerthas Daeron]], [[Cirth/Angerthas Erebor]] and [[Cirth/Angerthas Moria]] respectively? It seems somewhat counter-intuitive to me (especially as no article links directly to these three), and I'm not sure what they mean as subtitles: are they meant to be subpages of [[Cirth]] or are you just indicating in the titles that "''cirth''" can be used as another name for "''angerthas''"? Would you object if I were to move them back to their original articles? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 15:22, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

==New words==
Hi Sage! Sorry to trespass your linguistic ground by creating an article for ''[[Mae]]''. Since you have more experience on this field, do you have any thoughts on what I did on the page? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 16:31, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

== Meeting - Sunday 5th September ==

Hi, Sage! Just a quick message to inform you that we are holding our next [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings|Meeting]] on [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/5 September 2010|Sunday, 5th September 2010]] at 7pm [[wikipedia:UTC|UTC]]. Whether you are or aren't able to attend, please sign your name on the [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/5 September 2010|here]]. Hope to see you on Sunday! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 18:16, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

== Meeting - Sunday 3rd October ==

Hi Sage - do you reckon you'll be available for [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/3 October 2010|tomorrow's meeting]]? It would be good to see you there! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 20:18, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

== A Few Issues ==

Just a few things I think you should know about:
* This may seem trivial, but could you make sure that you end your sentences in a full-stop?
* When quoting, you should indicate such with quotation marks, otherwise it is technically plagiarism.
* With regards to references, [[Template:References]] has to be at the bottom of the article, or else they won't work (see [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Amon_Amarth&curid=1115&oldid=128927 this], for example).
* Also re: referencing, could you make sure you include page numbers for all publications save for ''The Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings'', ''The Silmarillion'' and ''The Unfinished Tales''; in particular, '' A Readers' Companion'' has only one pagination so there is no need to omit page numbers.
**I am using a copy of ''Nomenclature'' that was handed to me before the Companion was published, so I can't know the pages. In any case I think it is not necessary, since the Nomenclature is arranged like a dictionary. If that's a problem, then I should reference simply "Nomenclature" instead. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 00:06, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
* There's no need to remove interwiki links (unless they are incorrect).
**You mean the links to other languages? That must be by accident, I didn't meddle with those. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 00:06, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
* Also, I really must ask that you don't move articles unless there is clear reason, and when you do, use the Move button at the top of the page, and don't copy and paste. The problem with copying and pasting is that it separates an article from its history and therefore obscures its development. Obviously, if the article is spelt incorrectly, is clearly under an under-used name, or uses our old verbose disambiguation system, you can move it without debate, but otherwise it's best to just do a quick message on the talk page (and if no one replies assume it's safe to proceed).
**I try to separate English-named articles from Elvish-named articles. My personal rule of thumb is that the main article is under the English name; the Elvish articles have a link to the main article, and linguistic/etymological notes. When I see e.g. both Silvertine and Zirakzigil redirect to Celebdil, the best thing I can do is replace the redirects with actual content, and copy the bulk of the text to the one that fits most; I can't put an explanation of "tine" in the article for Celebdil, and I can't create an article for Silvertine only to put this explanation. The 'Move' action was unavailable because the target was occupied by the redirects. I understand that copying instead of moving must cause such issues, but while in the fever of adding etymologies and encountering these obstacles, I confess that the issues you mentioned seemed trivial at that moment *blush* [[User:Sage|Sage]] 00:06, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
* Disambiguation pages should only include the actual articles which require disambiguating - etymological information (other than a brief description in the opening line) should be seeded into the individual articles.
**I fail to understand the reason. Why should the etymology of the name "Hurin" be copied to the five articles of the five individuals called Hurin and not in the single disambiguation page? In similar cases I'd write the full etymology in the disambig page and in the individual articles put a "See Hurin (disambiguation)" link under "Etymology". It seems cleaner and tidier that way. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 00:06, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
* Re: categorisation. There is no point categorising articles in categories which don't exist; it does nothing and just puts a redlink at the bottom of the page. Creation categories (and categorising them), is exactly the same as creation (and categorising) articles. (See [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Oathbreakers&oldid=128044 this] for the redlink.)
None of the above is meant in vitriol, rudeness, admonition or patronisation: it's just a few pointers to make sure that TG conforms to the very highest standards to be something we can all be proud of. Do keep up the work, here - you are a ''very'' valued contributor. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 17:08, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

:Also, be sure to follow the advice given {{Redlink|[[Portal:Locations/Category tree|here]]}} on the Locations category structure. It seems a lot of editors don't understand the structure I put in place, that page should go some way in explaining what to do (if unsure, just ask me :) ). --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 17:56, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

== File:Beleriand-eriador-fonstad.png ==
[[File:Steven White Jr. - ME FA 02.gif|thumb|right|150px]]
Hi there. Can you please tell me whose maps you used to create the compound map? The basic Beleriand map is obviously the one derived by me (with the cut-outs where the forst labels are in CT's original map) when I first attempted to join CT's maps at Mount Himring. See an earlier sketch of said map on the right. I wonder how that ended up on the web at all...
[[User:Smeagol|Smeagol]] 23:28, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

:Hi there. I made this composition some years ago, using elements from various maps I had found online. My purpose was to portray a "sunken" Beleriand with the 3rd Age outline of Lindon, and Fonstad's North. It seems that I used your composite map as a base (yes, the one where you have Himring marked in red). When I edited the map recently in order to upload it, I had a [[Wikipedia:false memory|false memory]] that my base had been Fonstad's Arda map, including the shores and outlines; but now that you made me check again, I saw that the southern shoreline as she envisioned it, differs greatly from this one. It turns out that the greater part of this map is your work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 01:29, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

::You mean the one on the right? Where did you find that? The file is almost 10 years old and I had forgotten about it. I later adjusted the southern coastline, as can be seen on the map in my user page. Those were the days before Photoshop :-) Maybe I should get into the mapmaking business again. My clash with the Tolkien Estate is 6 years back, after all. [[User:Smeagol|Smeagol]] 07:05, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
:::I had a newer version of that map of yours, part of a big collection of fan-made maps I had downloaded from fansites. I think this one was on Tolkienion.com? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:20, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

::::Ah, that may be. I had to remove the maps section of the Tolkienion when I got in trouble over the maps. However, the maps still exist [http://7a6972656f5f74637568.killerhor.net/index2.php?framesource=indexframe.php here]. But the map you used is not there. I have lost a couple of maps when I had a hard drive failure a few years back. [[User:Smeagol|Smeagol]] 13:45, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

==Elvish roots/stems==

Hello Sage. I have a question about how to interpret a specific form often occurring in the ''Etymologies''. For example, for the base AK-, the form *''akrā'' appears, after which follows the Quenya and Noldorin forms. Now, my question is: what is the form *''akrā'' supposed to signify? Primitive Quendian? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 13:28, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

:Thanks for the quick answer (for other editors, see [[User talk:Morgan#Roots]])! I hope you don't mind that I have some related questions (I suggest that you answer here, since that makes it easier to follow the conversation):
#Which form should we use as title for these articles? ÁLAT- or just ÁLAT? I've noticed that earlier root articles omit the hyphen. Is this intentional? I started to include the hyphens in the articles I just created, since this is how they appear in the ''Etymologies''.
**I guess the hyphens indicate that the roots are not complete words. Since this is one of the definitions of a root, and '''all''' roots have one, I consider trivial such an indication. If you look at Ardalambion or linguistic discussions in the mailing lists, there is no hyphen. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:03, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
#How should we think about the e/ë question in Quenya words? Should the name of the article be, for example, aiwe or aiwë?
**I am against using the diaereses for several reasons, but I think the TG prefers to include them. A couple of Quenya articles I wrote were renamed by some other editor. In any case, I never use them :D [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:03, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
***According to Fauskanger, "''Tolkien often uses the diaeresis (two dots as in Manwë) to clarify the pronunciation of Elvish names for readers of English, but it is hardly ever used in the Etymologies, a work that was never intended for wider circulation.''" ([http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/index/indexs.htm]). Perhaps this is a good reason to actually use the diaereses? Or is it possible for you to explain the reasons against using them? I just noticed the issue in the article on ''[[yáve]]''. I found out that the spelling ''yávë'' is used in ''The Silmarillion'' (appendix) - isn't then this the more "proper" (canonical?) spelling? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:13, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
#A general linguistic remark: right now, the standard on TG is to use the past tense in article text which is "inside" the legendarium. However, in linguistic texts (such as etymology sections and "dictionary" articles on specific words) we always use the present tense. Is there a reason behind these different uses? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 14:51, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
**I see that languages, as abstract entities, are outside of time. Once a language exists, its vocabulary and rules will always "exist", even if the language itself is dead or ancient. For example everyone says "Amor in Latin means love" rather than "meant". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:03, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
***Good point. --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:13, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
===Dots===
The dots signify nothing to Quenya itself. Tolkien in his personal writings (and the Elves) did not use dots. Its quite different from the accents which '''are''' significant to the language and denote a long vowel; yave and yáve would be two different words, with different pronunciation, and different Tengwar spelling. 
On the contrary, the dots don't exist in the language and are of course not represented in tengwar. Tolkien invented them for the published books only to visually assist the occasional English readers to remember that ''e'' is pronounced. In fact, all ''e''s in Quenya are pronounced but the English (or French, who also has silent ''e''s) reader perhaps needs such a reminder. yáve and yávë are not different spellings, they are exactly the same thing, only that yávë is perhaps more visually helpful for the English (or the French). 
The reason '''not''' to use the dots, besides being not a part of the language, is that it's quite more complicated to write and search in the wiki for ''yávë'' than ''yáve''. 
And if I may mention, in Albanian ''ë'' signifies a silent ''e'', so it would have the contrary effect to an Albanian reader :) [[User:Sage|Sage]] 12:08, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

:I am personally in favour of the diaereses: this is an English-language website aimed at those who know English - diaereses have a clear meaning in English which I think it is important to maintain. Furthermore, should we be over-ruling the Professor's use of diaereses?

:The problem of typing/searching can be solved by redirects. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 01:31, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

::I agree with Mith, I think we should use Yávë, with Yáve as redirects. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]]
::I'd argue that the Professor used the diaereses with publication in mind, not as a rule-not-to-be-over-ruled; or else such forms would be seen in HoMe. It would be interested to bring the matter up in the forum, what do you say? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 20:03, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

:::I don't know if a publication post-mortem can really be conclusive evidence either way of the professor's intentions. However, as you point out, the Professor included diaereses with publication in mind and he never had HOME in mind for publication (and if he did we can't know that he wouldn't have gone through adding diaereses). I think it's a moot point, really.
:::Furthermore, is it not confusing to readers not so well-versed in Tolkienian linguistics to encounter words lacking diaereses where they think they should see them? (I notice, for instance, that many scholars retain diaereses where Tolkien uses them.)
:::I know it can be hard for non-native speakers of English to understand, but the diaereses really is a valuable tool in aiding pronunciation amongst native speakers (remember Cate Blanchett's "''The light of Erendil''"!), and, contrary to popular belief amongst some (non-native speakers) scholars, it is understand by many: words such as coöperate, continuüm, reëlect, zoölogy and naïve as well as names like Chloë, Zaïre, Boötes, and the Brontë Sisters. Notwithstanding the above, I would still support the use of diaereses as a distinguishing feature of unusualness: in English, any form of diacritic signifies "''I am a foreign word.''" - it creates an aura of intrigue and mystery which I wouldn't wish to lose.
:::It would be good if you could attend [[Tolkien Gateway talk:Meetings/5 December 2010|the meeting today]], I've added this issue on the list of things to discuss. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 01:44, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

==Elvish/PQ==
Hi Sage! I just wanted to draw your attention to this question of mine: [[Talk:ÁS-AT]] --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 19:36, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

== Second Age Globe ==

As you pointed out, I completely forgot that Arda wasn't made round until the end of the Second Age. I really like the images you put together for the First Age and Third Age globes as I used in my [[User:KingAragorn/Sandbox|sandbox]] for the location portal. Would it be possible for you to create a Second Age globe in the same style? --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 23:00, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

==Boromir and Beornings==
Hello Sage! Just drawing you attention to [[Talk:Boromir#Etymology]] and [[Talk:Beornings]], where I discuss your edits.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 01:54, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

==Use of asterisk==
I noted that you use both single and double asterisks in the article on [[Valaraukar]]. I think the use needs to be explained, either by making the asterisks into links (as was my initial idea), or, as can be seen here [[Talk:*]], where [[User:Mith]] is of the opinion that we should avoid the use of asterisk altogether. --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 15:04, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

:I am not sure on what you want me to comment [[User:Sage|Sage]] 09:36, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

::What does the double asterisk (**) signify? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:16, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

:::The double asterisk is explained in [[asterisk]] :) [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:00, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

::::Oh, thank you! :) Then I'll go ahead and make internal links for the asterisks (at least for the time being - since there is a debate on wether we should use asterisks or not). (BTW, don't you find it more convenient to keep a conversation to one talk page? It tends to get confusing having to switch between talk pages when following a conversation.) /Cheers --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 21:04, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

== Taniquetil ==

Hi Sage! On this article I removed the redlinks as I find redlinks ugly whilst showing to the reader where our holes are (and giving false hope that those articles may exist); I personally think redlinks shouldn't be created unless you expect to create the article ''yourself'' or have a realistic expectation that someone else will do so soon. Are you intending on creating articles for ''TĀ'', ''nique'' and ''til''? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 11:13, 22 July 2011 (UTC)
:Hi, personally I don't think redlinks ugly and I consider them only 'work to be done in the future'. For example, if someone ever will create an article for "nique", he will have to manually trace every page containing the word and wikify it. I believe redlinks can be useful by the "Wanted Pages" of the "What links here" features. But I respect the different aesthetics about the wiki. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 12:02, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

::I accept that - and indeed agree - so long as it ''is'' "work to be done in the future" and not just "work someone else ''might'' do at some point"; if an article never gets created the redlink serves no useful function. We have 6690 wanted pages (of which a good chunk are linguistic ones) - a figure which is increasing and not decreasing - so the work isn't really getting done; in the meeting last September I argued, "''let's be honest, they probably aren't all articles waiting to happen''".
::The problem is especially true for linguistic articles because it's such a specialised area there are very few people who know enough to edit those articles and even fewer who are happy to do so, therefore you can't ever realistically expect anyone to ever create those articles. Are you planning on creating links to ''TĀ'', ''nique'' and ''til''? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:23, 22 July 2011 (UTC)
:::Well I will have in mind to complete immediately the articles I wikify from now on. I will try to work on complete trees and their related pages when possible. Don't worry about that. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 12:46, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

==PQ/PE==

Hello Sage! I need help on the following: should "Proto-Eldarin" be redirected to Primitive Quendian or Common Eldarin? Or do you think Proto-Eldarin have its own article ([http://reocities.com/athens/parthenon/9902/langlst.html Lisa Star] says that it sometimes seem to refer to PQ and sometimes to CE)? I've tried (without success) to find this term in Tolkien's writings.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 21:24, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
:Obviously Proto-Eldarin is not an attested form, but a term originating before Tolkien's writings about Primitive Quendian were published, and before any details about the Eldar vs Avari were known. I think it is safe to redirect it to Common Eldarin. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 12:37, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

==Etymology of ''Sauron''==
Sage, do you have ideas/comments on how we should present the etymology of the name ''Sauron'' on Tolkien Gateway? Having investigated it a bit, a complete version is [[User:Morgan/Sandbox6|more complicated]] than what I think could be presented on a general wiki article. As I understand it, Tolkien struggled with deriving ''Sauron'' either from Sindarin ''thaur'' (PE:17, p. 183; EQS), or giving the name a Quenya derivation (''saura'' "cruel") ultimately deriving from a base THAW (PE:17, p. 184; Letter 297). --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 02:11, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
:We can mention both derivations from ''saura'' and ''thaur''. It seems like it is needed an entry on the word ''[[saura]]'' which seems to have suffered most under Tolkien's revisions, and provide them in its article. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 14:17, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
::Thanks - I've added the info to our Sauron etymology section.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 02:44, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

==Letter 427==
Hi Sage, I just saw you added {{redlink|[[Letter 427]]}} as a reference to [[-nguo]]. This letter does however not exist, could you look into this and add the correct letter? --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 14:53, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

==Legendary locations==
Ah! I had forgotten about the Last Desert - it's a good addition to the template. I'm sure there are some others I haven't thought about.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 17:14, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

== Images ==

Hello Sage. As you probably know, I've been sorting out images on TG and making sure that they all have the proper file licensing templates. I'm sure that you will agree that this is a mammoth task; therefore I would like to ask for your help sorting out the images that you've uploaded. Please see below for a list of files that need sorting and/or checking.

You noted on these images that they were public domain, so I've put a PD template on them. However, we need to know the author's name so that they can be categorised and named properly.
*{{Redlink|[[File:Rumil2.gif.jpg]]}}
*{{Redlink|[[File:Elemm.gif]]}}
:The author made those as spontaneous doodles. He is not a professional and doesn't pursue any credit, and as far as I know he wouldn't like to have his name published online either. I wonder if we can support the option to name some files as "Anonymous" [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Please check these maps and decide whether you, [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] (her estate or publisher, I don't know), or someone else owns the copyright. You'll notice that on some I've guessed and put on a file licensing template, but please check them.
:The maps I have marked with an asterisk are derivatives of (usually) Fonstad's works, therefore I don't have the authority to grant any permission to publish them under any term. I think that we should track Fonstad's copyright holders. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*[[:File:Sage - Almaren.png]]
*[[:File:Sage - Evolution of Arda.jpg]]*
*[[:File:Sage - Reunited Kingdom.png]]
*[[:File:Sage - Middle-earth.jpg]]*
*[[:File:1050.png]]*
*[[:File:1105.png]]*
*[[:File:1115.png]]*
*[[:File:1125.png]]*
*[[:File:1132.png]]*
*[[:File:1149.png]]*
*[[:File:1150.png]]*
*[[:File:1200.png]]*
*[[:File:1300.png]]*
*[[:File:1350.png]]*
*[[:File:1498.png]]*
*[[:File:1129.png]]*
*{{redlink|File:Belfalas 2nd Age.jpg}} (NB: I tried to contact [[Andreas Möhn]] but his e-mail bounced)
*[[:File:Sage - Beleriand and Eriador collage.png]]
:this is a collage of maps by Fonstad, Raw and User:Smeagol [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*[[:File:Sage - Location of Numenor.png]]*
*[[:File:Sage - Great Plague.png]]
*{{Redlink|[[File:Pan-route.png]]}}*
*{{Redlink|[[File:Overhill-route.png]]}}*
*[[:File:Pauline Baynes - The Little Kingdom.jpg]]
:this is a map by Pauline Baynes, therefore it should take the template that other Baynes' images do. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

I've put an unknown copyright status on these miscellaneous images. Please identify the copyright holder and conact them for permission. If you want me to contact them, just ask.
:I do believe that it would be better if you include these in your existing work. You have better experience in this and you will do quicker and better than if we shared the work. However I will put notes to help you [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*[[:File:PP banner.jpg]]
:this is a derivative of collective work by members of the GTS. You can contact them from their Facebook page. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*{{redlink|[[File:Michael Gaydos - TolkienWilliamsLewis.jpg]]}}
*{{redlink|[[File:Daniel reeve.jpg]]}}
:the picture was taken from a package of maps by Decipher. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*{{redlink|File:Dwafrune.gif}}
*{{redlink|File:Dwarfrunes.JPEG}}
*{{redlink|File:Dansmith.png}}
:these pictures were taken by Dan Smith's font site. FYI I contacted him once but he didn't reply [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*[[:File:Mani and Sol.jpg]]
:I took the image from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A1ni_and_S%C3%B3l_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg here]. It belongs in the PD. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*{{redlink|[[File:Alex lewis.jpg]]}}
:this picture was taken by members of the GTS at Oxonmoot (I think 2002). [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*{{redlink|[[File:Idril.gif]]}}
:I will try to contact MB and ask him if we can use his heraldry here. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*{{redlink|[[File:Steve Notley - Bob the Angry Flower's Lord of the Ringz.gif]]}}
*{{redlink|[[File:Gift.jpg]]}}
:This was made by the Hildebrandts [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
*{{redlink|[[File:Brothers Hildebrandt - Return of the King.jpg]]}} (NB: I will try to contact Greg Hildebrandt)
*{{Redlink|[[File:Cave.jpg]]}}
:Made by Wenzel, however I don't know what's the copyright and if he gave permission for this [[User:Sage|Sage]] 13:14, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Many thanks for your help!--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 10:50, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

::Thanks for the info. I shall grow through them at some point.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

==Buckland==
See [[Talk:Buckland]]. In no primary source does it talk about Buckland becoming part of the Shire (it does for the Westmarch, however). Indeed "Eastmarch" is not mentioned, but "East March" is (only once).--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:03, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

== Category:Greco-Romance names ==

Hey Sage. [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/5 August 2012|At the meeting just gone]] we discussed your [[:Category:Greco-Roman names|Category:Greco-Romance names]]. You may have noticed that I moved it (because I thought that you have made a spelling mistake). You can read the discussion [[Tolkien Gateway:Meetings/5 August 2012/Transcript|here]]. As you can see, we decided that it would be best to diffuse the category into "Romanic names" and "Ancient Greek names". Are you happy with this? If so, could you sort it out?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 21:23, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
:Please have a look at [[Category talk:Greco-Roman names]] [[User:Sage|Sage]] 23:49, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

==Westlands==
I just noticed that your reference in [[Westlands]] didn't work as the parameter "X1" doesn't exist in [[Template:SD]]. I've changed it to "XI" (Epilogue). Was this correct or did you use another chapter as source? --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 16:39, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
:Oops! yes, that's correct :) [[User:Sage|Sage]] 19:09, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

==Alatar and Pallando==

Sage, do you know of any good linguistic analysis of the names ''Alatar'' and ''Pallando''? I made a quick search, but couldn't find any -- surely it must have been discussed in VT or PE? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:19, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

:No, other than the lotr.wikia.com speculates that Pallando is related to palan/palla [[User:Sage|Sage]] 06:54, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

::{{UT|Istari}}, Note 6 says: "''Pallando'', despite the spelling, perhaps contains ''palan'' 'afar', as in ''palantír'' and in ''Palarran'' 'Far Wanderer', the name of Aldarion's ship." This is C.R.T.'s speculation for Pallando, could we speculate Alatar's etymology? Or should we just say that it's unknown?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 11:10, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Yes we could. There is ''alata'' "great", ''al(a)-'' "blessed" with ''atar'' "father" or ''tar'' "high one" and so on. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:20, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

::::Right. Just to make a note of it, Encylopedia of Arda also suggests that ''Alatar'' can be interpreted as "after-comer" [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/a/alatar.html].--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 21:43, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

== Category:Angicised Westron words ==

Are you going to make ''[[Special:WantedCategories|Category:Angicised Westron words]]''?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 19:37, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

==Maps==
Who made these maps?
*{{redlink|[[Media:At the crossroads map.png]]}}
*{{redlink|[[Media:Over hill.png]]}}
*{{redlink|[[Media:Short Rest.png]]}}
*{{redlink|[[Media:Roast Mutton.png]]}}--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 23:32, 2 November 2012 (UTC)
:They are croppings from [[:File:Mith01.jpg|this map]] but since they would take the unknown-copyright tag anyway, I didn't bother to add more information for that moment. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:35, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

==Lenition/Mutation==
Hello Sage! I noticed that we have no separate page for mutation in Sindarin (like we have for [[lenition]]). Do you reckon such a page could be useful, or do you know if we have any other article to which mutation can be redirected? Thanks --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 18:23, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

==The "Hobbit" week==
Sage, do you have any thoughts about this: can the "archaic" names of the days of the week be said to be Westron, and the later names to be Hobbitish (Kuduk)? I'm just thinking of how to categorize the names according to language.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 23:53, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
:The names ''Monendei'' and so are Middle English and can be considered "Middle Westron" according to [https://sites.google.com/site/endorenya/language-periodizations this project]. The modern day names ''Monday'' etc can be considered regular developments in "modern" Westron, but I don't think we can tell how much they are proper, or Hobbitish Westron. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 14:34, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
:For example, I am not sure if "Trewsday" was the name also used by the Rangers, Gondorians, Gandalf, etc, or whether they would say *"Treesday". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 14:37, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

==Wintring==
Thanks for correcting my silly edit at the Wintring article, Sage! :-) --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 21:41, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

== Bain pic ==

Since there don't seem to be any other images of Bain on the site (yet), is there really any harm in keeping the shot from "The Desolation of Smaug" as his 'profile pic,' so to speak? --[[User:BalrogTrainer|BalrogTrainer]] 03:24, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

:According to my own personal understanding I wouldn't use it as a main picture of a canonical article, but other than that there isn't any harm keeping it as a profile pic :) [[User:Sage|Sage]] 05:57, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

== Articles needed citations ==

I don't know if you've ever looked through [[:Category:Articles needing citation|Articles needing citation]], but it contains 246 articles to which the <nowiki>{{fact}}</nowiki> template has been applied. For the majority of these it appears to be on etymologies; with this is mind, I was wondering whether you (perhaps with [[User:Morgan]]'s help?) might be willing to go through these articles and either add sources or remove/amend the articles as appropriate? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 19:52, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

== Wereworms ==

There is no image with the wereworms as they appeared in [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]] in tolkien gateway at all.Someone should upload at least an image on tolkien gateway with the wereworms as they appeared in the third Hobbit film.What do you think?

:Good idea! Go on, as I don't have any pictures from that film. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:00, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

As i have said, there is no image with the were-worms as they appeared in [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]] in Tolkien Gateway.Can you upload at least an image on Tolkien Gateway with the were-worms as they appeared on the third Hobbit film? You can find on Internet.I don't have the ability to upload images on Tolkien Gateway generally, but you do have this ability.

:I haven't even watched the film. Find me an image and I will consider it. Also, consider creating an account here. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:13, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Yes.I already found not only one, but two images:[http://www-images.theonering.org/torwp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BotFAWereWorms01.jpg this one] and [http://vignette4.wikia.nocookie.net/lotr/images/8/85/BOTFA_Wereworm.PNG/revision/latest?cb=20150306211236 this one].What do you think? Are these images good or not?

== Discussion ==

I would like to be discussed something generally.Read [[User talk:2.86.255.128#Tolkien Gateway and The Hobbit film|here]].
This place, Trollshaws,appears in the First Hobbit film.You can check it by seeing the movie.I am telling that because [[User:Ederchil]] removes my editing about the Trollshaws in which i say that Trollshaws do appear in the First Hobbit film.You can see it [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Trollshaws&action=history here] or [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Trollshaws&oldid=291125 here]. {{unsignedanon| 2.86.255.128}}
:Please check the others's replies to you, their comments and the edits they do to your edits. The administrators's obligations do NOT include discussing and explaining again ana again their points and correcting the grammar and spelling of our edits. Ederchil said he did this for most of your edits but that can't go on for ever; from a point they will start just reverting your edits, and if you insist, they will block you. As for your edit on Trollshaws, you don't add any useful information (just appearing as in the book isn't something worth to be mentioned) and also you have a grammar mistake, as in almost all of your edits (should be "its role" instead of "'''it's''' role"). [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:21, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

::The IP address of this anon is in Athens. Would you be able to explain in Greek so the user can better understand why their edits are being undone/reverted/amended? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 23:16, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Yes I am Greek.I am from Athens.{{unsignedanon| 2.86.255.128}}

In case you don't know it,I have already found not one, but two images about the wereworms as they were depicted in the Hobbit film Trilogy:[http://www-images.theonering.org/torwp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BotFAWereWorms01.jpg this one] and [http://vignette4.wikia.nocookie.net/lotr/images/8/85/BOTFA_Wereworm.PNG/revision/latest?cb=20150306211236 this one].I found these images a week ago.So, what do you think? Are these images good or not? --[[User talk:2.86.255.128|2.86.255.128]] 00:26, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
:Oi sygkekrimenes den einai poly kales. Na ftiaxeis logariasmo melous wste na mporeis na dhmiourgeis arthra kai na anevazeis eikones. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 11:56, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

OK.I have seen that there is no image uploaded on page [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]] about the game with the same name.I have also seen that only a single image about that game is uploaded here on Tolkien Gateway.Can you upoad at least two images (images-posters I suggest) about that game on Tolkien Gateway? I don't have the ability to upload inages in Tolkien Gateway, but you do have this ability. --[[User talk:2.86.255.128|2.86.255.128]] 21:47, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

:Den kanw tipota mexri na dw oti diavazeis ti sou grafw. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 22:04, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

== Proposition ==

I would like to propose something.I would like not to blog me again from Tolkien Gateway if I did something wrong about the image that I just uploaded.What do you say? [[User:Gegou|Gegou]]

== Evil or Servants of Melkor ==

I am not so sure Sauron and Ungoliant should be in the Servants of Melkor category. Why? They both 'betrayed' him in their own ways: Ungoliant turned on him and attempted to devour him, while Sauron forsook his ties to him before Eonwe (sure he was afraid of the wrath of the Valar, but it's still treachery) and rose as the Enemy of Middle-earth, but pursued his own agenda instead of continuing Morgoth's work.
Both Sauron and Ungoliant served Morgoth (the former more so than the latter), but they ultimately had their own purposes in mind. They joined him and carried out his bidding, but at those respective times it suited them as well: Morgoth undermined the influence of the Valar which later proved useful in Sauron's rise; Morgoth destroyed the Two Trees, allowing Ungoliant to feed on their Light and briefly sate her hunger.
What I'm saying is neither is a truly loyal ally/servant. We don't even know if Sauron returned to Morgoth after his defeat by Huan and Luthien. He fled to Taur-nu-Fuin, not Angband. He might not have participated at all in the War of Wrath, explaining why he escaped the triumph of Valinor's host and why Eonwe even bothered to listen to his (un)genuine repetance.
Also, on the Evil Category page it says: "Articles about evil. Evil individuals, evil places, evil objects, etc. For people, this includes the Dark Lords, evil chieftains, or otherwise doers of great evil. Servants." Sauron is a Dark Lord and Ungoliant is a doer of evil. --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 10:10, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

:I agree with removing the 'Servant of Melkor' category for Ungoliant. It is never mentioned that Ungoliant served Morgoth, they were temporal allies; and what kind of servant tries to eat his master? However, Sauron was faithful to Morgoth and his porpouses even after the First Age (both in promoting the dark cult in Númenor and becoming the new Dark Lord). He deserves to be in the 'Evil' category, though. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 10:22, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

It was not loyalty that made Sauron promote the worship of Morgoth. Think of his situation. He is a master of Darkness, but he is now something between a prisoner and an adviser. He could hardly propound himself as a God at that time. Morgoth's name, however, and its association with evil could be used on the other hand to great effect. Let's hear J.R.R. himself:

Sauron was not a ‘sincere’ atheist, but he preached atheism, because it weakened resistance to himself (and he had ceased to fear God’s action in Arda) [...] he spoke of Melkor in Melkor’s own terms: as a god, or even as God. This may have been the residue of a state which was in a sense a shadow of good [...] Melkor, and still more Sauron himself afterwards, both profited by this darkened shadow of good and services of ‘worshippers’. '''But it may be doubted whether even such a shadow of good was still sincerely operative in Sauron by that time'''. '''His cunning motive is probably best expressed thus. To wean one of the God-fearing from their allegiance it is best to propound another unseen object of allegiance and another hope of benefits; propound to him a Lord who will sanction what he desires and not forbid it. Sauron, apparently a defeated rival for world-power, now a mere hostage, can hardly propound himself; but as the former servant and disciple of Melkor, the worship of Melkor will raise him from hostage to high priest.''' --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 10:29, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
::Sauron's categorization as "servant of M" is not because of his situation on Numenor, but being his lieutenant and minion during the First Age, as all the Maiar who followed him. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 18:56, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

==Lost Tales==
Hi Sage! On the matter you told me early this year, about making a subwiki for the "LT-continuity", maybe we could begin creating categories and templates for Gnomes? You said to make "Lost Tales characters" categories, but many of them exist beyond the LT, but categorizing them as "Gnomes" could be a step further and will remove the anachronical "Noldo" categories/templates that many have. What do you think? --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 21:47, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

== [[Melian]] <nowiki><ref name=s4/></nowiki> [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Melian&diff=next&oldid=311926] ==

It seems that you did not add text for this reference in April. Is it {{[[Template:S|S]]|4}}: {{S|4}}? [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] 16:45, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
: Excuse me, it seems that you overlooked this question. Is your s4 "Of Thingol and Melian"? [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] 18:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
: I'm sorry, yes. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 09:30, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
: Thank you. [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] 16:36, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

== Battle under the trees ==

Hi Sage. I just wanted to say thank you for reviewing and editing my page: Battle Under Tress. (or 'battle under the trees' as you rightly corrected me) I've been part of Tolkien Gateway for a few months now and only made minimum edits to some fairly obscure pages. You editing my page on the battle under the trees has made me feel like a part of a community for the first time here. so, nothing but, Thank You.

== Category:Races in The Book of Lost Tales ==

What is your plan with [[:Category:Races in The Book of Lost Tales]]? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 19:25, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

P.S. You've got a non-existent template on your user page. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 19:25, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

== First Edition of The Lord of the Rings ==
Did you see my entries in the talk page of your user page for the first edition of The Lord of the Rings? I did a search for the keyword "edition" in all volumes of the History of Middle-earth that deal with the history of The Lord of the Rings and its appendices and also read the 50th anniversary edition. I do not own a copy of the first edition of The Lord of the Rings, so it could be that a manual comparison between the first edition and the second edition will show further differences. I did not check the prologue or any of the other appendices than Appendix A and Appendix B. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 13:44, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Thank you very much, all contributions are welcome, I am very happy that you find this "collection" interesting. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:04, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== F.O. 171 or F.O. 172? ==

Hi Sage! I tried asking this same question on Mith's Talk but got no answer. Hoping you might be able to share some insight.

I noticed that references to [[Fourth Age 172|F.O. 172]] across the wiki have been mostly corrected to [[Fourth Age 171|F.O. 171]]. I can't find a reason for this that wouldn't also apply to other Fourth Age years; the note on F.O. 171 states only that the Gondor reckoning of the date of copying of the Red Book of Westmarch from the Thain's Book is F.O. 172 without getting into the ''why'' of the matter. Can you shed some light on this? I'd like to add a more robust explanation on [[Fourth Age 171|F.O. 171]] for the discrepancy if possible. Thanks! --[[Special:Contributions/75.118.149.152|75.118.149.152]] 08:51, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

:Thanks for the reply on my Talk; I'm working on expanding the main [[Fourth Age]] article with an in-depth explanation of the difference. Perhaps pedantic, but if we're going to make year adjustments, we may as well make a good accounting of it. --[[Special:Contributions/75.118.149.152|75.118.149.152]] 09:49, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Hello again! Just in case you check the recent changes and think I made the same edits again that you just reverted - no, I fixed my previous edits and removed the erroneous information. Thanks again for the fact check! --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 23:12, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

== Maps drawn by J.R.R. Tolkien ==
Thank you for your excellent work in the Map of Rohan, Gondor and Mordor page. I especially liked that you mentioned that the original map was drawn by J.R.R. Tolkien, then redrawn by Christopher Tolkien and mich later redrawn by two other artists for later editions of The LOTR. I noticed that the maps that are on the Website of the Tolkien Estate habe not Bern uploaded to the Tolkien Gateway and there seem to be no pages in Tolkien Gateway that described what is on them and in what details and for what reasons they differed from the maps drawn by Christopher Tolkien and to which of the maps mentioned in the History of Middle-earth they correspond to. Are you interested in doing that? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 08:37, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

The primary source of information for the First Map of The Lord of the Rings is the map itself. It can be found with the following link: https://thetolkienist.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/first-map-of-Lord-of-the-Rings_web.jpg I recommend to look at it on a tablet computer with a zoom function. The map was not included in chapter XV The First Map of the Lord of the Rings in the History of Middle-earth, Volume 7, The Treason of Isengard, but sections of it were redrawn by Christopher Tolkien with less details in this chapter. This chapter contains a heading with the title The 1943 Map, but not the 1943 map itself. Under this heading Christopher Tolkien mentions that he made a large elaborate map in pencil and coloured chalks that was based on the First Map (of the Lord of the Rings). Most of the other maps that are mentioned in the History of Middle-earth series can be found on the website of the Tolien Estate with the following link: https://www.tolkienestate.com/en/painting/maps/maps.html

I found the map with the electronic label MIDDLE-EARTH and the map with the electronic label ROHAN ~ GONDOR ~ MORDOR fascinating. Both of these maps use contour lines for mountains and hills. While the final map of Rohan, Gondor and Mordor that was published in the Lord of the Rings (or in The Return of the King) also uses contour lines for mountains and hills, the General Map of Middle-earth drawn by Christopher Tolkien that was published in some of the earlier editions of The Lord of the Rings uses mountains that are shaped in three dimensions, so that a lot of detais about hills is lost. It would require some work to analyze the descriptions of the maps in the History of Middle-earth to determine which map on the website of the Tolkien Estate Christopher Tolien used to redraw the ones in the the History of Middle-earth and to summarize the main differences to the maps that most readers of the Lord of the Rings are familiar with. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:19, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

== Categories ==

Just want to ensure it's on your radar to [[:File:Matěj Čadil - The Palantir of Elostirion.jpg|create these categories]]. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 10:00, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

:Also [[:File:Matěj Čadil - Troll sat alone on his seat of stone.jpg|this one]] which has been outstanding for a while. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 10:09, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

== Men of Harad ==

Sage, thanks for all your edits on the page, as I realise it was a baffling amount -- again apologies (LOL); but I'm curious could you submit your opinions on the talk page, regarding Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the chieftain bearing the Black Serpent possibly being counted as Men of Harad/Haradrim. I respect your opinion as always ^_^ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:38, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-08T14:21:15Z

BartAllen: Some additions

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Sindarin) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf/Names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==
I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim, as the latter isn't a race and you've had Numenoreans of Gondor, Arnor and even Umbar, for instance. In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 14:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
"Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad."

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
"Stated above."

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim".<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
"Being from south of Umbar."

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
"Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
"A chieftain of the Haradrim."

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''Bart Allen's reply:''''' 
As I stated (yet again) it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim and remove down much of my original post (as such with the Third Age etc). Naturally, Haradrim are different to the race of Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just those born on Numenor (as that would include the later Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land almost as a citizen (even changing one's allegiance). As Tolkien (Christopher) constituted a Man of Harad as one living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race or ethnicity, nor even an allegiance to Sauron (as there were those who fled to the forests, or joined the Blue Wizards' campaign).

Not sure if it's ever been stated that one becomes a Haradrim via a membership process, of sorts ~

'''1.''' Is Umbar in western Haradwaith? 
'''2.''' Are the Men of Harad a race, ethnicity or the inhabitants of Haradwaith? 
'''3.''' Can a race be beholden to a land? Are the Druedain of Armenelos of Harad or Numenor, despite having an over 3,000 history within the latter.

On a different note, are Númenoreans of Gondor comparable to those of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife? Or is Aragorn not a Gondorian due to his region of birth, similar to Isildur?

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 14:21, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
{{references}}

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-07T14:24:16Z

BartAllen: Small addition #3

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Sindarin) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf/Names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==

I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim? In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim?

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
"Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad."

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
"Stated above."

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim".<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
"Being from south of Umbar."

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
"Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
"A chieftain of the Haradrim."

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''My reply:''''' 
As I stated (yet again) it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim and remove down much of my original post (as such with the Third Age etc). Naturally Haradrim the group are different to the race of Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just those born on Numenor (as that would include the later Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land almost as a citizen (even changing one's allegiance). As Tolkien (Christopher) constituted a Man of Harad as one living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race nor ethnicity, nor even an allegiance to Sauron (as there were those who fled to the forests, or joined the Blue Wizards' campaign).

On a different note, are Númenoreans of Gondor comparable to those of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife? Or is Aragorn not a Gondorian due to his region of birth?

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:40, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

{{references}}

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-07T14:01:27Z

BartAllen: Small correction #2

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Sindarin) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf/Names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==

I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim? In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim?

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
"Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad."

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
"Stated above."

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim".<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
"Being from south of Umbar."

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
"Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
"A chieftain of the Haradrim."

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''''My reply:''''' 
As I stated (yet again) it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim and remove down much of my original post (as such with the Third Age etc). Naturally Haradrim are different to the race of Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just those born on Numenor (as that would include the later Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land (even changing one's allegiance). As Tolkien (Christopher) constituted a Man of Harad as one living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race nor ethnicity, nor even an allegiance to Sauron (as there were those who fled to the forests, or joined the Blue Wizards' campaign).

On a different note, are Númenoreans of Gondor comparable to those of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife? Or is Aragorn not a Gondorian due to his region of birth?

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:40, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

{{references}}

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-07T13:46:13Z

BartAllen: Small edit

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Sindarin) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf/Names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==

I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim? In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim?

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
"Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad."

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
"Stated above."

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim".<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
"Being from south of Umbar."

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
"Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
"A chieftain of the Haradrim."

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Yes, as I stated (yet again) it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim down much of my original posts (as such with the Third Age). Naturally Haradrim are a different race to the Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just Men of Numenor (as that would include Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land (even changing one's allegiance). As Christopher Tolkien constituted a Man of Harad as living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race nor ethnicity.

On a different note, Númenoreans in Gondor are not exactly comparable to that of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife, I hazard to guess? Or is Aragorn not a Gondorian due to his region of birth?

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:40, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

{{references}}

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-07T13:40:12Z

BartAllen: /* Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? */

We have separate pages for the [[Haradrim]] and [[Southrons]]. These should be merged and disambiguated. I'll be moving the current contents of the Haradrim page to the Southrons page, since it's currently the smaller of the two. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:02, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

:Hm, I think we definitely need to merge the two but we should probably think about which term is the most common and have the article content located there. I think in this case Haradrim is more common. The [[Southrons]] article can then have information about the actual title and why it was assigned to them, how Tolkien derived the word, etc. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:16, 19 October 2006 (EDT)

That's probably a good place to put it; I just wanted to go ahead and put the article together in one place or the other. We can sort out the location now that that's done. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 16:26, 19 October 2006 (EDT)
==Edits==
I reverted some of the useful edits by Serpent Lord. In other articles, we put the "traits and culture" section at the bottom of the articles, so I returned that section to its place in order to maintain uniformity (which is open to discussion of course). I also removed some of the speculation on the language to keep the text "in-universe". I also removed the references to the names Barangils and Harwan as according to the context, they are certainly not "Haradrian".

Just for the record, I'd like to point out that "Barangil" seems to me like anglicized Gondor Sindarin, analyzed by me as baran = brown and -kil = -ing (cf. Tarkil) therefore a direct translation of "Swerting". [[User:Sage|Sage]] 21:49, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

==Massive revision==
There are some problems with the massive revision just made. BartAllen, I welcome you to the wiki and I appreciate your work, but first of all, it would be more polite that you had made the edit step by step or at least you discussed in the talkpage your plan of making such a rewriting. Now, the main problem are the sources: we cannot mix Tolkien's work (which is given in-world) with academic discussions, these should be in other categories. Also, a refered cite should include what has been mentioned: for example, about the origins of the Haradrim, they obviously descended from the Men who awoke in Hildórien, but the cite from ''The Silmarillion'' doesn't say such a thing (I know the assertion was already there without a reference, but it still doesn't have anything to support it). In the other hand, I don't understand why you cite secondary sources like David Day or Daphne Castell instead of the original books. Also, this should be more focused solely in the Haradrim, there is so much info and speculation I cannot believe it. Finally, there is no need to repeat the references at the end of every sentence: it is assumed that what has been written till a point can be found at the reference put in the end. Please, check [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]] for more details you should know before editing an article. Idk what to do with this. Can somebody revise it? Second and Third Ages are not my specialty. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:01, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

:Hey, Lorenzo: I cited Daphne Castell's interview Tolkien of in 1966, and for David Day I used in one reference relating to the term 'Swarthy Men'; but for the most part I used Tom Shippey. The only speculation was the possibility of Quenya being spoken by the Gondorians who fled that land for Harad post Kin-strife, and the reference to ''Tolkien's Lost Chaucer''. The origin section is in relation to the events after the Awakening, and the Men during that period who didn't venture to the Light. The information on Beleriand was based on consolidating the information that someone already posted (in hindsight it's immaterial) ~ But in future I shall edit step by step or at least make my intentions known ~ The cite from ''The Silmarillion'' (on cite 6) was based on the children of Men spreading (wandering) throughout Endor. Again, apologies for the inconvenience -- Whoops :3 ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 18:33, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

::The possibility that Quenya was spoken by the Gondorians that fled to Harad after the Kin-strife was not "the only" speculation in your edit. Your edit contains many speculations, which are not identified as such by adding "it is possible that" or "possibly" and at least one of your references to a source that was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien is wrong. I do not have the time at the moment to explain all speculations that you made and why they are just speculations and to explain all errors. The blog entry by Bruce G. Charlton that you specified as the source for the statement that there were two descendants of classical Adunaic and that one was Westron and that the other was the language of the Black Numenoreans is not the source for this statement, because it does not contain this statement. By the way this statement is wrong, because this statement is not included anywhere in Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated. This statement has been copied and pasted on the internet and its source is an essay that was on lalaith's (i.e. Andreas Möhn's) Middle-earth science blog that was called "The third Realm in Exile" that was later included in the book by lalaith's later pseudonym together with a female author Codex Regius "Middle-earth Seen by the Barbarians". In a section with the title "3441 SA - 1050 TA: The Ancient Realm" of the essay with the title "The third realm in Exile" Andreas Möhn (alias laliath alias Codex Reguis) makes the statements "The Black Númenóreans very likely did not exchange Classical Adûnaic against an Elvish influenced Westron either but retained it as a language of lore that might be called "Black Adûnaic". It may eventually have grown into a Southron equivalent of the Common Speech. In this context, it is noteworthy that Arundel Lowdham cited not one but two Third Age descendants of Classical Adûnaic, giving the names for sun and moon, respectively (NC). If one of them was Westron, the other may very well have been the Adûnaic idiom of Umbar." and indicates "NC" as his source, which stands for "The Notion Club Papers" in Sauron Defeated 1991 in his list of abbreviations of sources. However this statement is also wrong, because Part Two - The Notion Club Papers in Sauron Defeated does not say anywhere that there were two Third Age descendants of Classical Adunaic and the different words for the sun and the moon in two "ghost-languages" in manuscript E of the Earlier versions of Night 66 in Part Two: The Notion Club Papers are not in two third age descendants of Adunaic, but in Quenya and Sindarin or in Sindarin and Adunaic (Sauron Defeated pages 302 to 304 Anar and Anaur (later Anor) for the sun and Isil and Ithil for the moon, page 305 "two ghost-languages: Numenorean A and B" and "echoes of other later tongues that are later than Numenorean A and B, but are derived from them, or from their blending", page 306 Anar in Sindarin and Uri in Adunaic and Isil (oldest form Ithil) in Sindarin and Nilu in Adunaic or in the "later languages" Anor (Anaur) for the sun and Ithil for the moon and Uir, Yr for the sun and Nil, Njul for the moon, page 239 to 241 language A (Avallonian = Sindarin) and language B (Adunaic)). Please do not make any edits based on sources that were not written by J.R.R. Tolkien before checking whether they specify sources that were writting by J.R.R. Tolkien and before reading those sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien to be sure that their claims and speculations have a valid basis. In addition, the page on the Haradrim should not be overloaded with information about Harad, Umbar, the Kinf-strife and the Black Numenoreans. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: Yeah, I'll be mindful in the future, but that aspect of the Notion Club Papers was something, ironically, I read on here but shamelessly didn't fact-check via ''Sauron Defeated'', but as stated previously: I shall not make such large submissions in the future ~ As I replied to Sage, I'll place some of the location information on the Harad page at a later date ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Checking the facts in the primary sources written by J.R.R. Tolkien is absolutely essential before editing pages and before providing those sources or sources which are derived from those sources as references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

: You're right and I shall not repeat that going forward, Akhorahil :3 --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:46, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I agree with some points by Lorenzo. I already did some fixes to BartAllen's goodwilled edits. I would like to point out that the narrative must be in-context, that is, how Aragorn healed Faramir has no connection to the fact that the Haradrim used the Black Breath; the etymology of Incanus and its possible Quenya meanings don't have any place in the section about the language of the Haradrim; also the fact that the Corsairs were possibly Haradrim doesn't mean that we must repeat their details here. These facts are already mentioned in their respective, more appropriate, articles. Also, I see that BartAllen mainly tailored up some existing phrases form the books or other articles, which result in some awkward and repetitive text; for example the paragraph about the Blue Wizards (now fixed by me, I hope) repeated 3 times that they operated in East and South obviously because this fact was repeated in the multiple sources used by BartAllen, failing to merge it in one phrase. Editing an article doesn't only meaning finding sources, but also make it a flowing, readable narrative.
:In those respects I wonder if BartAllen is connected to former users Kulid123, WhiteWizard and Tengwar, as the editing style is similar, with useful insights and elaborate work. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:27, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

::Sage, thanks for your revisions as they were great; and once more apologies for the inconvenience as I shall try and adhere to what both Lorenzo and yourself have said ~ Relating to Incanus' etymology should that be placed in the 'etymology' section or simply left out completely? But I shall try not to repeat as much, and perhaps even remove sections of the Ages and instead place them within the 'Harad' page ~ But I'm not connected to those users lol ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:04, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::Please do not make any other edits to the Harad, Umbar, Black Numenoreans or other related pages before experienced editors have cleaned up your edits of the Haradrim page and removed all errors or information that is better included in other pages. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 16:33, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:::For example the word Incanus, its etymology and revisions by Tolkien are already covered in [[Gandalf/Names]]. Thanks too for responding to our criticism. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:12, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

:I would partially disagree with the above statements that we shouldn't include third authors's opinions. This is what we have been doing, as part of studying and enjoying Tolkien is not only reading his stories but also their "academic" interest in their interpretations, origins etc. We wouldn't have many "Inspiration" or "Etymology" sections if we didn't accept external bibliography. The main reason Lorenzo and Akhorahil objected was because David Day and Andreas Moehn are frowned upon. As such I think Tom Shippey's interpretation that the Haradrim as based on the medieval notions of the Ethopians/Sigelwaras should stay. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 16:11, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

I see, I see -- I didn't realise both were frowned upon. Thanks a lot, Sage, and I shall revert that ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 16:13, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

== Should Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent be counted as Men of Harad? ==

I placed an addition pertaining to Berúthiel being classed as a Haradrim, due to her - according to Tolkien, mind you - being from inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar -- presumably one of the Numenorean colonies in southern Haradwaith. My question is due to Berúthiel being a Black Numenorean surely doesn't restrict her being classed as a Haradrim? In the index of the ''Silmarillion'' it is stated that Haradrim are "The Men of Harad (the South), the lands south of Mordor." There was no mention of race, skin colour, ethnicity, moral compass etc. Presumably this is one of the reasons the Druedain of Armenelos aren't known as Haradrim, whilst being counted among the Edain, at least in text. Sangahyando being of Elros' bloodline (Numenorean) and of the house of Anarion (Gondorian), is a Man of Harad (presumably); contrast that with Khamul being an Easterling as well as a Nazgul; the Corsairs and the Captain of the Haven, due to the intermixing with the indigenous populations? Herumor and his brother also became lords in Haradwaith (amongst the Haradrim). Also, apparently a chieftain of the Haradrim (aka the Black Serpent) isn't a Haradrim?

:It is your task before you decide to edit an existing page to read sources that were written by J.R.R. Tolkien or are based on what he said and to distinguish fact from your own personal speculation. You created a lot of work for other more experienced editors by making a massive edit full of your own speculations first and asking questions later, which you should have answered yourself before the edit. There should be as little speculation as possible. Speculation should be clearly disclosed by phrases such "it is possible" or "possibly" and the facts and sources that the speculation is based on should be clearly disclosed. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

:Faramir, the son of steward Denethor, and thus probably an educated man, said when talking about the Númenoreans in Gondor that the stewards "made a truce with the proud peoples of the North" and that those were "our kin from afar off, unlike the wild Easterlings or the cruel Haradrim"<ref>{{TT|Window}}</ref> So he referred to the Haradrim as being of a different race as the Númenoreans (and thus as the Black Númenoreans or as the faithful Númenoreans of Gondor). --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Angamaitë and Sangahyando:'''
 
Descendants of Castamir's children who mated with the women of Harad.

:J.R.R. Tolkien only mentioned that the descendants of Castamir married women of the Harad or lost much of their Númenorean blood in draft versions of what would later become appendix A of The Lord of the Rings and that were different from the final version of Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings, which does not mention anything about the descendants of Castamir marrying women of the Harad or losing their Númenorean blood. J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in letter 347 to Richard Jeffery that "there was no need to assert their royal descent, as that was clear" <ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. The claim of Castamir was based on being of more "pure" Númenorean blood than Eldacar and it is illogical and unlikely that his descendants would habe weakened their claim and the support by their followers by marrying women of another ethnic group. Besides they fled from the large city of Pelargir and had ships and Eldacar did not have ships to pursue them so they could take women and children from Pelargir or later pick them up at the coasts and there were likely enough Black Númenorean or Gondorian women in Umbar to marry because it had been held by the Black Númenoreans and later by the Gondorians for a long time.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for king Eldacar and entry for king Eärnil I and the footnote relating to the Black Númenoreans in Umbar there</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Fuinur and Herumor:'''
 
Stated above.

:Herumor and Fuinur were "of the high race of Númenor", "who rose to power among the Haradrim".<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien, the editor of The Silmarillion wrote in the foreword of The Silmarillion that he (and not J.R.R. Tolkien) wrote the index of The Silmarillion<ref>{{S|Foreword}}, sixth paragraph</ref> and even he wrote that Herumor and Fuinor were "renegade Númenorean who became mighty among the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entries Fuinur and Herumor</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Berúthiel:'''
 
Being from south of Umbar.

:J.R.R. Tolkien said in an interview by Daphne Castell that was published in the November 1966 issue of New Worlds that she (Berúthiel) "was a Black Númenorean in origin, I guess".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote or said that she was a member of "the Haradrim". That Berúthiel was originally from an inland city to the south of Umbar is a speculation and I disclosed it as merely a speculation in the Berúthiel page and I disclosed on what facts this speculation is based on that page. So, no, Berúthiel can not and especially can not "surely" be classified as a member of the Haradrim. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Captain of the Haven and Corsairs of Umbar:'''
 
Intermixing until Numenorean blood was spent. Tolkien stated that they had "become much mixed in blood through admission of Men of Harad, and only their chieftains, descendants of Kastamir, were of Numenorean race."

:J.R.R. Tolkien never wrote to which ethnic group the "Captain of the Haven" (of Umbar) belonged.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for steward Ecthelion II, second paragraph</ref> It is pure speculation that he was a member of the Haradrim. He may also have been of Black Númenorean or of Gondorian (faithful Númenorean descent or even an immigrant from a far away land, such as Khand. As far as the Corsairs of Umbar are concerned, refer to what I wrote about only draft versions of what would later become Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

'''Black Serpent:'''
 
A chieftain of the Haradrim.

:The Black Serpent is not a person. It is only the emblem on a standard of a chieftain of the horsemen of the Haradrim, which was carried by a standard bearer.<ref>{{RK|Battle}}, second and third paragraph</ref> Since it is not a person, but an emblem on a standard, an emblem on a standard can not be a "member" of the Haradrim in an infobox. The index that is published in The Lord of the Rings was not written by J.R.R. Tolkien. In the introduction of the index in the anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings it is stated that it was compiled by Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond and has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J.R.R. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings. J.R.R. Tolkien himself began to prepare an index during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. The entry for Harardrim in the index which mentions "the black serpent" in brackets after "chieftain" is not supported by the text of The Lord of the Rings.<ref>{{RK|Index}}, III. Persons, Places, and Things, entry Haradrim ... chieftain (the black serpent)</ref> --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Should the list of individuals (and one group) be counted amongst the Men of Harad? --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 17:43, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

:No. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 10:31, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Yes, as I stated it was part of my original edit and I've attempted to trim down much of my original posts (as such with the Third Age) Naturally Haradrim are a different race to the Númenoreans, as Numenoreans are not just Men of Numenor (as that would include Druedain) but those of the blood of Elros or linked to the three houses with extended life -- but my query is whether one can be a Man of Harad by being born or living on the land (even changing one's allegiance). As Tolkien constitutes a Man of Harad as living in the lands south of Mordor, as it's not a singular race nor ethnicity.

On a different note, Númenoreans in Gondor are not exactly comparable to that of Castamir's kin post-Kinstrife who fled?

I included the Black Serpent as it was stated that the article could be about the banner as well as the chieftain, but I see ~ --[[User:BartAllen|BartAllen]] 13:40, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

{{references}}

User talk:BartAllen

2021-10-06T18:04:04Z

BartAllen: Attempting to fix my profile at a later date ^_^

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-06T17:43:41Z

BartAllen: Small correction

Talk:Haradrim

2021-10-06T17:43:18Z

BartAllen: /* Are Angamaitë, Sangahyando, Fuinur, Herumor, Berúthiel, Captain of the Haven, Corsairs of Umbar, and the Black Serpent counted as Men of Harad? */ new section

Haradrim

2021-10-06T16:34:37Z

BartAllen: Adding 'Black Serpent' to the list of members of the Haradrim

{{people infobox
| name=Haradrim
| image=[[File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|Southrons]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|rim}}
| othernames=''Haradrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Haradwaith'' (S), ''[[Swertings]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Southrons'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''[[Men of Darkness]]'' (W), ''[[Swarthy Men]]'' (W), ''Southerns'' (W), ''Men of Harad'' (W), ''Men of the South'' (W)
| origin= [[Awakening of Men]]
| location=[[Harad]], including [[Umbar]], [[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| affiliation=[[Blue Wizards]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Sauron]], [[Black Númenóreans]]
| rivalry=[[Exiles of Númenor]], [[Gondorians]]
| language=Presumably numerous Haradric languages, different from [[Common Speech]]; [[Adûnaic]]; [[Westron]]; and the [[Drúadan language]] (at least formerly)<ref group=note>Due to the suggestion of [[Gondorian]] historians that the group originally came from Harad.</ref>
| members=[[Angamaitë]], [[Sangahyando]], [[Fuinur]], [[Herumor]], [[Berúthiel]], [[Captain of the Haven]], [[Corsairs of Umbar]], [[Black Serpent]]
| lifespan=Shorter than [[Númenóreans]]<ref group=note>[[Castamir]] of [[House of Anárion]] lived to the age of 188, and another great-grandson of [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]], [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], lived to the age of 235. Eldcar's children and grandchildren, [[Ornendil]], [[Aldamir]] and [[Hyarmendacil II]] lived for an average of 187 years. The same could theoretically be said for the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Castamir in Harad, and in point of fact these ages correspond to the general ages of Númenóreans during the period of [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]'s reign in Númenór.</ref>
| distinctions=[[Gift of Ilúvatar]]
| height=Tall
| hair=Dark
| skin=Black, brown, dark, swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Oliphaunts]]; [[Black Breath]]}}

<center>{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}</center>

'''Haradrim''' or the '''Southrons''' were the [[Men]] of [[Harad]], descendants of the [[Men]] who woke in the far eastern land of [[Hildórien]] at the beginning of the [[First Age]].<ref name="Uttermost">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref> They are the proud, doughty and warlike people of the Harad, in the south of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/m/menofharad.php|articlename=Men of Harad|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> Ancient enemies of [[Gondor]],<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/southrons.html|articlename=Southrons|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref> they allied with [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 353</ref><ref group=note>In ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', with reference to the [[Blue Wizards]] in 'Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans', it is said that [[Sauron]] took a long time to attack [[Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful, and this was due to the actions of his powerful enemies in [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] that he hadn't paid much attention until then; ergo, Tolkien suggesting that certain denizens of both those lands played a role during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].</ref> Eventually, many turned against Sauron, when [[Manwë]] sent the [[Blue Wizards]] to the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>

==Origins==
The ancestors of the Haradrim were the [[Men]] who [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] during the [[Years of the Sun|age of the Sun]],<ref name="S12">{{S|12}}</ref> but stayed to the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]], not joining the migration of the [[Edain]] to the [[Uttermost West]].<ref name=Uttermost/> Then [[Morgoth]], the original [[Dark Lord]], came to corrupt them to his service whilst tricking them to abandon [[Ilúvatar]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 346-349</ref> A [[Shadow]] ever after lay over all of humanity, wherein portions of the ancestors of [[Harad]] later began migrating after coming into conflict with other men that fell under the [[Shadow]].<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref> Still some went West in search of the [[Light of Valinor]] and servants of Morgoth hunted them, but the majority of mankind refused alike the summons of the [[Valar]] and of Morgoth.<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref>

The different peoples who moved to Harad, where the Sun is fierce because there are barely any clouds,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> played no role in the tales of the First Age.<ref name=S12/><ref>{{L|229}}</ref> However, this sundering bereft them of the enlightenment and crafts that the Elves may have taught them,<ref>{{PE|17}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P3II7}}</ref> which made them vulnerable to their two later woes: [[Sauron]] and the [[Dúnedain]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 310-3011</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]], possibly near [[Cair Andros]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

== History ==
=== Second Age ===
At first, for many centuries, the Haradrim were independent peoples, generally isolated from the rest of the world. However, in the Second Age they became increasingly caught between the ambitions of two great powers — namely [[Sauron]] and the [[Númenóreans]] — a circumstance which lasted thousands of years.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name="Coasts">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 304.</ref> Sailing East, the Númenóreans explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad.<ref name=Coasts/> The Númenóreans initially benefited the natives they contacted, by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> and later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the construction of the great city of [[Umbar]].<ref>{{TI|Riders}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> as with many other peoples whose lands included a coastline.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> Often Haradrim were killed or sold into slavery.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> At first, Sauron didn't dare at first to challenge the Númenóreans as they expanded their control over Harad, until after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Then, Sauron came as a ruler of almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]], as both their king and their god.<ref name=Rings/> These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name=Rings/> However, those of Harad who sought freedom and rejected Sauron would venture to the woods or mountains in fear of being pursued by him.<ref name=Rings/><ref>{{HM|SD}}, pp. 345</ref>

In c. {{SA|1600}}, [[Manwë]] sent two [[Wizards]] to the southern and eastern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name=PMLast/> The [[Valar]] suspected there was a rebellion of good Haradrim but no leadership — ultimately they were very successful there in Harad. They arrived before Sauron's first [[War of the Elves and Sauron|war against the Elves]] and even on this war the Wizards had some influence.<ref name="NM3">{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref> They became known as [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]].<ref name="PMLast"/> Because of their influence among the Haradrim, Sauron took a long time to [[Sack of Eregion|attack Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful.<ref name=NM3/>

In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], the [[King of Númenor]], landed at [[Umbar]] with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them.<ref name=SA/> Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers.<ref name="Influence">{{RK|V10}}</ref> Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for human sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

In the following centuries the Haradrim were influenced by Sauron and [[Black Númenóreans]], those evil High Men who stayed in Harad and survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]].<ref name=Influence/> The Haradrim became enemies of [[Gondor]], as the Kingdom's southern borders were close to their lands.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}, p. 659-660</ref> Shortly before the end of the Age, two Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], rose to great power amongst the Haradrim.<ref name=Rings/>

However around the same time, the two Wizards, always operating in the East and the South, were able to hinder Sauron's operations, leading to his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].<ref name="PMLast"/> When Sauron's dominions of the Second Age fell with his demise in the War of the Last Alliance the Haradrim were freed from his direct control but not free of the effects of his long work on them, to which evil and darkness for the West had set in their hearts.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref><ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Additionally, some of the Haradrim, and the other servants of Sauron, turned from evil and became subject to the heirs of [[Elendil]].<ref name=Rings/>

=== Third Age ===
The great cape and land-locked firth of Umbar had been Númenórean land since days of old; but it was a stronghold of the [[King's Men]], who were afterwards called the Black Númenoreans, corrupted by Sauron, and who hated above all the followers of Elendil.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|A1iv}}</ref> After the fall of Sauron their race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-earth, including those of Harad.<ref name=Gondor/> There was even intermarriage: [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[King of Gondor]], married a high-born Black Númenórean lady from an inland city in Harad; she is remembered as [[Queen Berúthiel]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=2 November 1966|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=30 September 2021}}.</ref> However, most Black Númenórean intermarriage was with the Haradrim, and they became increasingly indistinguishable from the indigenous peoples.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim did not trouble the [[Realms in Exile]] for many centuries.<ref name="herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}</ref>

When Gondor took the haven of [[Umbar]] from the Black Númenóreans, in the year {{TA|1015}} they followed the Black Númenóreans against Umbar to recapture it.<ref name=Gondor/> Their great power was not enough against the sea-power of Gondor.<ref name=Gondor/> The attempts lasted for 35 years until, in {{TA|1050}}, [[Ciryaher]] defeated the Haradrim force by sending troops by land.<ref name=Gondor/> They acknowledged the overlordship of Gondor; the kings of Harad did homage and their sons were given as hostages in the court of the [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]].<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|South}}</ref> The sons of [[Castamir]] and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven and later called themselves the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<ref name="Blood">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The Corsairs of Umbar continued to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity.<ref name=Blood/> Additionally, Castamir's progeny married women of the Harad - continuing the Numenorean [[Line of Elros]], though of which was spent after three generations.<ref name=Blood/><ref>{{webcite|author=David Seuferer|articleurl=http://tolkien.cro.net/humans/elrostre.html|articlename=Line of Elros|dated=8 February 1998|website=[https://tolkien.cro.net/ The Grey Havens]|accessed=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref group=note>The bloodline of Elros is spread amongst the Haradrim in Harad via [[Castamir]]'s children and grandchildren who later mate with the women of Harad, with the last known descendants of Elros within that region of Endor being [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].</ref>

Later, however, kings of Harad who were in league with [[Umbar]] rebelled against Gondor.<ref name="annals"/> In {{TA|1634}}, [[Minardil]] was slain at Pelargir by the Corsairs of Umbar, who were led by the great-grandsons of Castamir: [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].<ref name=Gondor/> [[Telumehtar]] who raided his coasts even as far as the [[Anfalas]], gathered his forces and in 1810 took Umbar by storm.<ref name="annals"/> In that war the last descendants of Castamir perished, and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings, however, the [[Battle of the Plains]] that befell Gondor resulted in Umbar being lost again, wherein it fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="annals"/>

The Haradrim later were allied with the [[Wainriders]], a confederation of [[Easterlings]], and the Men of [[Khand]].<ref name="annals"/> During that time they conquered Umbar.<ref name="annals"/> The simultaneous assaults from the north and the south brought the South-kingdom close to destruction.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim crossed the river [[Poros]] into [[South Ithilien]], but the [[Southern Army]], destroyed them.<ref name="annals"/> In the later years three great fleets were prepared in Umbar and Harad.<ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> Around the [[Long Winter]] they assailed the [[Outlands|coasts]] of Gondor, even [[Rohan]].<ref name=stew/> The Haradrim occupied [[Harondor]] and there was a long fight along the [[Poros]].<ref name=stew/> Stirred by emissaries of Sauron, they attempted once more to invade into [[Ithilien]] ({{TA|2885}}) but a combined force of Gondorians and [[Rohirrim]] defeated them at the [[Crossing of Poros]].<ref name=TA/><ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the meantime, it was said that the two Wizards, Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and the South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in the subsequent [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="PMLast"/> At the time of that War, the Haradrim were in league with Sauron and fought alongside his [[Orcs|Orc]] army. The Haradrim were among the forces led by the [[Witch-king]] that attacked [[Osgiliath]] on [[20 June|June 20]], {{TA|3018}}, at the beginning of the War.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> More Haradrim continued to come up the [[Harad Road]] to Mordor.<ref name="herbs"/> Regiments of Haradrim joined the host from [[Minas Morgul]] marching to the [[Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="MinasTirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref> Sauron's forces besieged [[Minas Tirith]], and the Mûmakil of Harad were used to bring forward war-towers and siege-engines to test the City's defences.<ref name=MinasTirith/> During the battle, the chief leader of the Haradrim army bore a standard of a [[Black Serpent]] on a red field; he was slain by King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]].<ref name=fields>{{RK|V6}}</ref><ref name="Great"/>

The Haradrim rallied around their [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] which the horses of the Rohirrim feared to approach.<ref name=fields/> As the battle wore on, more Haradrim including Men from Far Harad were sent onto the field by [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]].<ref name=fields/> The Corsairs were prevented from reaching the battle, having been defeated by Aragorn and the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref> Haradrim also fought at the [[Battle of the Morannon]] on March 25.<ref name=Influence/> Sauron's army of Men, Orcs and Trolls outnumbered the Men of the West by more than ten to one, but the battle ended once the [[One Ring]] was destroyed in [[Mount Doom]] and Sauron was vanquished.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> The Haradrim held out long and were among the last of Sauron's forces to be defeated.<ref name=fields/> Some of the Haradrim fled or surrendered, though others banded together in their hatred and fought on stalwartly.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

=== Fourth Age ===
After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref> Embassies travelled from Harad to Aragorn's court, and although Aragorn's reign was largely one of peace, it was occasionally necessary for him and [[Éomer]], [[Kings of Rohan|King]] of [[Rohan]], to travel to the southlands to maintain peace with Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, pp. 968.</ref>

== Traits and culture ==
[[File:Alan Lee - Oliphaunt.jpg|thumb|left|"Oliphaunt" by [[Alan Lee]]]]
The "fierce dark men of the South."<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 434-435</ref> are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.<ref name="herbs"/><ref name=Gondor/> The Haradrim were described by a messenger as "cruel and tall.",<ref name=Siege/> "a grim folk, and not easily daunted by shade or blade."<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 416.</ref> Some of the Men in the south had weapons of iron.<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 349</ref> At the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Haradrim bore scimitars that glittered like stars.<ref name=fields/> Those of Harad had tamed the massive ''[[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]]'' beasts and used them in warfare and, like their masters, were decorated with scarlet and gold. They even strapped towers on their backs, used by Haradrim archers and spearmen.<ref name="herbs"/> The Haradrim had seemingly weaponised aspects of the [[Nazgûl]]'s [[Black Breath]], or at least tipped it upon arrows and darts during the last retreat before the city of [[Minas Tirith]] was besieged.<ref name=Siege/><ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

The people of [[Far Harad]] are described as black-skinned, but there is also a group of them described as "black men like [[half-trolls]] with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".<ref name=fields/> It is unclear whether these were just large Men who are being compared to Trolls or an implication of crossbreeding between the two races.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/h/halftrolls.php|articlename=Half-trolls|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=1 October 2021}}</ref> The Haradrim from [[Near Harad]] were those most familiar and most closely encountered during the War of the Ring:<ref name="Scarlet">{{TT|Herbs}}, pp. 660-661.</ref> when [[Faramir]] ambushed a company of Haradrim on the [[North Road]], Frodo and Sam witnessed a Harad warrior crashing at their feet, a man with "brown skin", with black plaits of hair braided with gold,<ref name=Scarlet/> a scarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar.<ref name=Gate/> He was armed with a scimitar and garbed with a corslet of brazen scales. Their standards are scarlet, and their great beasts, the ''Mûmakil'', have scarlet and gold trappings.<ref name=Scarlet/> They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black.<ref name="herbs"/> One of the great chieftains of the Haradrim also bore a [[Black Serpent]] as his emblem, against a field of red.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/serpents.html|articlename=Serpents|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref>

===Languages===
Very little is known about the language(s) of Harad though the word "Mûmak", the name of the great war-[[oliphaunt]]s of Harad, is stated to come directly from a language of Harad.<ref name="Language">{{webcite|author=J E a Tyler|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg|articlename=The Complete Tolkien Companion|dated=2 October 2012|website=[https://books.google.com/ M - Page 446]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref> To the [[Gondorians]] the voices of the Haradrim sounded harsh, like shouts of beasts.<ref name=Siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref> Albeit having a meaning in [[Quenya]] ("fate"), the name ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'' is said to be adapted from the indigenous languages of Harad and not from [[Elvish]] or [[Adûnaic]] script.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Verlyn Flieger]]|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266269|articlename=The Music and the Task: Fate and Free Will in Middle-earth|dated=14 June 2009|website=[https://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AppendixF>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters''</ref>

[[Gandalf]] stated that his name in "the south" is "[[Gandalf/Names#Incánus|Incánus]]", which is apparently "alien", that is neither [[Westron]], nor Elvish, nor explicable by the surviving tongues of Northern Men. A note in the [[Thain's Book]] states that it is a form adapted to Quenya of a word in the tongue of the Haradrim thought ''Inkā-nūsh'' (or possibly ''Inkā-nūs''), meaning "North-spy".<ref name="Incanus">{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 382-384.</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Haradrim'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of the elements ''[[harad]]'' ("south") + ''[[rim]]'' ("host") thus meaning "South-people".<ref>{{L|144}}, p. 178</ref> Additionally, the [[Elves]] named the land and its people ''Haradwaith'', "South-folk", from the Sindarin ''harad'', meaning "south", and ''gwaith'', meaning "people".<ref name=Language/> The [[Hobbits]] called the area the ''Sunlands'', and the people ''[[Swertings]]''.<ref name=Gate/>

''Barangils'' is a [[Gondorian]] term for the people of Harad; ’swerting’ derives from ''swart'' (’swarthy’).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], "Page 764", in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', ed. by Wayne G. Hammond and [[Christina Scull]] (Houghton Mifflin, 2005)</ref> The Elvish name seems to contain '''baran''' ’dark, swart, dark-brown’ (BARÁN) and possibly the suffix '''-il''' also seen in '''ernil''' ’prince’.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for this people were the ''Barangils'', the ''Haradwaith'', and ''Haradrians''.<ref>{{WR|2|IV}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Mordor}}, pp. 16-7</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', anglicized names for the Haradrim in the text, were ''Silharrows'' and ''Harwan'', which according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] were derived from the name for the Aethiopians.<ref name=Fangorn>{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4, pp.439</ref> "Men of Sunharrowland" (or "of Harrowland") are other two anglicized names.<ref name=Harrowland>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''Lord of the Rings'', ''Harns'' was a Sindarin equivalent for the term Haradrim.<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 253.</ref> It's based on [[harn]] ’southern’ (KHYAR-) and is an English plural.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Harns.html#Harns|articlename=Harns|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3643936511.html|articlename=Harn|dated=16 April 2021|website=[https://www.eldamo.org/ Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> Additionally, Haradwaith has the anglicized name ''(Sun)Harrowland''.<ref name=Fangorn/> For more explanation on those names, see [[#The "Sigelwaran"|below]].

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> After [[Nuin]] death at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of Tree-men and Pygmies.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref>

=== Earlier account of the Blue Wizards ===
In the published works, all the Wizards were originally sent in the year {{TA|1000}} as emissaries to Middle-earth along with [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]] and [[Radagast]].<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> When asked about the other two Wizards, Tolkien speculated that they went to the distant regions, including the lands of Harad, far out of Númenórean range. Whether together or independent of each other, the two may have fallen from their appointed task, wherein they may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the Rhûn and Harad, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Christopher Tolkien]] linked the Haradrim with ancient Aethiopians.<ref name=Harrowland/><ref name=Fangorn/> In an interview from 1966, Tolkien likened [[Berúthiel]] to the giantess [[Wikipedia:Skaði|Skaði]] of Norse mythology, since they both shared a dislike for "seaside life".<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'', "Thursday evenings", pp. 137-8</ref> Additionally, Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated in reference to the 'black men like half-trolls' passage from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that Tolkien was attempting to write like a medieval chronicler in describing the [[Rohirrim]]'s encounter with a Haradrim: "[...] and when medieval Europeans first encountered sub-Saharan Africans, they were genuinely confused about them, and rather frightened."<ref name="African">{{webcite|author=[[Tom Shippey]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/jrrtolkien/interviews_shippey.asp|articlename=An Interview with Tom Shippey - Questions and answers with Tom Shippey|dated=17 October 2001|website=[https://www.harpercollins.com/ Harper Collins]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> He noted that Tolkien had pointed out in his early scholarly works "the ancient English seemed to have a belief in fire-demons, who naturally enough had skin like soot – their word for them, ‘harwan’, is related to Latin ‘carbo’, ‘soot,’ or carbon."<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Dimitra Fimi]]|articleurl=http://dimitrafimi.com/2018/12/02/revisiting-race-in-tolkiens-legendarium-constructing-cultures-and-ideologies-in-an-imaginacry-world/|articlename=Revisiting Race in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World|dated=2 December 2018|website=[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Dimitra Fimi]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=African/> Shippey concluded by remarking that, "An Anglo-Saxon meeting an African for the first time might then really wonder - for a moment, from a distance - whether this was a demon from his own mythology. This doesn't mean that Tolkien shared the mythology, or the mistake."<ref>{{webcite|author=Leslie A. Donovan|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BnCADwAAQBAJ&pg|articlename=Approaches to Teaching Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Other Works|dated=1 October 2015|website=[https://books.google.com/ Tolkien's Haradrim]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref>
===The "Sigelwaran"===
Much of Tolkien's influence for Harad and the Haradrim came about from his essay ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'', in which he examined the etymology of ''Sigelwaran'' (and the more usual form ''Sigelhearwan'') — the [[Old English]] word for Ethiopians.<ref name=CG/><ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The essay was originally published in two parts: part one appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3) in [[1932]], and part two appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2) in [[1934]].<ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The article investigated why there was a distinct and several times attested [[Old English]] name for the Ethiopians (namely '''Sigelwaran, Sigelhearwan''')<ref name=CG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 889-90</ref> as actual biblical names were usually adapted, not translated.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Barangils.html|articlename=Barangils|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref>

Tolkien remarked that the word includes elements not current in Old English and argues from there on that it must be older and preserved at least a name, "if no more, from the vanished native mythology or its borderland of half-mythical geography."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 1", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3), pp. 192</ref> As the initial element '''Sigel''' ’Sun’ comes into question, which is attested in ''[[Beowulf]]'' and has furthermore cognates in other languages, as e.g. the name of the s-rune.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 98</ref> Another candidate is '''sigel''', '''sigle''' describing "a round jewel or golden ornament",<ref name="Gimm">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 104</ref> originating from Latin '''sigillum''', which in its turn refers to "a small image or figure, the impress of a stamp or seal."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 102</ref> Tolkien then suggested that the two words had mutual influence on each other; and he remarks on the usage of ''gimm'' ’precious stone, jewel’ for the sun.<ref name=Gimm/> For the second element '''hearwa''' he discusses several primitive candidates all having to do with the colour ’black’, so that the name may mean something akin to ’those who were made black by the sun’.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 109</ref> As he concluded, "such guesswork is naturally inconclusive [...] giving insight into English and northern tradition and imagination."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 111</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Films===
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Haradrim appear briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' when Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] witness a raid on one of their columns by [[Faramir|Faramir's]] rangers. They are featured more prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', in which the battle between the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] is a major action sequence. While the ''[[The Return of the King|book]]'' depicts the Southron army as primarily cavalry armed with scimitars, we see no horsemen in the movie: the Haradrim fight almost exclusively from platforms mounted on the backs of their monstrous [[Oliphaunts]]. They have also adorned the animals' tusks with spikes and shafts that crush and impale numerous enemy horsemen. The costumes of the Haradrim in the movie are Middle Eastern in style and dark brown or black in colour, while a companion book, ''Lord of the Rings: Creatures'', stated that the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens.<ref>{{webcite|author=HarperCollins|articleurl=https://archive.org/details/lordofringstwoto00braw/mode/2up|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Two Towers - Creatures|dated=6 November 2002|website=[[HarperCollins]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Ringwraith of Harad, also known as the Dark Headsman was a [[Nazgûl]] who was revived by [[Sauron]] and summoned to [[Dol Guldur]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Weta Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.wetanz.com/shop/miniature-guns-props/helm-of-the-ringwraith-of-harad|articlename=HELM OF THE RINGWRAITH OF HARAD|dated=6 November 2012|website=[[Weta Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> He was once a King of the Haradrim that was given a [[Ring of Power]] by Sauron the deceiver and was corrupted to serve him. The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. Later, Gandalf, following [[Galadriel]]'s advice, visits the High Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed [[Sauron]]. In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven back to [[Mordor]] by Galadriel and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], his master also eventually following suit.

===Radio series===
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Éowyn|Dernhelm]] warns [[Théoden]] of the coming of the chieftain. He kills the chieftain, but is killed by the [[Witch-king]] almost immediately after.

===Video games===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]:'''
:The Haradrim appeared and are known as the 'Haradrim Slayers'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Eressior|articleurl=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/14/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162|articlename=Perfect Walkthrough|dated=14 June 2011|website=IGN|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2006: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]:'''
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys. The Corsairs are from the Mordor faction, and are equipped with knives and fire-bombs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games and Grub Editors|articleurl=http://gamesandgrub.blogspot.com/2011/04/battle-for-middle-earth-2-good-campaign_1.html|articlename=Battle for Middle Earth 2 - Good Campaign - Mission 7 - Erebor|dated=1 April 2011|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2007: [[The Lord of the Rings Online]]:'''
:The Nazgûl appear throughout the game, and three are Haradrim: 'The Grim Southron', 'The High Sorcerer of Harad', and 'The Forsaken Reaver'. The Corsairs were led by four brothers who falsely call themselves the Heirs of Castamir. These were Azruthor, Dolgimil, Azgarzôr, and the eldest Balakhôr the Scourge. The player negotiated with a Corsair named Jajax, who ended up siding with the player against the Heirs and their followers.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''
:Suladân is an antagonist who, before his fall, was a noble Númenóreans King who ruled the nation of Harad during the Second Age. During his rule, he sought to go up against Sauron where he led an army of Númenórean soldiers to lay siege on the Dark Lord's fortress in Mordor. Before he sought to engage him, he was surprised that the Dark Lord surrendered and offered a Ring of Power to him. The temptation was too great, and Suladân eventually moved Sauron from the position of enemy to advisor. As Suladân's power grew, so did Sauron's influence over him. He eventually fell completely under the Dark Lord's power to become one of the nine Nazgûl. Additionally, Baranor is a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, originally from Harad, before being adopted by the wealthy Gondorian family.<ref>{{webcite|author=David Smith|articleurl=https://www.theaureview.com/games/games-review-middle-earth-shadow-of-war-the-desolation-of-mordor-xbox-one-2018/|articlename=Games Review: Middle-earth: Shadow of War – The Desolation of Mordor (Xbox One, 2018)|dated=18 May 2018|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

===Other===
'''1982: [[Middle-earth Role Playing]]:'''
:[[Iron Crown Enterprises]] produced a series of books for their tabletop roleplaying game ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'' containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Additionally, Herumor is given an extended history, and Fuinur is revealed as his older brother. Key publications included the setting books ''[[Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs]]'' (1982),<ref>{{webcite|author=Brenda Gates Spielman|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2534|articlename=Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs|dated=16 April 1982|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Far Harad: The Scorched Land]]'' (1988),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2555|articlename=Far Harad: The Scorched Land|dated=16 April 1988|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Forest of Tears]]'' (1990),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2511|articlename=Forest of Tears|dated=16 April 1990|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> as well as the adventure books ''[[Warlords of the Desert]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2505|articlename=Warlords of the Desert|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hazards of the Harad Wood]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=John Crowdis|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2529|articlename=Hazards of the Harad Wood|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Greater Harad]] (1990).<ref>{{webcite|author=William E. Wilson|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2560|articlename=Greater Harad|dated=16 April 1990|website=[RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref>

'''1994: [[The Two Towers MUD]]:'''
:The Haradrim are featured alongside the [[Uruk-hai]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], and [[Variag]].

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]:'''
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys and card sets within the TCG.

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]:'''
:Suladân, the "Serpent Lord", is the name of the chieftain Haradrim leader who King Théoden kills, and its who players often refer to as the "[[Black Serpent]]" after his standard.<ref>{{webcite|author=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small Editors|articleurl=https://tellmeatalegreatorsmall.blogspot.com/2019/09/armies-of-middle-earth-sbg-serpent.html|articlename=Armies of Middle-Earth SBG: The Serpent Horde in the Middle-Earth Strategy Battle Game|dated=25 September 2019|website=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hasharin">{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2020/04/golden-king-of-abrakhan-and-entourage.html|articlename=Golden King of Abrakhan and Entourage|dated=23 April 2020|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Some of the Haradrim are assassins called 'Hasharin', wherein there are characters such as "The Golden King" and "Dalamyr".<ref name=Hasharin/> Additionally, ''Half Trolls'' are "Mahûd men" of Far Harad who were altered to the size and strength of the Olog-hai of Sauron.<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2019/09/for-fathers-day-this-year-i-requested.html|articlename=Far Harad|dated=11 September 2019|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Units include "Half Troll Warband" and "Half Troll of Far Harad".<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2012/02/battle-report-dwarves-vs-haradrim.html|articlename=Battle Report - Dwarves vs Haradrim - Contest of Champions|dated=24 February 2012|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> [[Games Workshop]] had produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad, including for Mûmak, The Golden King of Abrakhân, Half Trolls, Haradrim Warriors and Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/War-Mumak-Of-Harad-2018|articlename=War Mûmak™ Of Harad™|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/The-Golden-King-of-Harad|articlename=The Golden King of Abrakhân|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Half-Trolls|articlename=Half Trolls|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Haradrim-Warriors-2018|articlename=Haradrim™ Warriors|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Corsairs-Of-Umbar-2018|articlename=Corsairs of Umbar™|dated=4 July 2018|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]:'''
:The Haradrim are featured amongst the [[Men of Darkness]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Davenport|articleurl=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/9/9342.phtml|articlename=REVIEW OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS ROLEPLAYING GAME CORE BOOK|dated=16 December 2002|website=RPGnet|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2011: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]:'''
: The Haradrim are featured amongst a variety of sets, including ''The Sands of Harad''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Neil Shuck|articleurl=https://meeples.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/knowing-your-angmar-from-your-erebor-getting-started-with-lord-of-the-rings-the-card-game/|articlename=Knowing your Angmar from your Erebor: Getting started with Lord of the Rin|dated=20 September 2017|website=Meeples and Miniatures Podcast|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

{{references|note}}
== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Haradrim|Images of Haradrim]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Haradrim|Haradrim]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Haradrim]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/haradrim]]
[[fi:Haradrim]]

Berúthiel

2021-10-06T16:26:49Z

BartAllen: Adding the Haradrim category to Berúthiel based on Tolkien's commentary.

{{gondorian infobox
| name=Berúthiel
| image=[[File:Paula DiSante - Reporting to Beruthiel.JPG|250px]]
| caption="Reporting to Beruthiel" by [[Paula DiSante]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=Queen of [[Gondor]]
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=her [[Cats of Queen Berúthiel|cats]]; spying on people of Gondor
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Tarannon Falastur|Tarannon]]
| children=None
| gender=Female
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Berúthiel''' was a Queen of [[Gondor]] in the early part of the [[Third Age]]. She was the wife of King [[Tarannon Falastur]], and was noted as being "nefarious, solitary, and loveless".<ref name=Istari>{{UT|13a}}, note 7</ref> It is therefore of no surprise that she and Tarannon produced no heirs.<ref name=Tarannon>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Tarannon</ref>

==History==
Berúthiel was a [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]].<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=15 January 2021}}.</ref> It is possible that Berúthiel was from an inland city that was located further to the south than Umbar.<ref group=note>It is mentioned that she loathed the smell of the sea, fish and gulls. She was compared to the giantess Skadi who married Njord, the sea-god and got fed up with the seaside life, and was kept awake by the gulls and finally went back to live in Jotunheim. Since King Tarannon had her set on a ship and set adrift on the sea before a north wind and the ship was last seen flying past Umbar it is possible that she went back to the inland city with this ship and that this inland city was to the south of Umbar. Being the descendents of the [[King's Men]] most of the Black Númenóreans lived in [[Umbar]] and in other former Númenórean colonies in the south of Middle-earth.</ref><ref name=Interview/><ref name=Istari/>

Tarannon's reason for marrying her is not known. It is possible that the marriage was in connection with his extensions of the realm of Gondor along the coasts south of the mouths of the Anduin<ref name=Tarannon/> to maintain peaceful relations with the realm that she came from.

Tarannon brought her to live with him in his house south of [[Pelargir]] next to the [[Ethir Anduin|mouths of the river Anduin]] near the [[Belegaer|Sea]]. She hated Pelargir (loathing the smell of the sea, and fish, and the [[gulls]]), however, and dwelt in the [[King's House]] in [[Osgiliath]] instead. There she decorated the courtyard with strange and disturbing sculptures but kept the inside of the house mostly bare. She herself wore dark, drab clothing and "hated all making, all colors and elaborate adornments".

Berúthiel loathed cats, but they became attracted to her for precisely that reason. They followed her around, and eventually she took advantage of their company by enslaving and torturing them. In total she had ten [[Cats of Queen Berúthiel|cats]], nine black and one white. Berúthiel set the black cats to spy on the [[Men]] of Gondor and the white cat to spy on the black ones. She managed to learn many dark secrets about the realm and its people by conversing with them and "reading their memories". These cats were infamous among the Gondorians, but they dared not touch them; however, Men would curse whenever they saw one pass by them.

Eventually, Tarannon exiled Berúthiel from Gondor and her name was erased from the [[Book of the Kings]]. He had her set on a ship that "was last seen flying past Umbar with a cat at the masthead and another as a figurehead on the prow".<ref name=Istari/>

==Legacy==
No wars with Umbar or Harad are mentioned during the reign of King Tarannon.<ref name=Tarannon/> It is possible that the setting Berúthiel on a ship that was last seen flying past Umbar offended the realm that Berúthiel was from. The conquest of Umbar took place during the reign of King [[Eärnil]] 23 years after the death of King Tarannon.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil</ref>

Despite the erasure of her name from Gondor's records, Berúthiel and her cats were so notorious that they were held in the memory of Gondorians for centuries; [[Aragorn]] alluded to them more than 2,000 years after her death.<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Beruthiel.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name ''Berúthiel'' is [[Sindarin]]. It seems to mean "Angry Queen", incorporating ''[[bereth|ber(eth)]]'' ("queen, spouse") + ''[[rúth]]'' ("anger") + feminine suffix ''[[-iel]]''. Since the Black Númenóreans did not use the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]], this title was probably given to her by the Gondorians and is not her real name.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ATA | | |ATA=[[Atanatar I]] ''{{TA|480|n}} - {{TA|748|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | SIR | | |SIR=[[Siriondil (King of Gondor)|Siriondil]] ''{{TA|570|n}} - {{TA|830|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | BER |~| TAR | | TAC |BER='''BERÚTHIEL''' ''unknown''|TAR=[[Tarannon Falastur]] ''{{TA|654|n}} - {{TA|913|n}}''|TAC=[[Tarciryan]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | EAR |EAR=[[Eärnil I]] ''{{TA|736|n}} - {{TA|936|n}}''†}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | CIR |CIR=[[Ciryandil]] ''{{TA|820|n}} - {{TA|1015|n}}''†}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Inspiration==
In an interview from 1966, Tolkien likened Berúthiel to the giantess [[Wikipedia:Skaði|Skaði]] of Norse mythology, since they both shared a dislike for "seaside life".<ref name=Interview/><ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'', "Thursday evenings", pp. 137-8</ref>

{{references|n}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beruthiel}}
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Haradrim]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Berúthiel]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:beruthiel]]
[[fi:Berúthiel]]

Captain of the Haven

2021-10-06T16:26:08Z

BartAllen: Adding the Haradrim category to the Captain of the Haven

{{men infobox
| name=The Captain of the Haven
| image=
| people=[[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsair of Umbar]]
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Leader of the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]]
| location=[[Umbar]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=between {{TA|2957}} and {{TA|2980|n}}
| deathlocation=Umbar
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
The '''Captain of the Haven''' was the leader of the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] of [[Umbar]] during the time of the [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Ecthelion II]] of [[Gondor]].

Sometime between {{TA|2957|n}} and {{TA|2980}}, [[Aragorn]] (in the guise of ''[[Thorongil]]'') came to Gondor and during that time counselled Ecthelion concerning the rebellious nature of [[Umbar]]. Ecthelion agreed that Thorongil could send a small fleet; arriving at night they burnt the ships of the unprepared Corsairs whilst Thorongil himself killed the Captain of the Haven.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Haradrim]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[fi:Sataman päällikkö]]

Herumor

2021-10-06T16:25:52Z

BartAllen: Adding the Haradrim category to Herumor

{{disambig-two|the [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]]|character in ''[[The New Shadow]]''|[[Herumor (The New Shadow)]]}}
{{numenorean infobox
| name=Herumor
| image=[[File:Isabella Pavani - Herumor.png|250px]]
| caption="Herumor" by [[:Category:Images by Isabella Pavani|Isabella Pavani]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=Associated with [[Harad]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=Late [[Second Age]]<ref group=note>Based on the ordering of events there, he appears to have taken power in the [[Harad]] at some point after the [[Downfall of Númenor]], dating him to {{SA|3319}} or later. The order of events is not entirely clear, and an argument could be made that he lived slightly earlier, but he certainly belonged to the closing centuries of the [[Second Age]].</ref>
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Herumor''' was a [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]] who lived in the late [[Second Age]]. After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], no small number of these people sailed eastward to [[Middle-earth]], and Herumor was among them. With another named [[Fuinur]], he settled among the [[Haradrim]], and became a lord in the lands of the [[Harad]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Herumor.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Herumor'' clearly means "Dark Lord" in [[Quenya]], from ''[[heru]]'' ("lord") + ''[[morë]]'' ("dark"),<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''heru''</ref> although [[Christopher Tolkien]] glosses it as "Black Númenórean".<ref>{{PM|Index}}, entry "Herumor"</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
In the defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game from the 1980s, Herumor is given an extended history. Fuinur is then his older brother. [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], however, had nothing to do with writing this history.

{{notes}}
{{References}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Haradrim]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Herumor]]
[[fi:Herumor]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens_noirs/herumor]]

Fuinur

2021-10-06T16:25:43Z

BartAllen: Adding the Haradrim category to Fuinur

{{numenorean infobox
| name=Fuinur
| image=[[File:Isabella Pavani - Fuinur.png|250px]]
| caption="Fuinur" by [[:Category:Images by Isabella Pavani|Isabella Pavani]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=Associated with [[Harad]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=Late [[Second Age]]<ref group=note>He appears in the narrative after [[Sauron]] returned to [[Mordor]], but before the first capture of [[Minas Ithil]], which in principle gives us dates somewhere between {{SA|3320}} and {{SA|3429}}. He certainly belonged to the closing centuries of the [[Second Age]].</ref>
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Fuinur''' was a [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]] who lived in the late [[Second Age]]. He sailed east to [[Middle-earth]], apparently with a companion named [[Herumor]], and settled in the southern region known as [[Harad]]. These two became lords in Middle-earth, coming to hold power among the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>
==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Fuinur.mp3|Ardamir}}
The initial element of this name is S. ''[[fuin]]'' "night"<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''fuin''</ref>, but the meaning of the suffix is unclear.

{{notes}}
{{References}}
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Haradrim]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Fuinur]]
[[fi:Fuinur]]

Haradrim

2021-10-06T16:22:05Z

BartAllen: Another change regarding placement #2

{{people infobox
| name=Haradrim
| image=[[File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|Southrons]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|rim}}
| othernames=''Haradrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Haradwaith'' (S), ''[[Swertings]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Southrons'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''[[Men of Darkness]]'' (W), ''[[Swarthy Men]]'' (W), ''Southerns'' (W), ''Men of Harad'' (W), ''Men of the South'' (W)
| origin= [[Awakening of Men]]
| location=[[Harad]], including [[Umbar]], [[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| affiliation=[[Blue Wizards]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Sauron]], [[Black Númenóreans]]
| rivalry=[[Exiles of Númenor]], [[Gondorians]]
| language=Presumably numerous Haradric languages, different from [[Common Speech]]; [[Adûnaic]]; [[Westron]]; and the [[Drúadan language]] (at least formerly)<ref group=note>Due to the suggestion of [[Gondorian]] historians that the group originally came from Harad.</ref>
| members=[[Angamaitë]], [[Sangahyando]], [[Fuinur]], [[Herumor]], [[Berúthiel]], [[Captain of the Haven]], [[Corsairs of Umbar]]
| lifespan=Shorter than [[Númenóreans]]<ref group=note>[[Castamir]] of [[House of Anárion]] lived to the age of 188, and another great-grandson of [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]], [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], lived to the age of 235. Eldcar's children and grandchildren, [[Ornendil]], [[Aldamir]] and [[Hyarmendacil II]] lived for an average of 187 years. The same could theoretically be said for the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Castamir in Harad, and in point of fact these ages correspond to the general ages of Númenóreans during the period of [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]'s reign in Númenór.</ref>
| distinctions=[[Gift of Ilúvatar]]
| height=Tall
| hair=Dark
| skin=Black, brown, dark, swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Oliphaunts]]; [[Black Breath]]}}

<center>{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}</center>

'''Haradrim''' or the '''Southrons''' were the [[Men]] of [[Harad]], descendants of the [[Men]] who woke in the far eastern land of [[Hildórien]] at the beginning of the [[First Age]].<ref name="Uttermost">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref> They are the proud, doughty and warlike people of the Harad, in the south of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/m/menofharad.php|articlename=Men of Harad|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> Ancient enemies of [[Gondor]],<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/southrons.html|articlename=Southrons|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref> they allied with [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 353</ref><ref group=note>In ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', with reference to the [[Blue Wizards]] in 'Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans', it is said that [[Sauron]] took a long time to attack [[Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful, and this was due to the actions of his powerful enemies in [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] that he hadn't paid much attention until then; ergo, Tolkien suggesting that certain denizens of both those lands played a role during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].</ref> Eventually, many turned against Sauron, when [[Manwë]] sent the [[Blue Wizards]] to the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>

==Origins==
The ancestors of the Haradrim were the [[Men]] who [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] during the [[Years of the Sun|age of the Sun]],<ref name="S12">{{S|12}}</ref> but stayed to the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]], not joining the migration of the [[Edain]] to the [[Uttermost West]].<ref name=Uttermost/> Then [[Morgoth]], the original [[Dark Lord]], came to corrupt them to his service whilst tricking them to abandon [[Ilúvatar]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 346-349</ref> A [[Shadow]] ever after lay over all of humanity, wherein portions of the ancestors of [[Harad]] later began migrating after coming into conflict with other men that fell under the [[Shadow]].<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref> Still some went West in search of the [[Light of Valinor]] and servants of Morgoth hunted them, but the majority of mankind refused alike the summons of the [[Valar]] and of Morgoth.<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref>

The different peoples who moved to Harad, where the Sun is fierce because there are barely any clouds,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> played no role in the tales of the First Age.<ref name=S12/><ref>{{L|229}}</ref> However, this sundering bereft them of the enlightenment and crafts that the Elves may have taught them,<ref>{{PE|17}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P3II7}}</ref> which made them vulnerable to their two later woes: [[Sauron]] and the [[Dúnedain]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 310-3011</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]], possibly near [[Cair Andros]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

== History ==
=== Second Age ===
At first, for many centuries, the Haradrim were independent peoples, generally isolated from the rest of the world. However, in the Second Age they became increasingly caught between the ambitions of two great powers — namely [[Sauron]] and the [[Númenóreans]] — a circumstance which lasted thousands of years.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name="Coasts">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 304.</ref> Sailing East, the Númenóreans explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad.<ref name=Coasts/> The Númenóreans initially benefited the natives they contacted, by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> and later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the construction of the great city of [[Umbar]].<ref>{{TI|Riders}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> as with many other peoples whose lands included a coastline.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> Often Haradrim were killed or sold into slavery.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> At first, Sauron didn't dare at first to challenge the Númenóreans as they expanded their control over Harad, until after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Then, Sauron came as a ruler of almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]], as both their king and their god.<ref name=Rings/> These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name=Rings/> However, those of Harad who sought freedom and rejected Sauron would venture to the woods or mountains in fear of being pursued by him.<ref name=Rings/><ref>{{HM|SD}}, pp. 345</ref>

In c. {{SA|1600}}, [[Manwë]] sent two [[Wizards]] to the southern and eastern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name=PMLast/> The [[Valar]] suspected there was a rebellion of good Haradrim but no leadership — ultimately they were very successful there in Harad. They arrived before Sauron's first [[War of the Elves and Sauron|war against the Elves]] and even on this war the Wizards had some influence.<ref name="NM3">{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref> They became known as [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]].<ref name="PMLast"/> Because of their influence among the Haradrim, Sauron took a long time to [[Sack of Eregion|attack Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful.<ref name=NM3/>

In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], the [[King of Númenor]], landed at [[Umbar]] with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them.<ref name=SA/> Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers.<ref name="Influence">{{RK|V10}}</ref> Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for human sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

In the following centuries the Haradrim were influenced by Sauron and [[Black Númenóreans]], those evil High Men who stayed in Harad and survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]].<ref name=Influence/> The Haradrim became enemies of [[Gondor]], as the Kingdom's southern borders were close to their lands.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}, p. 659-660</ref> Shortly before the end of the Age, two Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], rose to great power amongst the Haradrim.<ref name=Rings/>

However around the same time, the two Wizards, always operating in the East and the South, were able to hinder Sauron's operations, leading to his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].<ref name="PMLast"/> When Sauron's dominions of the Second Age fell with his demise in the War of the Last Alliance the Haradrim were freed from his direct control but not free of the effects of his long work on them, to which evil and darkness for the West had set in their hearts.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref><ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Additionally, some of the Haradrim, and the other servants of Sauron, turned from evil and became subject to the heirs of [[Elendil]].<ref name=Rings/>

=== Third Age ===
The great cape and land-locked firth of Umbar had been Númenórean land since days of old; but it was a stronghold of the [[King's Men]], who were afterwards called the Black Númenoreans, corrupted by Sauron, and who hated above all the followers of Elendil.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|A1iv}}</ref> After the fall of Sauron their race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-earth, including those of Harad.<ref name=Gondor/> There was even intermarriage: [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[King of Gondor]], married a high-born Black Númenórean lady from an inland city in Harad; she is remembered as [[Queen Berúthiel]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=2 November 1966|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=30 September 2021}}.</ref> However, most Black Númenórean intermarriage was with the Haradrim, and they became increasingly indistinguishable from the indigenous peoples.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim did not trouble the [[Realms in Exile]] for many centuries.<ref name="herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}</ref>

When Gondor took the haven of [[Umbar]] from the Black Númenóreans, in the year {{TA|1015}} they followed the Black Númenóreans against Umbar to recapture it.<ref name=Gondor/> Their great power was not enough against the sea-power of Gondor.<ref name=Gondor/> The attempts lasted for 35 years until, in {{TA|1050}}, [[Ciryaher]] defeated the Haradrim force by sending troops by land.<ref name=Gondor/> They acknowledged the overlordship of Gondor; the kings of Harad did homage and their sons were given as hostages in the court of the [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]].<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|South}}</ref> The sons of [[Castamir]] and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven and later called themselves the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<ref name="Blood">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The Corsairs of Umbar continued to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity.<ref name=Blood/> Additionally, Castamir's progeny married women of the Harad - continuing the Numenorean [[Line of Elros]], though of which was spent after three generations.<ref name=Blood/><ref>{{webcite|author=David Seuferer|articleurl=http://tolkien.cro.net/humans/elrostre.html|articlename=Line of Elros|dated=8 February 1998|website=[https://tolkien.cro.net/ The Grey Havens]|accessed=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref group=note>The bloodline of Elros is spread amongst the Haradrim in Harad via [[Castamir]]'s children and grandchildren who later mate with the women of Harad, with the last known descendants of Elros within that region of Endor being [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].</ref>

Later, however, kings of Harad who were in league with [[Umbar]] rebelled against Gondor.<ref name="annals"/> In {{TA|1634}}, [[Minardil]] was slain at Pelargir by the Corsairs of Umbar, who were led by the great-grandsons of Castamir: [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].<ref name=Gondor/> [[Telumehtar]] who raided his coasts even as far as the [[Anfalas]], gathered his forces and in 1810 took Umbar by storm.<ref name="annals"/> In that war the last descendants of Castamir perished, and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings, however, the [[Battle of the Plains]] that befell Gondor resulted in Umbar being lost again, wherein it fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="annals"/>

The Haradrim later were allied with the [[Wainriders]], a confederation of [[Easterlings]], and the Men of [[Khand]].<ref name="annals"/> During that time they conquered Umbar.<ref name="annals"/> The simultaneous assaults from the north and the south brought the South-kingdom close to destruction.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim crossed the river [[Poros]] into [[South Ithilien]], but the [[Southern Army]], destroyed them.<ref name="annals"/> In the later years three great fleets were prepared in Umbar and Harad.<ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> Around the [[Long Winter]] they assailed the [[Outlands|coasts]] of Gondor, even [[Rohan]].<ref name=stew/> The Haradrim occupied [[Harondor]] and there was a long fight along the [[Poros]].<ref name=stew/> Stirred by emissaries of Sauron, they attempted once more to invade into [[Ithilien]] ({{TA|2885}}) but a combined force of Gondorians and [[Rohirrim]] defeated them at the [[Crossing of Poros]].<ref name=TA/><ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the meantime, it was said that the two Wizards, Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and the South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in the subsequent [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="PMLast"/> At the time of that War, the Haradrim were in league with Sauron and fought alongside his [[Orcs|Orc]] army. The Haradrim were among the forces led by the [[Witch-king]] that attacked [[Osgiliath]] on [[20 June|June 20]], {{TA|3018}}, at the beginning of the War.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> More Haradrim continued to come up the [[Harad Road]] to Mordor.<ref name="herbs"/> Regiments of Haradrim joined the host from [[Minas Morgul]] marching to the [[Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="MinasTirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref> Sauron's forces besieged [[Minas Tirith]], and the Mûmakil of Harad were used to bring forward war-towers and siege-engines to test the City's defences.<ref name=MinasTirith/> During the battle, the chief leader of the Haradrim army bore a standard of a [[Black Serpent]] on a red field; he was slain by King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]].<ref name=fields>{{RK|V6}}</ref><ref name="Great"/>

The Haradrim rallied around their [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] which the horses of the Rohirrim feared to approach.<ref name=fields/> As the battle wore on, more Haradrim including Men from Far Harad were sent onto the field by [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]].<ref name=fields/> The Corsairs were prevented from reaching the battle, having been defeated by Aragorn and the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref> Haradrim also fought at the [[Battle of the Morannon]] on March 25.<ref name=Influence/> Sauron's army of Men, Orcs and Trolls outnumbered the Men of the West by more than ten to one, but the battle ended once the [[One Ring]] was destroyed in [[Mount Doom]] and Sauron was vanquished.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> The Haradrim held out long and were among the last of Sauron's forces to be defeated.<ref name=fields/> Some of the Haradrim fled or surrendered, though others banded together in their hatred and fought on stalwartly.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

=== Fourth Age ===
After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref> Embassies travelled from Harad to Aragorn's court, and although Aragorn's reign was largely one of peace, it was occasionally necessary for him and [[Éomer]], [[Kings of Rohan|King]] of [[Rohan]], to travel to the southlands to maintain peace with Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, pp. 968.</ref>

== Traits and culture ==
[[File:Alan Lee - Oliphaunt.jpg|thumb|left|"Oliphaunt" by [[Alan Lee]]]]
The "fierce dark men of the South."<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 434-435</ref> are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.<ref name="herbs"/><ref name=Gondor/> The Haradrim were described by a messenger as "cruel and tall.",<ref name=Siege/> "a grim folk, and not easily daunted by shade or blade."<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 416.</ref> Some of the Men in the south had weapons of iron.<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 349</ref> At the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Haradrim bore scimitars that glittered like stars.<ref name=fields/> Those of Harad had tamed the massive ''[[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]]'' beasts and used them in warfare and, like their masters, were decorated with scarlet and gold. They even strapped towers on their backs, used by Haradrim archers and spearmen.<ref name="herbs"/> The Haradrim had seemingly weaponised aspects of the [[Nazgûl]]'s [[Black Breath]], or at least tipped it upon arrows and darts during the last retreat before the city of [[Minas Tirith]] was besieged.<ref name=Siege/><ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

The people of [[Far Harad]] are described as black-skinned, but there is also a group of them described as "black men like [[half-trolls]] with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".<ref name=fields/> It is unclear whether these were just large Men who are being compared to Trolls or an implication of crossbreeding between the two races.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/h/halftrolls.php|articlename=Half-trolls|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=1 October 2021}}</ref> The Haradrim from [[Near Harad]] were those most familiar and most closely encountered during the War of the Ring:<ref name="Scarlet">{{TT|Herbs}}, pp. 660-661.</ref> when [[Faramir]] ambushed a company of Haradrim on the [[North Road]], Frodo and Sam witnessed a Harad warrior crashing at their feet, a man with "brown skin", with black plaits of hair braided with gold,<ref name=Scarlet/> a scarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar.<ref name=Gate/> He was armed with a scimitar and garbed with a corslet of brazen scales. Their standards are scarlet, and their great beasts, the ''Mûmakil'', have scarlet and gold trappings.<ref name=Scarlet/> They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black.<ref name="herbs"/> One of the great chieftains of the Haradrim also bore a [[Black Serpent]] as his emblem, against a field of red.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/serpents.html|articlename=Serpents|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref>

===Languages===
Very little is known about the language(s) of Harad though the word "Mûmak", the name of the great war-[[oliphaunt]]s of Harad, is stated to come directly from a language of Harad.<ref name="Language">{{webcite|author=J E a Tyler|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg|articlename=The Complete Tolkien Companion|dated=2 October 2012|website=[https://books.google.com/ M - Page 446]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref> To the [[Gondorians]] the voices of the Haradrim sounded harsh, like shouts of beasts.<ref name=Siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref> Albeit having a meaning in [[Quenya]] ("fate"), the name ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'' is said to be adapted from the indigenous languages of Harad and not from [[Elvish]] or [[Adûnaic]] script.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Verlyn Flieger]]|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266269|articlename=The Music and the Task: Fate and Free Will in Middle-earth|dated=14 June 2009|website=[https://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AppendixF>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters''</ref>

[[Gandalf]] stated that his name in "the south" is "[[Gandalf/Names#Incánus|Incánus]]", which is apparently "alien", that is neither [[Westron]], nor Elvish, nor explicable by the surviving tongues of Northern Men. A note in the [[Thain's Book]] states that it is a form adapted to Quenya of a word in the tongue of the Haradrim thought ''Inkā-nūsh'' (or possibly ''Inkā-nūs''), meaning "North-spy".<ref name="Incanus">{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 382-384.</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Haradrim'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of the elements ''[[harad]]'' ("south") + ''[[rim]]'' ("host") thus meaning "South-people".<ref>{{L|144}}, p. 178</ref> Additionally, the [[Elves]] named the land and its people ''Haradwaith'', "South-folk", from the Sindarin ''harad'', meaning "south", and ''gwaith'', meaning "people".<ref name=Language/> The [[Hobbits]] called the area the ''Sunlands'', and the people ''[[Swertings]]''.<ref name=Gate/>

''Barangils'' is a [[Gondorian]] term for the people of Harad; ’swerting’ derives from ''swart'' (’swarthy’).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], "Page 764", in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', ed. by Wayne G. Hammond and [[Christina Scull]] (Houghton Mifflin, 2005)</ref> The Elvish name seems to contain '''baran''' ’dark, swart, dark-brown’ (BARÁN) and possibly the suffix '''-il''' also seen in '''ernil''' ’prince’.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for this people were the ''Barangils'', the ''Haradwaith'', and ''Haradrians''.<ref>{{WR|2|IV}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Mordor}}, pp. 16-7</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', anglicized names for the Haradrim in the text, were ''Silharrows'' and ''Harwan'', which according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] were derived from the name for the Aethiopians.<ref name=Fangorn>{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4, pp.439</ref> "Men of Sunharrowland" (or "of Harrowland") are other two anglicized names.<ref name=Harrowland>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''Lord of the Rings'', ''Harns'' was a Sindarin equivalent for the term Haradrim.<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 253.</ref> It's based on [[harn]] ’southern’ (KHYAR-) and is an English plural.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Harns.html#Harns|articlename=Harns|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3643936511.html|articlename=Harn|dated=16 April 2021|website=[https://www.eldamo.org/ Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> Additionally, Haradwaith has the anglicized name ''(Sun)Harrowland''.<ref name=Fangorn/> For more explanation on those names, see [[#The "Sigelwaran"|below]].

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]], leading to the darkening of their skin.<ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref> After [[Nuin]] death at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the southern forests.<ref name=Palisor/> Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of Tree-men and Pygmies.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref>

=== Earlier account of the Blue Wizards ===
In the published works, all the Wizards were originally sent in the year {{TA|1000}} as emissaries to Middle-earth along with [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]] and [[Radagast]].<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> When asked about the other two Wizards, Tolkien speculated that they went to the distant regions, including the lands of Harad, far out of Númenórean range. Whether together or independent of each other, the two may have fallen from their appointed task, wherein they may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the Rhûn and Harad, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Christopher Tolkien]] linked the Haradrim with ancient Aethiopians.<ref name=Harrowland/><ref name=Fangorn/> In an interview from 1966, Tolkien likened [[Berúthiel]] to the giantess [[Wikipedia:Skaði|Skaði]] of Norse mythology, since they both shared a dislike for "seaside life".<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'', "Thursday evenings", pp. 137-8</ref> Additionally, Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated in reference to the 'black men like half-trolls' passage from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that Tolkien was attempting to write like a medieval chronicler in describing the [[Rohirrim]]'s encounter with a Haradrim: "[...] and when medieval Europeans first encountered sub-Saharan Africans, they were genuinely confused about them, and rather frightened."<ref name="African">{{webcite|author=[[Tom Shippey]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/jrrtolkien/interviews_shippey.asp|articlename=An Interview with Tom Shippey - Questions and answers with Tom Shippey|dated=17 October 2001|website=[https://www.harpercollins.com/ Harper Collins]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> He noted that Tolkien had pointed out in his early scholarly works "the ancient English seemed to have a belief in fire-demons, who naturally enough had skin like soot – their word for them, ‘harwan’, is related to Latin ‘carbo’, ‘soot,’ or carbon."<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Dimitra Fimi]]|articleurl=http://dimitrafimi.com/2018/12/02/revisiting-race-in-tolkiens-legendarium-constructing-cultures-and-ideologies-in-an-imaginacry-world/|articlename=Revisiting Race in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World|dated=2 December 2018|website=[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Dimitra Fimi]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=African/> Shippey concluded by remarking that, "An Anglo-Saxon meeting an African for the first time might then really wonder - for a moment, from a distance - whether this was a demon from his own mythology. This doesn't mean that Tolkien shared the mythology, or the mistake."<ref>{{webcite|author=Leslie A. Donovan|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BnCADwAAQBAJ&pg|articlename=Approaches to Teaching Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Other Works|dated=1 October 2015|website=[https://books.google.com/ Tolkien's Haradrim]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref>
===The "Sigelwaran"===
Much of Tolkien's influence for Harad and the Haradrim came about from his essay ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'', in which he examined the etymology of ''Sigelwaran'' (and the more usual form ''Sigelhearwan'') — the [[Old English]] word for Ethiopians.<ref name=CG/><ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The essay was originally published in two parts: part one appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3) in [[1932]], and part two appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2) in [[1934]].<ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The article investigated why there was a distinct and several times attested [[Old English]] name for the Ethiopians (namely '''Sigelwaran, Sigelhearwan''')<ref name=CG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 889-90</ref> as actual biblical names were usually adapted, not translated.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Barangils.html|articlename=Barangils|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref>

Tolkien remarked that the word includes elements not current in Old English and argues from there on that it must be older and preserved at least a name, "if no more, from the vanished native mythology or its borderland of half-mythical geography."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 1", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3), pp. 192</ref> As the initial element '''Sigel''' ’Sun’ comes into question, which is attested in ''[[Beowulf]]'' and has furthermore cognates in other languages, as e.g. the name of the s-rune.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 98</ref> Another candidate is '''sigel''', '''sigle''' describing "a round jewel or golden ornament",<ref name="Gimm">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 104</ref> originating from Latin '''sigillum''', which in its turn refers to "a small image or figure, the impress of a stamp or seal."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 102</ref> Tolkien then suggested that the two words had mutual influence on each other; and he remarks on the usage of ''gimm'' ’precious stone, jewel’ for the sun.<ref name=Gimm/> For the second element '''hearwa''' he discusses several primitive candidates all having to do with the colour ’black’, so that the name may mean something akin to ’those who were made black by the sun’.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 109</ref> As he concluded, "such guesswork is naturally inconclusive [...] giving insight into English and northern tradition and imagination."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 111</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Films===
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Haradrim appear briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' when Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] witness a raid on one of their columns by [[Faramir|Faramir's]] rangers. They are featured more prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', in which the battle between the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] is a major action sequence. While the ''[[The Return of the King|book]]'' depicts the Southron army as primarily cavalry armed with scimitars, we see no horsemen in the movie: the Haradrim fight almost exclusively from platforms mounted on the backs of their monstrous [[Oliphaunts]]. They have also adorned the animals' tusks with spikes and shafts that crush and impale numerous enemy horsemen. The costumes of the Haradrim in the movie are Middle Eastern in style and dark brown or black in colour, while a companion book, ''Lord of the Rings: Creatures'', stated that the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens.<ref>{{webcite|author=HarperCollins|articleurl=https://archive.org/details/lordofringstwoto00braw/mode/2up|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Two Towers - Creatures|dated=6 November 2002|website=[[HarperCollins]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Ringwraith of Harad, also known as the Dark Headsman was a [[Nazgûl]] who was revived by [[Sauron]] and summoned to [[Dol Guldur]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Weta Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.wetanz.com/shop/miniature-guns-props/helm-of-the-ringwraith-of-harad|articlename=HELM OF THE RINGWRAITH OF HARAD|dated=6 November 2012|website=[[Weta Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> He was once a King of the Haradrim that was given a [[Ring of Power]] by Sauron the deceiver and was corrupted to serve him. The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. Later, Gandalf, following [[Galadriel]]'s advice, visits the High Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed [[Sauron]]. In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven back to [[Mordor]] by Galadriel and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], his master also eventually following suit.

===Radio series===
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Éowyn|Dernhelm]] warns [[Théoden]] of the coming of the chieftain. He kills the chieftain, but is killed by the [[Witch-king]] almost immediately after.

===Video games===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]:'''
:The Haradrim appeared and are known as the 'Haradrim Slayers'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Eressior|articleurl=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/14/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162|articlename=Perfect Walkthrough|dated=14 June 2011|website=IGN|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2006: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]:'''
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys. The Corsairs are from the Mordor faction, and are equipped with knives and fire-bombs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games and Grub Editors|articleurl=http://gamesandgrub.blogspot.com/2011/04/battle-for-middle-earth-2-good-campaign_1.html|articlename=Battle for Middle Earth 2 - Good Campaign - Mission 7 - Erebor|dated=1 April 2011|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2007: [[The Lord of the Rings Online]]:'''
:The Nazgûl appear throughout the game, and three are Haradrim: 'The Grim Southron', 'The High Sorcerer of Harad', and 'The Forsaken Reaver'. The Corsairs were led by four brothers who falsely call themselves the Heirs of Castamir. These were Azruthor, Dolgimil, Azgarzôr, and the eldest Balakhôr the Scourge. The player negotiated with a Corsair named Jajax, who ended up siding with the player against the Heirs and their followers.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''
:Suladân is an antagonist who, before his fall, was a noble Númenóreans King who ruled the nation of Harad during the Second Age. During his rule, he sought to go up against Sauron where he led an army of Númenórean soldiers to lay siege on the Dark Lord's fortress in Mordor. Before he sought to engage him, he was surprised that the Dark Lord surrendered and offered a Ring of Power to him. The temptation was too great, and Suladân eventually moved Sauron from the position of enemy to advisor. As Suladân's power grew, so did Sauron's influence over him. He eventually fell completely under the Dark Lord's power to become one of the nine Nazgûl. Additionally, Baranor is a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, originally from Harad, before being adopted by the wealthy Gondorian family.<ref>{{webcite|author=David Smith|articleurl=https://www.theaureview.com/games/games-review-middle-earth-shadow-of-war-the-desolation-of-mordor-xbox-one-2018/|articlename=Games Review: Middle-earth: Shadow of War – The Desolation of Mordor (Xbox One, 2018)|dated=18 May 2018|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

===Other===
'''1982: [[Middle-earth Role Playing]]:'''
:[[Iron Crown Enterprises]] produced a series of books for their tabletop roleplaying game ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'' containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Additionally, Herumor is given an extended history, and Fuinur is revealed as his older brother. Key publications included the setting books ''[[Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs]]'' (1982),<ref>{{webcite|author=Brenda Gates Spielman|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2534|articlename=Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs|dated=16 April 1982|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Far Harad: The Scorched Land]]'' (1988),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2555|articlename=Far Harad: The Scorched Land|dated=16 April 1988|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Forest of Tears]]'' (1990),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2511|articlename=Forest of Tears|dated=16 April 1990|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> as well as the adventure books ''[[Warlords of the Desert]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2505|articlename=Warlords of the Desert|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hazards of the Harad Wood]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=John Crowdis|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2529|articlename=Hazards of the Harad Wood|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Greater Harad]] (1990).<ref>{{webcite|author=William E. Wilson|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2560|articlename=Greater Harad|dated=16 April 1990|website=[RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref>

'''1994: [[The Two Towers MUD]]:'''
:The Haradrim are featured alongside the [[Uruk-hai]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], and [[Variag]].

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]:'''
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys and card sets within the TCG.

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]:'''
:Suladân, the "Serpent Lord", is the name of the chieftain Haradrim leader who King Théoden kills, and its who players often refer to as the "[[Black Serpent]]" after his standard.<ref>{{webcite|author=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small Editors|articleurl=https://tellmeatalegreatorsmall.blogspot.com/2019/09/armies-of-middle-earth-sbg-serpent.html|articlename=Armies of Middle-Earth SBG: The Serpent Horde in the Middle-Earth Strategy Battle Game|dated=25 September 2019|website=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hasharin">{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2020/04/golden-king-of-abrakhan-and-entourage.html|articlename=Golden King of Abrakhan and Entourage|dated=23 April 2020|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Some of the Haradrim are assassins called 'Hasharin', wherein there are characters such as "The Golden King" and "Dalamyr".<ref name=Hasharin/> Additionally, ''Half Trolls'' are "Mahûd men" of Far Harad who were altered to the size and strength of the Olog-hai of Sauron.<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2019/09/for-fathers-day-this-year-i-requested.html|articlename=Far Harad|dated=11 September 2019|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Units include "Half Troll Warband" and "Half Troll of Far Harad".<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2012/02/battle-report-dwarves-vs-haradrim.html|articlename=Battle Report - Dwarves vs Haradrim - Contest of Champions|dated=24 February 2012|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> [[Games Workshop]] had produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad, including for Mûmak, The Golden King of Abrakhân, Half Trolls, Haradrim Warriors and Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/War-Mumak-Of-Harad-2018|articlename=War Mûmak™ Of Harad™|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/The-Golden-King-of-Harad|articlename=The Golden King of Abrakhân|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Half-Trolls|articlename=Half Trolls|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Haradrim-Warriors-2018|articlename=Haradrim™ Warriors|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Corsairs-Of-Umbar-2018|articlename=Corsairs of Umbar™|dated=4 July 2018|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]:'''
:The Haradrim are featured amongst the [[Men of Darkness]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Davenport|articleurl=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/9/9342.phtml|articlename=REVIEW OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS ROLEPLAYING GAME CORE BOOK|dated=16 December 2002|website=RPGnet|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2011: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]:'''
: The Haradrim are featured amongst a variety of sets, including ''The Sands of Harad''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Neil Shuck|articleurl=https://meeples.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/knowing-your-angmar-from-your-erebor-getting-started-with-lord-of-the-rings-the-card-game/|articlename=Knowing your Angmar from your Erebor: Getting started with Lord of the Rin|dated=20 September 2017|website=Meeples and Miniatures Podcast|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

{{references|note}}
== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Haradrim|Images of Haradrim]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Haradrim|Haradrim]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Haradrim]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/haradrim]]
[[fi:Haradrim]]