Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Silmarils

2025-04-24T20:14:19Z

BartekChom: /* The Book of Lost Tales */ <ref name=lt1-5/>; before the arrival of Melko

{{object infobox
| name=Silmarils
| image = LorenzoCB - Silmarils device.png
| caption=Clean redrawn of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Silmarils heraldic device.jpg|heraldic device for the Silmarils]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Mírenel'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), Great Jewels, Three Jewels, Jewels of Fëanor
| location=[[Formenos]], [[Angband]], [[Tol Galen]], [[Doriath]], [[Mouths of Sirion]]
| owner=[[Fëanor]], [[Morgoth]], [[Thingol]], [[Beren]], [[Lúthien]], [[Dior]], [[Elwing]], [[Eärendil]], [[Eönwë]], [[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]]
| type=Three jewels
| appearance=Hard, bright crystals containing the light of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]
| creator=[[Fëanor]]
| created=between {{YT|1449}} & {{YT|1450|n}}
| createdlocation=[[Tirion]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
{{quote|...The thrice-enchanted globes of light that shine until the final night|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto VI|Canto VI]], vv.1642-1643}}
The '''Silmarils''' ([[Quenya]] '''''Silmarilli''''')<ref name="elements" /><ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref> were three gems of immense beauty, created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Aman]] during the [[Years of the Trees]] of the [[First Age]]. Their theft by [[Morgoth]] was the trigger for the following [[War of the Jewels]] narrated in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' ("''The History of the Silmarils''").

==Description==
The shells of the gems were crafted of the hard crystalline substance ''[[silima]]'', which [[Fëanor]] had devised, and they were named after it. In their hearts burned some of the [[Light of Valinor]] from the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. Their exact nature and the manner of their making were known only to Fëanor, and none other succeeded in making gems of comparable greatness and beauty. Varda hallowed the Silmarils so that no mortal or evil hands could touch them without being burned and withered.<ref name="unrest">{{S|7}}</ref>

But the Silmarils were tainted by arrogance and lust by anyone who desired them, starting with Morgoth, then Fëanor. As the [[Oath of Fëanor]] proclaimed, it resulted in evil ends, such as the [[Fall of the Noldor]], the [[Doom of Mandos]], [[Kinslaying (disambiguation)|Kinslayings]] and the destruction of [[Doriath]].

==History==
The Silmarils were created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Valinor]] after the un[[chaining of Melkor]]. According to a legend, Fëanor conceived the idea of capturing the light of the trees from the [[hair of Galadriel]], which shone with gold and silver.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, p. 230</ref> Fëanor gave his heart to their making and could not duplicate them.

Fëanor wore the jewels at festivals and the [[Eldar]] admired them. Melkor coveted their light and soon, corrupted by his lies, Fëanor started to lock them away, and became greedy for them. After Fëanor was exiled to [[Formenos]], the Silmarils were stored in a chamber of iron.<ref name="unrest" />

Together with [[Ungoliant]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] destroyed the Two Trees. The Silmarils now contained all that remained of the light of the Trees. The [[Valar]] entreated Fëanor to give up the Silmarils so they could restore the Trees, but he refused.

===Theft by Morgoth===
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Throne of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|left|''Throne of Morgoth'' by [[Felix Sotomayor]]]]
Then news arrived that Melkor had killed Fëanor's father [[Finwë]], the [[King of the Noldor]], and stolen all the gems. He and Ungoliant fled to the northlands of [[Middle-earth]], where his ancient [[Utumno|fortresses]] were, but they quarrelled as the spider had devoured all the gems, and wanted also the Silmarils, something that Melkor, now named ''[[Morgoth]]'' by Fëanor, would not allow, even though their holy light burnt his hands and ceaselessly tormented him. The Silmarils were set on his [[Iron Crown]].

Fëanor was furious at Morgoth and at the Valar, who he believed desired to take the gems for their own purposes. Then he and his [[Sons of Fëanor|Sons]] swore a terrible [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]]: that they would not rest until the Silmarils were recovered, slaying anyone who stood in their way. Fëanor led the Noldor back to Middle-earth and a centenary war began against Morgoth in [[Beleriand]], called the [[War of the Jewels]]. But their battles led to no end of grief for the Elves and eventually for the [[Men]] of Middle-earth.

The [[Sindar]]in King [[Thingol]] learned of the Silmarils from the Noldor. Wishing to dispose of [[Beren]], he gave him the apparently impossible task to [[Quest for the Silmaril|fetch one]] for the hand of his daughter, [[Lúthien]]. Impelled by his love for her, Beren reached [[Angband]] through great peril and loss and, with the aid of Lúthien, recovered one from Morgoth's crown, only for the gem to be swallowed by the [[Werewolves|werewolf]] [[Carcharoth]]. The hallowed light tormented the evil Carcharoth, until he was [[Hunting of the Wolf|slain]] in [[Forest of Neldoreth|Neldoreth]]. The Silmaril thus was delivered to Thingol, fulfilling Beren's Quest.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[File:Jef Murray - Earendil.jpg|thumb|right|''Earendil'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm.jpg|thumb|''Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea.jpg|thumb|''Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Instead of giving it to the [[Sons of Fëanor]], Thingol had the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] store the gem inside the dwarven pendant [[Nauglamír]]. However, the dwarves also coveted the jewel and killed Thingol. Doriath was [[battle in the Thousand Caves|ruined]] by the Dwarves. The Nauglamír was recovered from the dwarves by Beren at the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]], and he gave it to Lúthien, who wore it until her second death, becoming the fairest vision east of the Sea. It was said that their second death came early, because their combined beauty was too bright for mortal lands.

===Doom of the Noldor===
After Lúthien's death, a Lord of the [[Laiquendi]] brought the Nauglamír back to [[Doriath]], and her son [[Dior]] wore it. News of the Silmaril came to the sons of Fëanor, who, stirred by their Oath, came to Doriath and resolved to [[Second Kinslaying|battle]], during which three of the brothers were killed, and [[Menegroth]] was ruined. However, the Nauglamír was rescued by [[Elwing]] and Sindarin survivors who fled to the [[Havens of Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

Years passed and the Silmaril came to the hands of Elwing's husband, [[Eärendil]], the lord of the Havens of Sirion. His people considered the Silmaril to be a blessing for their houses and ships. But the remaining sons of Fëanor still pursued the Silmaril, and when they learned where Elwing had escaped to, they sent word demanding the jewel while Eärendil was away on one of his voyages. But the people of Sirion refused to surrender the Silmaril, considering it a rightful prize of Beren and Lúthien. Therefore the sons of Fëanor resolved to make [[Third Kinslaying|another assault]], but Elwing escaped with the Silmaril once again, casting herself into the sea and reaching Eärendil with the help of [[Ulmo]]. The light of the Silmaril guided Eärendil through the [[Shadowy Seas]] and he found his way to Valinor. The Valar then set this Silmaril as a [[Star of Eärendil|star]] in the sky, bound on Eärendil's brow as he sailed through the sky in his [[Vingilot|hallowed ship]].<ref name="war">{{S|Earendil}}</ref>

The other two Silmarils had remained in Morgoth's hands, until they were taken from him at the end of the [[War of Wrath]] and given to [[Eönwë]] for safekeeping. However, soon afterwards, they were stolen by Fëanor's two surviving sons, [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]]. Because of the crimes they had committed in order to reclaim the jewels, they were now unworthy of them, and the Silmarils burned their hands in refusal of their rights of possession. In agony, Maedhros threw himself and his Silmaril into a fiery pit, and Maglor threw his into the sea.<ref name="war" />

Thus the Silmarils remain in all three elements of Arda - in the sky, soil and water - fulfilling the prophecy made by [[Mandos]] shortly after the making of the gems.<ref name="unrest" />

It is said that Fëanor will return for the [[Dagor Dagorath]]. Following Melkor's final return and ultimate defeat, the World [[Arda Healed|will be changed]] and the Silmarils recovered. Fëanor will break his jewels and with their fire [[Yavanna]] will revive the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. The [[Pelóri|Pelóri Mountains]] will be flattened and the light of the Two Trees will fill Arda again in a new age of Eternal Bliss.<ref>{{WJ|Last}}, p. 247</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is said to contain ''[[silima]]'', the substance they were made from, as well as an element from brightness, ''ril''.<ref name="elements">{{S|Elements}}, entry ''sil-''</ref>

They mean "radiance of pure light".<ref>{{L|148}}, p. 148</ref> It might contain the ending ''rillë'' ("brilliance").<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 11</ref>

The proper [[Quenya]] plural form is ''Silmarilli'', "Silmarils" being an Anglicised name.

==Other names==
In linguistic notes from late 1969 Tolkien said the Silmarils were sometimes called the '''''Mírenel,''''' or 'jewel triad' (meaning literally 'three gems')''.''<ref>{{PE|23}}, pp. 142</ref>

Another early Quenya name for a Silmaril was '''''Ilumírë'''''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "IL"</ref>

In ''[[The Etymologies]]'' appears the [[Noldorin]] name '''''Silevril''''' as the cognate for [[Quenya]] ''Silmaril''.<ref name="Ety">{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[RIL]]", "[[SIL]]"</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have retained the Noldorin form in [[Sindarin]], since the name ''Pennas Silevril'' (apparently the Sindarin translation of Quenya ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'')<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin, the Noble Tongue: Sindarin Plural Patterns] at [[Ardalambion]] (accessed 10 July 2011)</ref> is used in later manuscripts.<ref>{{MR|P3II1}}, p. 200</ref>

Other Noldorin names from ''The Etymologies'' are ''Golodhvir'' meaning "Noldo-jewel(s)" (cf. ''[[Golodh]]'' meaning "Noldo") and ''Mirion'' pl. ''Miruin'' meaning "Great jewel/s".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[MIR]]"</ref>

In [[Aelfwine]]'s [[Old English]] translations, the name ''Silmaril'' is rendered phonetically as ''Sigelmaerels''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]] it is composed of OE ''sigel'' ("sun, jewel") ''maerels'' ("rope"), actually referring to the Nauglamir.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
The Silmarils appear since the earliest version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. Although they do not have the same importance as in later versions, their making is described there in more detail:

{{blockquote|Then arose Fëanor of the [[Noldoli]] and fared to the [[Solosimpi]] and begged a great pearl, and he got moreover an urn full of the most luminous phosphor-light gathered of foam in dark places, and with these he came home, and he took all the other gems and did gather their glint by the light of white lamps and silver candles, and he took the sheen of pearls and the faint half-colours of opals, and he [?bathed] them in phosphorescence and the radiant dew of [[Silpion]], and but a single tiny drop of the light of [[Laurelin]] did he let fall therein, and giving all those magic lights a body to dwell in of such perfect glass as he alone could make nor even Aulë compass, so great was the slender dexterity of the fingers of Fëanor, he made a jewel — and it shone of its own [?wizardous] radiance in the uttermost dark; and he set it therein and sat a very long while and gazed at its beauty.}}

Fëanor made two more jewels, and called them '''''Silmarilli''''', or '''''Silubrilthin''''' in the [[Gnomish|language of the Noldoli]]. Of all the many jewels made by the Noldoli, and of all the pearls of the Solosimpi, the jewels of Fëanor were held as the most beautiful.<ref name=lt1-5>{{LT1|V}}, p. 128</ref> Their relation with pearls can be seen in their etymology: [[Qenya]] ''Silmaril'' came from ''Sil'' ("[[Moon]]") + ''[[marilla]]'' ("pearl"); while [[Gnomish]] ''Silubrilt'' came from ''Sil'' + ''[[brithla]]'' ("pearl").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entries "Sil", "Silmarilli"</ref> One can note that, while the jewels had been made by the Noldoli<ref name=lt1-5/>, the beginning (before the arrival of Melko) of clams with pearls (as opposed to many other animals) remains a mystery.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

After the Noldoli were banished from [[Kôr]] to [[Sirnúmen]], the Silmarils were put in an ivory casket, and guarded among the many jewels. Later [[Melko]] stole all the treasures of the Noldoli, including the Silmarils.<ref>{{LT1|VI}}, pp. 114-145</ref>

==See also==
*[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
*[[Nauglamír]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Heirlooms]]
[[Category:Rings and jewels]]
[[de:Silmaril]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/silmarils]]
[[fi:Silmarilit]]

User talk:Mith

2025-04-21T06:36:12Z

BartekChom: /* Clams in The Chaining of Melko */

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021|2022|2023|2024}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>

== Clams in [[The Chaining of Melko]] ==

Happy Easter! I am sorry that I harass you: You moved my message to archive, but I would still like to add back the information that clams with pearls had existed since the very beginning of the world. [https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Chaining_of_Melko&diff=prev&oldid=319235] I still feel that it is an important detail adding context to the creation of Silmarils. May I write this? How and where? [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 18:02, 20 April 2025 (UTC) [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 18:02, 20 April 2025 (UTC)

:It is a random piece of trivia that doesn't link to the rest of the paragraph or the entire article about the Chaining of Melko. If you can make it relevant to the article then add it in.
:In future if you want to discuss an individual article you should do it on that article's talk page, rather than on a user page. As such, I won't be responding to further messages here about that article. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 18:34, 20 April 2025 (UTC)
:: OK, I am sorry, thank you. [https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Silmarils&diff=420234&oldid=419833 Relevant as context for the creation of Silmarils] - I hope. Well, in this situation I felt that I found a way to put this information where it is relevant, I am just reporting it, so you can revert it. Optimistically looking, there is no need to continue discussions, if there is a need, I have to use the article talk. To be honest, it seems that I have to hope that my edit in the article is better than this answer - I am sorry. [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 21:23, 20 April 2025 (UTC)

:::If it is context for the creation of the Silmarils why are you putting it in an article about the Chaining of Melko which makes no other reference to the Silmarils? This is exactly my point. The information is not relevant to the rest of the article. It is just a fragmentary factoid.
:::You are just further convincing me this information does not belong in this article. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 04:10, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
:::: OK, I am sorry that my explanation is unclear. Now the information is in [[Silmarils#The Book of Lost Tales]]. (Actually earlier I was putting the synopsis of a chapter in the article about the chapter.) [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 06:36, 21 April 2025 (UTC)

User talk:Mith

2025-04-20T21:26:52Z

BartekChom: /* Clams in The Chaining of Melko */ https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Silmarils&diff=420234&oldid=419833

Silmarils

2025-04-20T21:25:30Z

BartekChom: mYstery

{{object infobox
| name=Silmarils
| image = LorenzoCB - Silmarils device.png
| caption=Clean redrawn of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Silmarils heraldic device.jpg|heraldic device for the Silmarils]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Mírenel'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), Great Jewels, Three Jewels, Jewels of Fëanor
| location=[[Formenos]], [[Angband]], [[Tol Galen]], [[Doriath]], [[Mouths of Sirion]]
| owner=[[Fëanor]], [[Morgoth]], [[Thingol]], [[Beren]], [[Lúthien]], [[Dior]], [[Elwing]], [[Eärendil]], [[Eönwë]], [[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]]
| type=Three jewels
| appearance=Hard, bright crystals containing the light of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]
| creator=[[Fëanor]]
| created=between {{YT|1449}} & {{YT|1450|n}}
| createdlocation=[[Tirion]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
{{quote|...The thrice-enchanted globes of light that shine until the final night|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto VI|Canto VI]], vv.1642-1643}}
The '''Silmarils''' ([[Quenya]] '''''Silmarilli''''')<ref name="elements" /><ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref> were three gems of immense beauty, created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Aman]] during the [[Years of the Trees]] of the [[First Age]]. Their theft by [[Morgoth]] was the trigger for the following [[War of the Jewels]] narrated in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' ("''The History of the Silmarils''").

==Description==
The shells of the gems were crafted of the hard crystalline substance ''[[silima]]'', which [[Fëanor]] had devised, and they were named after it. In their hearts burned some of the [[Light of Valinor]] from the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. Their exact nature and the manner of their making were known only to Fëanor, and none other succeeded in making gems of comparable greatness and beauty. Varda hallowed the Silmarils so that no mortal or evil hands could touch them without being burned and withered.<ref name="unrest">{{S|7}}</ref>

But the Silmarils were tainted by arrogance and lust by anyone who desired them, starting with Morgoth, then Fëanor. As the [[Oath of Fëanor]] proclaimed, it resulted in evil ends, such as the [[Fall of the Noldor]], the [[Doom of Mandos]], [[Kinslaying (disambiguation)|Kinslayings]] and the destruction of [[Doriath]].

==History==
The Silmarils were created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Valinor]] after the un[[chaining of Melkor]]. According to a legend, Fëanor conceived the idea of capturing the light of the trees from the [[hair of Galadriel]], which shone with gold and silver.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, p. 230</ref> Fëanor gave his heart to their making and could not duplicate them.

Fëanor wore the jewels at festivals and the [[Eldar]] admired them. Melkor coveted their light and soon, corrupted by his lies, Fëanor started to lock them away, and became greedy for them. After Fëanor was exiled to [[Formenos]], the Silmarils were stored in a chamber of iron.<ref name="unrest" />

Together with [[Ungoliant]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] destroyed the Two Trees. The Silmarils now contained all that remained of the light of the Trees. The [[Valar]] entreated Fëanor to give up the Silmarils so they could restore the Trees, but he refused.

===Theft by Morgoth===
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Throne of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|left|''Throne of Morgoth'' by [[Felix Sotomayor]]]]
Then news arrived that Melkor had killed Fëanor's father [[Finwë]], the [[King of the Noldor]], and stolen all the gems. He and Ungoliant fled to the northlands of [[Middle-earth]], where his ancient [[Utumno|fortresses]] were, but they quarrelled as the spider had devoured all the gems, and wanted also the Silmarils, something that Melkor, now named ''[[Morgoth]]'' by Fëanor, would not allow, even though their holy light burnt his hands and ceaselessly tormented him. The Silmarils were set on his [[Iron Crown]].

Fëanor was furious at Morgoth and at the Valar, who he believed desired to take the gems for their own purposes. Then he and his [[Sons of Fëanor|Sons]] swore a terrible [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]]: that they would not rest until the Silmarils were recovered, slaying anyone who stood in their way. Fëanor led the Noldor back to Middle-earth and a centenary war began against Morgoth in [[Beleriand]], called the [[War of the Jewels]]. But their battles led to no end of grief for the Elves and eventually for the [[Men]] of Middle-earth.

The [[Sindar]]in King [[Thingol]] learned of the Silmarils from the Noldor. Wishing to dispose of [[Beren]], he gave him the apparently impossible task to [[Quest for the Silmaril|fetch one]] for the hand of his daughter, [[Lúthien]]. Impelled by his love for her, Beren reached [[Angband]] through great peril and loss and, with the aid of Lúthien, recovered one from Morgoth's crown, only for the gem to be swallowed by the [[Werewolves|werewolf]] [[Carcharoth]]. The hallowed light tormented the evil Carcharoth, until he was [[Hunting of the Wolf|slain]] in [[Forest of Neldoreth|Neldoreth]]. The Silmaril thus was delivered to Thingol, fulfilling Beren's Quest.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[File:Jef Murray - Earendil.jpg|thumb|right|''Earendil'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm.jpg|thumb|''Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea.jpg|thumb|''Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Instead of giving it to the [[Sons of Fëanor]], Thingol had the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] store the gem inside the dwarven pendant [[Nauglamír]]. However, the dwarves also coveted the jewel and killed Thingol. Doriath was [[battle in the Thousand Caves|ruined]] by the Dwarves. The Nauglamír was recovered from the dwarves by Beren at the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]], and he gave it to Lúthien, who wore it until her second death, becoming the fairest vision east of the Sea. It was said that their second death came early, because their combined beauty was too bright for mortal lands.

===Doom of the Noldor===
After Lúthien's death, a Lord of the [[Laiquendi]] brought the Nauglamír back to [[Doriath]], and her son [[Dior]] wore it. News of the Silmaril came to the sons of Fëanor, who, stirred by their Oath, came to Doriath and resolved to [[Second Kinslaying|battle]], during which three of the brothers were killed, and [[Menegroth]] was ruined. However, the Nauglamír was rescued by [[Elwing]] and Sindarin survivors who fled to the [[Havens of Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

Years passed and the Silmaril came to the hands of Elwing's husband, [[Eärendil]], the lord of the Havens of Sirion. His people considered the Silmaril to be a blessing for their houses and ships. But the remaining sons of Fëanor still pursued the Silmaril, and when they learned where Elwing had escaped to, they sent word demanding the jewel while Eärendil was away on one of his voyages. But the people of Sirion refused to surrender the Silmaril, considering it a rightful prize of Beren and Lúthien. Therefore the sons of Fëanor resolved to make [[Third Kinslaying|another assault]], but Elwing escaped with the Silmaril once again, casting herself into the sea and reaching Eärendil with the help of [[Ulmo]]. The light of the Silmaril guided Eärendil through the [[Shadowy Seas]] and he found his way to Valinor. The Valar then set this Silmaril as a [[Star of Eärendil|star]] in the sky, bound on Eärendil's brow as he sailed through the sky in his [[Vingilot|hallowed ship]].<ref name="war">{{S|Earendil}}</ref>

The other two Silmarils had remained in Morgoth's hands, until they were taken from him at the end of the [[War of Wrath]] and given to [[Eönwë]] for safekeeping. However, soon afterwards, they were stolen by Fëanor's two surviving sons, [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]]. Because of the crimes they had committed in order to reclaim the jewels, they were now unworthy of them, and the Silmarils burned their hands in refusal of their rights of possession. In agony, Maedhros threw himself and his Silmaril into a fiery pit, and Maglor threw his into the sea.<ref name="war" />

Thus the Silmarils remain in all three elements of Arda - in the sky, soil and water - fulfilling the prophecy made by [[Mandos]] shortly after the making of the gems.<ref name="unrest" />

It is said that Fëanor will return for the [[Dagor Dagorath]]. Following Melkor's final return and ultimate defeat, the World [[Arda Healed|will be changed]] and the Silmarils recovered. Fëanor will break his jewels and with their fire [[Yavanna]] will revive the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. The [[Pelóri|Pelóri Mountains]] will be flattened and the light of the Two Trees will fill Arda again in a new age of Eternal Bliss.<ref>{{WJ|Last}}, p. 247</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is said to contain ''[[silima]]'', the substance they were made from, as well as an element from brightness, ''ril''.<ref name="elements">{{S|Elements}}, entry ''sil-''</ref>

They mean "radiance of pure light".<ref>{{L|148}}, p. 148</ref> It might contain the ending ''rillë'' ("brilliance").<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 11</ref>

The proper [[Quenya]] plural form is ''Silmarilli'', "Silmarils" being an Anglicised name.

==Other names==
In linguistic notes from late 1969 Tolkien said the Silmarils were sometimes called the '''''Mírenel,''''' or 'jewel triad' (meaning literally 'three gems')''.''<ref>{{PE|23}}, pp. 142</ref>

Another early Quenya name for a Silmaril was '''''Ilumírë'''''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "IL"</ref>

In ''[[The Etymologies]]'' appears the [[Noldorin]] name '''''Silevril''''' as the cognate for [[Quenya]] ''Silmaril''.<ref name="Ety">{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[RIL]]", "[[SIL]]"</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have retained the Noldorin form in [[Sindarin]], since the name ''Pennas Silevril'' (apparently the Sindarin translation of Quenya ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'')<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin, the Noble Tongue: Sindarin Plural Patterns] at [[Ardalambion]] (accessed 10 July 2011)</ref> is used in later manuscripts.<ref>{{MR|P3II1}}, p. 200</ref>

Other Noldorin names from ''The Etymologies'' are ''Golodhvir'' meaning "Noldo-jewel(s)" (cf. ''[[Golodh]]'' meaning "Noldo") and ''Mirion'' pl. ''Miruin'' meaning "Great jewel/s".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[MIR]]"</ref>

In [[Aelfwine]]'s [[Old English]] translations, the name ''Silmaril'' is rendered phonetically as ''Sigelmaerels''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]] it is composed of OE ''sigel'' ("sun, jewel") ''maerels'' ("rope"), actually referring to the Nauglamir.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
The Silmarils appear since the earliest version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. Although they do not have the same importance as in later versions, their making is described there in more detail:

{{blockquote|Then arose Fëanor of the [[Noldoli]] and fared to the [[Solosimpi]] and begged a great pearl, and he got moreover an urn full of the most luminous phosphor-light gathered of foam in dark places, and with these he came home, and he took all the other gems and did gather their glint by the light of white lamps and silver candles, and he took the sheen of pearls and the faint half-colours of opals, and he [?bathed] them in phosphorescence and the radiant dew of [[Silpion]], and but a single tiny drop of the light of [[Laurelin]] did he let fall therein, and giving all those magic lights a body to dwell in of such perfect glass as he alone could make nor even Aulë compass, so great was the slender dexterity of the fingers of Fëanor, he made a jewel — and it shone of its own [?wizardous] radiance in the uttermost dark; and he set it therein and sat a very long while and gazed at its beauty.}}

Fëanor made two more jewels, and called them '''''Silmarilli''''', or '''''Silubrilthin''''' in the [[Gnomish|language of the Noldoli]]. Of all the many jewels made by the Noldoli, and of all the pearls of the Solosimpi, the jewels of Fëanor were held as the most beautiful.<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 128</ref> Their relation with pearls can be seen in their etymology: [[Qenya]] ''Silmaril'' came from ''Sil'' ("[[Moon]]") + ''[[marilla]]'' ("pearl"); while [[Gnomish]] ''Silubrilt'' came from ''Sil'' + ''[[brithla]]'' ("pearl").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entries "Sil", "Silmarilli"</ref> One can note that, while the jewels had been made by the Noldoli, the beginning of clams with pearls (as opposed to many other animals) remains a mystery.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

After the Noldoli were banished from [[Kôr]] to [[Sirnúmen]], the Silmarils were put in an ivory casket, and guarded among the many jewels. Later [[Melko]] stole all the treasures of the Noldoli, including the Silmarils.<ref>{{LT1|VI}}, pp. 114-145</ref>

==See also==
*[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
*[[Nauglamír]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Heirlooms]]
[[Category:Rings and jewels]]
[[de:Silmaril]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/silmarils]]
[[fi:Silmarilit]]

User talk:Mith

2025-04-20T21:23:59Z

BartekChom: /* Clams in The Chaining of Melko */

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021|2022|2023|2024}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>

== Clams in [[The Chaining of Melko]] ==

Happy Easter! I am sorry that I harass you: You moved my message to archive, but I would still like to add back the information that clams with pearls had existed since the very beginning of the world. [https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Chaining_of_Melko&diff=prev&oldid=319235] I still feel that it is an important detail adding context to the creation of Silmarils. May I write this? How and where? [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 18:02, 20 April 2025 (UTC) [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 18:02, 20 April 2025 (UTC)

:It is a random piece of trivia that doesn't link to the rest of the paragraph or the entire article about the Chaining of Melko. If you can make it relevant to the article then add it in.
:In future if you want to discuss an individual article you should do it on that article's talk page, rather than on a user page. As such, I won't be responding to further messages here about that article. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 18:34, 20 April 2025 (UTC)
:: OK, I am sorry, thank you. [https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Silmarils&diff=420232&oldid=419833 Relevant as context for the creation of Silmarils] - I hope. Well, in this situation I felt that I found a way to put this information where it is relevant, I am just reporting it, so you can revert it. Optimistically looking, there is no need to continue discussions, if there is a need, I have to use the article talk. To be honest, it seems that I have to hope that my edit in the article is better than this answer - I am sorry. [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 21:23, 20 April 2025 (UTC)

Silmarils

2025-04-20T21:02:04Z

BartekChom: /* The Book of Lost Tales */ pearls are old

{{object infobox
| name=Silmarils
| image = LorenzoCB - Silmarils device.png
| caption=Clean redrawn of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Silmarils heraldic device.jpg|heraldic device for the Silmarils]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Mírenel'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), Great Jewels, Three Jewels, Jewels of Fëanor
| location=[[Formenos]], [[Angband]], [[Tol Galen]], [[Doriath]], [[Mouths of Sirion]]
| owner=[[Fëanor]], [[Morgoth]], [[Thingol]], [[Beren]], [[Lúthien]], [[Dior]], [[Elwing]], [[Eärendil]], [[Eönwë]], [[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]]
| type=Three jewels
| appearance=Hard, bright crystals containing the light of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]
| creator=[[Fëanor]]
| created=between {{YT|1449}} & {{YT|1450|n}}
| createdlocation=[[Tirion]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
{{quote|...The thrice-enchanted globes of light that shine until the final night|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto VI|Canto VI]], vv.1642-1643}}
The '''Silmarils''' ([[Quenya]] '''''Silmarilli''''')<ref name="elements" /><ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref> were three gems of immense beauty, created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Aman]] during the [[Years of the Trees]] of the [[First Age]]. Their theft by [[Morgoth]] was the trigger for the following [[War of the Jewels]] narrated in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' ("''The History of the Silmarils''").

==Description==
The shells of the gems were crafted of the hard crystalline substance ''[[silima]]'', which [[Fëanor]] had devised, and they were named after it. In their hearts burned some of the [[Light of Valinor]] from the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. Their exact nature and the manner of their making were known only to Fëanor, and none other succeeded in making gems of comparable greatness and beauty. Varda hallowed the Silmarils so that no mortal or evil hands could touch them without being burned and withered.<ref name="unrest">{{S|7}}</ref>

But the Silmarils were tainted by arrogance and lust by anyone who desired them, starting with Morgoth, then Fëanor. As the [[Oath of Fëanor]] proclaimed, it resulted in evil ends, such as the [[Fall of the Noldor]], the [[Doom of Mandos]], [[Kinslaying (disambiguation)|Kinslayings]] and the destruction of [[Doriath]].

==History==
The Silmarils were created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Valinor]] after the un[[chaining of Melkor]]. According to a legend, Fëanor conceived the idea of capturing the light of the trees from the [[hair of Galadriel]], which shone with gold and silver.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, p. 230</ref> Fëanor gave his heart to their making and could not duplicate them.

Fëanor wore the jewels at festivals and the [[Eldar]] admired them. Melkor coveted their light and soon, corrupted by his lies, Fëanor started to lock them away, and became greedy for them. After Fëanor was exiled to [[Formenos]], the Silmarils were stored in a chamber of iron.<ref name="unrest" />

Together with [[Ungoliant]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] destroyed the Two Trees. The Silmarils now contained all that remained of the light of the Trees. The [[Valar]] entreated Fëanor to give up the Silmarils so they could restore the Trees, but he refused.

===Theft by Morgoth===
[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Throne of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|left|''Throne of Morgoth'' by [[Felix Sotomayor]]]]
Then news arrived that Melkor had killed Fëanor's father [[Finwë]], the [[King of the Noldor]], and stolen all the gems. He and Ungoliant fled to the northlands of [[Middle-earth]], where his ancient [[Utumno|fortresses]] were, but they quarrelled as the spider had devoured all the gems, and wanted also the Silmarils, something that Melkor, now named ''[[Morgoth]]'' by Fëanor, would not allow, even though their holy light burnt his hands and ceaselessly tormented him. The Silmarils were set on his [[Iron Crown]].

Fëanor was furious at Morgoth and at the Valar, who he believed desired to take the gems for their own purposes. Then he and his [[Sons of Fëanor|Sons]] swore a terrible [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]]: that they would not rest until the Silmarils were recovered, slaying anyone who stood in their way. Fëanor led the Noldor back to Middle-earth and a centenary war began against Morgoth in [[Beleriand]], called the [[War of the Jewels]]. But their battles led to no end of grief for the Elves and eventually for the [[Men]] of Middle-earth.

The [[Sindar]]in King [[Thingol]] learned of the Silmarils from the Noldor. Wishing to dispose of [[Beren]], he gave him the apparently impossible task to [[Quest for the Silmaril|fetch one]] for the hand of his daughter, [[Lúthien]]. Impelled by his love for her, Beren reached [[Angband]] through great peril and loss and, with the aid of Lúthien, recovered one from Morgoth's crown, only for the gem to be swallowed by the [[Werewolves|werewolf]] [[Carcharoth]]. The hallowed light tormented the evil Carcharoth, until he was [[Hunting of the Wolf|slain]] in [[Forest of Neldoreth|Neldoreth]]. The Silmaril thus was delivered to Thingol, fulfilling Beren's Quest.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[File:Jef Murray - Earendil.jpg|thumb|right|''Earendil'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm.jpg|thumb|''Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea.jpg|thumb|''Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Instead of giving it to the [[Sons of Fëanor]], Thingol had the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] store the gem inside the dwarven pendant [[Nauglamír]]. However, the dwarves also coveted the jewel and killed Thingol. Doriath was [[battle in the Thousand Caves|ruined]] by the Dwarves. The Nauglamír was recovered from the dwarves by Beren at the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]], and he gave it to Lúthien, who wore it until her second death, becoming the fairest vision east of the Sea. It was said that their second death came early, because their combined beauty was too bright for mortal lands.

===Doom of the Noldor===
After Lúthien's death, a Lord of the [[Laiquendi]] brought the Nauglamír back to [[Doriath]], and her son [[Dior]] wore it. News of the Silmaril came to the sons of Fëanor, who, stirred by their Oath, came to Doriath and resolved to [[Second Kinslaying|battle]], during which three of the brothers were killed, and [[Menegroth]] was ruined. However, the Nauglamír was rescued by [[Elwing]] and Sindarin survivors who fled to the [[Havens of Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

Years passed and the Silmaril came to the hands of Elwing's husband, [[Eärendil]], the lord of the Havens of Sirion. His people considered the Silmaril to be a blessing for their houses and ships. But the remaining sons of Fëanor still pursued the Silmaril, and when they learned where Elwing had escaped to, they sent word demanding the jewel while Eärendil was away on one of his voyages. But the people of Sirion refused to surrender the Silmaril, considering it a rightful prize of Beren and Lúthien. Therefore the sons of Fëanor resolved to make [[Third Kinslaying|another assault]], but Elwing escaped with the Silmaril once again, casting herself into the sea and reaching Eärendil with the help of [[Ulmo]]. The light of the Silmaril guided Eärendil through the [[Shadowy Seas]] and he found his way to Valinor. The Valar then set this Silmaril as a [[Star of Eärendil|star]] in the sky, bound on Eärendil's brow as he sailed through the sky in his [[Vingilot|hallowed ship]].<ref name="war">{{S|Earendil}}</ref>

The other two Silmarils had remained in Morgoth's hands, until they were taken from him at the end of the [[War of Wrath]] and given to [[Eönwë]] for safekeeping. However, soon afterwards, they were stolen by Fëanor's two surviving sons, [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]]. Because of the crimes they had committed in order to reclaim the jewels, they were now unworthy of them, and the Silmarils burned their hands in refusal of their rights of possession. In agony, Maedhros threw himself and his Silmaril into a fiery pit, and Maglor threw his into the sea.<ref name="war" />

Thus the Silmarils remain in all three elements of Arda - in the sky, soil and water - fulfilling the prophecy made by [[Mandos]] shortly after the making of the gems.<ref name="unrest" />

It is said that Fëanor will return for the [[Dagor Dagorath]]. Following Melkor's final return and ultimate defeat, the World [[Arda Healed|will be changed]] and the Silmarils recovered. Fëanor will break his jewels and with their fire [[Yavanna]] will revive the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. The [[Pelóri|Pelóri Mountains]] will be flattened and the light of the Two Trees will fill Arda again in a new age of Eternal Bliss.<ref>{{WJ|Last}}, p. 247</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is said to contain ''[[silima]]'', the substance they were made from, as well as an element from brightness, ''ril''.<ref name="elements">{{S|Elements}}, entry ''sil-''</ref>

They mean "radiance of pure light".<ref>{{L|148}}, p. 148</ref> It might contain the ending ''rillë'' ("brilliance").<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 11</ref>

The proper [[Quenya]] plural form is ''Silmarilli'', "Silmarils" being an Anglicised name.

==Other names==
In linguistic notes from late 1969 Tolkien said the Silmarils were sometimes called the '''''Mírenel,''''' or 'jewel triad' (meaning literally 'three gems')''.''<ref>{{PE|23}}, pp. 142</ref>

Another early Quenya name for a Silmaril was '''''Ilumírë'''''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "IL"</ref>

In ''[[The Etymologies]]'' appears the [[Noldorin]] name '''''Silevril''''' as the cognate for [[Quenya]] ''Silmaril''.<ref name="Ety">{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[RIL]]", "[[SIL]]"</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have retained the Noldorin form in [[Sindarin]], since the name ''Pennas Silevril'' (apparently the Sindarin translation of Quenya ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'')<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin, the Noble Tongue: Sindarin Plural Patterns] at [[Ardalambion]] (accessed 10 July 2011)</ref> is used in later manuscripts.<ref>{{MR|P3II1}}, p. 200</ref>

Other Noldorin names from ''The Etymologies'' are ''Golodhvir'' meaning "Noldo-jewel(s)" (cf. ''[[Golodh]]'' meaning "Noldo") and ''Mirion'' pl. ''Miruin'' meaning "Great jewel/s".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[MIR]]"</ref>

In [[Aelfwine]]'s [[Old English]] translations, the name ''Silmaril'' is rendered phonetically as ''Sigelmaerels''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]] it is composed of OE ''sigel'' ("sun, jewel") ''maerels'' ("rope"), actually referring to the Nauglamir.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
The Silmarils appear since the earliest version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. Although they do not have the same importance as in later versions, their making is described there in more detail:

{{blockquote|Then arose Fëanor of the [[Noldoli]] and fared to the [[Solosimpi]] and begged a great pearl, and he got moreover an urn full of the most luminous phosphor-light gathered of foam in dark places, and with these he came home, and he took all the other gems and did gather their glint by the light of white lamps and silver candles, and he took the sheen of pearls and the faint half-colours of opals, and he [?bathed] them in phosphorescence and the radiant dew of [[Silpion]], and but a single tiny drop of the light of [[Laurelin]] did he let fall therein, and giving all those magic lights a body to dwell in of such perfect glass as he alone could make nor even Aulë compass, so great was the slender dexterity of the fingers of Fëanor, he made a jewel — and it shone of its own [?wizardous] radiance in the uttermost dark; and he set it therein and sat a very long while and gazed at its beauty.}}

Fëanor made two more jewels, and called them '''''Silmarilli''''', or '''''Silubrilthin''''' in the [[Gnomish|language of the Noldoli]]. Of all the many jewels made by the Noldoli, and of all the pearls of the Solosimpi, the jewels of Fëanor were held as the most beautiful.<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 128</ref> Their relation with pearls can be seen in their etymology: [[Qenya]] ''Silmaril'' came from ''Sil'' ("[[Moon]]") + ''[[marilla]]'' ("pearl"); while [[Gnomish]] ''Silubrilt'' came from ''Sil'' + ''[[brithla]]'' ("pearl").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entries "Sil", "Silmarilli"</ref> One can note that, while the jewels had been made by the Noldoli, the beginning of clams with pearls (as opposed to many other animals) remains a mistery.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

After the Noldoli were banished from [[Kôr]] to [[Sirnúmen]], the Silmarils were put in an ivory casket, and guarded among the many jewels. Later [[Melko]] stole all the treasures of the Noldoli, including the Silmarils.<ref>{{LT1|VI}}, pp. 114-145</ref>

==See also==
*[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
*[[Nauglamír]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Heirlooms]]
[[Category:Rings and jewels]]
[[de:Silmaril]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/silmarils]]
[[fi:Silmarilit]]

User talk:Mith

2025-04-20T18:02:07Z

BartekChom: /* Clams in The Chaining of Melko */ new section

Hwenti

2025-04-20T17:22:26Z

BartekChom: another obvious inspiration

{{people infobox
| name=Hwenti
| image = C. Domino - Hwenti Spear-thrower.jpg
| caption="Hwenti Spear-thrower" by [[:Category:Images by C. Domino|C. Domino]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=one of the many [[Avarin]] languages
| members=
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
'''Hwenti''' were one of the only six tribes of the [[Avari]] mentioned.
==Etymology==
It is an [[Avarin]] word meaning "the People". It derives from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''[[kwende|kwendī]]''.<ref name=Author>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 9, p. 410</ref> Apparently this word did not change much except for a consonant shift analogous to the Germanic Great Consonant Shifts also known as the Grimm's laws.
==See also==
* [[Kindi]]
* [[Cuind]]
* [[Kinn-lai]]
* [[Windan]]
* [[Penni]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Avarin words]]
[[Category:Avari]]
[[Category:Elven peoples]]

Pen

2025-04-20T17:09:39Z

BartekChom: /* Telerin */ inspiration seems obvious

{{disambig-more|Pen|[[Pen (disambiguation)]]}}
==Quenya==
'''''pen''''' is a [[Quenya]] word meaning "without, not having".<ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, p. 171</ref>
===Etymology===
*Root [[PEN]]<ref name=PE17/>
===Cognates===
*[[Sindarin]]: ''[[pen-]]''
===See also===
*[[Quenya]] ''[[penin]]''

==Telerin==
'''''pen''''' in [[Telerin]] means "person" (as an impersonal pronoun)<ref name=QE>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 362</ref>, apparently in analogy to German ''man'' (used also in Old English) and its French calque ''on''.
===Etymology===
The word is a descendant form of the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''kwene'' > [[Common Eldarin]] ''kwēn'', deriving from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KWENE]].<ref name=QE/>
===Cognates===
*[[Quenya]] ''[[quēn]]''
*[[Sindarin]] ''[[ben]]''
===See also===
*''[[aipen]]''
*''[[arpen]]''
*''[[ilpen]]''
*''[[Pendi]]''
{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[Category:Telerin nouns]]

Ingwë

2024-11-07T14:49:37Z

BartekChom: ë has no link

{{expansion}}
{{disambig-two|the High King of the Elves|[[Men|Mannish]] King of [[Luthany]]|[[Ing|Ingwë]]}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Vanyar|Vanya]]
| name=Ingwë
| image=Alice Falto - Ingwe.jpg
| caption="Ingwe" by [[:Category:Images by Alice Falto|Alice Falto]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈiŋʷɡʷe]}}
| othernames=''Ingweron'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| titles=High King of the Elves
| position=
| location=[[Middle-earth]] [[Eldamar]] ([[Tirion]]) [[Valinor]] ([[Taniquetil]])
| affiliation=
| language=[[Vanyarin]]
| birth=Between {{YT|1050}} and {{YT|1102|n}}
| birthlocation=[[Cuiviénen]]<ref name="GA">{{GA|3}}</ref>
| rule=From {{YT|1105}}
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Imin]]<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, p. 95</ref>/[[House of Ingwë]]<ref>{{PM|XI2}}, p. 334</ref>
| parentage=[[Ilion]]<ref name=Ilion/>
| siblings=Unnamed sister (mother of [[Indis]])<ref name=Shib>{{PM|Shibboleth}}</ref> Possibly at least one younger brother<ref name=Ilion>{{NM|P1xvii}}, p. 128</ref>
| spouse=[[Ilwen]]
| children=Unnamed children, including [[Ingwion]]<ref>{{LR|P2III}}</ref>
| gender=Male
| height=Tall<ref name=Ilion/>
| hair=Golden and curly<ref name="Cur">{{NM|P2iv}}, p. 186</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{Quote|But Ingwë was ever held the High King of all the Elves.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië]]"}}

'''Ingwë''' was the King of the [[Vanyar]], and the High King of the Elves.<ref name=princes/>

== History ==
Ingwë was one of the [[Minyar]] born at [[Cuiviénen]]. He was the eldest son of [[Ilion]], and a descendant of [[Imin]] and [[Iminyë]], from eldest son to eldest son. He was beloved by his people, and at some point before the [[Great Journey]] he wed [[Ilwen]] and had several children at Cuiviénen by the time [[Oromë]] found the [[Quendi]].<ref name="Gol">{{NM|P1xvii}}, pp. 127-128</ref>

When Oromë invited them to [[Aman]], Ingwë, along with [[Finwë]] and [[Elwë Singollo|Elwë]], were the most eager to visit, and so followed him as ambassadors and travelled to the Blessed Realm. Once there, Ingwë desired to "dwell in the presence of Varda", and was reluctant to return to [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="Ard"/>

When they returned, they held a [[Debate of the Quendi|great debate]], and told their peoples about its beauty and bliss and became their leaders during the [[Great March]]. Ingwë was the leader of the [[Vanyar]], the foremost of the clans to follow Oromë, who were the most eager to reach the [[West]], which they did quickly.<ref name=journey>{{S|3}}</ref>

After the [[Great Journey]], Ingwë never returned or set eyes upon [[Middle-earth]] again.<ref name=journey>{{S|3}}</ref>

He lived in [[Tirion]] for a while, where he also built the great, white tower at the topmost part of the city, called [[Mindon Eldaliéva]] or the Tower of Ingwë. It was never used, except by those who tended to the lamp at its summit.<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}}, p. 173</ref><ref group="note">This detail is only found in ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' and the ''Lhammas'' from the 1930s.</ref>

There he begot many children, as noted by Finwë when Finwë complained to the Valar about his widowhood.<ref>{{MR|P3II2}}, p. 206</ref>

At some point, however, he went to live on [[Taniquetil]] at the feet of [[Manwë]].<ref name=princes>{{S|5}}</ref>

[[Indis]], the second wife of [[Finwë]], was of his close kin.<ref>{{S|6}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Ingwë is described as being tall and beautiful,<ref name="Gol"/> and his hair as golden and curly.<ref name="Cur"/> He is also said to have been "more given to thought than arts".<ref name="Gol"/>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Ingwe.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name ''Ingwë'' is in [[Quenya]]. It is glossed as "Chief" by ''[[Eldamo]]'', being derived from the root [[ING]] ("first, foremost"), to which is attached the suffix ''[[-wë]]'' ("person").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2208467609.html|articlename=Q. ''Ingwë'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=20 April 2022}}</ref>

As the Vanyar were regarded, and regarded themselves, as the leaders and principal kindred of the Eldar they called themselves the Ingwer. Their king's proper title was '''''Ingwë Ingweron''''': ‘chief of the chieftains’.<ref name=Shib />{{rp|420}}

In the earlier [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], ''Ingwë'' is said to be a compound of ''[[inga|ing]]'' ("first") + the ending ''[[-wë|-we]]'' ("man").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "ING", "WEG"</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | IMI |y| IME | | | | | |IMI=[[Imin]] ''awoke {{YT|1050}}''|IME=[[Iminyë]] ''awoke {{YT|1050}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | ILI | | | | | | | |ILI=[[Ilion]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | UNF |y| UNK | | ING |y| ILW | |ING='''INGWË''' ''b. {{YT}}''|UNK=''unknown mother''|UNF=''unknown father''|ILW=[[Ilwen]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | MÍR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | INW | | | | CHI |FIN=[[Finwë]] ''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|MÍR=[[Míriel]] ''d. {{YT|1170}}''|CHI=''unknown children''|INW=[[Ingwion]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{familytree | | | FËA | | FND | | FNG | | IRI | | FNR | |FËA=[[Fëanor]] ''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''|FND=[[Findis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]] ''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|IRI=[[Írimë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FNR=[[Finarfin]] ''b. {{YT|1230}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
=== Early legendarium ===
In the early version of the [[legendarium]], according to ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the character that would later become known as ''Ingwë'' was called '''Inwë'''.<ref name="Com">{{LT1|In}}, p. 26</ref>

Inwë was one of the three Elves (the other two being [[Finwë]] and [[Tinwë]]) that volunteered to go with [[Nornorë]], the messenger of the [[Valar]], to [[Valinor]], after their discovery at [[Koivië-néni]] - for [[Manwë]] wished to learn about their "coming" and their "desires".<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 115</ref>

When Inwë arrived to Valinor, he was filled with wonder and longing for the light of [[Laurelin]], one of the [[Two Trees]], and his words moved [[Yavanna]] and [[Vána]] so that they convinced most of the other Valar to summon the Elves to Valinor to live amongst them. So Inwë and the other ambassadors were sent back to Koivië-néni, and managed to convince most of the Elves to come live with the Valar.<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 116-8</ref>

Thereafter, Inwë became the leader of the [[Vanyar|Teleri]], the first clan of the Elves, and led them to Valinor. He was also regarded as the eldest<ref name="Dea">{{LT1|V}}, p. 129</ref> and greatest<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 116</ref> of all the Elves, and afterwards was considered the King of all the Eldar,<ref name="Gil">{{LT1|I}}, p. 16</ref> and his home was at the highest point in [[Kôr]], a great elven city in Valinor, which had a [[Mindon Eldaliéva#Other versions of the legendarium|silver tower]] "shooting skyward like a needle".<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 122</ref> The Valar also gave Inwë a seedling of one of the Two Trees, which "blossomed eternally without abating" in his court.<ref>{{LT1|V}}, p. 123</ref>

Many years later, after the [[fall of Gondolin]], the Elves of [[Kôr]] heard of the plight of the [[Gnomes]] who were enslaved by [[Melko]], and against the wishes of the Valar, Inwë led them to the [[Great Lands]] to wage war against Melko.

And even though the Elves were victorious, and Melko defeated and bound by [[Tulkas]], Inwë was, however, killed during the war.<ref name="Dea"/>

After the war, with the Elves being forbidden to return to Valinor,<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, outline '''3''', p. 280</ref> Ingil his son led them from the Great Lands to [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle, where he became their leader.<ref name="Gil"/>

His kin and descendants were called the [[Inwir]], one of whom was [[Meril-i-Turinqi]] his great-granddaughter,<ref name="Dea"/> the Lady of Tol Eressëa at the time of the arrival of [[Eriol]] the Mariner, in c. [[wikipedia:5th century|5th century AD]].<ref name="Com"/>

In one outline, the island of Tol Eressëa was also called ''[[Inwinórë]]'' after Inwë, but that was later changed to ''[[Ingilnórë]]'', in honour of his son Ingil instead.<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. xiii</ref>

Inwë might have spoken [[Inwelin]], a dialect of [[Telellin]] spoken by the royal clan of Inwir.<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 2</ref>

==== Ingwë of Luthany ====
In later outlines of the ''Book of Lost Tales'', in which Tol Eressëa ceased to be identified with England, the island of [[Luthany]] appears as a precursor to England, from which the Elves of the Great Lands sail ''to'' Tol Eressëa, now a separate island.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, pp. 300-1</ref>

In that conception of the legendarium, there appears a character called Ing or Ingwë, a [[Men|Mannish]] King of Luthany who helps and welcomes the Elves to his land, after their war with Melko and, afterwards, with unfriendly Men in the Great Lands.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, outline '''18''', pp. 302-3</ref>

However, he is ''not'' to be identified with the character of Inwë, or that of Ingwë in the later legendarium, even though [[Christopher Tolkien]] feels there has to be some connection between the two characters.<ref>{{LT2|VI}}, outline '''21''', pp. 304-5</ref>

==== Early etymology ====
The name ''Inwë'' is in [[Qenya]]. In the ''[[Qenya Lexicon]]'', it is said to be derived from the root [[INI]] ("small"),<ref name="Ing">{{LT1|Appendix}}, p. 256</ref> but the earlier, original gloss of the root was "[[fairy]]".<ref>{{PE|12}}, pp. 42-3</ref>

==== Other names ====
The [[Gnomish]] cognate of ''Inwë'' is '''''Inwithiel''''',<ref name="Gil"/> changed from '''''Gim Githil'''''.<ref>{{LT1|I}}, Changes made to names in ''The Cottage of Lost Play'', p. 22</ref>

His proper (Gnomish) name, according to the ''[[Gnomish Lexicon]]'' was '''''Inweg''''' or '''''Im''''', with '''''Githil''''' being the Gnomish cognate of '''''Isil''''', another one of his names.<ref name="Ing"/> '''''Githiel''''' was the poetic form of ''Githil''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 39</ref>

The original Gnomish form of his name was '''''Ginweg''''', later changed to '''''Gim''''' or ''Githil''.<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. xx</ref>

He was also called '''''Tur yan Eldaron''''', meaning "King of the Elves" in Qenya, with '''''Tur nan Églathon''''' being its Gnomish equivalent.<ref>{{PE|15}}, "[[Names and Required Alterations]]", ''Appendix'', ''Text VIII'', p. 16</ref>

In the ''[[Sketch of the Mythology]]'', from c. [[1926]], the name '''''Ing''''' is described as being the Gnomish form of ''Ingwë'', as opposed to the earlier conception of ''Ing'' being a rejected Qenya form of ''Inwë''.<ref>{{SM|2a}}, p. 44</ref>

==== Early genealogy ====
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | INW |INW='''INWË'''}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | ING |ING=[[Ingil]]}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | UNK |UNK=''unknown child''}}
{{familytree | |!| |}}
{{familytree | MER |MER=[[Meril-i-Turinqi]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

=== Later legendarium ===
==== ''Quenta Noldorinwa'' and the ''Lhammas'' ====
In the ''[[Lhammas]]'', a text from the 1930s, Ingwë is mentioned as one of the original, and the eldest, of the Elves to be [[Awakening of the Elves|awakened]] at [[Cuiviénen]], and who led his people, chief of whom were known as the ''Ingwelindar'' or ''Ingwi'', to [[Aman]].<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}}, p. 171</ref>

In the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]'' from c. [[1930]], he was still supposed to be one of the leaders of the Eldar in the [[War of Wrath]] (unlike in the later versions, where it was his son Ingwion who led them), and he was still supposed to die in that war, as in the early legendarium in the ''Book of Lost Tales''.<ref>{{SM|CQ2}}, p. 168</ref>

==== The Three Ambassadors ====
Ingwe was mentioned in several texts which were eventually published in ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''. As in the published ''Silmarillion'' several of them describe him, as one of the [[Three Ambassadors]], going to Aman and witnessing its splendor.

According to one text, the ambassadors, after their return to Middle-earth, spoke to the Elves at Cuiviénen. There, Ingwë spoke with great reverence towards the three [[Elf-fathers]], regretting the fact that they themselves were unwilling to go and visit Aman, but he nonetheless asked Oromë whether or not they might still go there, and judge for themselves whether or not the Elves should embark on the [[Great Journey]] - unfortunately, the three Elf-fathers were unwilling to go.

In another text, [[Tolkien]] changed his mind about the nature of the three ambassadors, and instead proposed that [[Imin]], [[Tata]] and [[Enel]], the three Elf-fathers, ought to become the three ambassadors to Aman, with Ingwë, Finwë and Elwë accompanying them as the representatives of the younger generations of the Elves.

There, the three (new) ambassadors were undecided, and therefore, the Elves of Cuiviénen asked their younger associates to speak. Here Ingwë, again, spoke with reverence towards Imin, Tata and Enel, and ultimately agreed with Imin in his desire for the beauty of Valinor.

Finally, Imin agreed to a vote, and about two thirds of the Elves gathered at the time agreed to go to Aman.<ref name="Ard">{{NM|P1xiii}}, pp. 96-98</ref>

===== Ingwë's family =====
{{expansion}}

{{references|notes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingwe}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=vanyar
| house=[[House of Imin]]/[[House of Ingwë]]
| born=between {{YT|1050}} and {{YT|1102|n}}
| died=
}}
{{Seq
| prow=2
| pvac=None
| prev=''[[Imin]], as Chieftain of the [[Minyar]]''
| list=High King of the [[Elves]]
| dates=from {{YT|1105}}
| nvac=None
| next=Incumbent
| nrow=2
}}
{{seq
| list=King of the [[Vanyar]]
| dates=from {{YT|1105}}
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Calaquendi]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Imin]]
[[Category:House of Ingwë]]
[[Category:Minyar]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Aman]]
[[Category:Teleri (early legendarium)]]
[[Category:Vanyar]]
[[de:Ingwe]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/elfes/vanyar/ingwe]]
[[fi:Ingwë]]

Talk:Dwarves

2024-11-03T06:48:38Z

BartekChom: /* "loved and revered" */

There needs to be a history of the Dwarves on here.

Yes. I suggest you register and help create it. Dwarvish history is large enough it deserves its own article, yet small enough that it wouldn't be so long as, say, an Elvish history article, which would practically be an article on the [[First Age]], and a little on the Second and Third ages. We should probably write a chronological article and then place a timeline at the bottom. I don't have time at the moment, but I hope to get to it tomorrow. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 22:49, 18 August 2006 (EDT)

Lifespan 250 years is particularly closely adhered to in the timeline/genealogies (and sons born at father's age either 101 or 102!), but this is for the Longbeards who we are told to be the longest-lived of the Houses.--[[User:Osric|Osric]] 12:43, 14 November 2006 (EST)

:I would like to know the source of the fact that longbeards were particularly long-lived out of all other dwarves. i'm pretty sure its speculation. --[[User:Kulid123|Kulid123]] 22:45, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

== Uncited Quotations ==

Just wanted to mention that the later half of the Nature section (first 4 of the last 5 paragraphs in the section) contain verbatim quotations from "Appendix A, Durin's Folk" without being placed in quotations, block quotes or appropriately cited as being written by Tolkien (as opposed to being written by a wiki user). While I realize citing a source is generally sufficient with paraphrased, or short duplicated material, entire paragraphs seems another matter. I'm not sure if this is intentional or desirable, but thought I should raise the question at least. (Sorry, but I am not interested in editing any more wikis.) -- [[Special:Contributions/208.54.36.231|208.54.36.231]] 15:32, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

:Notice the "Sources" tag at the top. It needs work. --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:23, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

So the article is fine the way its structured ? Just need to go in and find citations for unsorced works??
[[User:Neumanjames 2010|Throrin Longbeard]] 09:18, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

== Height ==
"They were 4.5 - 5 feet (1.35 - 1.52 m) tall" -- I would like to know the source for this information. --Tik 20:22, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
: Their physical characteristics are covered in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' which is why it is sourced at the end of that line.

:: There is no mention of size in the HOME 11 chapter "Concerning the Dwarves", only a mention about beards which is in this phrase. But in the Nature of Middle-earth part 2 chap 6 it is said : "Dwarves were about 4 ft. high at least." and speaking about the Bayne's painting : "Gimli is about the height that the hobbits should have been, but was probably somewhat taller; the hobbits should have been between 3 ft. 4 and 3 ft. 6." That let not think of a Gimli much taller than 4 feet. That's why I think that Dwarves are not so tall : maybe between 4 and 4,5 feet. [[User:Erendis|Erendis]] 10:46, 21 May 2022 (UTC)Erendis

== Wicked dwarves? ==

should i add a section describing wicked dwarves? let me know asap. --[[User:Kulid123|Kulid123]] 22:45, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

== "loved and revered" ==

The article says that the Dwarves "loved and revered the Vala Aulë." To support this claim, a certain passage of "The Silmarillion" is quoted (Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Sindar). That passage does not say that it were the Dwarves who "loved and revered Aulë", though. The respective sentence rather means that it were the Exiled Noldor who "loved and revered the Vala Aulë" -- and because of that these Elves were liked by the Dwarves. [[User:Dreisam|Dreisam]] ([[User talk:Dreisam|talk]]) 21:20, 6 October 2024 (UTC)
:If the Dwarves liked the Noldor because the Noldor loved and revered Aulë, I think it's more than a fair inference to say that the Dwarves themselves likewise loved and revered Aulë. [[User:Protospace|Protospace]] ([[User talk:Protospace|talk]]) 01:56, 3 November 2024 (UTC)
:: I agree, but when I noticed this thread, I decided to add the original information too. It is a detail that distinguishes Tolkien's works from modern fantasy stereotypes. "this shared love made them friendly towards Noldor" I am sorry, I am not sure that I phrased it correctly. Besides, the "Religion" section is not the best place for it, but it is an extension of a fact about their relationship with a Vala and I could not see a separate section for relations with other people (I hope that I did not overlook that this information was already present in the article). [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 06:48, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

Dwarves

2024-11-03T06:32:59Z

BartekChom: this shared love made them friendly towards Noldor

{{sources}}
{{race infobox
| name=Dwarves
| image = Alarie - A bunch of dwarves.jpg
| caption="A bunch of dwarves" by [[:Category:Images by Alarie|Alarie]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''[[Khazâd]]'' ([[Khuzdul|K]]) ''Naugrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Nogothrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hadhod]]rim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''[[Casari]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| origin=Descended from the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] created by [[Aulë]]
| location=[[Khazad-dûm]] [[Belegost]] [[Nogrod]] [[Amon Rûdh]] [[Nulukkizdîn]] [[Erebor]] [[Iron Hills]] [[Aglarond]] [[Grey Mountains]] (incl. [[Dáin's hall]]) [[Blue Mountains]] (incl. [[Thorin's hall]]) [[Gundabad]] [[Rhûn]] (possibly the [[Orocarni]])
| affiliation=[[Alliance of Dwarves and Men]] [[Union of Maedhros]] [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] [[Fellowship of the Ring]] [[Thorin and Company]]
| rivalry=[[Elves]] [[Dragons]] [[Orcs]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] [[Westron]] [[Sindarin]]<ref name="S10">{{S|10}}</ref> [[Iglishmêk]] (sign language) [[Dalish]]
| people='''Clans:''' [[Longbeards]], [[Firebeards]], [[Broadbeams]], [[Ironfists]], [[Stiffbeards]], [[Blacklocks]], [[Stonefoots]] '''Cultures: '''[[Dwarves of Belegost]], [[Dwarves of Erebor]], [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]], [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]], [[Dwarves of Nogrod]], [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]], [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]], [[Petty-dwarves]]
| members=[[Durin]], [[Gimli]], [[Thorin]], [[Dáin Ironfoot]], [[Azaghâl]], [[Mîm]], [[Balin]]
| lifespan=''[[#Lifespan|See below]]''
| distinctions=Stocky; bearded; never bald; especially hardy and loyal; notoriously stubborn
| height=At least 4 feet (1.22 m)<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, ''Heights'', p. 195</ref>
| hair=Blond, brown, black, blue, red, and (when older) grey or white{{fact}}
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Often axes, swords, bows, mattocks
}}
{{quote|Since they were to come in the days of the power of [[Morgoth|Melkor]], [[Aulë]] made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefore they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]"}}

The '''Dwarves''', or '''''[[Khuzd|Khazâd]]''''' in their own tongue, were beings of short stature, often friendly with [[Hobbits]] although long suspicious of [[Elves]]. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivalled in some of their arts even by the Elves.

While there were seven Houses of the Dwarves, the most prominent was that of the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]].

==Origins==
{{main|Fathers of the Dwarves}}
Unlike Elves and [[Men]], the Dwarves are not counted among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Their creator was [[Aulë#Names and etymology|Mahal]], known as [[Aulë]] the Smith. Aulë created the Seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], from whom all other Dwarves are descended, deep beneath an unknown mountain somewhere in [[Middle-earth]]. However, Aulë did not have the divine power to grant independent life to any creation, and the dwarves were bound to his will. [[Ilúvatar]] came and reprimanded Aulë, who confessed his desire to create more living things, but in repentance lifted his hammer to destroy the dwarves. Even as the blow was about to land, the dwarves cowered and begged for mercy, as Ilúvatar had taken pity and given true life to the creations of his child, including them in His plan for [[Arda]]. However, Ilúvatar did not wish them to wake before the [[Elves]], whom he intended to be the first-born. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar, but he bade Aulë lay them to sleep in their chamber deep beneath the mountain, and they were to awake after the [[Awakening of the Elves]].<ref name="S2">{{S|2}}</ref>
[[File:Artigas - The Seven Houses of the Khazad.jpg|thumb|The Seven Houses of the Khazad by [[:Category:Images by Artigas|Artigas]] ]]
The Seven Fathers awoke in their places in pairs with their wives, though [[Durin|Durin I]] had awoken alone. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke.<ref name="pmxnotes">{{PM|XNotes}}</ref>

The seven clans of the Dwarves were:<ref name="PMX">{{PM|X}}</ref>

*'''[[Longbeards]]''', ''Durin's Folk'', originally from [[Gundabad]].
*'''[[Firebeards]]''' and '''[[Broadbeams]]''', originally from the [[Blue Mountains]].
*'''[[Ironfists]]''' and '''[[Stiffbeards]]''', originated in the [[East]].
*'''[[Blacklocks]]''' and '''[[Stonefoots]]''', originated in the [[East]].

Durin settled in the caves above [[Kheled-zâram]] which later became the greatest of Dwarf realms, [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Therefore the halls of the Longbeards were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom.

There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the [[Petty-dwarves]], who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the [[Elves]] in the First Age.

==History==
===First Age===
Sometime after the Elves had awakened at [[Cuiviénen]],<ref group="note">In one of the texts associated with the chapter ''[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]'' of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', it is said that the awakening of the Dwarves might have taken place at the time of the departure of the Eldar over the sea - in other words, either in c. {{YT|1132}} (when the [[Vanyar]] and the [[Noldor]] departed) or in c. {{YT|1150}} (when the [[Teleri]] departed).</ref><ref>{{WJ|13}}, pp. 211-212</ref> the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] were released from their stone chambers. The eldest of them, called [[Durin the Deathless|Durin]], wandered until he founded the city of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] in the natural caves beneath three peaks: [[Barazinbar]], [[Zirakzigil]], and [[Bundushathûr]]. The city, populated by the Longbeards or [[Durin's Folk]], grew and prospered continuously through Durin's life (which was so long that he was called Durin the Deathless, also a reference to the belief by his people that he would be reincarnated seven times).

Far to the west of Khazad-dûm, the great Dwarf-cities of [[Belegost]] and [[Nogrod]] were founded in [[Ered Luin]] (the Blue Mountains) during the [[Years of the Trees]], before the arrival of the Elves in [[Beleriand]]. The [[Dwarves of Belegost]] were the first to forge mail of linked rings, and they also traded weaponry with the Sindar and carved the [[Menegroth|Thousand Caves of Menegroth]] for [[Thingol]], the Lord of Beleriand. In Nogrod, the Smith [[Telchar]] forged [[Narsil]] and [[Angrist]], two of the most fateful weapons in the history of Arda, as well as the famed [[Dragon-helm]] of [[Dor-Lómin]].

It is said that some Dwarves in the far [[East]] had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind when the ancestors of the [[Edain]] had encountered them.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #28</ref>

The [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]] fought against the forces of Melkor during the First Age, and the Dwarves of Belegost were the only people able to withstand dragon-fire in the [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]], when [[Lord of Belegost|Lord]] [[Azaghâl]], who died in the battle, stabbed Glaurung, the first dragon. The [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] fought against Melkor as well. However, they slew [[Thingol]] out of greed and stole the [[Silmaril]] they had been charged to set into the necklace called [[Nauglamír]]. A number of retaliatory actions ensued, and the Nogrod army was destroyed by a force of [[Laiquendi]] and [[Ents]]. Both dwarf kingdoms would eventually be destroyed, along with nearly all of Beleriand, after the [[War of Wrath]], with the dwarvish refugees mainly resettling in Khazad-dûm.

During those times of war in Beleriand, the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] prospered in relative peace colonizing the [[Iron Hills]] and the [[Grey Mountains]] and traded with the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, pp. 302-303</ref>

===Second Age===
In the [[Second Age]], around the year {{SA|40|n}},<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> the Firebeards and Broadbeams who lived in Nogrod and Belegost left the destruction behind and came to [[Khazad-dûm]], increasing its wealth and power.<ref name="AppA3" />

The Dwarves had little participation in most of the important events involving the other races. However their friendship with the Elves became more close than ever; the Dwarves of [[Moria]] maintained close connections to the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] of [[Eregion]]; the [[Doors of Durin]] of Moria were built to facilitate the communication between the two people, and was constructed jointly by both races.

When Eregion was sacked by [[Sauron]]'s forces, the Dwarves assailed them from behind however, it was too late to stop him from conquering all [[Eriador]].<ref name="UTGalad">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>
[[File:Liz Danforth - Annatar and the Seven Rings.png|thumb|[[Liz Danforth]] - ''Annatar and the seven rings'']]
When "[[Annatar]]" distributed the Rings of Power, he gave [[seven Rings|seven]] to Dwarf Lords in order to subdue and control them. However, they did not have the same effect as they did over Men. Dwarves did not shift into the [[wraith-world]] and in fact resisted domination. The Rings only augmented their greed and ability to create riches.

At the end of the Age, very few Dwarves participated in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], with some joining the side of [[Sauron]]. Some of the [[Dwarves of Moria]] joined the great host of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].<ref name="rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

===Third Age===

[[File:Angus McBride - Dwarves.jpg|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''The Dwarves are upon You!'']]
As [[Sauron]]'s [[shadow]] became stronger around {{TA|1300}}, evil things like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] began multiplying, harassing the Dwarves.<ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}</ref>

In [[Third Age 1980]], after centuries of greedy digging for ''[[mithril]]'' and other minerals, the Dwarves woke a [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] that was sleeping in the deeps of the Misty Mountains since the First Age. The Dwarves fled Khazad-dum, which from then on was called ''Moria'', which means "Black pit".

Most of Durin's folk left for the [[Grey Mountains]] in the North, while some followed the new king, [[Thráin I]], who briefly went to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|1999}}. For more than 300 years the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] prospered until the Dragons in the far North started to gain strength. Some fled to the [[Iron Hills]], while most followed the new king [[Thrór]] to Erebor to start a new [[Kingdom under the Mountain]]. There, they prospered for over 200 years until the dragon [[Smaug]] descended in {{TA|2770}}. The King and his company went in exile South, while most of the survivors went to the Iron Hills.

Durin's folk settled in [[Dunland]], and in {{TA|2790}} King Thrór travelled North to Moria where he was killed by the [[Orcs|Goblin]] king [[Azog]]. Thrór's son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] (who had received the Last of the Seven Rings from his father before his departure) summoned all the Houses of Dwarves to war. Thus began the [[War of Dwarves and Orcs]], in which the Dwarves destroyed all the Goblin strongholds in the [[Misty Mountains]] culminating to the great [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] where all the dwarven clans united. The Goblin hosts issuing from Moria were strong and relentless until the arrival of fresh [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. The Battle ended with the victory of Dwarves, but at great cost. The Dwarven clans, however, were unwilling to repopulate Moria. Thráin, therefore, came to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established his [[Thorin's Halls|realm]] there.

[[File:Angelo Montanini - Dori.jpg|thumb|[[Angelo Montanini]] - ''Dori'']]
The Wizard [[Gandalf]] was instrumental into helping Thráin's son Thorin in reclaiming the Kingdom of Erebor. Thorin gathered around him [[Thorin and Company|twelve dwarves]], mostly from his own line, and was joined by [[Gandalf]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. The [[Quest of Erebor]] ended with the death of [[Smaug]]. After a quarrel with the Men and Elves over the unguarded hoard, the Dwarves - assisted by those from the [[Iron Hills]] - united with the Men and Elves to fight the attacking Goblins and Wargs, in what was called the [[Battle of Five Armies]], where Thorin was killed.

[[Gimli]] son of Glóin joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] as a representative of the Dwarves and befriended [[Legolas]] during the [[War of the Ring]].

===Later history===
Not much is known about the Dwarves after the [[Third Age]]. After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Gimli]] brought a part of Durin's Folk from Erebor to the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and founded a colony there. Subsequently, Gimli went on many travels with his friend Legolas, and History lost track of their fate. Through their friendship and influence, the feud between the two races that had lasted for millennia finally ended, shortly before the departure of the last Elves from Middle-earth. It is rumoured that Gimli and Legolas eventually boarded a ship that sailed down the river Anduin, out to sea and across to Valinor in the year {{FoA|120}}. Gimli would thus have become the only Dwarf to ever be permitted to cross to the Undying Lands.

[[Durin VII]] (the Last), retook and brought Khazad-dûm back to its original splendour, and the Longbeards lived there till the "world grew old and the days of Durin's race ended".<ref name="PMX" />

==Characteristics==
[[File:BFME2 - Dwarf 4.jpg|thumb||Dwarves as portrayed in ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'' game]]
They were 4.5–5 feet (1.35–1.52 m) tall and their more distinctive characteristic was their beard which they have from the beginning of their lives, male and females alike; and it is said that they could die of shame if they were subjected to shaving.<ref name="wjdwarves">{{WJ|13}}</ref>

They had a tendency toward gold lust and committed their share of rash and greedy acts. Among these was the dispute over the [[Nauglamír]], which led to the slaying of Elu [[Thingol]] and stirred up the initial suspicion between Elves and Dwarves to open hatred.<ref name="rings" />

Dwarves generally lived far from the sea and avoided getting on boats, as they disliked the sound of the ocean and were afraid of it.<ref name="S10" />

===Wicked Dwarves===
Of the people of Middle-earth, Dwarves are the most resistant to corruption and influence of Morgoth and later Sauron. The seven rings of Power of the dwarves did not turn them to evil, but it did amplify their greed and lust for gold. It is said that very few wilfully served the side of darkness.<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>

In the First Age, the [[Petty Dwarves]] that dwelt in [[Beleriand]] were descendants of Dwarves exiled for evil deeds from their great mansions of their kind.<ref>{{NM|P3}}, pp. 304-305</ref> And after their [[Awakening of Men|Awakening]], some [[Men]] had met Dwarves of the [[East]] who had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind and were distrustful of their race.<ref name="pmxnotes" />{{rp|n. 28}} Of the Seven Houses, few fought on either side during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] at the end of the Second Age, and it's known that none from the House of Durin ever fought on the side of evil.<ref name="rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

During the early parts of the Third Age (or at least in legends of the previous), it is known that in some places wicked dwarves had made alliances with [[Orcs]].<ref>{{H|Hill}}</ref> Those most likely came from the Dwarves of the far eastern mansions.<ref name="pmxnotes" />{{rp|n. 28}}

However, it is said that there was an enmity between some Dwarves and some Men of old (who were jealous of the Dwarves's wealth and works), and the latter alleged evil things about the Dwarves.<ref name="Other" />

===Skills and industries===
{{quote|For buying and selling and exchange were their delight, and the winning of wealth thereby; and this they gathered rather to hoard than to use, save in further trading.|''Quenta Silmarillion''<ref name=wjdwarves>{{WJ|13}}</ref>{{rp|p. 204}}}}
[[File:Lída Holubová - Dwarven smith.jpg|thumb|''Dwarven smith'' by [[Lída Holubová]]]]
As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda and crafts. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They were considered unrivalled in arts such as smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even by the [[Noldor]].<ref name="S2">{{S|2}}</ref>

The Dwarves were the greatest miners ever to exist in [[Middle-earth]], building immense halls under mountains where they built their cities. They built many famed halls including [[Menegroth]], the fairest dwelling of any king that has been east of the [[Sea]],<ref name="S2" /> [[Nargothrond]],<ref name="return">{{S|Return}}</ref> [[Khazad-dum]], the grandest mansions of the Dwarves,<ref name="S10" /> the [[Elvenking's Halls]],<ref group="note">In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', it is stated by [[Gimli]] that the Dwarves aided in the making of [[Thranduil]]'s halls. However, in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', it is stated that Thranduil's halls "were not to be compared with [[Menegroth]]. He had not the arts nor wealth nor the aid of the Dwarves."</ref><ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]].

In the darkness of [[Arda]] already the Dwarves wrought great works for even from the first days of their Fathers they had marvellous skill with metals and with stone; but in that ancient time iron and copper they loved to work, rather than silver and gold.<ref name="S10" />

In the tempering of steel alone of all crafts the Dwarves were never outmatched even by the [[Noldor]], and in the making of mail of linked rings, which was first contrived by the [[Dwarves of Belegost|smiths of Belegost]], their work had no rival. During the third age of the captivity of [[Melkor]], the Dwarves smithied for [[Thingol]]; for they were greatly skilled in such work, though none among them surpassed the [[Dwarves of Nogrod|craftsmen of Nogrod]], of whom [[Telchar]] the smith was greatest in renown.<ref name="S10" />

They were also capable masons and smiths - Dwarven smithing skills were said to be unrivalled, and their masonry creations were bested by none. The crafting skills of the Dwarves were unmatched; they crafted objects of great beauty out of gems and metals. They crafted many famed weapons, armours, and items of art and beauty, among them [[Narsil]], the sword of [[Elendil]], the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]] and the necklace [[Nauglamír]], the most prized treasure in [[Nargothrond]] and the most famed Dwarven work of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name="doriath">{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

In the [[Third Age]], Dwarves wrought with patient craft works of metal and stone that now none can rival.<ref name="rings" /> However, as stated by [[Gloin son of Groin|Gloin]] at the [[Council of Elrond]], the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] have surpassed their predecessors in mining and building before [[Smaug]] descended on the [[Lonely Mountain]], but not in metal-work, smithing or the making of mail, as their predecessors' secrets have been long lost.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

===Hardiness===
The Dwarves were created by Aulë to be strong, resistant to fire and the evils of Morgoth. They were hardier than any other race, secretive, stubborn, and steadfast in enmity or loyalty.

The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"<ref name="PMX" /> — a warlike race who would fight fiercely against whoever aggrieved them including Dwarves of "other mansions and lordships".<ref name="S10" /> Highly skilled in the making of weapons and armour, their main weapon is the battle axe, but they also use bows, swords, shields, and mattocks.<ref>{{H|15}}</ref>

They are resistant to fire, more than Elves or Men.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref> Sickness was almost unknown to the Dwarves, as they were immune to human diseases.<ref name="PMAiv" />

They were generally less corruptible than Men. When Sauron attempted to enslave the Free Folk of Middle-earth using the [[Rings of Power]], the Elves completely resisted his power (indeed, his hand had never sullied the [[Three Rings]]), while the [[Nine Rings]] utterly corrupted the Men who bore them into the [[Ringwraiths]]. In contrast, the Dwarves were sturdy and resistant enough that Sauron was not able to dominate them using the [[Seven Rings]]. At most, the Seven Rings sowed strife among the Dwarves and filled their wearers with an insatiable greed for gold, but they did not turn them into wraiths subservient to the Dark Lord, and he considered his plan to have failed. Sauron was furious at the Dwarves' resistance, spurring his drive to recapture the Seven Rings from them.

Another example was [[Gimli]], who, while [[Saruman]] used the power in his voice and the [[Rohirrim]] were spell-bound by his magic, Gimli was unmoved and commented that Saruman's words cannot be trusted, causing Saruman to be angered enough to lose his charm.<ref>{{TT|Voice}}</ref>

===Lifespan===
The lifespan of Dwarves was varied depending on their "breed".<ref name="PMAiv">{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> The [[Longbeards]] were particularly long-lived,<ref name="PMAiv" /> but by the Third Age, their lifespan was diminished and they lived, on average, 250 years.<ref name="PMAiv" /> The [[Kings of Durin's Folk]] named "Durin" were particularly long-lived.<ref name="PMAiv" /> Occasionally they would live up to 300 years of age, and [[Dwalin]] reached the rare lifespan of 340 years (comparable to a Middle Man living to 100).<ref name="PMAiv" />

Until they were around 30 years of age, Dwarves were considered too young for heavy labour or war (hence the slaying of Azog by [[Dain Ironfoot]] at age 32 was a great feat). By the age of 40, Dwarves were hardened into the appearance that they would keep for most of their lives. Between the approximate ages of 40 and 240, most Dwarves were equally hale and able to work and fight with vigour. They took on the appearance of age only about ten years before their death, wrinkling and greying rapidly, but never going bald.

Although Dwarves did not suffer from diseases, corpulence could affect them. In prosperous circumstances, many grew fat by the age of 200 and became physically inept.<ref name="PMAiv">{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Earth-bread]] was a root well known to Dwarves, but almost unknown to Elves or Men. [[Coffee]] was at least known to Hobbits and Dwarves.

The Dwarves didn't have relationships with animals, didn't harbour even [[dogs]] and wouldn't mount a [[horse]] willingly. For this reason they found the [[Northmen]] useful [[Alliance of Dwarves and Men|trade allies]] in the Second Age.<ref name="pmxnotes" />{{rp|n. 29}}<ref>{{PM|Relations}}</ref> In earlier times, whenever the Dwarves were unable to barter for grain, they practiced agriculture using a plough-like tool that they invented. However, Dwarves did not enjoy doing such labour.<ref>{{NM|P3v}}, Second paragraph</ref>

===Family===
The Dwarves' numbers, although they sometimes flourished, often faced periods of decline, especially in periods of war. The slow increase of their population was due to the rarity of [[Dwarf-women]], who made up only about a third of the total population. Dwarves seldom wedded before the age of ninety or more, and rarely had so many as four children. They took only one husband or wife in their lifetime, and were jealous, as in all matters of their rights. The number of Dwarf-men that married was actually less than half, for not all the Dwarf-women took husbands; some desired none, some wanted one they could not have and would have no other. Many Dwarf-men did not desire marriage because they were absorbed in their work.<ref name="AppA3">{{App|A3}}</ref><ref name="PMAiv" />

Dwarf-women seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. When they did travel, they were so alike Dwarf-men in voice, appearance, and garb that it was hard for other races to tell them apart. They were likewise seldom named in genealogies, joining their husbands' families. The only Dwarf-woman named in Tolkien's legendarium is [[Dís]], sister of Thorin Oakenshield, who was given a place in the records because of the gallant deaths of her sons, Fíli and Kíli. The scarcity of women, their rare mention, and their identical looks with the males, coupled with the Dwarves' secretive culture, led many to mistakenly believe that Dwarves were born out of stone, and upon death, they returned to that stone.<ref name="AppA3" /><ref name="PMAiv" />

Dwarves are fiercely devoted to their parents and children. In their desire for their children to grow up hardy and enduring, they may treat them harshly, but they will protect them at all costs. Dwarves resent injuries to their children and to their parents more than injuries to themselves.<ref name="PMAiv" />

===Religion===
The Dwarves loved and revered the Vala Aulë and this shared love made them friendly towards Noldor.<ref name="S10" /><ref name="S2">{{S|2}}</ref>

Of old, the Elves believed that the Dwarves would have no future in [[Arda Unmarred]], but the Dwarves themselves held to a promise that Ilúvatar would hallow them and adopt them as his Children. They maintained that after death Aulë (Mahal) cared for them, gathering them to the [[Halls of Mandos]] with the other Children of Ilúvatar, though in halls set apart. It is said that after the Last Battle they will work alongside Aulë in the remaking of Arda.<ref name="S2" />

===Reincarnation===
The Dwarves believed that the reappearance of the person of one of the Dwarf-fathers (in the lines of their kings), is not one of re-birth, but of the preservation of the body of a former king, to which at intervals their spirit would return.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Michaël Devaux]] (ed.), ''[[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3|La Feuille de la Compagnie, vol.3, J.R.R. Tolkien, l'effigie des Elfes]]'', "Fragments on elvish reincarnation", "III. Some notes on 'rebirth', reincarnation by restoration, among Elves. With a note on the Dwarves"</ref>

===Language===
{{main|Khuzdul}}
The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was called ''[[Khuzdul]]''. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, because it was difficult and the Dwarves kept it secret, preferring to communicate in the languages of their neighbours. Only one Khuzdul phrase was well known to outsiders: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!". The Dwarves taught Khuzdul carefully to their children, as a learned language, not a cradle-tongue, and thus the language changed very little over the ages, unlike those of other races. The Dwarves also devised a secret language of gestures to communicate between themselves in silence, the ''[[iglishmêk]]''.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 395</ref>

Certainly in the First Age when they first made contact with the Elves, the only tongue in Beleriand would have been Sindarin at that time as the Noldor had not yet returned from Aman. As a logical consequence, therefore, Sindarin was a language used by the dwarves.<ref name="S10" /> But the Dwarves were swift to learn and indeed were more willing to learn the [[Elven-tongue]] than to teach their own to those of alien race.<ref name="S10" /> In fact, the Dwarves were so impressed by the Elvish runes (The Cirth of Daeron) for writing Sindarin that they adopted them for use in their own tongue and used them forever more.

Dwarves had great interest in languages since their first contact with other peoples and had good hability to pronounce foreigner sounds from other languages. However, they could not conceal their voices, which were deep in tone, with laryngeal coloration, so among themselves they could even speak with a laryngeal whisper.<ref>{{NM|P3xix}}, p. 371</ref>

==Other names==
The Dwarves called themselves the ''[[Khazâd]]'', the name Aulë gave them; this was adapted as '''''Hadhodrim''''' in [[Sindarin]], and '''''Casari''''' in [[Quenya]]. ''Casari'' was the common word for Dwarves among the [[Noldor]], but the [[Sindar]] usually called them ''Naugrim'' or ''Nogothrim'', both of which meant "the Stunted People",<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref> or ''Dornhoth'' ("the Thrawn Folk")<ref>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 7, p. 408</ref>.

An epithet for the Dwarves in [[Quenya]] was '''''Aulëonnar''''' ("Children of Aulë").<ref>{{PM|Last}}, p. 391, fn. 22</ref>

In their dealings with people of other races, the Dwarves did not reveal their true names, rather adopting new names in other languages (the [[petty-dwarves]] were an exception). During the Third Age, the Longbeards used [[northern Mannish]] names in public.

==Etymology==
Before Tolkien, the term ''dwarfs'' (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''.

According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of ''dwarf'' is ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''. He once referred to ''dwarves'' as "a piece of private bad grammar",<ref>{{L|17}}</ref> but in [[Appendix F]] to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' he explains that if we still spoke of dwarves regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word ''dwarf'' as with ''man''. The form ''dwarrow'' only appears in the word ''Dwarrowdelf'', a name for [[Moria]]. Tolkien used ''Dwarves'', instead, which corresponds with ''Elf'' and ''Elves'', making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales. The [[Old English]] word for ''dwarf'' was ''dweorg''.<ref name="L236">{{L|236}}</ref>

The original editor of ''The Lord of the Rings'' "corrected" Tolkien's ''dwarves'' to ''dwarfs''.<ref>{{L|138}}</ref>

The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books has led to the popular use of the term ''dwarves'' to describe this race in fantasy literature.

==Inspiration==
In Germanic folklore, [[Wikipedia:Dwarf (folklore)|dwarfs]] are usually associated with metallurgy.<ref name="brackman" />

According to J.R.R. Tolkien his dwarfs are not Germanic ''dwarfs'' and that he deliberately called them ''dwarves'' to mark that. They are a type of incarnate rational creature and are neither naturally evil nor necessarily hostile.<ref>{{L|156}}</ref> His dwarfs are in many ways very different from the dwarfs of Germanic legend, but far nearer to them than the Elves.<ref name="L297">{{L|297}}</ref> He derived the names of the dwarves that appear in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' or in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' from lists of dwarves (''dvergar'') in the Old Norse ''[[Völuspá]]'', a poem in the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', a collection of [[Old Norse]] poems.<ref name="L297" />

At several points Tolkien noted that his Dwarves have jewish traits: both were "''at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue...''"<ref>{{L|176}}</ref> a tongue which he based on [[Hebrew]].

{{quote|The dwarves of course are quite obviously, couldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic. [...] There's a tremendous love of the artefact, and of course the immense warlike capacity of the Jews, which we tend to forget nowadays.|J.R.R. Tolkien to [[Denys Gueroult]]<ref name=interview>''[[An Interview with J.R.R.T.]]''; the second phrase was edited out of the broadcast but published in Zak Cramer's "Jewish Influences in Middle-earth" (''[[Mallorn 44]]'' [[2006]]: p. 10).</ref>}}

Rebecca Brackman notes that the Dwarves's creation tale resembles the role between Jews and Christians: while the Jews held the holy Law and were God's first chosen people, according to early and medieval understanding, this role has been superseded and replaced by Christianity, much like how the Dwarves were created first, but were superseded by the Elves and Men as Children of Iluvatar, according to His plan.<ref name="brackman" />

According to Brackman Tolkien's Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' display some (anti-)semitic tropes following popular perception. Such tropes are the beards, the greed for gold, cowardliness and complaining for several things, serving as comic relief; they don't seem to participate in the heroic culture of the Elven and Mannish characters and have their own value system ("dwarves are not heroes, but calculating folk with a great idea of the value of [[money]]"<ref>{{H|12}}, p. 211</ref>). Those marginalizing stereotypes were circulating both in the medieval sources Tolkien was studying, but also in his contemporary culture.<ref name="brackman" />

Wayne Harden has noted that the war-cry of the Dwarves is similar to the historical [[Wikipedia:Gurkha|Gurkha]] cry, "The Gurkhas are upon you!"<ref name="brackman" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest versions of Tolkien's [[Legendarium]] such as [[The Book of Lost Tales]], the dwarves were evil beings, not unlike the dwarfs of Norse mythology, and sometimes allied by [[Melko]].<ref name="brackman">Brackmann, Rebecca ([[2010]]) "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol28/iss3/ 'Dwarves are Not Heroes': Antisemitism and the Dwarves in J.R.R. Tolkien's Writing]", [[Mythlore]]: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 28: No. 3, Article 7.</ref>

In an earlier version of the legendarium it is hinted that the Dwarves do not know about Ilúvatar, or that they disbelieve his existence, but later writings contradict that suggestion.<ref>{{LT2|IV}}</ref>

While the Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' are comical, outside the heroic culture, with several unpleasant qualities stereotypically attributed to the Jews, Gimli in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is displayed heroic and steadfast and is not motivated by profit or revenge; it is also suggested that the monetary value Dwarves give to gold and gems actually comes from appreciation of their natural beauty, perceived as "greed" in ''The Hobbit''. The backstory laid out in [[Appendix A|"Durin's Folk"]] and ''[[The Quest of Erebor]]'' suggests that Thorin's aggressive and greedy behavior was stemming from his Dwarvish sense of duty, and perhaps spurred by the [[Ring of Thrór]], rather than inherited racial traits.<ref name="brackman" /> Christine Chism argued that Tolkien, having Jews in mind, responded to the cultural turmoil around the time of WWII.<ref>Chism, Christine. "Middle-earth, the Middle Ages, and the Aryan Nation." In ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]''. Ed. [[Jane Chance]]. London: Routledge, [[2003]]. pp. 63-92.</ref>

Concerning the hostile views between Dwarves and Elves in the First Age, [[Christopher Tolkien]] notes that "the long enduring 'hostile' view has at last virtually vanished" in ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]''.<ref name="wjdwarves" />{{rp|p. 206}}

==External links==
*"[http://lingwe.blogspot.se/2013/02/did-tolkien-coin-plural-dwarves.html Did Tolkien coin the plural “dwarves”?]" by [[Jason Fisher]]

{{references|notes}}
{{dwarvenclans}}
[[Category:Dwarves| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Zwerge]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/nains/nains]]
[[fi:Kääpiöt]]

User talk:Progüvo06

2024-08-20T15:47:11Z

BartekChom: /* Valarindi */

== [[Valarindi]] ==

Welcome to the wiki. I am not a very active user here and I do not speak English well, but I do not see experienced users reacting and I hope that I can help you with the most basic things.

I am sorry, why did you change the article and revert twice? As far as I know, the information there is correct. Melkor in The Book of Lost Tales was called Melko and the mother is an ogress, a female ogre. Do you have doubts or did you e.g. accidentally revert your own revert after realising thet "Melko" and "ogress" are correct? [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 15:45, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Progüvo06

2024-08-20T15:46:32Z

BartekChom: /* Valarindi */ s

== [[Valarindi]] ==

Welcome to the wiki. I am not a very active user here and I do not speak English well, but I do not see experienced users reacting and I hope that I can help you with the most basic things.

I am sorry, why did you change the article and revert twice? As far as I know, the information there is correct. Melkor in The Book of Lost Tales was called Melko and the mother is an ogress, a female ogre. Do you have doubts or did you e.g. accidentally revert your own revert after realising thet "Melko" and "ogress" are correct. [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 15:45, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

User talk:Progüvo06

2024-08-20T15:45:34Z

BartekChom: /* Valarindi */ new section

== [[Valarindi]] ==

Welcome to the wiki. I am not a very active user here and I do not speak English well, but I do not see experienced user reacting and I hope that I can help you with the most basic things.

I am sorry, why did you change the article and revert twice? As far as I know, the information there is correct. Melkor in The Book of Lost Tales was called Melko and the mother is an ogress, a female ogre. Do you have doubts or did you e.g. accidentally revert your own revert after realising thet "Melko" and "ogress" are correct. [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 15:45, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

Battle of the Powers

2024-08-19T22:43:35Z

BartekChom: /* The Book of Lost Tales */ present tense consistently

{{war
| previous=[[First War]]
| next=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
| image=[[File:Antonio Vinci - Tulkas.jpg|300px]]
| name=Battle of the Powers
| place=Across the northern parts of [[Middle-earth]], passing eastward from its northwestern coasts
| result=Decisive victory for the [[Valar]]
*[[Chaining of Melkor]]
*Ruin of [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]]
*Shape of [[Middle-earth]] changed
*The [[Great Journey]] begins shortly after
| battles=
| begin={{YT|1090}}
| end={{YT|1099}}
| side1=Forces of the [[Valar]]
| side2=Forces of [[Melkor]]
| commanders1=[[Manwë]] [[Oromë]] [[Tulkas]]
| commanders2=[[Melkor]] [[Sauron]]
}}
The '''Battle of the Powers''', also known as the '''War of the Powers'''<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> or '''War of the Gods''',<ref>{{GA|6}}</ref> was a conflict fought between the [[Valar]] and the forces of [[Melkor]]. Under the council of [[Manwë]], the Valar marched in force with the aim to end Melkor's authority over [[Middle-earth]] and liberate the newly-awakened [[Elves]] from his influence. It culminated in the siege of Utumno, where Melkor was captured, chained, and imprisoned for three ages of the world. The Elves would never know details about the battle, which is shortly told in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - Ring of Doom.jpg|left|thumb|''Ring of Doom'' by [[:Category:Images by Jacek Kopalski|Jacek Kopalski]]]]
Long time after the Valar settled in [[Aman]], they held council among themselves and spoke of the coming [[Children of Ilúvatar]], who first would be the [[Elves]]. [[Yavanna]] noted that the time of their arrival was unknown and they should not leave the lands of their future dwelling unprotected. [[Tulkas]] likewise agreed with the necessity of immediate action.

Manwë bid [[Mandos]] to speak, and he replied that the Children shall come in this age, and the [[Firstborn]] will walk under the [[stars]]. [[Varda]] then created other stars to help to light the world for the coming of the Elves. Using silver dews from [[Telperion]], she created many new stars, including [[Wilwarin]], [[Menelmacar]], and others. After Varda's long works, the Elves [[Awakening of the Elves|awoke]] in the starlight by the shores of [[Cuiviénen]], the Water of Awakening.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Oromë espies the first Elves.jpg|thumb|''Oromë espies the first Elves'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
While [[Oromë]] conducted his hunting trips on his great steed [[Nahar]], he heard the newly-born Elves singing. He met them and spent time among them, and yet perceived the influence of Melkor among them, as they were afraid of him. Oromë reported these findings to the [[Elder King]], who once again called a gathering of all the Valar to the [[Ring of Doom]], even the far-off [[Ulmo]]. He then proclaimed the counsel of [[Ilúvatar]] in his heart that they "should take up again the mastery of Arda at whatever cost, and deliver the Quendi from the shadow of Melkor".

Oromë and Tulkas often stayed with the Quendi around Cuiviénen, but after the War was decided, they left for the preparations; in their place, [[Melian]] and the [[Five Guardians]], a group of powerful [[Maiar]], were sent to guard and protect the primitive Elves meanwhile.<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, pp. 95, 99</ref>

===Battle===
The [[Valar]] first came to [[Middle-earth]] on {{YT|1090}}. The titanic conflict between the Valar and Melkor now began in earnest, with the hosts of the West confronting the hosts of [[Melkor]] in the North-west of Middle-earth, and all that region was broken by this engagement. But the first victory of the hosts of the West was swift, and the servants of Melkor fled before them to [[Utumno]]. Then the Valar passed over Middle-earth, and over the next two years, they set a guard about [[Cuiviénen]] to protect the Elves from battle. There the young Elves only felt the shaking of the Earth, and saw the north alight by mighty fires. Thus the Valar began the siege of Utumno, long and grievous it was and many battles were fought before its gates of which all is but a rumour to the Elves.

After seven [[years of the Trees]], the gates of Utumno were broken and its halls unroofed, and Melkor took refuge in the uttermost pit. The last of his servants were host of [[Balrogs]], who as a tide of flame assailed the standard of [[Manwë]]. The wind of his wrath withered their fire, and he slew them with the lightning of [[Sword of Manwë|his sword]].<ref>{{AA|50}}, p. 75</ref> Melkor stood at last alone, and [[Tulkas]] arrived and wrestled with him and bound him with the chain [[Angainor]] that [[Aulë]] had wrought.<ref>{{AA|47-50}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Roger Garland - Melkor chained.jpg|thumb|right|''Melkor chained'' by [[Roger Garland]]]]
The [[Valar]] failed to discover some of the deepest chambers under [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]], and Melkor's lieutenant [[Sauron]] was never captured. Some [[Balrogs]] and other evil creatures hid there, and others dispersed to the far edges of the earth.

From the ruin great clouds arose and hid the stars. It was during this time that the contour of Middle Earth was changed, with the [[Great Sea]] being widened. The [[Bay of Balar]] was carved out, as well as other minor bays until the [[Great Gulf]] southwards; the northern highlands of [[Hithlum]] and [[Dorthonion]], sources of [[Sirion]], were raised up as new mountain ranges, and the river came into being.

The Valar dragged Melkor back to Valinor for judgment before [[Manwë]], in the [[Máhanaxar|Ring of Doom]]. Melkor laid upon his face and begged for mercy from Manwë, but his prayers were denied. He was cast into the prison of Mandos for [[Chaining of Melkor|three ages]], after which he would be brought before [[Manwë]] once more. Although the Elves didn't participate in the war, Melkor never forgot that his downfall was for their sake.

The Valar gathered in council once again, and it was decided, after some debate, to summon the [[Quendi]] to [[Valinor]] to preserve them from evil. However, the Quendi were unwilling to listen to their summons after seeing their wrath and devastation of the war, so [[Oromë]] chose three ambassadors to accompany him back to Valinor and speak on behalf of their people. The three ambassadors were [[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and [[Elwë]]. In Valinor, they beheld the glory of the [[Two Trees]]. The three ambassadors returned to their people and counselled them to accept the summons, and the [[Great Journey]] began soon thereafter.<ref name="Captivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
In Tolkien's earliest writings the conflict had a different form compared to later versions. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' Melko's devastation of the land is what caused the Valar to assault his fortress [[Utumno#Etymology|Utumna]], whereas in ''The Silmarillion'' it was the discovery of the newly-awakened Elves by [[Oromë]] at [[Cuiviénen]] that prompted the Valar to go to war on Melkor.

The confrontation between the Valar and Melkor in Utumno is expanded in the ''[[Lost Tales]]'', but unlike the aggressive approach in ''The Silmarillion'', the Valar concoct a plan of deceit to capture Melko by satiating his pride. The heralds of Melko and Manwë whom were [[Langon]] and [[Nornorë]] exchange words and the ruse is successful. Melko invites them to his chamber to pay homage before his seat. The Valar enter Utumna with [[Tulkas]] bound by Angaino (Angainor), and Manwë is about to kneel before Melko. However, the sight of this angers Tulkas greatly and he leaps forward, followed shortly by Aulë and Oromë. A great melee erupts in the hall between the Valar and Melko and his servants, and at the end Melko is wrapped by Angaino. Oromë feels that killing him would be the best solution, but he knows that it is impossible.

An interesting detail is that Manwë defends himself from Melko's mace by blowing gently.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

===Depiction within Morgoth's Ring===
In a 1955 essay included in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Tolkien wrote that the Valarian assault on Utumno was an act of desperation, one they feared would fail, and their main intent was to distract Melkor long enough for the Quendi to flee from him and escape his influence. Manwë descended into the depths of the fortress and met with Melkor, and both were surprised; Manwë, to see that his brother had "dispersed" so much of his power into the physical world, and Melkor, to see that, in his mind, he was now physically weaker than his brother and could no longer daunt him with a gaze. In this version, Melkor never fights Tulkas or the other Valar directly, and instead surrenders himself to Manwë willingly.

Though he briefly considers truly repenting, his mind turns to evil, and instead he plots to corrupt and ruin Valinor from within, asking that the Valar take him as their prisoner and that he be allowed to serve them in penance. Out of both pity for and fear of his brother, Manwë accepts, but the Valar do not fully trust Melkor; rather, he is taken to Valinor and placed under the watch of Mandos for "meditation" and contemplation on his actions. Unable to enact his plans without being noticed, and now separated from his armies and servants, whom he poured a great deal of his personal might into, Melkor regrets his decision and grows deeply hateful, wishing instead that he had assaulted Manwë and the Valar "in fiery rebellion" when he had the chance.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, pp. 340-341</ref>

=== Depiction within Nature of Middle-earth ===
In a 1960 revision, included within ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien continued to develop the concept of the Valar attacking Melkor before the Great March began. As the Valar had allowed Melkor peace in which to establish himself, and thus neglected the matter until war would involve the Children in misery or destruction, Tolkien concluded "that the ''rescue of the Quendi'' must be secret (as far as possible), and ''before the assault upon Utumno''"; therefore "The Great March must occur behind a screen of investment, and before any violent assault had begun!"<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, pp. 44-45</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:Wars]]
[[de:Krieg der Mächte]]
[[fi:Mahtien Mittelö]]
[[fi:Mahtien Sota]]

User talk:Mith/2023

2024-08-19T22:34:05Z

BartekChom: /* Pearls */ new section

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021|2022}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>


== Can't upload my artwork all of a sudden ==

Hi, Mith,

After a long time of not creating art, I'm illustrating Tolkien again. I've managed to upload a few new images to my images page, but a day or two ago I wanted to upload additional art, but I got error messages.

They each pretty much say the same thing (but for different files, since I tried several). An example of one error message is:

Could not open lock file for "mwstore://local-backend/local-public/7/7f/Then_Maedros_Alone_Stood_Aside_-_final_final_-_smaller_file.png". Make sure your upload directory is configured correctly and your web server has permission to write to that directory.

Then there is a link to mediawiki.org for troubleshooting. But I'm not very savvy about wikis, so I don't know what to do.

I was uploading just a few days ago. Can you please help me figure out how to unlock my uploading permission?

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

Paula DiSante

'''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>'''

June 26, 2023 [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 18:59, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

:Hi Paula! Ah, I think I see the culprit; we made some upgrades to the wiki yesterday. Go ahead and try again :) [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 19:39, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
::Oh, thank you so much! I really appreciate it.
::How long will it take for my new uploads to appear on my "Images by" page? Is that just a matter of you guys approving the uploads, or does it just naturally take a day or two for them to appear?
::Thanks again!
::Sincerely,
::Paula DiSante [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 03:27, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
:::Oh, "Images by..." is just a category, so you would just need to add <nowiki>[[Category:Images by NAME]]</nowiki> to the bottom of the image summary, and then the image will immediately appear in that category. [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 03:41, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
::::Oh, thank you, Hyarion! Can you tell it has been a LONG time since I've done updating to my page? LOL!
::::Thanks again!
::::Paula [[User:Pdisante|Pdisante]] ([[User talk:Pdisante|talk]]) 05:36, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

== Photograph ==

Hope all is going well over there Mith! Do you have a picture of yourself we can use for your article? [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 18:40, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

:No. The lack of photo is a deliberate decision. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 15:29, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

== Hi, Farewell and Good Luck ==
Hi, it's probably the last time I'll be here. I just popped in (now that LorenzoCB's block of me for 3 months expired...) to check out the site and say a few things: When I first came to this site I was searching for a better Tolkien site than One Wiki and others, to escape the toxicity of Fandom. And I liked what I found: a site with well-written articles, sources. And it was nice to contribute whenever I could - I just like writing and talking about the Middle-earth legendarium, my favourite works. But then the experince was soured with disagreements with other editors - I was not always right, that's for sure. But I just began feeling that my contributions are useless, I began editing less and I still got into disagreements, resulting in probable animosity from some users. Even after my (unwarned) blocking I gave thought to coming back, but yeah, I have the feeling of futility and lack of welcome. Not the site's fault though. The fact I don't get along with all users doesn't mean it's not better than wikis. But since I don't feel ok here and Quora's mostly shabbles, I'll try start my YouTube channel (have difficulty with animatioms though) - maybe I'll see you there with any suggestions for shorts: The Great Wanderer it's called. Keep up the site, though. And sorry for the long message, you probably have better things to do.

Oh, and one last thing: LorenzoCB cited me "imposing" Sauron's mastery over Saruman throughout the wiki as a reason for my ban. These are some Tolkien quotes about their rapport:

"It was only Sauron who used a Stone for the transference of his superior will, dominating the weaker surveyor and forcing him to reveal hidden thought and to '''submit to commands'''." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri: Notes, Note 5

"'''Saruman fell under the domination of Sauron''' and desired his victory, or no longer opposed it." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri

"Though... the Council may have begun to doubt Saruman's designs as regarded the Ring, not even Gandalf knew '''he had become the ally, or servant of Sauron'''." - Unfinished Tales, Part 4, Ch 3, The Palantíri

"Your servants are destroyed and scattered; your neighbours you have made your enemies; and '''you have cheated your new master''', or tried to do so." The Two Towers, LoTR Book 3, Ch 10, The Voice of Saruman

"Yes...' he said, now in a clear voice, 'we will have peace, when you and all your works have perished — and the works of '''your dark master''' to whom you would deliver us [...] '''You hold out your hand to me, and I perceive only a finger of the claw of Mordor''' [...]" - The Two Towers, LoTR Book 3, Ch 10, The Voice of Saruman

Sauron was Saruman's master. And Saruman was Sauron's duplicitous vassal, eager to usurp his lord's place as ruler of Middle-earth. I never said Saruman was a faithful servant, but he was one of his agents, nonetheless. He still did the Dark Lord's bidding, even if he plotted a second betrayal. It's not my interpretation, Tolkien wrote the word "master" for Sauron in relation to Saruman. I'm not doing this to convince someone like LorenzoCB - I just want to show why I wrote what I wrote on articles. If other people's "interpretations" differ, I can't change them - I've certainly learned that here and on Fandom. Again sorry for the long message. Have a nice time and if you ever have Tolkien video suggestion, you and anybody here is most welcome!--[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] ([[User talk:LordoftheEarth|talk]]) 18:49, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

:Hi LordoftheEarth, I'm sorry to hear you felt unwelcome on TG; that certainly wasn't our intention. I think what might have caused the friction is not the content that was being changed, but the continual changing of things that were not in alignment with the [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|style guidelines]] or [[Talk:Saruman#Saruman as a Sauron's minion|consensus on talk pages]]. We love your enthusiasm, but sometimes it's best to discuss a change on the talk page, and if the consensus is not in favor of the change, we must agree to disagree and move on to other topics. It's not uncommon for contributors to be very passionate about a specific subject and want to see the article written how they imagine it, but we have to remember the articles are a culmination of thousands of editors working together. Best of luck with your YouTube channel, you now have double the subscribers! :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 03:16, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

== Alan Lee Contact ==

Hello!

I'll try to keep this a brief as possible. I received a box set of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings as a child from my father. On the box itself was an illustration I now know is "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields" created by Alan Lee. I have been a fan of his work since receiving that gift.

Long story short, I am trying to buy a product that I would use this illustration on. Due to copyright, I of course cannot get companies to touch or work with the illustration. In order to, I have been trying to find a way to contact Mr. Lee and ask for his permission. Of course, this item would be for personal use, and I have no intention to profit off of his work. Problem being, I cannot find any way to contact him, or if he would be even remotely open to giving me permission. This is the closest link I can find to contacting Mr. Lee, as on the wiki it seems you personally reached out to him for permission to post his work on this wiki. I have considered reaching out to John Howe as they worked on the movies together, but thought against it as I believe it may be a bit disrespectful.

Any advice or a point in the right direction would be amazing.

And thank you for taking the time to read this.

Mikel Adams [[User:Adamsmik|Adamsmik]] ([[User talk:Adamsmik|talk]]) 17:55, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

== Pearls ==

Excuse me, I added a mini list (of Valar less enthusiastic for inviting the elves to Valinor) that you removed correcting my contribution back [https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Coming_of_the_Elves_and_the_Making_of_K%C3%B4r&diff=prev&oldid=403989] and I found another place for details about the proto-Battle of Powers [https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Powers&diff=404083&oldid=395102]. However, you removed the sentence "Clams with pearls had however existed since the very beginning of the world." twice in 2020 from the page [[The Chaining of Melko]], so I do not want to start an edit war, but I still feel that it is an important detail adding context to the creation of Silmarils and it fits exactly after mentioning animals that appeared. Was my language incorrect or are you really against putting this information there? Why? [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 22:34, 19 August 2024 (UTC) [[User:BartekChom|BartekChom]] ([[User talk:BartekChom|talk]]) 22:34, 19 August 2024 (UTC)

Battle of the Powers

2024-08-19T22:09:06Z

BartekChom: /* The Book of Lost Tales */ https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Chaining_of_Melko&diff=318508&oldid=318355 - well, I am taking this sentence back too

{{war
| previous=[[First War]]
| next=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
| image=[[File:Antonio Vinci - Tulkas.jpg|300px]]
| name=Battle of the Powers
| place=Across the northern parts of [[Middle-earth]], passing eastward from its northwestern coasts
| result=Decisive victory for the [[Valar]]
*[[Chaining of Melkor]]
*Ruin of [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]]
*Shape of [[Middle-earth]] changed
*The [[Great Journey]] begins shortly after
| battles=
| begin={{YT|1090}}
| end={{YT|1099}}
| side1=Forces of the [[Valar]]
| side2=Forces of [[Melkor]]
| commanders1=[[Manwë]] [[Oromë]] [[Tulkas]]
| commanders2=[[Melkor]] [[Sauron]]
}}
The '''Battle of the Powers''', also known as the '''War of the Powers'''<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> or '''War of the Gods''',<ref>{{GA|6}}</ref> was a conflict fought between the [[Valar]] and the forces of [[Melkor]]. Under the council of [[Manwë]], the Valar marched in force with the aim to end Melkor's authority over [[Middle-earth]] and liberate the newly-awakened [[Elves]] from his influence. It culminated in the siege of Utumno, where Melkor was captured, chained, and imprisoned for three ages of the world. The Elves would never know details about the battle, which is shortly told in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - Ring of Doom.jpg|left|thumb|''Ring of Doom'' by [[:Category:Images by Jacek Kopalski|Jacek Kopalski]]]]
Long time after the Valar settled in [[Aman]], they held council among themselves and spoke of the coming [[Children of Ilúvatar]], who first would be the [[Elves]]. [[Yavanna]] noted that the time of their arrival was unknown and they should not leave the lands of their future dwelling unprotected. [[Tulkas]] likewise agreed with the necessity of immediate action.

Manwë bid [[Mandos]] to speak, and he replied that the Children shall come in this age, and the [[Firstborn]] will walk under the [[stars]]. [[Varda]] then created other stars to help to light the world for the coming of the Elves. Using silver dews from [[Telperion]], she created many new stars, including [[Wilwarin]], [[Menelmacar]], and others. After Varda's long works, the Elves [[Awakening of the Elves|awoke]] in the starlight by the shores of [[Cuiviénen]], the Water of Awakening.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Oromë espies the first Elves.jpg|thumb|''Oromë espies the first Elves'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
While [[Oromë]] conducted his hunting trips on his great steed [[Nahar]], he heard the newly-born Elves singing. He met them and spent time among them, and yet perceived the influence of Melkor among them, as they were afraid of him. Oromë reported these findings to the [[Elder King]], who once again called a gathering of all the Valar to the [[Ring of Doom]], even the far-off [[Ulmo]]. He then proclaimed the counsel of [[Ilúvatar]] in his heart that they "should take up again the mastery of Arda at whatever cost, and deliver the Quendi from the shadow of Melkor".

Oromë and Tulkas often stayed with the Quendi around Cuiviénen, but after the War was decided, they left for the preparations; in their place, [[Melian]] and the [[Five Guardians]], a group of powerful [[Maiar]], were sent to guard and protect the primitive Elves meanwhile.<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, pp. 95, 99</ref>

===Battle===
The [[Valar]] first came to [[Middle-earth]] on {{YT|1090}}. The titanic conflict between the Valar and Melkor now began in earnest, with the hosts of the West confronting the hosts of [[Melkor]] in the North-west of Middle-earth, and all that region was broken by this engagement. But the first victory of the hosts of the West was swift, and the servants of Melkor fled before them to [[Utumno]]. Then the Valar passed over Middle-earth, and over the next two years, they set a guard about [[Cuiviénen]] to protect the Elves from battle. There the young Elves only felt the shaking of the Earth, and saw the north alight by mighty fires. Thus the Valar began the siege of Utumno, long and grievous it was and many battles were fought before its gates of which all is but a rumour to the Elves.

After seven [[years of the Trees]], the gates of Utumno were broken and its halls unroofed, and Melkor took refuge in the uttermost pit. The last of his servants were host of [[Balrogs]], who as a tide of flame assailed the standard of [[Manwë]]. The wind of his wrath withered their fire, and he slew them with the lightning of [[Sword of Manwë|his sword]].<ref>{{AA|50}}, p. 75</ref> Melkor stood at last alone, and [[Tulkas]] arrived and wrestled with him and bound him with the chain [[Angainor]] that [[Aulë]] had wrought.<ref>{{AA|47-50}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Roger Garland - Melkor chained.jpg|thumb|right|''Melkor chained'' by [[Roger Garland]]]]
The [[Valar]] failed to discover some of the deepest chambers under [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]], and Melkor's lieutenant [[Sauron]] was never captured. Some [[Balrogs]] and other evil creatures hid there, and others dispersed to the far edges of the earth.

From the ruin great clouds arose and hid the stars. It was during this time that the contour of Middle Earth was changed, with the [[Great Sea]] being widened. The [[Bay of Balar]] was carved out, as well as other minor bays until the [[Great Gulf]] southwards; the northern highlands of [[Hithlum]] and [[Dorthonion]], sources of [[Sirion]], were raised up as new mountain ranges, and the river came into being.

The Valar dragged Melkor back to Valinor for judgment before [[Manwë]], in the [[Máhanaxar|Ring of Doom]]. Melkor laid upon his face and begged for mercy from Manwë, but his prayers were denied. He was cast into the prison of Mandos for [[Chaining of Melkor|three ages]], after which he would be brought before [[Manwë]] once more. Although the Elves didn't participate in the war, Melkor never forgot that his downfall was for their sake.

The Valar gathered in council once again, and it was decided, after some debate, to summon the [[Quendi]] to [[Valinor]] to preserve them from evil. However, the Quendi were unwilling to listen to their summons after seeing their wrath and devastation of the war, so [[Oromë]] chose three ambassadors to accompany him back to Valinor and speak on behalf of their people. The three ambassadors were [[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and [[Elwë]]. In Valinor, they beheld the glory of the [[Two Trees]]. The three ambassadors returned to their people and counselled them to accept the summons, and the [[Great Journey]] began soon thereafter.<ref name="Captivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
In Tolkien's earliest writings the conflict had a different form compared to later versions. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' Melko's devastation of the land is what caused the Valar to assault his fortress [[Utumno#Etymology|Utumna]], whereas in ''The Silmarillion'' it was the discovery of the newly-awakened Elves by [[Oromë]] at [[Cuiviénen]] that prompted the Valar to go to war on Melkor.

The confrontation between the Valar and Melkor in Utumno is expanded in the ''[[Lost Tales]]'', but unlike the aggressive approach in ''The Silmarillion'', the Valar concoct a plan of deceit to capture Melko by satiating his pride. The heralds of Melko and Manwë whom were [[Langon]] and [[Nornorë]] exchange words and the ruse is successful. Melko invites them to his chamber to pay homage before his seat. The Valar enter Utumna with [[Tulkas]] bound by Angaino (Angainor), and Manwë was about to kneel before Melko. However, the sight of this angered Tulkas greatly and he leapt forward, followed shortly by Aulë and Oromë. A great melee erupted in the hall between the Valar and Melko and his servants, and at the end Melko was wrapped by Angaino. Oromë would like to kill him, but he knew that it was impossible.

An interesting detail is that Manwë defends himself from Melko's mace by blowing gently.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

===Depiction within Morgoth's Ring===
In a 1955 essay included in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Tolkien wrote that the Valarian assault on Utumno was an act of desperation, one they feared would fail, and their main intent was to distract Melkor long enough for the Quendi to flee from him and escape his influence. Manwë descended into the depths of the fortress and met with Melkor, and both were surprised; Manwë, to see that his brother had "dispersed" so much of his power into the physical world, and Melkor, to see that, in his mind, he was now physically weaker than his brother and could no longer daunt him with a gaze. In this version, Melkor never fights Tulkas or the other Valar directly, and instead surrenders himself to Manwë willingly.

Though he briefly considers truly repenting, his mind turns to evil, and instead he plots to corrupt and ruin Valinor from within, asking that the Valar take him as their prisoner and that he be allowed to serve them in penance. Out of both pity for and fear of his brother, Manwë accepts, but the Valar do not fully trust Melkor; rather, he is taken to Valinor and placed under the watch of Mandos for "meditation" and contemplation on his actions. Unable to enact his plans without being noticed, and now separated from his armies and servants, whom he poured a great deal of his personal might into, Melkor regrets his decision and grows deeply hateful, wishing instead that he had assaulted Manwë and the Valar "in fiery rebellion" when he had the chance.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, pp. 340-341</ref>

=== Depiction within Nature of Middle-earth ===
In a 1960 revision, included within ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien continued to develop the concept of the Valar attacking Melkor before the Great March began. As the Valar had allowed Melkor peace in which to establish himself, and thus neglected the matter until war would involve the Children in misery or destruction, Tolkien concluded "that the ''rescue of the Quendi'' must be secret (as far as possible), and ''before the assault upon Utumno''"; therefore "The Great March must occur behind a screen of investment, and before any violent assault had begun!"<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, pp. 44-45</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:Wars]]
[[de:Krieg der Mächte]]
[[fi:Mahtien Mittelö]]
[[fi:Mahtien Sota]]

Battle of the Powers

2024-08-19T22:03:37Z

BartekChom: /* The Book of Lost Tales */ "An interesting detail is that Manwë defends himself from Melko's mace by blowing gently."

{{war
| previous=[[First War]]
| next=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
| image=[[File:Antonio Vinci - Tulkas.jpg|300px]]
| name=Battle of the Powers
| place=Across the northern parts of [[Middle-earth]], passing eastward from its northwestern coasts
| result=Decisive victory for the [[Valar]]
*[[Chaining of Melkor]]
*Ruin of [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]]
*Shape of [[Middle-earth]] changed
*The [[Great Journey]] begins shortly after
| battles=
| begin={{YT|1090}}
| end={{YT|1099}}
| side1=Forces of the [[Valar]]
| side2=Forces of [[Melkor]]
| commanders1=[[Manwë]] [[Oromë]] [[Tulkas]]
| commanders2=[[Melkor]] [[Sauron]]
}}
The '''Battle of the Powers''', also known as the '''War of the Powers'''<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> or '''War of the Gods''',<ref>{{GA|6}}</ref> was a conflict fought between the [[Valar]] and the forces of [[Melkor]]. Under the council of [[Manwë]], the Valar marched in force with the aim to end Melkor's authority over [[Middle-earth]] and liberate the newly-awakened [[Elves]] from his influence. It culminated in the siege of Utumno, where Melkor was captured, chained, and imprisoned for three ages of the world. The Elves would never know details about the battle, which is shortly told in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - Ring of Doom.jpg|left|thumb|''Ring of Doom'' by [[:Category:Images by Jacek Kopalski|Jacek Kopalski]]]]
Long time after the Valar settled in [[Aman]], they held council among themselves and spoke of the coming [[Children of Ilúvatar]], who first would be the [[Elves]]. [[Yavanna]] noted that the time of their arrival was unknown and they should not leave the lands of their future dwelling unprotected. [[Tulkas]] likewise agreed with the necessity of immediate action.

Manwë bid [[Mandos]] to speak, and he replied that the Children shall come in this age, and the [[Firstborn]] will walk under the [[stars]]. [[Varda]] then created other stars to help to light the world for the coming of the Elves. Using silver dews from [[Telperion]], she created many new stars, including [[Wilwarin]], [[Menelmacar]], and others. After Varda's long works, the Elves [[Awakening of the Elves|awoke]] in the starlight by the shores of [[Cuiviénen]], the Water of Awakening.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Oromë espies the first Elves.jpg|thumb|''Oromë espies the first Elves'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
While [[Oromë]] conducted his hunting trips on his great steed [[Nahar]], he heard the newly-born Elves singing. He met them and spent time among them, and yet perceived the influence of Melkor among them, as they were afraid of him. Oromë reported these findings to the [[Elder King]], who once again called a gathering of all the Valar to the [[Ring of Doom]], even the far-off [[Ulmo]]. He then proclaimed the counsel of [[Ilúvatar]] in his heart that they "should take up again the mastery of Arda at whatever cost, and deliver the Quendi from the shadow of Melkor".

Oromë and Tulkas often stayed with the Quendi around Cuiviénen, but after the War was decided, they left for the preparations; in their place, [[Melian]] and the [[Five Guardians]], a group of powerful [[Maiar]], were sent to guard and protect the primitive Elves meanwhile.<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, pp. 95, 99</ref>

===Battle===
The [[Valar]] first came to [[Middle-earth]] on {{YT|1090}}. The titanic conflict between the Valar and Melkor now began in earnest, with the hosts of the West confronting the hosts of [[Melkor]] in the North-west of Middle-earth, and all that region was broken by this engagement. But the first victory of the hosts of the West was swift, and the servants of Melkor fled before them to [[Utumno]]. Then the Valar passed over Middle-earth, and over the next two years, they set a guard about [[Cuiviénen]] to protect the Elves from battle. There the young Elves only felt the shaking of the Earth, and saw the north alight by mighty fires. Thus the Valar began the siege of Utumno, long and grievous it was and many battles were fought before its gates of which all is but a rumour to the Elves.

After seven [[years of the Trees]], the gates of Utumno were broken and its halls unroofed, and Melkor took refuge in the uttermost pit. The last of his servants were host of [[Balrogs]], who as a tide of flame assailed the standard of [[Manwë]]. The wind of his wrath withered their fire, and he slew them with the lightning of [[Sword of Manwë|his sword]].<ref>{{AA|50}}, p. 75</ref> Melkor stood at last alone, and [[Tulkas]] arrived and wrestled with him and bound him with the chain [[Angainor]] that [[Aulë]] had wrought.<ref>{{AA|47-50}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Roger Garland - Melkor chained.jpg|thumb|right|''Melkor chained'' by [[Roger Garland]]]]
The [[Valar]] failed to discover some of the deepest chambers under [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]], and Melkor's lieutenant [[Sauron]] was never captured. Some [[Balrogs]] and other evil creatures hid there, and others dispersed to the far edges of the earth.

From the ruin great clouds arose and hid the stars. It was during this time that the contour of Middle Earth was changed, with the [[Great Sea]] being widened. The [[Bay of Balar]] was carved out, as well as other minor bays until the [[Great Gulf]] southwards; the northern highlands of [[Hithlum]] and [[Dorthonion]], sources of [[Sirion]], were raised up as new mountain ranges, and the river came into being.

The Valar dragged Melkor back to Valinor for judgment before [[Manwë]], in the [[Máhanaxar|Ring of Doom]]. Melkor laid upon his face and begged for mercy from Manwë, but his prayers were denied. He was cast into the prison of Mandos for [[Chaining of Melkor|three ages]], after which he would be brought before [[Manwë]] once more. Although the Elves didn't participate in the war, Melkor never forgot that his downfall was for their sake.

The Valar gathered in council once again, and it was decided, after some debate, to summon the [[Quendi]] to [[Valinor]] to preserve them from evil. However, the Quendi were unwilling to listen to their summons after seeing their wrath and devastation of the war, so [[Oromë]] chose three ambassadors to accompany him back to Valinor and speak on behalf of their people. The three ambassadors were [[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and [[Elwë]]. In Valinor, they beheld the glory of the [[Two Trees]]. The three ambassadors returned to their people and counselled them to accept the summons, and the [[Great Journey]] began soon thereafter.<ref name="Captivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
In Tolkien's earliest writings the conflict had a different form compared to later versions. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' Melko's devastation of the land is what caused the Valar to assault his fortress [[Utumno#Etymology|Utumna]], whereas in ''The Silmarillion'' it was the discovery of the newly-awakened Elves by [[Oromë]] at [[Cuiviénen]] that prompted the Valar to go to war on Melkor.

The confrontation between the Valar and Melkor in Utumno is expanded in the ''[[Lost Tales]]'', but unlike the aggressive approach in ''The Silmarillion'', the Valar concoct a plan of deceit to capture Melko by satiating his pride. The heralds of Melko and Manwë whom were [[Langon]] and [[Nornorë]] exchange words and the ruse is successful. Melko invites them to his chamber to pay homage before his seat. The Valar enter Utumna with [[Tulkas]] bound by Angaino (Angainor), and Manwë was about to kneel before Melko. However, the sight of this angered Tulkas greatly and he leapt forward, followed shortly by Aulë and Oromë. A great melee erupted in the hall between the Valar and Melko and his servants, and at the end Melko was wrapped by Angaino.

An interesting detail is that Manwë defends himself from Melko's mace by blowing gently.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

===Depiction within Morgoth's Ring===
In a 1955 essay included in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Tolkien wrote that the Valarian assault on Utumno was an act of desperation, one they feared would fail, and their main intent was to distract Melkor long enough for the Quendi to flee from him and escape his influence. Manwë descended into the depths of the fortress and met with Melkor, and both were surprised; Manwë, to see that his brother had "dispersed" so much of his power into the physical world, and Melkor, to see that, in his mind, he was now physically weaker than his brother and could no longer daunt him with a gaze. In this version, Melkor never fights Tulkas or the other Valar directly, and instead surrenders himself to Manwë willingly.

Though he briefly considers truly repenting, his mind turns to evil, and instead he plots to corrupt and ruin Valinor from within, asking that the Valar take him as their prisoner and that he be allowed to serve them in penance. Out of both pity for and fear of his brother, Manwë accepts, but the Valar do not fully trust Melkor; rather, he is taken to Valinor and placed under the watch of Mandos for "meditation" and contemplation on his actions. Unable to enact his plans without being noticed, and now separated from his armies and servants, whom he poured a great deal of his personal might into, Melkor regrets his decision and grows deeply hateful, wishing instead that he had assaulted Manwë and the Valar "in fiery rebellion" when he had the chance.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, pp. 340-341</ref>

=== Depiction within Nature of Middle-earth ===
In a 1960 revision, included within ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien continued to develop the concept of the Valar attacking Melkor before the Great March began. As the Valar had allowed Melkor peace in which to establish himself, and thus neglected the matter until war would involve the Children in misery or destruction, Tolkien concluded "that the ''rescue of the Quendi'' must be secret (as far as possible), and ''before the assault upon Utumno''"; therefore "The Great March must occur behind a screen of investment, and before any violent assault had begun!"<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, pp. 44-45</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:Wars]]
[[de:Krieg der Mächte]]
[[fi:Mahtien Mittelö]]
[[fi:Mahtien Sota]]

Battle of the Powers

2024-08-19T21:52:20Z

BartekChom: /* The Book of Lost Tales */ If I understand correctly, he did not kneel.

{{war
| previous=[[First War]]
| next=[[Wars of Beleriand]]
| image=[[File:Antonio Vinci - Tulkas.jpg|300px]]
| name=Battle of the Powers
| place=Across the northern parts of [[Middle-earth]], passing eastward from its northwestern coasts
| result=Decisive victory for the [[Valar]]
*[[Chaining of Melkor]]
*Ruin of [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]]
*Shape of [[Middle-earth]] changed
*The [[Great Journey]] begins shortly after
| battles=
| begin={{YT|1090}}
| end={{YT|1099}}
| side1=Forces of the [[Valar]]
| side2=Forces of [[Melkor]]
| commanders1=[[Manwë]] [[Oromë]] [[Tulkas]]
| commanders2=[[Melkor]] [[Sauron]]
}}
The '''Battle of the Powers''', also known as the '''War of the Powers'''<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> or '''War of the Gods''',<ref>{{GA|6}}</ref> was a conflict fought between the [[Valar]] and the forces of [[Melkor]]. Under the council of [[Manwë]], the Valar marched in force with the aim to end Melkor's authority over [[Middle-earth]] and liberate the newly-awakened [[Elves]] from his influence. It culminated in the siege of Utumno, where Melkor was captured, chained, and imprisoned for three ages of the world. The Elves would never know details about the battle, which is shortly told in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - Ring of Doom.jpg|left|thumb|''Ring of Doom'' by [[:Category:Images by Jacek Kopalski|Jacek Kopalski]]]]
Long time after the Valar settled in [[Aman]], they held council among themselves and spoke of the coming [[Children of Ilúvatar]], who first would be the [[Elves]]. [[Yavanna]] noted that the time of their arrival was unknown and they should not leave the lands of their future dwelling unprotected. [[Tulkas]] likewise agreed with the necessity of immediate action.

Manwë bid [[Mandos]] to speak, and he replied that the Children shall come in this age, and the [[Firstborn]] will walk under the [[stars]]. [[Varda]] then created other stars to help to light the world for the coming of the Elves. Using silver dews from [[Telperion]], she created many new stars, including [[Wilwarin]], [[Menelmacar]], and others. After Varda's long works, the Elves [[Awakening of the Elves|awoke]] in the starlight by the shores of [[Cuiviénen]], the Water of Awakening.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Oromë espies the first Elves.jpg|thumb|''Oromë espies the first Elves'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
While [[Oromë]] conducted his hunting trips on his great steed [[Nahar]], he heard the newly-born Elves singing. He met them and spent time among them, and yet perceived the influence of Melkor among them, as they were afraid of him. Oromë reported these findings to the [[Elder King]], who once again called a gathering of all the Valar to the [[Ring of Doom]], even the far-off [[Ulmo]]. He then proclaimed the counsel of [[Ilúvatar]] in his heart that they "should take up again the mastery of Arda at whatever cost, and deliver the Quendi from the shadow of Melkor".

Oromë and Tulkas often stayed with the Quendi around Cuiviénen, but after the War was decided, they left for the preparations; in their place, [[Melian]] and the [[Five Guardians]], a group of powerful [[Maiar]], were sent to guard and protect the primitive Elves meanwhile.<ref>{{NM|P1xiii}}, pp. 95, 99</ref>

===Battle===
The [[Valar]] first came to [[Middle-earth]] on {{YT|1090}}. The titanic conflict between the Valar and Melkor now began in earnest, with the hosts of the West confronting the hosts of [[Melkor]] in the North-west of Middle-earth, and all that region was broken by this engagement. But the first victory of the hosts of the West was swift, and the servants of Melkor fled before them to [[Utumno]]. Then the Valar passed over Middle-earth, and over the next two years, they set a guard about [[Cuiviénen]] to protect the Elves from battle. There the young Elves only felt the shaking of the Earth, and saw the north alight by mighty fires. Thus the Valar began the siege of Utumno, long and grievous it was and many battles were fought before its gates of which all is but a rumour to the Elves.

After seven [[years of the Trees]], the gates of Utumno were broken and its halls unroofed, and Melkor took refuge in the uttermost pit. The last of his servants were host of [[Balrogs]], who as a tide of flame assailed the standard of [[Manwë]]. The wind of his wrath withered their fire, and he slew them with the lightning of [[Sword of Manwë|his sword]].<ref>{{AA|50}}, p. 75</ref> Melkor stood at last alone, and [[Tulkas]] arrived and wrestled with him and bound him with the chain [[Angainor]] that [[Aulë]] had wrought.<ref>{{AA|47-50}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Roger Garland - Melkor chained.jpg|thumb|right|''Melkor chained'' by [[Roger Garland]]]]
The [[Valar]] failed to discover some of the deepest chambers under [[Utumno]] and [[Angband]], and Melkor's lieutenant [[Sauron]] was never captured. Some [[Balrogs]] and other evil creatures hid there, and others dispersed to the far edges of the earth.

From the ruin great clouds arose and hid the stars. It was during this time that the contour of Middle Earth was changed, with the [[Great Sea]] being widened. The [[Bay of Balar]] was carved out, as well as other minor bays until the [[Great Gulf]] southwards; the northern highlands of [[Hithlum]] and [[Dorthonion]], sources of [[Sirion]], were raised up as new mountain ranges, and the river came into being.

The Valar dragged Melkor back to Valinor for judgment before [[Manwë]], in the [[Máhanaxar|Ring of Doom]]. Melkor laid upon his face and begged for mercy from Manwë, but his prayers were denied. He was cast into the prison of Mandos for [[Chaining of Melkor|three ages]], after which he would be brought before [[Manwë]] once more. Although the Elves didn't participate in the war, Melkor never forgot that his downfall was for their sake.

The Valar gathered in council once again, and it was decided, after some debate, to summon the [[Quendi]] to [[Valinor]] to preserve them from evil. However, the Quendi were unwilling to listen to their summons after seeing their wrath and devastation of the war, so [[Oromë]] chose three ambassadors to accompany him back to Valinor and speak on behalf of their people. The three ambassadors were [[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], and [[Elwë]]. In Valinor, they beheld the glory of the [[Two Trees]]. The three ambassadors returned to their people and counselled them to accept the summons, and the [[Great Journey]] began soon thereafter.<ref name="Captivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
===The Book of Lost Tales===
In Tolkien's earliest writings the conflict had a different form compared to later versions. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' Melko's devastation of the land is what caused the Valar to assault his fortress [[Utumno#Etymology|Utumna]], whereas in ''The Silmarillion'' it was the discovery of the newly-awakened Elves by [[Oromë]] at [[Cuiviénen]] that prompted the Valar to go to war on Melkor.

The confrontation between the Valar and Melkor in Utumno is expanded in the ''[[Lost Tales]]'', but unlike the aggressive approach in ''The Silmarillion'', the Valar concoct a plan of deceit to capture Melko by satiating his pride. The heralds of Melko and Manwë whom were [[Langon]] and [[Nornorë]] exchange words and the ruse is successful. Melko invites them to his chamber to pay homage before his seat. The Valar enter Utumna with [[Tulkas]] bound by Angaino (Angainor), and Manwë was about to kneel before Melko. However, the sight of this angered Tulkas greatly and he leapt forward, followed shortly by Aulë and Oromë. A great melee erupted in the hall between the Valar and Melko and his servants, and at the end Melko was wrapped by Angaino.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}</ref>

===Depiction within Morgoth's Ring===
In a 1955 essay included in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Tolkien wrote that the Valarian assault on Utumno was an act of desperation, one they feared would fail, and their main intent was to distract Melkor long enough for the Quendi to flee from him and escape his influence. Manwë descended into the depths of the fortress and met with Melkor, and both were surprised; Manwë, to see that his brother had "dispersed" so much of his power into the physical world, and Melkor, to see that, in his mind, he was now physically weaker than his brother and could no longer daunt him with a gaze. In this version, Melkor never fights Tulkas or the other Valar directly, and instead surrenders himself to Manwë willingly.

Though he briefly considers truly repenting, his mind turns to evil, and instead he plots to corrupt and ruin Valinor from within, asking that the Valar take him as their prisoner and that he be allowed to serve them in penance. Out of both pity for and fear of his brother, Manwë accepts, but the Valar do not fully trust Melkor; rather, he is taken to Valinor and placed under the watch of Mandos for "meditation" and contemplation on his actions. Unable to enact his plans without being noticed, and now separated from his armies and servants, whom he poured a great deal of his personal might into, Melkor regrets his decision and grows deeply hateful, wishing instead that he had assaulted Manwë and the Valar "in fiery rebellion" when he had the chance.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}, pp. 340-341</ref>

=== Depiction within Nature of Middle-earth ===
In a 1960 revision, included within ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien continued to develop the concept of the Valar attacking Melkor before the Great March began. As the Valar had allowed Melkor peace in which to establish himself, and thus neglected the matter until war would involve the Children in misery or destruction, Tolkien concluded "that the ''rescue of the Quendi'' must be secret (as far as possible), and ''before the assault upon Utumno''"; therefore "The Great March must occur behind a screen of investment, and before any violent assault had begun!"<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, pp. 44-45</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:Wars]]
[[de:Krieg der Mächte]]
[[fi:Mahtien Mittelö]]
[[fi:Mahtien Sota]]

The Coming of the Elves and the Making of Kôr

2024-08-19T21:12:59Z

BartekChom: I still feel that such details are interesting

{{stub}}
{{HoME1chapters}}
'''The Coming of the Elves and the Making of Kôr''' is the fifth chapter of ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''.

== Synopsis ==
[[Eriol]] asked about [[Melko]]'s release, and [[Meril-i-Turinqi|Meril]] explained that it happened close to the end of the third century of his imprisonment. At the time, [[Manwë]] and his [[hawks]] saw the first [[elves]] - when the inhabitants of [[Valinor]] heard the news they cried happily ''I Eldar tulier'' - "the Eldar have come". Manwë decided to unchain Melko early, however leaving manacles and fetters from the ''[[tilkal]]'' on him.

[[Nornorë]] took the three leaders of Elves to Valinor: these were [[Ingwë|Isil Inwë]], ruling over the [[Vanyar|Teleri]]; [[Finwë|Finwë Nólomë]], ruling over the [[Noldoli]]; and [[Thingol|Tinwë Linto]], ruling over the [[Solosimpi]]. Meril explained she was a descendant of Inwë, while Finwë was the father of [[Turgon]], and Tinwë later stayed with [[Melian|Wendelin]] in [[Hithlum|Hisilómë]].

The [[Valar]] decided to invite the Elves to Valinor. Only [[Makar]], [[Meássë]], [[Mandos]], [[Fui]], and [[Ossë]] were less enthusiastic. Melko joined the majority, but later lied that he was against "imprisoning" the Elves.

[[Ulmo]] and his whale [[Uin]] used [[Ossë]]'s island as a ferry, bringing first the Teleri, then the Noldoli, and finally the Solosimpi. Using his island angered Ossë, who stopped it in the middle of the [[Great Sea]], where it become known as [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Island. Afterwards, the Teleri and Noldoli built [[Kôr]]. Eventually, after many years, the Solosimpi used swans and sea birds to take them on ships to Valinor. In Valinor, the Noldoli made a large quantity of gems, of which last and most beautiful were opals, until [[Fëanor]] made [[Silmarils|Silmarili]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coming of the Elves and the Making of Kor}}

Wights

2024-05-19T15:46:05Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ Wicht

[[File:Liz Danforth - Wight.png|thumb|[[Liz Danforth]] - ''Wight'']]

'''Wights''' was a name used for [[undead]] beings,<ref>{{RK|Company}}: "''And some said: 'They are Elvish wights. Let them go where they belong, into the dark places, and never return. The times are evil enough.<nowiki>'</nowiki>''"</ref> especially as a short form for the [[Barrow-wights]].<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, ''passim''</ref>

==Etymology==

''wight'' is derived from [[Old English]] ''wiht'', meaning "living being, creature". The related [[wikipedia:Old Saxon|Old Saxon]] ''wiht'' means "thing, demon".<ref> Douglas Harper, "[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wight wight]" at [http://www.etymonline.com/ Online Etymology Dictionary] (accessed 30 December 2010); a curiosity is that the Swedish cognate ''vätte'' ("spirit of the earth, gnome") was used to translate the word "[[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|goblin]]" (cf. J.R.R. Tolkien, Britt G. Hallqvist (transl.), ''[[The Hobbit|Bilbo: en hobbits äventyr]]'')</ref> It has been suggested that [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] had this later "''connection to the underworld in mind when he chose to refer to the grave-spirits of the Barrow-downs as 'wights'''".<ref>Mark Fisher, "[http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/b/barrowwights.html Barrow-wights: Evil spirits out of Angmar]" at [[Encyclopedia of Arda]] (accessed 30 December 2010)</ref>

Many works of fantasy fiction, role-playing games and computer and video games use the term ''wight'' as the name of spectral creatures very similar to Tolkien's Barrow-wights: [[Dungeons and Dragons]] has created a monster called "[[Wikipedia:Wight (Dungeons & Dragons)|Wight]]", a kind of undead, and the new terminology is also exemplified in the ''[http://awoiaf.westeros.org/index.php/Wights wights]'' of ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' series.<ref>Cf. "''Who has been beyond the wall of death to see? Only the '''wights, and we know what they are like. We know.''", [[George R. R. Martin]] (2005), ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' book IV, ''A Feast for Crows''</ref>

The German cognate of ''wight'' is ''Wicht'', often in diminutive ''Wichtel''. This word denotes nicer, small beings<ref>[https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Wichtel&iax=images&ia=images Wichtel] - DuckDuckGo image search</ref>, sometimes (as ''Weihnachtswichtel'') helpers of Santa Claus/[[Father Christmas]] (''Weihnachtsmann'' or ''Nikolaus'') or baby Jesus (''Christkind'') giving presents.<ref>[https://praxistipps.focus.de/was-ist-ein-wichtel-und-woher-kommen-weihnachtswichtel-einfach-erklaert_152890 Was ist ein Wichtel und woher kommen Weihnachtswichtel?] at FOCUS.de</ref><ref>[https://www.baddeldaddel.de/magazin/wichteltuer-zu-weihnachten-ideen-fuer-den-weihnachtswichtel/ Ein Wichtel zieht ein: 27 Ideen für die Wichteltür] at Das Familienmagazin</ref> A ''Wichtel'' resembles a ''Zwerg'' (cognate of ''[[dwarf]]''), but it is often considered to be smaller (with ''Gnom'' in between).<ref>[https://dict.leo.org/forum/viewGeneraldiscussion.php?idThread=1307553&lang=en Zwerg, Gnom und Wichtel] at English ⇔ German Forums - leo.org</ref><ref>[https://www.isteshaltbar.de/frage-und-antwort/was-ist-der-unterschied-zwischen-einem-wichtel-und-einem-zwerg Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einem Wichtel und einem Zwerg?] at Ist Es Haltbar?</ref><ref>[https://www.grundschulteacher.de/4-tuerchen-deutsch-riese-zwerg-und-wichtel-die-geschichte-der-gross-und-kleinschreibung/ Deutsch – Riese, Zwerg und Wichtel: Die Geschichte der Groß – und Kleinschreibung] at grundschulteacher</ref>

The Dutch cognate is the word ''wicht'', which can denote also simply a child or a girl.<ref>[https://www.wordsense.eu/wicht/ wicht] at WordSense</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[Image:Wights (LOTRO).jpg|thumb|''Wights'' in [[The Lord of the Rings Online|''LOTRO'']]]]
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: Wights inhabit the graves of Dúnedan nobles, taking their power from a buried lord. Gaming statistics are given for minor, lesser, and major Wights.<ref>{{ICE|2001}}, pp. 189, 251</ref>

'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
: Wights (not to be confused with the Barrow-wights appearing in the same game) are one of the three types of [[ghosts]]. Wights refer to cursed beings, who remain "''bound to the will and goals of the one who cursed them''" in their after-life. Unlike wraiths and phantoms, wights can possess the remains of other dead people.<ref>{{D|Fell}}, pp. 25-26</ref>

'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: Wights (crypt-wights) are categorized among the creatures called the Dead, "''designed to be reminiscent of the wights of the great Barrow-downs in Eriador''".<ref>[http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Monster:Wight Monster: Wight] at [http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Lorebook_home Lord of the Rings Online: Lorebook] (accessed 31 December 2010)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barrow-wights]]
==External links==
*{{WP|Wight}}
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wight#Noun Wight] at [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page Wiktionary]
{{references}}
[[Category:Undead]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]

Dwarves

2024-05-19T15:20:39Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ typos, I am sorry!

{{sources}}
{{race infobox
| name=Dwarves
| image=[[File:Alarie - A bunch of dwarves.jpg|250px]]
| caption="A bunch of dwarves" by [[:Category:Images by Alarie|Alarie]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''[[Khazâd]]'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])''Naugrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Nogothrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hadhod]]rim'' ([[Sindarin|S]])''[[Casari]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| origin=Descended from the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] created by [[Aulë]]
| location=[[Khazad-dûm]][[Belegost]][[Nogrod]][[Amon Rûdh]][[Nulukkizdîn]][[Erebor]][[Iron Hills]][[Aglarond]][[Grey Mountains]] (incl. [[Dáin's hall]])[[Blue Mountains]] (incl. [[Thorin's hall]])[[Gundabad]][[Rhûn]] (possibly the [[Orocarni]])
| affiliation=[[Alliance of Dwarves and Men]][[Union of Maedhros]][[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]][[Fellowship of the Ring]][[Thorin and Company]]
| rivalry=[[Elves]][[Dragons]][[Orcs]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]][[Westron]][[Sindarin]]<ref name="S10">{{S|10}}</ref>[[Iglishmêk]] (sign language)[[Dalish]]
| people='''Clans:''' [[Longbeards]], [[Firebeards]], [[Broadbeams]], [[Ironfists]], [[Stiffbeards]], [[Blacklocks]], [[Stonefoots]] '''Cultures: '''[[Dwarves of Belegost]], [[Dwarves of Erebor]], [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]], [[Dwarves of Nogrod]], [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]], [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]], [[Petty-dwarves]]
| members=[[Durin]], [[Gimli]], [[Thorin]], [[Dáin Ironfoot]], [[Azaghâl]], [[Mîm]], [[Balin]]
| lifespan=''[[#Lifespan|See below]]''
| distinctions=Stocky; bearded; never bald; especially hardy and loyal; notoriously stubborn
| height=At least 4 feet (1.22 m)<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, ''Heights'', p. 195</ref>
| hair=Blond, brown, black, blue, red, and (when older) grey or white{{fact}}
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Often axes, swords, bows, mattocks
}}
{{quote|Since they were to come in the days of the power of [[Morgoth|Melkor]], [[Aulë]] made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefore they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]"}}

The '''Dwarves''', or '''''[[Khuzd|Khazâd]]''''' in their own tongue, were beings of short stature, often friendly with [[Hobbits]] although long suspicious of [[Elves]]. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivalled in some of their arts even by the Elves.

While there were seven Houses of the Dwarves, the most prominent was that of the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]].

==Origins==
{{main|Fathers of the Dwarves}}
Unlike Elves and [[Men]], the Dwarves are not counted among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Their creator was [[Aulë#Names and etymology|Mahal]], known as [[Aulë]] the Smith. Aulë created the Seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], from whom all other Dwarves are descended, deep beneath an unknown mountain somewhere in [[Middle-earth]]. However, Aulë did not have the divine power to grant independent life to any creation, and the dwarves were bound to his will. [[Ilúvatar]] came and reprimanded Aulë, who confessed his desire to create more living things, but in repentance lifted his hammer to destroy the dwarves. Even as the blow was about to land, the dwarves cowered and begged for mercy, as Ilúvatar had taken pity and given true life to the creations of his child, including them in His plan for [[Arda]]. However, Ilúvatar did not wish them to wake before the [[Elves]], whom he intended to be the first-born. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar, but he bade Aulë lay them to sleep in their chamber deep beneath the mountain, and they were to awake after the [[Awakening of the Elves]].<ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref>
[[File:Artigas - The Seven Houses of the Khazad.jpg|thumb|The Seven Houses of the Khazad by [[:Category:Images_by_Artigas|Artigas]] ]]
The Seven Fathers awoke in their places in pairs with their wives, though [[Durin|Durin I]] had awoken alone. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke.<ref name=pmxnotes>{{PM|XNotes}}</ref>

The seven clans of the Dwarves were:<ref name="PMX">{{PM|X}}</ref>

* '''[[Longbeards]]''', ''Durin's Folk'', originally from [[Gundabad]].
* '''[[Firebeards]]''' and '''[[Broadbeams]]''', originally from the [[Blue Mountains]].
* '''[[Ironfists]]''' and '''[[Stiffbeards]]''', originated in the [[East]].
* '''[[Blacklocks]]''' and '''[[Stonefoots]]''', originated in the [[East]].

Durin settled in the caves above [[Kheled-zâram]] which later became the greatest of Dwarf realms, [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Therefore the halls of the Longbeards were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom.

There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the [[Petty-dwarves]], who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the [[Elves]] in the First Age.

==History==
===First Age===
Sometime after the Elves had awakened at [[Cuiviénen]],<ref group="note">In one of the texts associated with the chapter ''[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]'' of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', it is said that the awakening of the Dwarves might have taken place at the time of the departure of the Eldar over the sea - in other words, either in c. {{YT|1132}} (when the [[Vanyar]] and the [[Noldor]] departed) or in c. {{YT|1150}} (when the [[Teleri]] departed).</ref><ref>{{WJ|13}}, pp. 211-212</ref> the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] were released from their stone chambers. The eldest of them, called [[Durin the Deathless|Durin]], wandered until he founded the city of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] in the natural caves beneath three peaks: [[Barazinbar]], [[Zirakzigil]], and [[Bundushathûr]]. The city, populated by the Longbeards or [[Durin's Folk]], grew and prospered continuously through Durin's life (which was so long that he was called Durin the Deathless, also a reference to the belief by his people that he would be reincarnated seven times).

Far to the west of Khazad-dûm, the great Dwarf-cities of [[Belegost]] and [[Nogrod]] were founded in [[Ered Luin]] (the Blue Mountains) during the [[Years of the Trees]], before the arrival of the Elves in [[Beleriand]]. The [[Dwarves of Belegost]] were the first to forge mail of linked rings, and they also traded weaponry with the Sindar and carved the [[Menegroth|Thousand Caves of Menegroth]] for [[Thingol]], the Lord of Beleriand. In Nogrod, the Smith [[Telchar]] forged [[Narsil]] and [[Angrist]], two of the most fateful weapons in the history of Arda, as well as the famed [[Dragon-helm]] of [[Dor-Lómin]].

It is said that some Dwarves in the far [[East]] had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind when the ancestors of the [[Edain]] had encountered them.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #28</ref>

The [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]] fought against the forces of Melkor during the First Age, and the Dwarves of Belegost were the only people able to withstand dragon-fire in the [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]], when [[Lord of Belegost|Lord]] [[Azaghâl]], who died in the battle, stabbed Glaurung, the first dragon. The [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] fought against Melkor as well. However, they slew [[Thingol]] out of greed and stole the [[Silmaril]] they had been charged to set into the necklace called [[Nauglamír]]. A number of retaliatory actions ensued, and the Nogrod army was destroyed by a force of [[Laiquendi]] and [[Ents]]. Both dwarf kingdoms would eventually be destroyed, along with nearly all of Beleriand, after the [[War of Wrath]], with the dwarvish refugees mainly resettling in Khazad-dûm.

During those times of war in Beleriand, the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] prospered in relative peace colonizing the [[Iron Hills]] and the [[Grey Mountains]] and traded with the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, pp. 302-303</ref>

===Second Age===
In the [[Second Age]], around the year {{SA|40|n}},<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> the Firebeards and Broadbeams who lived in Nogrod and Belegost left the destruction behind and came to [[Khazad-dûm]], increasing its wealth and power.<ref name=AppA3/>

The Dwarves had little participation in most of the important events involving the other races. However their friendship with the Elves became more close than ever; the Dwarves of [[Moria]] maintained close connections to the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] of [[Eregion]]; the [[Doors of Durin]] of Moria were built to facilitate the communication between the two people, and was constructed jointly by both races.

When Eregion was sacked by [[Sauron]]'s forces, the Dwarves assailed them from behind however, it was too late to stop him from conquering all [[Eriador]].<ref name="UTGalad">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>
[[File:Liz Danforth - Annatar and the Seven Rings.png|thumb|[[Liz Danforth]] - ''Annatar and the seven rings'']]
When "[[Annatar]]" distributed the Rings of Power, he gave [[seven Rings|seven]] to Dwarf Lords in order to subdue and control them. However, they did not have the same effect as they did over Men. Dwarves did not shift into the [[wraith-world]] and in fact resisted domination. The Rings only augmented their greed and ability to create riches.

At the end of the Age, very few Dwarves participated in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], with some joining the side of [[Sauron]]. Some of the [[Dwarves of Moria]] joined the great host of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

===Third Age===

[[File:Angus McBride - Dwarves.jpg|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''The Dwarves are upon You!'']]
As [[Sauron]]'s [[shadow]] became stronger around {{TA|1300}}, evil things like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] began multiplying, harassing the Dwarves.<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref>

In [[Third Age 1980]], after centuries of greedy digging for ''[[mithril]]'' and other minerals, the Dwarves woke a [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] that was sleeping in the deeps of the Misty Mountains since the First Age. The Dwarves fled Khazad-dum, which from then on was called ''Moria'', which means "Black pit".

Most of Durin's folk left for the [[Grey Mountains]] in the North, while some followed the new king, [[Thráin I]], who briefly went to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|1999}}. For more than 300 years the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] prospered until the Dragons in the far North started to gain strength. Some fled to the [[Iron Hills]], while most followed the new king [[Thrór]] to Erebor to start a new [[Kingdom under the Mountain]]. There, they prospered for over 200 years until the dragon [[Smaug]] descended in {{TA|2770}}. The King and his company went in exile South, while most of the survivors went to the Iron Hills.

Durin's folk settled in [[Dunland]], and in {{TA|2790}} King Thrór travelled North to Moria where he was killed by the [[Orcs|Goblin]] king [[Azog]]. Thrór's son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] (who had received the Last of the Seven Rings from his father before his departure) summoned all the Houses of Dwarves to war. Thus began the [[War of Dwarves and Orcs]], in which the Dwarves destroyed all the Goblin strongholds in the [[Misty Mountains]] culminating to the great [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] where all the dwarven clans united. The Goblin hosts issuing from Moria were strong and relentless until the arrival of fresh [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. The Battle ended with the victory of Dwarves, but at great cost. The Dwarven clans, however, were unwilling to repopulate Moria. Thráin, therefore, came to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established his [[Thorin's Halls|realm]] there.

[[File:Angelo Montanini - Dori.jpg|thumb|[[Angelo Montanini]] - ''Dori'']]
The Wizard [[Gandalf]] was instrumental into helping Thráin's son Thorin in reclaiming the Kingdom of Erebor. Thorin gathered around him [[Thorin and Company|twelve dwarves]], mostly from his own line, and was joined by [[Gandalf]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. The [[Quest of Erebor]] ended with the death of [[Smaug]]. After a quarrel with the Men and Elves over the unguarded hoard, the Dwarves - assisted by those from the [[Iron Hills]] - united with the Men and Elves to fight the attacking Goblins and Wargs, in what was called the [[Battle of Five Armies]], where Thorin was killed.

[[Gimli]] son of Glóin joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] as a representative of the Dwarves and befriended [[Legolas]] during the [[War of the Ring]].

===Later history===
Not much is known about the Dwarves after the [[Third Age]]. After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Gimli]] brought a part of Durin's Folk from Erebor to the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and founded a colony there. Subsequently, Gimli went on many travels with his friend Legolas, and History lost track of their fate. Through their friendship and influence, the feud between the two races that had lasted for millennia finally ended, shortly before the departure of the last Elves from Middle-earth. It is rumoured that Gimli and Legolas eventually boarded a ship that sailed down the river Anduin, out to sea and across to Valinor in the year {{FoA|120}}. Gimli would thus have become the only Dwarf to ever be permitted to cross to the Undying Lands.

[[Durin VII]] (the Last), retook and brought Khazad-dûm back to its original splendour, and the Longbeards lived there till the "world grew old and the days of Durin's race ended".<ref name="PMX" />

==Characteristics==
[[File:BFME2 - Dwarf 4.jpg|thumb||Dwarves as portrayed in ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'' game]]
They were 4.5–5 feet (1.35–1.52 m) tall and their more distinctive characteristic was their beard which they have from the beginning of their lives, male and females alike; and it is said that they could die of shame if they were subjected to shaving.<ref name=wj13>{{WJ|13}}</ref>

They had a tendency toward gold lust and committed their share of rash and greedy acts. Among these was the dispute over the [[Nauglamír]], which led to the slaying of Elu [[Thingol]] and stirred up the initial suspicion between Elves and Dwarves to open hatred.<ref name=rings/>

Dwarves generally lived far from the sea and avoided getting on boats, as they disliked the sound of the ocean and were afraid of it.<ref name="S10" />

===Wicked Dwarves===
Of the people of Middle-earth, Dwarves are the most resistant to corruption and influence of Morgoth and later Sauron. The seven rings of Power of the dwarves did not turn them to evil, but it did amplify their greed and lust for gold. It is said that very few wilfully served the side of darkness.<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>

In the First Age, the [[Petty Dwarves]] that dwelt in [[Beleriand]] were descendants of Dwarves exiled for evil deeds from their great mansions of their kind.<ref>{{NM|P3}}, pp. 304-305</ref> And after their [[Awakening of Men|Awakening]], some [[Men]] had met Dwarves of the [[East]] who had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind and were distrustful of their race.<ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 28}} Of the Seven Houses, few fought on either side during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] at the end of the Second Age, and it's known that none from the House of Durin ever fought on the side of evil.<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

During the early parts of the Third Age (or at least in legends of the previous), it is known that in some places wicked dwarves had made alliances with [[Orcs]].<ref>{{H|Hill}}</ref> Those most likely came from the Dwarves of the far eastern mansions.<ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 28}}

However, it is said that there was an enmity between some Dwarves and some Men of old (who were jealous of the Dwarves's wealth and works), and the latter alleged evil things about the Dwarves.<ref name="Other" />

===Skills and industries===
{{quote|For buying and selling and exchange were their delight, and the winning of wealth thereby; and this they gathered rather to hoard than to use, save in further trading.|''Quenta Silmarillion''<ref name=wjdwarves>{{WJ|13}}</ref>{{rp|p. 204}}}}
[[File:Lída Holubová - Dwarven smith.jpg|thumb|''Dwarven smith'' by [[Lída Holubová]]]]
As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda and crafts. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They were considered unrivalled in arts such as smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even by the [[Noldor]].<ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref>

The Dwarves were the greatest miners ever to exist in [[Middle-earth]], building immense halls under mountains where they built their cities. They built many famed halls including [[Menegroth]], the fairest dwelling of any king that has been east of the [[Sea]],<ref name=S2/> [[Nargothrond]],<ref name=return>{{S|Return}}</ref> [[Khazad-dum]], the grandest mansions of the Dwarves,<ref name="S10" /> the [[Elvenking's Halls]],<ref group="note">In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', it is stated by [[Gimli]] that the Dwarves aided in the making of [[Thranduil]]'s halls. However, in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', it is stated that Thranduil's halls "were not to be compared with [[Menegroth]]. He had not the arts nor wealth nor the aid of the Dwarves."</ref><ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]].

In the darkness of [[Arda]] already the Dwarves wrought great works for even from the first days of their Fathers they had marvellous skill with metals and with stone; but in that ancient time iron and copper they loved to work, rather than silver and gold.<ref name="S10" />

In the tempering of steel alone of all crafts the Dwarves were never outmatched even by the [[Noldor]], and in the making of mail of linked rings, which was first contrived by the [[Dwarves of Belegost|smiths of Belegost]], their work had no rival. During the third age of the captivity of [[Melkor]], the Dwarves smithied for [[Thingol]]; for they were greatly skilled in such work, though none among them surpassed the [[Dwarves of Nogrod|craftsmen of Nogrod]], of whom [[Telchar]] the smith was greatest in renown.<ref name="S10" />

They were also capable masons and smiths - Dwarven smithing skills were said to be unrivalled, and their masonry creations were bested by none. The crafting skills of the Dwarves were unmatched; they crafted objects of great beauty out of gems and metals. They crafted many famed weapons, armours, and items of art and beauty, among them [[Narsil]], the sword of [[Elendil]], the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]] and the necklace [[Nauglamír]], the most prized treasure in [[Nargothrond]] and the most famed Dwarven work of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name=doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

In the [[Third Age]], Dwarves wrought with patient craft works of metal and stone that now none can rival.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> However, as stated by [[Gloin son of Groin|Gloin]] at the [[Council of Elrond]], the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] have surpassed their predecessors in mining and building before [[Smaug]] descended on the [[Lonely Mountain]], but not in metal-work, smithing or the making of mail, as their predecessors' secrets have been long lost.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

===Hardiness===
The Dwarves were created by Aulë to be strong, resistant to fire and the evils of Morgoth. They were hardier than any other race, secretive, stubborn, and steadfast in enmity or loyalty.

The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"<ref name="PMX" /> — a warlike race who would fight fiercely against whoever aggrieved them including Dwarves of "other mansions and lordships".<ref name="S10" /> Highly skilled in the making of weapons and armour, their main weapon is the battle axe, but they also use bows, swords, shields, and mattocks.<ref>{{H|15}}</ref>

They are resistant to fire, more than Elves or Men.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref> Sickness was almost unknown to the Dwarves, as they were immune to human diseases.<ref name=PMAiv/>

They were generally less corruptible than Men. When Sauron attempted to enslave the Free Folk of Middle-earth using the [[Rings of Power]], the Elves completely resisted his power (indeed, his hand had never sullied the [[Three Rings]]), while the [[Nine Rings]] utterly corrupted the Men who bore them into the [[Ringwraiths]]. In contrast, the Dwarves were sturdy and resistant enough that Sauron was not able to dominate them using the [[Seven Rings]]. At most, the Seven Rings sowed strife among the Dwarves and filled their wearers with an insatiable greed for gold, but they did not turn them into wraiths subservient to the Dark Lord, and he considered his plan to have failed. Sauron was furious at the Dwarves' resistance, spurring his drive to recapture the Seven Rings from them.

Another example was [[Gimli]], who, while [[Saruman]] used the power in his voice and the [[Rohirrim]] were spell-bound by his magic, Gimli was unmoved and commented that Saruman's words cannot be trusted, causing Saruman to be angered enough to lose his charm.<ref>{{TT|Voice}}</ref>

===Lifespan===
The lifespan of Dwarves was varied depending on their "breed".<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> The [[Longbeards]] were particularly long-lived,<ref name=PMAiv/> but by the Third Age, their lifespan was diminished and they lived, on average, 250 years.<ref name=PMAiv/> The [[Kings of Durin's Folk]] named "Durin" were particularly long-lived.<ref name=PMAiv/> Occasionally they would live up to 300 years of age, and [[Dwalin]] reached the rare lifespan of 340 years (comparable to a Middle Man living to 100).<ref name=PMAiv/>

Until they were around 30 years of age, Dwarves were considered too young for heavy labour or war (hence the slaying of Azog by [[Dain Ironfoot]] at age 32 was a great feat). By the age of 40, Dwarves were hardened into the appearance that they would keep for most of their lives. Between the approximate ages of 40 and 240, most Dwarves were equally hale and able to work and fight with vigour. They took on the appearance of age only about ten years before their death, wrinkling and greying rapidly, but never going bald.

Although Dwarves did not suffer from diseases, corpulence could affect them. In prosperous circumstances, many grew fat by the age of 200 and became physically inept.<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Earth-bread]] was a root well known to Dwarves, but almost unknown to Elves or Men. [[Coffee]] was at least known to Hobbits and Dwarves.

The Dwarves didn't have relationships with animals, didn't harbour even [[dogs]] and wouldn't mount a [[horse]] willingly. For this reason they found the [[Northmen]] useful [[Alliance of Dwarves and Men|trade allies]] in the Second Age.<ref>{{PM|Relations}}</ref><ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 29}} In earlier times, whenever the Dwarves were unable to barter for grain, they practiced agriculture using a plough-like tool that they invented. However, Dwarves did not enjoy doing such labour.<ref>{{NM|P3v}}, Second paragraph</ref>

===Family===
The Dwarves' numbers, although they sometimes flourished, often faced periods of decline, especially in periods of war. The slow increase of their population was due to the rarity of [[Dwarf-women]], who made up only about a third of the total population. Dwarves seldom wedded before the age of ninety or more, and rarely had so many as four children. They took only one husband or wife in their lifetime, and were jealous, as in all matters of their rights. The number of Dwarf-men that married was actually less than half, for not all the Dwarf-women took husbands; some desired none, some wanted one they could not have and would have no other. Many Dwarf-men did not desire marriage because they were absorbed in their work.<ref name=AppA3>{{App|A3}}</ref><ref name=PMAiv/>

Dwarf-women seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. When they did travel, they were so alike Dwarf-men in voice, appearance, and garb that it was hard for other races to tell them apart. They were likewise seldom named in genealogies, joining their husbands' families. The only Dwarf-woman named in Tolkien's legendarium is [[Dís]], sister of Thorin Oakenshield, who was given a place in the records because of the gallant deaths of her sons, Fíli and Kíli. The scarcity of women, their rare mention, and their identical looks with the males, coupled with the Dwarves' secretive culture, led many to mistakenly believe that Dwarves were born out of stone, and upon death, they returned to that stone.<ref name=AppA3/><ref name=PMAiv/>

Dwarves are fiercely devoted to their parents and children. In their desire for their children to grow up hardy and enduring, they may treat them harshly, but they will protect them at all costs. Dwarves resent injuries to their children and to their parents more than injuries to themselves.<ref name=PMAiv/>

===Religion===
The Dwarves loved and revered the Vala Aulë.<ref name="S10" /><ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref>

Of old, the Elves believed that the Dwarves would have no future in [[Arda Unmarred]], but the Dwarves themselves held to a promise that Ilúvatar would hallow them and adopt them as his Children. They maintained that after death Aulë (Mahal) cared for them, gathering them to the [[Halls of Mandos]] with the other Children of Ilúvatar, though in halls set apart. It is said that after the Last Battle they will work alongside Aulë in the remaking of Arda.<ref name=S2/>

===Reincarnation===
The Dwarves believed that the reappearance of the person of one of the Dwarf-fathers (in the lines of their kings), is not one of re-birth, but of the preservation of the body of a former king, to which at intervals their spirit would return.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Michaël Devaux]] (ed.), ''[[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3|La Feuille de la Compagnie, vol.3, J.R.R. Tolkien, l'effigie des Elfes]]'', "Fragments on elvish reincarnation", "III. Some notes on 'rebirth', reincarnation by restoration, among Elves. With a note on the Dwarves"</ref>

===Language===
{{main|Khuzdul}}
The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was called ''[[Khuzdul]]''. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, because it was difficult and the Dwarves kept it secret, preferring to communicate in the languages of their neighbours. Only one Khuzdul phrase was well known to outsiders: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!". The Dwarves taught Khuzdul carefully to their children, as a learned language, not a cradle-tongue, and thus the language changed very little over the ages, unlike those of other races. The Dwarves also devised a secret language of gestures to communicate between themselves in silence, the ''[[iglishmêk]]''.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 395</ref>

Certainly in the First Age when they first made contact with the Elves, the only tongue in Beleriand would have been Sindarin at that time as the Noldor had not yet returned from Aman. As a logical consequence, therefore, Sindarin was a language used by the dwarves.<ref name="S10" /> But the Dwarves were swift to learn and indeed were more willing to learn the [[Elven-tongue]] than to teach their own to those of alien race.<ref name="S10" /> In fact, the Dwarves were so impressed by the Elvish runes (The Cirth of Daeron) for writing Sindarin that they adopted them for use in their own tongue and used them forever more.

Dwarves had great interest in languages since their first contact with other peoples and had good hability to pronounce foreigner sounds from other languages. However, they could not conceal their voices, which were deep in tone, with laryngeal coloration, so among themselves they could even speak with a laryngeal whisper.<ref>{{NM|P3xix}}, p. 371</ref>

==Other names==
The Dwarves called themselves the ''[[Khazâd]]'', the name Aulë gave them; this was adapted as '''''Hadhodrim''''' in [[Sindarin]], and '''''Casari''''' in [[Quenya]]. ''Casari'' was the common word for Dwarves among the [[Noldor]], but the [[Sindar]] usually called them ''Naugrim'' or ''Nogothrim'' ("the Stunted People").<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>

An epithet for the Dwarves in [[Quenya]] was '''''Aulëonnar''''' ("Children of Aulë").<ref>{{PM|Last}}, p. 391, fn. 22</ref>

In their dealings with people of other races, the Dwarves did not reveal their true names, rather adopting new names in other languages (the [[petty-dwarves]] were an exception). During the Third Age, the Longbeards used [[northern Mannish]] names in public.
==Etymology==
Before Tolkien, the term ''dwarfs'' (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''.

According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of ''dwarf'' is ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''. He once referred to ''dwarves'' as "a piece of private bad grammar",<ref>{{L|17}}</ref> but in [[Appendix F]] to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' he explains that if we still spoke of dwarves regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word ''dwarf'' as with ''man''. The form ''dwarrow'' only appears in the word ''Dwarrowdelf'', a name for [[Moria]]. Tolkien used ''Dwarves'', instead, which corresponds with ''Elf'' and ''Elves'', making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales.

The original editor of ''The Lord of the Rings'' "corrected" Tolkien's ''dwarves'' to ''dwarfs''.<ref>{{L|138}}</ref>

The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books has led to the popular use of the term ''dwarves'' to describe this race in fantasy literature.

''Dwarf'' comes from [[Old English]] ''dweorh'', ''dweorg'', ''duerg''.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/dwarf dwarf] at etymonline</ref>

The German cognate of ''dwarf'' is ''Zwerg''. A German Zwerg seems to resemble a dwarf from ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (collected by the Grimm brothers as ''Schneewittchen und die sieben Zwerge''),<ref>[https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Zwerg&iax=images&ia=images Zwerg] - DuckDuckGo image search</ref> but in ''Snow-White and Rose-Red'' (''Schneeweisschen und Rosenrot'') a bad dwarf (Zwerg) appears.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schneeweisschen_und_Rosenrot3.jpg File:Schneeweisschen_und_Rosenrot3.jpg] at Wikimedia Commons</ref> A ''garden gnome'' (figurine) is ''Gartenzwerg''.<ref>[https://dict.leo.org/german-english/gnome gnome] in Leo dictionary</ref>. A ''Zwerg'' resembles a ''Wichtel'' (diminutive of ''Wicht'', cognate of ''[[wight]]''), but the latter is often considered to be smaller (with ''Gnom'' in between).<ref>[https://dict.leo.org/forum/viewGeneraldiscussion.php?idThread=1307553&lang=en Zwerg, Gnom und Wichtel] at English ⇔ German Forums - leo.org</ref><ref>[https://www.isteshaltbar.de/frage-und-antwort/was-ist-der-unterschied-zwischen-einem-wichtel-und-einem-zwerg Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einem Wichtel und einem Zwerg?] at Ist Es Haltbar?</ref><ref>[https://www.grundschulteacher.de/4-tuerchen-deutsch-riese-zwerg-und-wichtel-die-geschichte-der-gross-und-kleinschreibung/ Deutsch – Riese, Zwerg und Wichtel: Die Geschichte der Groß – und Kleinschreibung] at grundschulteacher</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Wikipedia:Dwarf (folklore)|Dwarfs]] are beings of Germanic folklore, usually associated with metallurgy.<ref name=brackman/> Many the names of Dwarven characters in the [[Legendarium]] are taken or inspired from the Old Norse ''[[Völuspá]]''.

At several points Tolkien noted that his Dwarves have jewish traits: both were "''at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue...''"<ref>{{L|176}}</ref> a tongue which he based on [[Hebrew]].

{{quote|The dwarves of course are quite obviously, couldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic. [...] There's a tremendous love of the artefact, and of course the immense warlike capacity of the Jews, which we tend to forget nowadays.|J.R.R. Tolkien to [[Denys Gueroult]]<ref name=interview>''[[An Interview with J.R.R.T.]]''; the second phrase was edited out of the broadcast but published in Zak Cramer's "Jewish Influences in Middle-earth" (''[[Mallorn 44]]'' [[2006]]: p. 10).</ref>}}

Rebecca Brackman notes that the Dwarves's creation tale resembles the role between Jews and Christians: while the Jews held the holy Law and were God's first chosen people, according to early and medieval understanding, this role has been superseded and replaced by Christianity, much like how the Dwarves were created first, but were superseded by the Elves and Men as Children of Iluvatar, according to His plan.<ref name=brackman/>

According to Brackman Tolkien's Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' display some (anti-)semitic tropes following popular perception. Such tropes are the beards, the greed for gold, cowardliness and complaining for several things, serving as comic relief; they don't seem to participate in the heroic culture of the Elven and Mannish characters and have their own value system ("dwarves are not heroes, but calculating folk with a great idea of the value of [[money]]"<ref>{{H|12}}, p. 211</ref>). Those marginalizing stereotypes were circulating both in the medieval sources Tolkien was studying, but also in his contemporary culture.<ref name=brackman/>

Wayne Harden has noted that the war-cry of the Dwarves is similar to the historical [[Wikipedia:Gurkha|Gurkha]] cry, "The Gurkhas are upon you!"<ref name=brackman/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest versions of Tolkien's [[Legendarium]] such as [[The Book of Lost Tales]], the dwarves were evil beings, not unlike the dwarfs of Norse mythology, and sometimes allied by [[Melko]].<ref name=brackman>Brackmann, Rebecca ([[2010]]) "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol28/iss3/ 'Dwarves are Not Heroes': Antisemitism and the Dwarves in J.R.R. Tolkien's Writing]", [[Mythlore]]: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 28: No. 3, Article 7.</ref>

In an earlier version of the legendarium it is hinted that the Dwarves do not know about Ilúvatar, or that they disbelieve his existence, but later writings contradict that suggestion.<ref>{{LT2|IV}}</ref>

While the Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' are comical, outside the heroic culture, with several unpleasant qualities stereotypically attributed to the Jews, Gimli in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is displayed heroic and steadfast and is not motivated by profit or revenge; it is also suggested that the monetary value Dwarves give to gold and gems actually comes from appreciation of their natural beauty, perceived as "greed" in ''The Hobbit''. The backstory laid out in [[Appendix A|"Durin's Folk"]] and ''[[The Quest of Erebor]]'' suggests that Thorin's aggressive and greedy behavior was stemming from his Dwarvish sense of duty, and perhaps spurred by the [[Ring of Thrór]], rather than inherited racial traits.<ref name=brackman/> Christine Chism argued that Tolkien, having Jews in mind, responded to the cultural turmoil around the time of WWII.<ref>Chism, Christine. "Middle-earth, the Middle Ages, and the Aryan Nation." In ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]''. Ed. [[Jane Chance]]. London: Routledge, [[2003]]. pp. 63-92.</ref>

Concerning the hostile views between Dwarves and Elves in the First Age, [[Christopher Tolkien]] notes that "the long enduring 'hostile' view has at last virtually vanished" in ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]''.<ref name=wjdwarves/>{{rp|p. 206}}

==External links==
*"[http://lingwe.blogspot.se/2013/02/did-tolkien-coin-plural-dwarves.html Did Tolkien coin the plural “dwarves”?]" by [[Jason Fisher]]

{{references|notes}}
{{dwarvenclans}}
[[Category:Dwarves| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Zwerge]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/nains/nains]]
[[fi:Kääpiöt]]

Dwarves

2024-05-19T15:15:56Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ Zwerg, Wichtel≈wight

{{sources}}
{{race infobox
| name=Dwarves
| image=[[File:Alarie - A bunch of dwarves.jpg|250px]]
| caption="A bunch of dwarves" by [[:Category:Images by Alarie|Alarie]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''[[Khazâd]]'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])''Naugrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Nogothrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Hadhod]]rim'' ([[Sindarin|S]])''[[Casari]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]])
| origin=Descended from the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] created by [[Aulë]]
| location=[[Khazad-dûm]][[Belegost]][[Nogrod]][[Amon Rûdh]][[Nulukkizdîn]][[Erebor]][[Iron Hills]][[Aglarond]][[Grey Mountains]] (incl. [[Dáin's hall]])[[Blue Mountains]] (incl. [[Thorin's hall]])[[Gundabad]][[Rhûn]] (possibly the [[Orocarni]])
| affiliation=[[Alliance of Dwarves and Men]][[Union of Maedhros]][[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]][[Fellowship of the Ring]][[Thorin and Company]]
| rivalry=[[Elves]][[Dragons]][[Orcs]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]][[Westron]][[Sindarin]]<ref name="S10">{{S|10}}</ref>[[Iglishmêk]] (sign language)[[Dalish]]
| people='''Clans:''' [[Longbeards]], [[Firebeards]], [[Broadbeams]], [[Ironfists]], [[Stiffbeards]], [[Blacklocks]], [[Stonefoots]] '''Cultures: '''[[Dwarves of Belegost]], [[Dwarves of Erebor]], [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]], [[Dwarves of Nogrod]], [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]], [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]], [[Petty-dwarves]]
| members=[[Durin]], [[Gimli]], [[Thorin]], [[Dáin Ironfoot]], [[Azaghâl]], [[Mîm]], [[Balin]]
| lifespan=''[[#Lifespan|See below]]''
| distinctions=Stocky; bearded; never bald; especially hardy and loyal; notoriously stubborn
| height=At least 4 feet (1.22 m)<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, ''Heights'', p. 195</ref>
| hair=Blond, brown, black, blue, red, and (when older) grey or white{{fact}}
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Often axes, swords, bows, mattocks
}}
{{quote|Since they were to come in the days of the power of [[Morgoth|Melkor]], [[Aulë]] made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefore they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]"}}

The '''Dwarves''', or '''''[[Khuzd|Khazâd]]''''' in their own tongue, were beings of short stature, often friendly with [[Hobbits]] although long suspicious of [[Elves]]. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivalled in some of their arts even by the Elves.

While there were seven Houses of the Dwarves, the most prominent was that of the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]].

==Origins==
{{main|Fathers of the Dwarves}}
Unlike Elves and [[Men]], the Dwarves are not counted among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Their creator was [[Aulë#Names and etymology|Mahal]], known as [[Aulë]] the Smith. Aulë created the Seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], from whom all other Dwarves are descended, deep beneath an unknown mountain somewhere in [[Middle-earth]]. However, Aulë did not have the divine power to grant independent life to any creation, and the dwarves were bound to his will. [[Ilúvatar]] came and reprimanded Aulë, who confessed his desire to create more living things, but in repentance lifted his hammer to destroy the dwarves. Even as the blow was about to land, the dwarves cowered and begged for mercy, as Ilúvatar had taken pity and given true life to the creations of his child, including them in His plan for [[Arda]]. However, Ilúvatar did not wish them to wake before the [[Elves]], whom he intended to be the first-born. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar, but he bade Aulë lay them to sleep in their chamber deep beneath the mountain, and they were to awake after the [[Awakening of the Elves]].<ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref>
[[File:Artigas - The Seven Houses of the Khazad.jpg|thumb|The Seven Houses of the Khazad by [[:Category:Images_by_Artigas|Artigas]] ]]
The Seven Fathers awoke in their places in pairs with their wives, though [[Durin|Durin I]] had awoken alone. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke.<ref name=pmxnotes>{{PM|XNotes}}</ref>

The seven clans of the Dwarves were:<ref name="PMX">{{PM|X}}</ref>

* '''[[Longbeards]]''', ''Durin's Folk'', originally from [[Gundabad]].
* '''[[Firebeards]]''' and '''[[Broadbeams]]''', originally from the [[Blue Mountains]].
* '''[[Ironfists]]''' and '''[[Stiffbeards]]''', originated in the [[East]].
* '''[[Blacklocks]]''' and '''[[Stonefoots]]''', originated in the [[East]].

Durin settled in the caves above [[Kheled-zâram]] which later became the greatest of Dwarf realms, [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Therefore the halls of the Longbeards were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom.

There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the [[Petty-dwarves]], who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the [[Elves]] in the First Age.

==History==
===First Age===
Sometime after the Elves had awakened at [[Cuiviénen]],<ref group="note">In one of the texts associated with the chapter ''[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]'' of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', it is said that the awakening of the Dwarves might have taken place at the time of the departure of the Eldar over the sea - in other words, either in c. {{YT|1132}} (when the [[Vanyar]] and the [[Noldor]] departed) or in c. {{YT|1150}} (when the [[Teleri]] departed).</ref><ref>{{WJ|13}}, pp. 211-212</ref> the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] were released from their stone chambers. The eldest of them, called [[Durin the Deathless|Durin]], wandered until he founded the city of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] in the natural caves beneath three peaks: [[Barazinbar]], [[Zirakzigil]], and [[Bundushathûr]]. The city, populated by the Longbeards or [[Durin's Folk]], grew and prospered continuously through Durin's life (which was so long that he was called Durin the Deathless, also a reference to the belief by his people that he would be reincarnated seven times).

Far to the west of Khazad-dûm, the great Dwarf-cities of [[Belegost]] and [[Nogrod]] were founded in [[Ered Luin]] (the Blue Mountains) during the [[Years of the Trees]], before the arrival of the Elves in [[Beleriand]]. The [[Dwarves of Belegost]] were the first to forge mail of linked rings, and they also traded weaponry with the Sindar and carved the [[Menegroth|Thousand Caves of Menegroth]] for [[Thingol]], the Lord of Beleriand. In Nogrod, the Smith [[Telchar]] forged [[Narsil]] and [[Angrist]], two of the most fateful weapons in the history of Arda, as well as the famed [[Dragon-helm]] of [[Dor-Lómin]].

It is said that some Dwarves in the far [[East]] had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind when the ancestors of the [[Edain]] had encountered them.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #28</ref>

The [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]] fought against the forces of Melkor during the First Age, and the Dwarves of Belegost were the only people able to withstand dragon-fire in the [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]], when [[Lord of Belegost|Lord]] [[Azaghâl]], who died in the battle, stabbed Glaurung, the first dragon. The [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] fought against Melkor as well. However, they slew [[Thingol]] out of greed and stole the [[Silmaril]] they had been charged to set into the necklace called [[Nauglamír]]. A number of retaliatory actions ensued, and the Nogrod army was destroyed by a force of [[Laiquendi]] and [[Ents]]. Both dwarf kingdoms would eventually be destroyed, along with nearly all of Beleriand, after the [[War of Wrath]], with the dwarvish refugees mainly resettling in Khazad-dûm.

During those times of war in Beleriand, the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] prospered in relative peace colonizing the [[Iron Hills]] and the [[Grey Mountains]] and traded with the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, pp. 302-303</ref>

===Second Age===
In the [[Second Age]], around the year {{SA|40|n}},<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> the Firebeards and Broadbeams who lived in Nogrod and Belegost left the destruction behind and came to [[Khazad-dûm]], increasing its wealth and power.<ref name=AppA3/>

The Dwarves had little participation in most of the important events involving the other races. However their friendship with the Elves became more close than ever; the Dwarves of [[Moria]] maintained close connections to the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] of [[Eregion]]; the [[Doors of Durin]] of Moria were built to facilitate the communication between the two people, and was constructed jointly by both races.

When Eregion was sacked by [[Sauron]]'s forces, the Dwarves assailed them from behind however, it was too late to stop him from conquering all [[Eriador]].<ref name="UTGalad">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>
[[File:Liz Danforth - Annatar and the Seven Rings.png|thumb|[[Liz Danforth]] - ''Annatar and the seven rings'']]
When "[[Annatar]]" distributed the Rings of Power, he gave [[seven Rings|seven]] to Dwarf Lords in order to subdue and control them. However, they did not have the same effect as they did over Men. Dwarves did not shift into the [[wraith-world]] and in fact resisted domination. The Rings only augmented their greed and ability to create riches.

At the end of the Age, very few Dwarves participated in the [[War of the Last Alliance]], with some joining the side of [[Sauron]]. Some of the [[Dwarves of Moria]] joined the great host of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

===Third Age===

[[File:Angus McBride - Dwarves.jpg|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''The Dwarves are upon You!'']]
As [[Sauron]]'s [[shadow]] became stronger around {{TA|1300}}, evil things like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] began multiplying, harassing the Dwarves.<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref>

In [[Third Age 1980]], after centuries of greedy digging for ''[[mithril]]'' and other minerals, the Dwarves woke a [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] that was sleeping in the deeps of the Misty Mountains since the First Age. The Dwarves fled Khazad-dum, which from then on was called ''Moria'', which means "Black pit".

Most of Durin's folk left for the [[Grey Mountains]] in the North, while some followed the new king, [[Thráin I]], who briefly went to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|1999}}. For more than 300 years the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] prospered until the Dragons in the far North started to gain strength. Some fled to the [[Iron Hills]], while most followed the new king [[Thrór]] to Erebor to start a new [[Kingdom under the Mountain]]. There, they prospered for over 200 years until the dragon [[Smaug]] descended in {{TA|2770}}. The King and his company went in exile South, while most of the survivors went to the Iron Hills.

Durin's folk settled in [[Dunland]], and in {{TA|2790}} King Thrór travelled North to Moria where he was killed by the [[Orcs|Goblin]] king [[Azog]]. Thrór's son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] (who had received the Last of the Seven Rings from his father before his departure) summoned all the Houses of Dwarves to war. Thus began the [[War of Dwarves and Orcs]], in which the Dwarves destroyed all the Goblin strongholds in the [[Misty Mountains]] culminating to the great [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] where all the dwarven clans united. The Goblin hosts issuing from Moria were strong and relentless until the arrival of fresh [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. The Battle ended with the victory of Dwarves, but at great cost. The Dwarven clans, however, were unwilling to repopulate Moria. Thráin, therefore, came to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established his [[Thorin's Halls|realm]] there.

[[File:Angelo Montanini - Dori.jpg|thumb|[[Angelo Montanini]] - ''Dori'']]
The Wizard [[Gandalf]] was instrumental into helping Thráin's son Thorin in reclaiming the Kingdom of Erebor. Thorin gathered around him [[Thorin and Company|twelve dwarves]], mostly from his own line, and was joined by [[Gandalf]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. The [[Quest of Erebor]] ended with the death of [[Smaug]]. After a quarrel with the Men and Elves over the unguarded hoard, the Dwarves - assisted by those from the [[Iron Hills]] - united with the Men and Elves to fight the attacking Goblins and Wargs, in what was called the [[Battle of Five Armies]], where Thorin was killed.

[[Gimli]] son of Glóin joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] as a representative of the Dwarves and befriended [[Legolas]] during the [[War of the Ring]].

===Later history===
Not much is known about the Dwarves after the [[Third Age]]. After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Gimli]] brought a part of Durin's Folk from Erebor to the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and founded a colony there. Subsequently, Gimli went on many travels with his friend Legolas, and History lost track of their fate. Through their friendship and influence, the feud between the two races that had lasted for millennia finally ended, shortly before the departure of the last Elves from Middle-earth. It is rumoured that Gimli and Legolas eventually boarded a ship that sailed down the river Anduin, out to sea and across to Valinor in the year {{FoA|120}}. Gimli would thus have become the only Dwarf to ever be permitted to cross to the Undying Lands.

[[Durin VII]] (the Last), retook and brought Khazad-dûm back to its original splendour, and the Longbeards lived there till the "world grew old and the days of Durin's race ended".<ref name="PMX" />

==Characteristics==
[[File:BFME2 - Dwarf 4.jpg|thumb||Dwarves as portrayed in ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'' game]]
They were 4.5–5 feet (1.35–1.52 m) tall and their more distinctive characteristic was their beard which they have from the beginning of their lives, male and females alike; and it is said that they could die of shame if they were subjected to shaving.<ref name=wj13>{{WJ|13}}</ref>

They had a tendency toward gold lust and committed their share of rash and greedy acts. Among these was the dispute over the [[Nauglamír]], which led to the slaying of Elu [[Thingol]] and stirred up the initial suspicion between Elves and Dwarves to open hatred.<ref name=rings/>

Dwarves generally lived far from the sea and avoided getting on boats, as they disliked the sound of the ocean and were afraid of it.<ref name="S10" />

===Wicked Dwarves===
Of the people of Middle-earth, Dwarves are the most resistant to corruption and influence of Morgoth and later Sauron. The seven rings of Power of the dwarves did not turn them to evil, but it did amplify their greed and lust for gold. It is said that very few wilfully served the side of darkness.<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>

In the First Age, the [[Petty Dwarves]] that dwelt in [[Beleriand]] were descendants of Dwarves exiled for evil deeds from their great mansions of their kind.<ref>{{NM|P3}}, pp. 304-305</ref> And after their [[Awakening of Men|Awakening]], some [[Men]] had met Dwarves of the [[East]] who had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind and were distrustful of their race.<ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 28}} Of the Seven Houses, few fought on either side during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] at the end of the Second Age, and it's known that none from the House of Durin ever fought on the side of evil.<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

During the early parts of the Third Age (or at least in legends of the previous), it is known that in some places wicked dwarves had made alliances with [[Orcs]].<ref>{{H|Hill}}</ref> Those most likely came from the Dwarves of the far eastern mansions.<ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 28}}

However, it is said that there was an enmity between some Dwarves and some Men of old (who were jealous of the Dwarves's wealth and works), and the latter alleged evil things about the Dwarves.<ref name="Other" />

===Skills and industries===
{{quote|For buying and selling and exchange were their delight, and the winning of wealth thereby; and this they gathered rather to hoard than to use, save in further trading.|''Quenta Silmarillion''<ref name=wjdwarves>{{WJ|13}}</ref>{{rp|p. 204}}}}
[[File:Lída Holubová - Dwarven smith.jpg|thumb|''Dwarven smith'' by [[Lída Holubová]]]]
As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda and crafts. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They were considered unrivalled in arts such as smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even by the [[Noldor]].<ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref>

The Dwarves were the greatest miners ever to exist in [[Middle-earth]], building immense halls under mountains where they built their cities. They built many famed halls including [[Menegroth]], the fairest dwelling of any king that has been east of the [[Sea]],<ref name=S2/> [[Nargothrond]],<ref name=return>{{S|Return}}</ref> [[Khazad-dum]], the grandest mansions of the Dwarves,<ref name="S10" /> the [[Elvenking's Halls]],<ref group="note">In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', it is stated by [[Gimli]] that the Dwarves aided in the making of [[Thranduil]]'s halls. However, in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', it is stated that Thranduil's halls "were not to be compared with [[Menegroth]]. He had not the arts nor wealth nor the aid of the Dwarves."</ref><ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]].

In the darkness of [[Arda]] already the Dwarves wrought great works for even from the first days of their Fathers they had marvellous skill with metals and with stone; but in that ancient time iron and copper they loved to work, rather than silver and gold.<ref name="S10" />

In the tempering of steel alone of all crafts the Dwarves were never outmatched even by the [[Noldor]], and in the making of mail of linked rings, which was first contrived by the [[Dwarves of Belegost|smiths of Belegost]], their work had no rival. During the third age of the captivity of [[Melkor]], the Dwarves smithied for [[Thingol]]; for they were greatly skilled in such work, though none among them surpassed the [[Dwarves of Nogrod|craftsmen of Nogrod]], of whom [[Telchar]] the smith was greatest in renown.<ref name="S10" />

They were also capable masons and smiths - Dwarven smithing skills were said to be unrivalled, and their masonry creations were bested by none. The crafting skills of the Dwarves were unmatched; they crafted objects of great beauty out of gems and metals. They crafted many famed weapons, armours, and items of art and beauty, among them [[Narsil]], the sword of [[Elendil]], the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]] and the necklace [[Nauglamír]], the most prized treasure in [[Nargothrond]] and the most famed Dwarven work of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name=doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

In the [[Third Age]], Dwarves wrought with patient craft works of metal and stone that now none can rival.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> However, as stated by [[Gloin son of Groin|Gloin]] at the [[Council of Elrond]], the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] have surpassed their predecessors in mining and building before [[Smaug]] descended on the [[Lonely Mountain]], but not in metal-work, smithing or the making of mail, as their predecessors' secrets have been long lost.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

===Hardiness===
The Dwarves were created by Aulë to be strong, resistant to fire and the evils of Morgoth. They were hardier than any other race, secretive, stubborn, and steadfast in enmity or loyalty.

The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"<ref name="PMX" /> — a warlike race who would fight fiercely against whoever aggrieved them including Dwarves of "other mansions and lordships".<ref name="S10" /> Highly skilled in the making of weapons and armour, their main weapon is the battle axe, but they also use bows, swords, shields, and mattocks.<ref>{{H|15}}</ref>

They are resistant to fire, more than Elves or Men.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref> Sickness was almost unknown to the Dwarves, as they were immune to human diseases.<ref name=PMAiv/>

They were generally less corruptible than Men. When Sauron attempted to enslave the Free Folk of Middle-earth using the [[Rings of Power]], the Elves completely resisted his power (indeed, his hand had never sullied the [[Three Rings]]), while the [[Nine Rings]] utterly corrupted the Men who bore them into the [[Ringwraiths]]. In contrast, the Dwarves were sturdy and resistant enough that Sauron was not able to dominate them using the [[Seven Rings]]. At most, the Seven Rings sowed strife among the Dwarves and filled their wearers with an insatiable greed for gold, but they did not turn them into wraiths subservient to the Dark Lord, and he considered his plan to have failed. Sauron was furious at the Dwarves' resistance, spurring his drive to recapture the Seven Rings from them.

Another example was [[Gimli]], who, while [[Saruman]] used the power in his voice and the [[Rohirrim]] were spell-bound by his magic, Gimli was unmoved and commented that Saruman's words cannot be trusted, causing Saruman to be angered enough to lose his charm.<ref>{{TT|Voice}}</ref>

===Lifespan===
The lifespan of Dwarves was varied depending on their "breed".<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> The [[Longbeards]] were particularly long-lived,<ref name=PMAiv/> but by the Third Age, their lifespan was diminished and they lived, on average, 250 years.<ref name=PMAiv/> The [[Kings of Durin's Folk]] named "Durin" were particularly long-lived.<ref name=PMAiv/> Occasionally they would live up to 300 years of age, and [[Dwalin]] reached the rare lifespan of 340 years (comparable to a Middle Man living to 100).<ref name=PMAiv/>

Until they were around 30 years of age, Dwarves were considered too young for heavy labour or war (hence the slaying of Azog by [[Dain Ironfoot]] at age 32 was a great feat). By the age of 40, Dwarves were hardened into the appearance that they would keep for most of their lives. Between the approximate ages of 40 and 240, most Dwarves were equally hale and able to work and fight with vigour. They took on the appearance of age only about ten years before their death, wrinkling and greying rapidly, but never going bald.

Although Dwarves did not suffer from diseases, corpulence could affect them. In prosperous circumstances, many grew fat by the age of 200 and became physically inept.<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Earth-bread]] was a root well known to Dwarves, but almost unknown to Elves or Men. [[Coffee]] was at least known to Hobbits and Dwarves.

The Dwarves didn't have relationships with animals, didn't harbour even [[dogs]] and wouldn't mount a [[horse]] willingly. For this reason they found the [[Northmen]] useful [[Alliance of Dwarves and Men|trade allies]] in the Second Age.<ref>{{PM|Relations}}</ref><ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 29}} In earlier times, whenever the Dwarves were unable to barter for grain, they practiced agriculture using a plough-like tool that they invented. However, Dwarves did not enjoy doing such labour.<ref>{{NM|P3v}}, Second paragraph</ref>

===Family===
The Dwarves' numbers, although they sometimes flourished, often faced periods of decline, especially in periods of war. The slow increase of their population was due to the rarity of [[Dwarf-women]], who made up only about a third of the total population. Dwarves seldom wedded before the age of ninety or more, and rarely had so many as four children. They took only one husband or wife in their lifetime, and were jealous, as in all matters of their rights. The number of Dwarf-men that married was actually less than half, for not all the Dwarf-women took husbands; some desired none, some wanted one they could not have and would have no other. Many Dwarf-men did not desire marriage because they were absorbed in their work.<ref name=AppA3>{{App|A3}}</ref><ref name=PMAiv/>

Dwarf-women seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. When they did travel, they were so alike Dwarf-men in voice, appearance, and garb that it was hard for other races to tell them apart. They were likewise seldom named in genealogies, joining their husbands' families. The only Dwarf-woman named in Tolkien's legendarium is [[Dís]], sister of Thorin Oakenshield, who was given a place in the records because of the gallant deaths of her sons, Fíli and Kíli. The scarcity of women, their rare mention, and their identical looks with the males, coupled with the Dwarves' secretive culture, led many to mistakenly believe that Dwarves were born out of stone, and upon death, they returned to that stone.<ref name=AppA3/><ref name=PMAiv/>

Dwarves are fiercely devoted to their parents and children. In their desire for their children to grow up hardy and enduring, they may treat them harshly, but they will protect them at all costs. Dwarves resent injuries to their children and to their parents more than injuries to themselves.<ref name=PMAiv/>

===Religion===
The Dwarves loved and revered the Vala Aulë.<ref name="S10" /><ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref>

Of old, the Elves believed that the Dwarves would have no future in [[Arda Unmarred]], but the Dwarves themselves held to a promise that Ilúvatar would hallow them and adopt them as his Children. They maintained that after death Aulë (Mahal) cared for them, gathering them to the [[Halls of Mandos]] with the other Children of Ilúvatar, though in halls set apart. It is said that after the Last Battle they will work alongside Aulë in the remaking of Arda.<ref name=S2/>

===Reincarnation===
The Dwarves believed that the reappearance of the person of one of the Dwarf-fathers (in the lines of their kings), is not one of re-birth, but of the preservation of the body of a former king, to which at intervals their spirit would return.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Michaël Devaux]] (ed.), ''[[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3|La Feuille de la Compagnie, vol.3, J.R.R. Tolkien, l'effigie des Elfes]]'', "Fragments on elvish reincarnation", "III. Some notes on 'rebirth', reincarnation by restoration, among Elves. With a note on the Dwarves"</ref>

===Language===
{{main|Khuzdul}}
The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was called ''[[Khuzdul]]''. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, because it was difficult and the Dwarves kept it secret, preferring to communicate in the languages of their neighbours. Only one Khuzdul phrase was well known to outsiders: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!". The Dwarves taught Khuzdul carefully to their children, as a learned language, not a cradle-tongue, and thus the language changed very little over the ages, unlike those of other races. The Dwarves also devised a secret language of gestures to communicate between themselves in silence, the ''[[iglishmêk]]''.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 395</ref>

Certainly in the First Age when they first made contact with the Elves, the only tongue in Beleriand would have been Sindarin at that time as the Noldor had not yet returned from Aman. As a logical consequence, therefore, Sindarin was a language used by the dwarves.<ref name="S10" /> But the Dwarves were swift to learn and indeed were more willing to learn the [[Elven-tongue]] than to teach their own to those of alien race.<ref name="S10" /> In fact, the Dwarves were so impressed by the Elvish runes (The Cirth of Daeron) for writing Sindarin that they adopted them for use in their own tongue and used them forever more.

Dwarves had great interest in languages since their first contact with other peoples and had good hability to pronounce foreigner sounds from other languages. However, they could not conceal their voices, which were deep in tone, with laryngeal coloration, so among themselves they could even speak with a laryngeal whisper.<ref>{{NM|P3xix}}, p. 371</ref>

==Other names==
The Dwarves called themselves the ''[[Khazâd]]'', the name Aulë gave them; this was adapted as '''''Hadhodrim''''' in [[Sindarin]], and '''''Casari''''' in [[Quenya]]. ''Casari'' was the common word for Dwarves among the [[Noldor]], but the [[Sindar]] usually called them ''Naugrim'' or ''Nogothrim'' ("the Stunted People").<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>

An epithet for the Dwarves in [[Quenya]] was '''''Aulëonnar''''' ("Children of Aulë").<ref>{{PM|Last}}, p. 391, fn. 22</ref>

In their dealings with people of other races, the Dwarves did not reveal their true names, rather adopting new names in other languages (the [[petty-dwarves]] were an exception). During the Third Age, the Longbeards used [[northern Mannish]] names in public.
==Etymology==
Before Tolkien, the term ''dwarfs'' (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''.

According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of ''dwarf'' is ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''. He once referred to ''dwarves'' as "a piece of private bad grammar",<ref>{{L|17}}</ref> but in [[Appendix F]] to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' he explains that if we still spoke of dwarves regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word ''dwarf'' as with ''man''. The form ''dwarrow'' only appears in the word ''Dwarrowdelf'', a name for [[Moria]]. Tolkien used ''Dwarves'', instead, which corresponds with ''Elf'' and ''Elves'', making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales.

The original editor of ''The Lord of the Rings'' "corrected" Tolkien's ''dwarves'' to ''dwarfs''.<ref>{{L|138}}</ref>

The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books has led to the popular use of the term ''dwarves'' to describe this race in fantasy literature.

''Dwarf'' comes from Ole English ''dweorh'', ''dweorg'', ''duerg''.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/dwarf] at etymonline</ref>

The German cognate of ''dwarf'' is ''Zwerg''. A German Zwerg seems to resemble a dwarf from ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (collected by the Grimm brothers as ''Schneewittchen und die sieben Zwerge''),<ref>[https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Zwerg&iax=images&ia=images Zwerg] - DuckDuckGo image search</ref> but in ''Snow-White and Rose-Red'' (''Schneeweisschen und Rosenrot'') a bad dwarf (Zwerg) appears.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schneeweisschen_und_Rosenrot3.jpg File:Schneeweisschen_und_Rosenrot3.jpg] at Wikimedia Commons</ref> A ''garden gnome'' (figurine) is ''Gartenzwerg''.<ref>[https://dict.leo.org/german-english/gnome gnome] in Leo dictionary</ref>. A ''Zwarg'' resembles a ''Wichtel'' (diminutive of ''Wicht'', cognate of ''[[wight]]''), but the latter is often considered to be smaller (with ''Gnom'' in between).<ref>[https://dict.leo.org/forum/viewGeneraldiscussion.php?idThread=1307553&lang=en Zwerg, Gnom und Wichtel] at English ⇔ German Forums - leo.org</ref><ref>[https://www.isteshaltbar.de/frage-und-antwort/was-ist-der-unterschied-zwischen-einem-wichtel-und-einem-zwerg Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einem Wichtel und einem Zwerg?] at Ist Es Haltbar?</ref><ref>[https://www.grundschulteacher.de/4-tuerchen-deutsch-riese-zwerg-und-wichtel-die-geschichte-der-gross-und-kleinschreibung/ Deutsch – Riese, Zwerg und Wichtel: Die Geschichte der Groß – und Kleinschreibung] at grundschulteacher</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Wikipedia:Dwarf (folklore)|Dwarfs]] are beings of Germanic folklore, usually associated with metallurgy.<ref name=brackman/> Many the names of Dwarven characters in the [[Legendarium]] are taken or inspired from the Old Norse ''[[Völuspá]]''.

At several points Tolkien noted that his Dwarves have jewish traits: both were "''at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue...''"<ref>{{L|176}}</ref> a tongue which he based on [[Hebrew]].

{{quote|The dwarves of course are quite obviously, couldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic. [...] There's a tremendous love of the artefact, and of course the immense warlike capacity of the Jews, which we tend to forget nowadays.|J.R.R. Tolkien to [[Denys Gueroult]]<ref name=interview>''[[An Interview with J.R.R.T.]]''; the second phrase was edited out of the broadcast but published in Zak Cramer's "Jewish Influences in Middle-earth" (''[[Mallorn 44]]'' [[2006]]: p. 10).</ref>}}

Rebecca Brackman notes that the Dwarves's creation tale resembles the role between Jews and Christians: while the Jews held the holy Law and were God's first chosen people, according to early and medieval understanding, this role has been superseded and replaced by Christianity, much like how the Dwarves were created first, but were superseded by the Elves and Men as Children of Iluvatar, according to His plan.<ref name=brackman/>

According to Brackman Tolkien's Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' display some (anti-)semitic tropes following popular perception. Such tropes are the beards, the greed for gold, cowardliness and complaining for several things, serving as comic relief; they don't seem to participate in the heroic culture of the Elven and Mannish characters and have their own value system ("dwarves are not heroes, but calculating folk with a great idea of the value of [[money]]"<ref>{{H|12}}, p. 211</ref>). Those marginalizing stereotypes were circulating both in the medieval sources Tolkien was studying, but also in his contemporary culture.<ref name=brackman/>

Wayne Harden has noted that the war-cry of the Dwarves is similar to the historical [[Wikipedia:Gurkha|Gurkha]] cry, "The Gurkhas are upon you!"<ref name=brackman/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest versions of Tolkien's [[Legendarium]] such as [[The Book of Lost Tales]], the dwarves were evil beings, not unlike the dwarfs of Norse mythology, and sometimes allied by [[Melko]].<ref name=brackman>Brackmann, Rebecca ([[2010]]) "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol28/iss3/ 'Dwarves are Not Heroes': Antisemitism and the Dwarves in J.R.R. Tolkien's Writing]", [[Mythlore]]: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 28: No. 3, Article 7.</ref>

In an earlier version of the legendarium it is hinted that the Dwarves do not know about Ilúvatar, or that they disbelieve his existence, but later writings contradict that suggestion.<ref>{{LT2|IV}}</ref>

While the Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' are comical, outside the heroic culture, with several unpleasant qualities stereotypically attributed to the Jews, Gimli in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is displayed heroic and steadfast and is not motivated by profit or revenge; it is also suggested that the monetary value Dwarves give to gold and gems actually comes from appreciation of their natural beauty, perceived as "greed" in ''The Hobbit''. The backstory laid out in [[Appendix A|"Durin's Folk"]] and ''[[The Quest of Erebor]]'' suggests that Thorin's aggressive and greedy behavior was stemming from his Dwarvish sense of duty, and perhaps spurred by the [[Ring of Thrór]], rather than inherited racial traits.<ref name=brackman/> Christine Chism argued that Tolkien, having Jews in mind, responded to the cultural turmoil around the time of WWII.<ref>Chism, Christine. "Middle-earth, the Middle Ages, and the Aryan Nation." In ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]''. Ed. [[Jane Chance]]. London: Routledge, [[2003]]. pp. 63-92.</ref>

Concerning the hostile views between Dwarves and Elves in the First Age, [[Christopher Tolkien]] notes that "the long enduring 'hostile' view has at last virtually vanished" in ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]]''.<ref name=wjdwarves/>{{rp|p. 206}}

==External links==
*"[http://lingwe.blogspot.se/2013/02/did-tolkien-coin-plural-dwarves.html Did Tolkien coin the plural “dwarves”?]" by [[Jason Fisher]]

{{references|notes}}
{{dwarvenclans}}
[[Category:Dwarves| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Zwerge]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/nains/nains]]
[[fi:Kääpiöt]]

File:Uczoność i wyobraźnia w Oxfordzie.png

2024-03-31T13:39:07Z

BartekChom: ""

Notes:

Actual title is "Uczoność a wyobraźnia w Oxfordzie" ("[the relationship between] Lernedness and imagination in Oxford"), apparently there is a typo in transcription on [https://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2020/04/j-r-r-tolkiens-letter-to-miss-maria.html tolkniety.blogspot.com]. In Polish, both "a" and "i" mean "and", here "a" suggests "the relationship between".

Marked words: "Tolkien", "historio-mit" ("historio-myth"), "Pana Pierścieni" (genitive of "Pan Pierścieni", a more literal translation of the title "[[The Lord of the Rings]]", because the published "Władca Pierścieni" could be translated as "[The] Ruler of [the] Rings").

==Licensing==
{{Copyright-fairuse|[https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/ ''Tygodnik Powszechny'']}}
[[Category:Images of articles]]

File:Uczoność i wyobraźnia w Oxfordzie.png

2024-03-31T13:38:25Z

BartekChom: To be honest, I doubt that many people are interested, but I hope that I may add some notes.

Notes:

Actual title is "Uczoność a wyobraźnia w Oxfordzie" ("[the relationship between] Lernedness and imagination in Oxford"), apparently there is a typo in transcription on [https://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2020/04/j-r-r-tolkiens-letter-to-miss-maria.html tolkniety.blogspot.com]. In Polish, both "a" and "i" mean "and", here "a" suggests "the relationship between".

Marked words: Tolkien, "historio-mit" ("historio-myth"), "Pana Pierścieni" (genitive of "Pan Pierścieni", a more literal translation of the title "[[The Lord of the Rings]]", because the published "Władca Pierścieni" could be translated as "[The] Ruler of [the] Rings").

==Licensing==
{{Copyright-fairuse|[https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/ ''Tygodnik Powszechny'']}}
[[Category:Images of articles]]

Letter to Maria Mroczkowska

2024-03-31T13:16:04Z

BartekChom: You can see that there is a typo on Tolknięty, both "a" and "i" mean "and", here "a" suggests "the relationship between"

[[File:Uczoność i wyobraźnia w Oxfordzie.png|thumb]]
Circa [[1969]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote '''[[Letters not published in The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|a letter]] to Maria Anuncjata Mroczkowska''', daughter of [[Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński|Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2020/04/j-r-r-tolkiens-letter-to-miss-maria.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkiens letter to Miss Maria Mroczkowska (fragments from c. 1969)|dated=24 april 2020|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=26 April 2020}}</ref>

*'''Publication:''' Extracts from the letter, translated into Polish, were published in [[1973]] in the article "Uczoność a wyobraźnia w Oxfordzie" ("[the relationship between] Lernedness and imagination in Oxford") in the magazine ''[[Wikipedia:Tygodnik Powszechny|Tygodnik Powszechny]]'', nr 40, p. 7.

== From the article==

[Tentative translation back into English by [[Ryszard Derdziński|Ryszard Derdziński]]:]<ref group=note>Permission granted by [[Ryszard Derdziński|Ryszard Derdziński]] to reproduce the translation at Tolkien Gateway.</ref>

''"I don't like when they write about me and I think it is premature. And the least I can accept is when they analyze me. I share the opinion of [[Gandalf]] (Lord of the Rings, vol. I, p. 272): "He that breaks a thing to find out what it is has left the path of wisdom." (…)''

''The expression you used („digested”) is apt and immediately demonstrates the impossibility of performing such a task (and its uselessness, as I think). In any case, this is not a task in which I could help. It's like applying a gastric lavage to someone who enjoyed a good dinner! I had no clear purpose in writing except that I wanted to tell a long story of a compact, unified plan and atmosphere whose collective impression in reading would be homogeneous. The kind that suits me best. As for the latter, I can not say anything more specific then to call it "European" as seen from a certain side: from the North-West. But I certainly did not intend it (at least consciously) as a summary of English culture, or to examine its roots. I have no analytical or allegorical mind. Therefore, constructing the imaginary culture and historical period, I had to show that they have (in the same use) deep historical roots, which are only outlined.''

''I did not deliberately model my writing on any literary genres: many elements could be attributed to various genres. If I was forced to put my story in a category, I would call it (and I call it) a heroic romance. I call for caution regarding "sources". They still tell me about my own sources (critics and others). Often these are things that I've never read and I don't want to read. It seems that no one could understand that something can appear in something else without any other connection except that both are part of human experiences and traditions. You can evoke the voice of the horn by your imagination without reading »The Song of Roland«, etc. etc. (…)''

''your letter led me to think back and I realize that (not to reach for noisy phrases), I was born to write this whole historio-myth (we are all born to do something personal - individual). As far as I remember (in the field of thought processes), i.e. from the age of seven or eight, I realize two interests that dominate everything else: [[elves]] and [[orcs]]. In this is the embryo of "The Lord of the Rings" etc. I collected and stored every detail related to it or fueling these interests throughout my life. There is one more peculiar element. I had something that could be called the [[Atlantis|Atlantic complex]]. It disturbed my dreams like some other images disturbed [[Wikipedia:Carl Jung|Jung]]'s dreams: something irresistible was invading the country, growing in power."''

{{references|n}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Letters|Mroczkowska, Maria]]

Kinn-lai

2024-02-11T01:23:39Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ Avarin: All Six Words

{{people infobox
| name=Kinn-lai
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=one of the many [[Avarin]] languages
| members=
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
'''Kinn-lai''' were one of the only six tribes of the [[Avari]] mentioned.
==Etymology==
It is an [[Avarin]] word meaning "the People". It derives from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''[[kwende|kwendī]]''.<ref name=Author>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 9, p. 410</ref> The suffix ''-lai'' may be related to [[Quenya]]n ''[[lië]]'' "people", coming from the [[root]] LI (whence also Quenyan ''[[-li]]'') by A-infixion, attested in the primitive language.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/avarin.htm |articlename=Avarin: All Six Words|dated=|website=[[Ardalambion]] [https://ardalambion.net/]|accessed=2024-02-11}}: "The stem ''LI'', the source of Quenya ''lië'', may have produced '''lai''' by A-infixion (well attested in the primitive language)."</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kindi]]
* [[Cuind]]
* [[Hwenti]]
* [[Windan]]
* [[Penni]]

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: ''Kinn-lai'', an articulation of "Quendi" (the most ancient name of the Elves), is also the name of a tribe of Avari Elves of the jungles of the Mûmakan in the Utter South of Middle-earth.<ref>{{ICE|2026}}, p. 18</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Avarin words]]
[[Category:Avari]]
[[Category:Elven peoples]]

-li

2024-02-11T01:19:52Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ Compare ''-lai'' in ''Kinn-lai''.

'''''-li''''' is a partitive plural ending in [[Quenya]], indicating "many, some, a lot of".<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}}</ref>{{rp|62}}

==Etymology==
[[Root]] LI-, meaning "many", from which ''[[lië]]'' also comes.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "LI-"</ref> Compare ''-lai'' in ''[[Kinn-lai]]''.

==Examples==
*''vanimá'''li'''on'' = genitive "of beautiful children"<ref>{{L|230}}, p. 308, cf. note 5</ref>
*i ''[[falma]]-'''li'''-nna-r'' = "the foam wave-many-towards-pl. ending"<ref name=Eldarin></ref>{{rp|127}}

{{References}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:li}}
[[Category:Quenya suffixes]]

Kinn-lai

2024-02-11T01:16:32Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ root LI according to Ardalambion

{{people infobox
| name=Kinn-lai
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=one of the many [[Avarin]] languages
| members=
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
'''Kinn-lai''' were one of the only six tribes of the [[Avari]] mentioned.
==Etymology==
It is an [[Avarin]] word meaning "the People". It derives from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''[[kwende|kwendī]]''.<ref name=Author>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 9, p. 410</ref> The suffix ''-lai'' may be related to [[Quenya]]n ''[[lië]]'' "people", coming from the [[root]] LI (whence also Quenyan ''[[-li]]'') by A-infixion, attested in the primitive language.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/avarin.htm |articlename=Avarin|dated=|website=[[Ardalambion]] [https://ardalambion.net/]|accessed=2024-02-11}}: "The stem ''LI'', the source of Quenya ''lië'', may have produced '''lai''' by A-infixion (well attested in the primitive language)."</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kindi]]
* [[Cuind]]
* [[Hwenti]]
* [[Windan]]
* [[Penni]]

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: ''Kinn-lai'', an articulation of "Quendi" (the most ancient name of the Elves), is also the name of a tribe of Avari Elves of the jungles of the Mûmakan in the Utter South of Middle-earth.<ref>{{ICE|2026}}, p. 18</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Avarin words]]
[[Category:Avari]]
[[Category:Elven peoples]]

Raug

2024-01-27T18:00:00Z

BartekChom: Compare Rog

__NOTOC__
'''''raug''''' or '''''rog''''' is a [[Sindarin]] word meaning '[[demons|demon]]'.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''rauko''</ref>

Compare the name of [[Rog]], a [[Gnome]]-lord in Gondolin according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.

==Etymology==

*[[Sundocarme|Root]] [[RUKU]]

==Example==
* [[Balrog]]

==Cognates==

*[[Quenya]] ''[[rauko]]''

{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]

Rog (disambiguation)

2024-01-27T17:55:21Z

BartekChom: raug

'''Rog''' can refer to:
__NOTOC__
* [[Rog the Fleet]], Orcs' name for [[Barahir|Egnor]]
* '''[[Rog]], the name of an elf-lord of [[Gondolin]]'''
* [[Rógin|Róg]], the [[Rohanese]] word for a [[Woses|Wose]]
* ''rog'' or ''[[raug]]'', a [[Sindarin]] word meaning '[[demons|demon]]'
{{disambig}}

Rog

2024-01-27T17:52:33Z

BartekChom: /* Etymology */ raug

__NOTOC__
{{disambig-more|Rog|[[Rog (disambiguation)]]}}
{{noldor infobox
| image=[[File:Natalie Chen - Rog.jpg|250px]]
| name=Rog
| caption="Rog" by [[:Category:Images by Natalie Chen|Natalie Chen]]
| people=[[Gnomes|Gnome]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Rôg'' ([[Gnomish|G]]), ''Rōka'' ([[Qenya|Q]])
| titles=Lord of the [[house of the Hammer of Wrath]]
| position=
| location=[[Gondolin]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=[[Fall of Gondolin]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of the Hammer of Wrath]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Long handled mace<ref name="LT2"/>{{rp|179}}
| steed=
}}

'''Rog''' was the [[Gnome]]-lord of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath|people of the Hammer of Wrath]] in Gondolin according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.

== History ==
Rog was a blacksmith, and chief of the [[House of the Hammer of Wrath|folk of the Hammer of Wrath]]. He was considered the strongest of the [[Noldoli]], and was like considered third greatest in valour.<ref name="LT2">{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|174}}

During the [[Fall of Gondolin]], he led his people against the attack of [[Balrogs]] and [[Orcs]] in the northern gate. When the gate was broken, he stirred his kindred against the Balrogs with words of passion, and though many were slain, they slew a number of the fiery creatures "that... was a marvel and dread to the hosts of [[Melko]], for ere that day never had any Balrogs been slain by the hand of Elves or Men". Seeing that they had no way back, Rog rushed his men outside the city, where the folk of the Hammer were hemmed in, and every one of them perished, including him.<ref name="LT2"/>{{rp|178-9}}

== Etymology ==
The name ''Rog'', in earlier writings ''Rôg'', seems curious as a name for an elf-lord of Gondolin: no other one-syllable names appear in other writings.

The meaning or etymology of the name is unclear, and in the context of the later works it would mean "Demon" (cf. ''[[raug]]''), in [[Sindarin]], as an element in ''[[Balrog]]''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[RUK]]"</ref><ref>{{WJ|P4}}, p. 415</ref> But the early ''[[Gnomish Lexicon]]'' gives an adjective: ''rôg'', ''rog'' ("doughty, strong"), related with ''arog'' ("swift, rushing") and ''raug'' of the same meaning.<ref>{{LT2|Appendix}}, entry "Rog"</ref> The [[Qenya]] form of his name was ''Rōka''.<ref>{{PE|13}}, p. 104</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Rog's death "without the walls" is mentioned in the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]'',<ref>{{SM|Quenta}}, p. 144</ref> which was the main text used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for his edition of the chapter "[[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin]]" within ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. However, Christopher removed the mention of this character, explaining that his father would likely not have used that out of phase name.<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}, p. 211, footnote</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Enerdhil]], a legendary jewel-smith of Gondolin

{{references}}
{{HousesofGondolin}}

[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Gnomes]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Gondolindrim]]
[[Category:Smiths]]
[[de:Rog]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/rog]]

Ausir (boy)

2024-01-23T22:06:09Z

BartekChom: Dior#The_Book_of_Lost_Tales

{{disambig-two|a boy in an early version of the [[legendarium]]|name of [[Dior]]|[[Dior#The_Book_of_Lost_Tales|Ausir]]}}
{{elves infobox
| image=
| name=Ausir
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Tol Eressëa]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| heritage=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=

}}
'''Ausir''' was an [[Elf]] of [[Tol Eressëa]] according to the early version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. He was one of the children in the [[Cottage of Lost Play]], and he told [[Eriol]] of the fate of [[Huan]] the Hound, and revealed to him that the old man whose guidance brought him to the Lonely Isle was none other than [[Ulmo]] himself. He argued with [[Vëannë]], suggesting [[Qenya|elvish]] names ''[[Thingol|Tinwë Linto]]'' and ''[[Melian|Wendelin]]'' instead of [[Gnomish]] ''Tinwelint'' and ''Gwendeling''.<ref>{{LT2|I}}, pp. 5-8</ref>

{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Gnomes]]
[[fi:Ausir]]

Ausir (disambiguation)

2024-01-23T22:05:39Z

BartekChom: Dior#The_Book_of_Lost_Tales

'''Ausir''' might refer to:

*'''[[Dior#The_Book_of_Lost_Tales|Ausir]]''', a name for Dior used in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''
*'''[[Ausir (boy)]]''', the name of a boy appearing in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''

{{disambig}}
[[Category:Gnomish names]]

Oromë

2024-01-23T21:05:26Z

BartekChom: /* Other versions of the legendarium */ Nessa was already his sister; see Valarindi, Children of the Valar

{{expansion}}
{{valar infobox
| name=Oromë
| image=[[File:Ralph Damiani - Orome.png|250px]]
| caption="Orome" by [[:Category:Images by Ralph Damiani|Ralph Damiani]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Arōmēz'' ([[Valarin|V]])''Araw'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Arum'' ([[North Sindarin|NS]]) ''Aldaron'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Tauron'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Béma'' ([[Rohirrim|R]])
| titles=
| position=Lord of Forests
| location=[[House of Oromë]], [[Woods of Oromë]]
| affiliation=The [[Valar]]
| language=
| notablefor=discovering the [[Elves]]
| siblings=[[Nessa]]
| spouse=[[Vána]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Spear and bow
| steed=[[Nahar]]
}}

{{Quote|Oromë is a mighty lord. If he is less strong than [[Tulkas]], he is more dreadful in anger.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Valaquenta]]: Of the Valar"}}

'''Oromë''' was a [[Valar|Vala]] and one of the [[Aratar]],<ref name=vala>{{S|IIb}}</ref> also known as the '''Huntsman of the Valar'''{{Fact}} and the '''Great Rider'''<ref name=Captivity>{{S|Captivity}}</ref>. He is considered one of the more powerful of the Valar.<ref name=vala/>

==Attributes==
Oromë was a hunter of monsters and evil creatures, riding on his steed [[Nahar]], and blowing his great horn [[Valaróma]]. He loved [[horses]] and [[hounds]] as well as all trees and forests. In [[Yavanna]]'s woods in [[Valinor]], he trained his folk and beasts to hunt the evil creatures of Melkor.<ref name=vala/> He hunted all foul beasts of Morgoth, and when he blew his horn, all would know that the woods had been purged.<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref> Oromë was known for his terrible wrath, in contrast to [[Tulkas]], who laughed often.<ref name=vala/>

Oromë was the brother of [[Nessa]] and the husband of [[Vána]].<ref name=vala/>

==History==
[[File:Kip Rasmussen - Orome Hunts the Monsters of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|left|''Orome Hunts the Monsters of Morgoth'' by Kip Rasmussen]]
During the [[Years of the Trees]], after most of the Valar had withdrawn completely from Middle-earth and hidden themselves in [[Aman]], Oromë was the last who came to Valinor, and even then he still hunted in the forests of Middle-earth on occasion.<ref name=vala/> He visited [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Sleep of Yavanna]], hunting monsters and fell creatures and the shadows fled temporarily until he left.<ref name=s1>{{S|Days}}</ref>

Thus, he was responsible for finding the [[Elves]] when they awoke at [[Cuiviénen]], and was the first to name them the [[Eldar]]. Seeking to ensure their safety, Oromë accompanied the Elves from Cuiviénen to [[Beleriand]]. Being a powerful huntsman, he was active in the struggles against [[Morgoth]], who feared Oromë in his anger. Morgoth went so far as to raise the [[Misty Mountains]] as an impediment to Oromë's riding.<ref name=Captivity/>

After the destruction of the Two Trees of Valinor, Oromë led his host in pursuit of Morgoth and [[Ungoliant]]. However, they were thwarted by Ungoliant's unlight.<ref name=Darkening>{{S|Darkening}}</ref>

Because Oromë was the only Vala who travelled in Middle-earth during the [[Elder Days]], it was believed, even during the [[Third Age]] that the wild [[cows|oxen]] found near the [[Sea of Rhun]] descended from his [[Kine of Araw|Kine]].<ref>{{App|South}}, Stewards of Gondor, footnote after Vorondil the Hunter, p. 1039</ref>

==Legacy==
In the aftermath of the [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Fingolfin]] rode to Angband alone to challenge Morgoth to single combat. Those who saw him thought Oromë himself had arrived; for a great madness of rage was upon him, so that his eyes shone like the eyes of the Valar.<ref name=Ruin>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] in the [[Third Age]], King [[Théoden]] displayed a drive and ferocity comparable to that of Oromë.<ref>{{RK|Ride}}, p. 838</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Oromë'' is said to be derived from his [[Valarin]] name '''''Arōmēz'''''.<ref name=Quendi>{{WJ|AD1}}, p. 400</ref>

His name is translated as "Horn-blowing" and "Sound of Horns".<ref>{{PE|21}}, pp. 82, 85</ref>

===Other names===
'''''Araw''''' was the [[Sindarin]] form of the name of the Oromë,<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 96</ref><ref>{{VT|39a}}, p. 10</ref> while its [[North Sindarin]] form was '''''Arum'''''.<ref name=Quendi></ref>

'''''Tauron''''' was an epithet used by the [[Sindar]] for Oromë.<ref name=Index>{{S|Index}}</ref><ref name=PM/> In the ''[[Valaquenta]]'', ''Tauron'' is translated as "Lord of Forests".<ref name=Index/> Another translation is "The Forester".<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref><ref name=PM>{{PM|XI}}, p. 358 (note 21)</ref> The language, to which the name pertains, remains non-explicit in [[Tolkien]]'s texts:
#[[Quenya]] word? The root of the word could be ''[[taure]]'' ("great wood") plus the ending ''[[-on]]''. The name would thus have the sense "One of forests".<ref>Suggestion by [[User:Sage]]</ref>
#[[Sindarin]] word? This would be suggested by its usage among the Sindar and by the [[Noldorin]] form it replaced (see below).

'''''Béma''''' was the name used by the [[Northmen]] for Oromë. As the great huntsman and horseman of the Valar, he and his steed Nahar were known to the horse-loving people of [[Rohan]], who claimed that their great horses, the [[Mearas]], had ancestors brought out of [[Aman|the West]] by Béma himself.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref>
The name ''Béma'' is also from the [[Rohanese|tongue of Rohan]] ([[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] was inspired by the [[Old English]] word ''[[Wiktionary:beme|béme]]'' "trumpet").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 153</ref>

Tolkien used at least two earlier forms of the by-name ''Tauron'':
#''Tavros'' - the form ''Tauros'' replaced - used in such early texts as the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]''.<ref>{{HM|LB}}, ''passim''</ref> The name is [[Noldorin|Gnomish]], defined as "Chief wood fay 'the Blue Spirit of the Woods'".<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 69</ref><ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, p. 267</ref><ref group="note">The form ''Tavros'' cited here from the ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 11|Gnomish Lexicon]]'', is defined as a "proper name". The form ''tavros'' (with a minuscule ''t'') is defined as "forest, wooded land".</ref>
#''Tauros'' - the form ''Tauron'' replaced - is a [[Noldorin]] word defined in the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]'' as meaning "Forest-Dread" ([[Sundocarme|roots]] [[TAW|TÁWAR]] + [[GOS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 391</ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Oromë is referred to as ''Wáðfréa'' "Huntinglord", ''Huntena fréa'' "Hunting Lord and Lord of Hunters" and ''Wealdafréa'' "Lord of Forests". The name ''Béaming'' is a translation of Q. ''Aldaron''.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| AUL |~| YAV | | VAN |~| ORO | | NES |~| TUL | |AUL=[[Aulë]]|YAV=[[Yavanna]]|VAN=[[Vána]]|ORO='''OROMË'''|NES=[[Nessa]]|TUL=[[Tulkas]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest form of the legendarium Oromë was described as the son of [[Aulë]] and [[Yavanna]] whilst having the daughter [[Nielíqui]] with [[Vána]].<ref>{{LT1|Index}}, p. 288</ref> ([[Nessa]] was already his sister; see [[Valarindi]], Children of the Valar)

{{References|note}}
{{Ainur}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Orome}}
[[Category:Aratar]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Qenya names]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Valarindi]]
[[de:Orome]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/aratar/orome]]
[[fi:Oromë]]

Valarindi

2024-01-23T20:58:42Z

BartekChom: /* List of Valarindi */ Nessa was the daughter

The '''Valarindi''' were the '''Children of the [[Valar]]''' in the earliest phases of the mythology, especially in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. In the later versions the concept was abandoned and some of the Valarindi characters survived as [[Maiar]]. The Quenya name is attested for the last time in'' [[The Annals of Aman]]''.<ref name="">{{AA|4}}, p. 49</ref>

==List of Valarindi==
*[[Manwë]] and [[Varda]]: [[Fionwë]], [[Ilmarë|Erinti]]
*[[Aulë]] and [[Yavanna]]: [[Oromë]], [[Nessa]]
*Oromë and [[Vána]]: [[Nielíqui]]
*[[Tulkas]] and Nessa: [[Telimektar]]
*[[Melko]] and the [[ogres|ogress]] [[Ulbandi]]: [[Kalimbo]]/[[Gothmog|Kosomot]]

*[[Túrin Turambar]] was named among the sons of the Gods in both the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]''<ref>{{SM|Q19}}, pp. 165-166 (see note 9)</ref> and the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' of 1937,<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 333</ref> although it was later removed along with the concept.
{{References}}

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/10/10/how-could-melian-have-children-if-the-valar-could-not/ How Could Melian have Children if the Valar Could Not?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[Category:Valar]]
[[Category:Valarindi| ]]

Fourth Age

2022-02-27T14:16:41Z

BartekChom: /* Further future? */ fix link

{{History of Arda}}
The '''Fourth Age''' began after [[Sauron]] was finally defeated, when his [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed, and the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]] left Middle-earth for the [[Valinor|Uttermost West]].

==History==
The [[Third Age]] was held to have ended when Elrond left Middle-earth on [[29 September]] of {{TA|3021}}.<ref name=Calendars>{{App|Calendars}}</ref> There is no information on more than the first few centuries of this age, so it is not known when it ended, if it ever did, although it was probably shorter than 3 millennia.<ref name="Letter211"/>

This age was marked by the recovery of the [[Númenor]]ean kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], while the [[House of Durin]] retook [[Moria]] until the race of [[Dwarves]] failed.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> The [[Last Ship]] of the [[Elves]], carrying [[Círdan]], [[Celeborn]], and all remaining Elves of the [[First Age]] left Middle-earth some time after {{FoA|171}}.<ref name=Records/> Eventually that would lead to the final [[Dominion of Men]] over [[Arda]], coming together with the total waning of the [[Elves]] and other dwindling races, such as the [[Ents]] and probably the Dwarves.

In a 1972 letter concerning ''[[The New Shadow]]'', Tolkien mentioned that Eldarion's reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of Aragorn.<ref name="L338">{{L|338}}</ref>

==Further future?==
A footnote in a letter written by Tolkien in [[1958]] suggests that the Fourth and [[Ages#Further future|later Ages]] had quickened, so Tolkien lived in the end of the Sixth Age or in the Seventh rather than in the end of the Fifth.<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}.</ref>

==Reckoning of years==
Not all calendars in use in Middle-earth at that time reset their count of years to {{FoA|1}} in the same year, on the same date, or indeed at all. As such, years given for certain events in the Fourth Age differ according to the calendar used.

The [[Shire-reckoning]] is the calendar system used for all dates in the [[Red Book]], with {{SR|1}} corresponding to {{TA|1601}}.<ref name=Hobbits>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Years in Shire-reckoning did not restart at the end of the Third Age, rather it continued uninterrupted from {{SR|1421}} to {{SR|1422}}, and "in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with [[2 Yule]] 1422."<ref name=Calendars/> This means that {{SR|1422}} is also {{TA|3022}} and {{FoA|1}} as far as dates in the Red Book are concerned.

However, in [[Gondor]] and the rest of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] outside the Shire, the [[New Reckoning]] calendar entered use starting in {{TA|3019}}. Under this calendar, [[25 March]] {{TA|3021}} is the first day of {{FoA|1}}, some 9 months earlier than the new year in the Shire.<ref name=Calendars/> The [[Shire Calendar]] and the [[New Reckoning]] begin their years on different days: 2 Yule for the Shire and 25 March for the rest of the Reunited Kingdom.<ref group="note">As these days are named in the Shire Calendar; their New Reckoning equivalents are 7 [[Narvinyë]] and [[Yestarë]] respectively</ref>

There are few dates given in the [[legendarium]] that require the reader to account for this difference, because most dates of the Fourth Age are already explicitly expressed in terms of the Shire Reckoning. For example, [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]]'s departure from Middle-earth is given as {{SR|1541}}.<ref name="Later"/> The exceptions are both from the [[Note on the Shire Records]] and are as follows:

* Tolkien explains that the text of ''The Lord of the Rings'' descends from a copy of the Red Book made in Gondor that bore the note "Findegil, King’s Writer, finished this work in IV 172."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> The accompanying text notes the equivalent year {{SR|1592}}, which is {{FoA|171}} in the Shire Reckoning, so this note must have been written with regard to the New Reckoning calendar before 7 Narvinyë.
* In the same paragraph, Tolkien refers to [[Peregrin Took]]'s retirement to Gondor in "IV 64."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> We are told elsewhere that Peregrin and his companion [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] arrived in Gondor sometime between the autumn and the ending of {{SR|1484}}, which is {{FoA|63}} in the Shire Reckoning.<ref name="Later">{{App|Later}}</ref> As such, the stated "IV 64" must be in reference to the New Reckoning calendar, again, prior to 7 Narvinyë.

==See also==
* [[Timeline/Fourth Age|Timeline of the Fourth Age]]
* ''[[The New Shadow]]''

{{references|note}}

==External links==

* The [https://psarando.github.io/shire-reckoning Shire Reckoning] project, dedicated to simulations and detailed analysis of all the calendars of ''The Lord of the Rings'' [[Appendix D]].

[[Category:Ages]]
[[Category:Fourth Age]]
[[de:Das Vierte Zeitalter]]
[[fr:encyclo/chronologie/quatrieme_age]]
[[fi:Neljäs Aika]]

History of Arda

2022-02-27T14:15:53Z

BartekChom: fix link

{{History of Arda}}
The '''History of [[Arda]]''' is divided into three time periods, known as the [[Years of the Lamps]], [[Years of the Trees]] and [[Years of the Sun]]. A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar'. The first such Age began with the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun. Most Middle-earth stories take place in the first three Ages of the Children of Iluvatar.

=== Music of the Ainur ===
{{main|Music of the Ainur}}

The supreme deity of Tolkien's universe is called [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]]. In the beginning, Ilúvatar created spirits named the [[Ainur]]. Ilúvatar made divine music with them. [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was then one of the Ainur, broke the harmony of the music, until Ilúvatar began a third theme which the Ainur could not comprehend since they were not the source of it. The essence of their song symbolized the history of the whole universe and the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] that were to dwell in it — the [[Men]] and the [[Elves]].

Then Ilúvatar created [[Eä]], the universe itself, and the Ainur formed within it Arda, the Earth, "globed within the void": the world together with the airs is set apart from ''Kuma'', the "void" without. The first 15 of the Ainur that descended to Arda, and the most powerful ones, were called Valar, and the Ainur of lesser might that followed were called Maiar.

=== Years of the Lamps ===
{{main|Years of the Lamps}}

The Years of the Lamps began shortly after the creation of Arda by the [[Valar]]. After the Valar entered the world, there was a light veiling the ground. The Valar took this light and concentrated it into two large lamps, [[Illuin]] and [[Ormal]]. The Vala [[Aulë]] forged great towers, one in the furthest north, and another in the deepest south. The Valar lived in the middle, at the island of [[Almaren]]. The end of the Years of the Lamps was marked by [[Morgoth|Melkor]]'s destruction of the Two Lamps.

=== Years of the Trees ===
{{main|Years of the Trees}}

Shortly after the destruction of the Two Lamps, [[Yavanna]] made the [[Two Trees]], named [[Telperion]] (the silver tree) and [[Laurelin]] (the gold tree) in the land of [[Aman]], where the Valar now lived. The Trees illumined Aman, leaving Middle-earth in darkness.

The [[Awakening of the Elves|Elves awoke]] in [[Cuiviénen]] when the stars were Rekindled, beginning the [[Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar]]. Many, though not all, of the [[Elves]] were persuaded to go on the [[Great Journey]] westwards towards Aman. Along the journey several groups of Elves tarried, notably the [[Nandor]] and the [[Sindar]]. The three clans that arrived at Aman were the [[Vanyar]], [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] and the [[Teleri]].

The Valar had captured Melkor and placed him in chains in Aman. After he appeared to repent and was released, he sowed great discord among the Elves, and stirred up rivalry between the Ñoldorin King [[Finwë]]'s two sons [[Fëanor]] and [[Fingolfin]]. Out of jealousy and hatred for the Silmarils—three gems crafted by Feänor that contained the light of the Two Trees—he stole them, killing Finwë who was guarding the jewels; then with the help of the creature [[Ungoliant]] he destroyed the Two Trees and escaped to Middle-earth.

Bitter at the Valar's inactivity, Feänor and his house left to pursue Melkor, cursing him with the name 'Morgoth'. A larger host, commanded by [[Fingolfin]] followed him. They reached the Telerin port-city of [[Alqualondë]], and were forbidden to use the Telerin ships. Feänor decided to take them by force and thus the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|first Kinslaying]] ensued and only by the strength in numbers were the Teleri overcome and their fair ships stolen.

Feänor's host sailed on the vessels, and burned them when he arrived in Middle-earth. Left behind, Fingolfin and his company crossed over to Middle-earth through [[Helcaraxë|the Grinding Ice]] in the far north. Around the same time, but separately, Galadriel and Celeborn set sail for Middle-earth without the permission of the Valar.

=== Years of the Sun ===
{{main|Years of the Sun}}
The Years of the Sun began when the Valar made the Sun and the Moon out of the final fruit of [[Laurelin]] and the final flower of [[Telperion]] and set them in the heavens. Thereafter years were reckoned in Middle-earth as they are in our own real world. The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar continued into this new reckoning of time.

==== First Age ====
{{main|First Age}}

Feänor was soon lost in an attack on Morgoth's [[Balrogs]] - but his sons survived, and founded realms; the kingdoms of the House of Fingolfin.

The Long Peace lasted hundreds of years; during which time [[Men]] arrived over the [[Blue Mountains]]. But the peace was not to last; and one by one the kingdoms — even the hidden ones of [[Gondolin]] and [[Doriath]] — fell.

At the end of the age, all that remained of free Elves and Men in [[Beleriand]] was a settlement at the mouth of the River [[Sirion]] and another settlement on the isle of Balar. [[Eärendil]] had possession of a Silmaril, which his wife [[Elwing]]'s ancestors [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] had taken from Morgoth. But the Feänorians had a claim on the Silmaril still and so there was another Kinslaying. Eärendil and Elwing took the Silmaril across the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], to beg the Valar for aid.

They responded. Melkor was exiled into the Void; and most of his works were destroyed. This came at a terrible cost, as [[Beleriand]] itself was sunk.

====Second Age====
{{main|Second Age}}

The Men who had remained faithful were given the island of [[Númenor]], in the middle of the Great Sea; whilst the Elves were allowed to return home.

The Númenoreans became great seafarers, but became jealous of the Elves for their immortality. Meanwhile, in Middle-earth it became apparent that [[Sauron]], Morgoth's chief servant, was still active. He worked with Elven smiths in [[Eregion]] on the craft of rings, and forged [[the One Ring]] to dominate them all. The Elves noticed this and removed theirs.

Towards the end of the age, the Númenoreans were growing increasingly proud. King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] humbled even Sauron and brought him to Númenor as a hostage. Sauron worked his way into Pharazôn's court, and became high priest in a cult of Melkor. Eventually, Pharazôn was persuaded to attempt to invade Aman, promised that immortality would result.

[[Amandil]], chief of the faithful, sailed westward to warn the Valar of this. His son [[Elendil]] and grandsons [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] prepared to flee eastwards. When the King's men had landed on Aman, the Valar lay down their guardianship of the world and called for Ilúvatar to intervene.

The world was changed into a sphere, and the straight road from Middle-earth to Aman was broken. Númenor was utterly destroyed, as was the fair body of Sauron. Elendil and his sons founded the realms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].

Sauron arose again and challenged them. The Elves allied with the Men to form the [[Last Alliance]] which defeated him. His One Ring was taken from him by Isildur, but not destroyed.

====Third Age====
{{main|Third Age}}

The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and their fall. Arnor was divided into three petty Kingdoms, which fell one by one, whilst Gondor fell victim to [[Kin-strife]], plague, wainriders, and corsairs.

By the time of ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Sauron]] had recovered again, and was seeking the One Ring. He discovered that it was in the possession of a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] named [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], and sent out the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] to find him and retrieve it.

The Ring-bearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], is sent to [[Rivendell]], where it is decided that the One Ring must be destroyed once and for all — and it can only be unmade in the fiery depths of [[Mount Doom]] where it was forged. He sets out on this quest with eight other companions who comprise ''The Fellowship of the Ring''.

After a long and difficult journey, he and [[Samwise Gamgee]] finally complete the mission, succeeding largely due to an unforeseen event that was out of their control. [[Sauron]] is thus destroyed forever and they are lauded as heroes.

[[Aragorn]] takes his place as King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], at last restoring the line of Kings from the [[Stewards of Gondor]].

====Fourth Age and after====
{{main|Fourth Age}}

The end of the Third Age marked the end of the involvement of the Elves in Mannish affairs, despite a short-lived revival of Elven presence in Gondor under [[Legolas]]. Most Elves that have lingered in Middle-earth leave for Valinor — those that remain behind "fade", and eventually diminish. A similar fate happens to the Dwarves: although [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] becomes an ally of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and there are indications [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] is refounded, and a colony is established under [[Gimli]] in the [[White Mountains]], they become ever more reclusive, and disappear from mannish history. Morgoth's creatures are almost wiped out and never recover. During the later Fourth Age the tales of the earlier Ages turn into legends, until they are eventually thought of as fantasies, as the heirs of the Númenóreans forget their heritage.

Tolkien imagined that he lived perhaps about 6000 years after the [[War of the Ring]], [[Ages#Further future|in the Fifth, Sixth or Seventh Age]].

==End of Arda==
{{main|Dagor Dagorath}}
After contemplating [[Arda Marred|Arda's decay]], the Elves could deduce that Arda had to come to an end. There are also many mentions of this end happening with a Last Battle after Morgoth's return. After his defeat, it is said that Men and Ainur will make a [[Second Music of the Ainur|Second Music]] in front of Ilúvatar.

[[Category:Chronology]]

Seventh Age

2022-02-27T14:15:21Z

BartekChom: fix link

#REDIRECT [[Ages#Further future]]

Sixth Age

2022-02-27T14:15:05Z

BartekChom: fix link

#REDIRECT [[Ages#Further future]]

Fifth Age

2022-02-27T14:14:50Z

BartekChom: fix link

#REDIRECT [[Ages#Further future]]

The History of Middle-earth

2021-11-04T20:46:18Z

BartekChom: /* See also */ I was looking for the history of Arda

[[File:Daniel Helen - The History of Middle-earth.png|thumb|300px|[[HarperCollins]] paperback edition of ''The History of Middle-earth'']]
'''''The History of Middle-earth''''' is a 12 volume series of books compiled and edited by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]. In the volumes, Christopher Tolkien presents and discusses manuscripts by his father related to the stories of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Some of the material is revealed for the first time, while some consists of earlier versions of already published material.

The first two books introduce us to ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the first conception of Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. The third volume deals with long poems concerning some of the main stories. The following two books follow developments from ''The Book of Lost Tales'' to the first so called ''Quenta Silmarillion''. Volumes 6 through 9 discuss the development of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', while the second half of book 9 discusses the tale of Númenor. Books 10 and 11 discuss the later developments of ''The Silmarillion'', which served as source material for ''[[The Silmarillion|the published edition]]''. The final book entails the development of [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|''The Lord of the Rings'' Appendices]], followed by some assorted essays J.R.R. Tolkien wrote in the last years of his life.

#''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' (1983)
#''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' (1984)
#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (1985)
#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (1986)
#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (1987)
#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' vol. 1) (1988)
#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 2) (1989)
#''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 3) (1990)
#''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 4) (1992)
#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (''The Later Silmarillion'' vol. 1) (1993)
#''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (''The Later Silmarillion'' vol. 2) (1994)
#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (1996)

A thirteenth volume was published in 2002, ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]''. This book has completely integrated all the indices from the set in one large index.

==See also==
*''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
*''[[The History of The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''
*[[History of Arda]]

==External links==
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_hm.html What's in the History of Middle-earth?], by Ninni M. Pettersson
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_hmch.html The HoMe-texts in chronological order] - list of the HoMe components in the order they were written by Tolkien (by Ninni M. Pettersson)
*[http://www.silmarillionwritersguild.org/reference/historyofmiddleearth/home.php The History of Middle-earth summaries]
{{home}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]

Ages

2021-11-04T20:40:00Z

BartekChom: /* Further future? */ this section is about Ages, no "beginning" in the quote

{{History of Arda}}
'''Ages''' are large spans of [[Time]] in which the [[Wise]] and the loremasters divided the history of [[Arda]]. The division was made according to large historical events such as the overthrowing of a [[Dark Lord]].
==The Ages==
===[[First Age]]===
The First Age saw the ascent of the [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] and their [[Wars of Beleriand|wars]] against [[Morgoth]]. It ended with the [[War of Wrath]] and the drowning of [[Beleriand]]. [[Morgoth]] was captured by the [[Valar]], ending centuries of dominion in Beleriand.<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><ref name=AB/>

===[[Second Age]]===
In the Second Age the [[Edain]] prospered in [[Númenor]], but [[Sauron]], a servant of Morgoth also came to dominate the [[Westlands]]. The [[Rings of Power]] were created as one of such attempts. Sauron's influence also caused the [[Drowning of Númenor]] and the [[Changing of the World]]. The Age ended with the [[War of the Last Alliance]] and the defeat of [[Sauron]].<ref name=AB>{{App|B}}</ref><ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

===[[Third Age]]===
The Third Age saw the gradual fading of the Elves and also the rise of Sauron against the [[Realms in Exile|Númenórean kingdoms]], until he was defeated during the [[War of the Ring]]. The Age ended some years later with the departure of the [[White Ship]] from [[Mithlond]].<ref name=rings/><ref name=AB/>

===[[Fourth Age]]===
The Fourth Age was a time when the Elves faded while Dwarves, Men and [[Hobbits]] prospered and recovered after the fall of Sauron, until the [[Dominion of Men]].<ref name=AB/>

===Further future?===
{{quote|For not we but those who come after will make the legends of our time.|[[Aragorn]]<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>}}
Tolkien said in a letter written in [[1958]] that he imagined that the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' had happened approximately 6000 years earlier, so it was about the end of the Fifth Age if length of the Ages was unchanged, but they had probably quickened and it was about the end of the Sixth Age or in the Seventh. However he did not explain the criteria of why the Ages should be shortened.<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}. Quotes: "I hope the, evidently long but undefined, gap(*) in time between the Fall of Barad-dur and our Days is sufficient for 'literary credibility', even for readers acquainted with what is known or surmised of 'pre-history'." "(*) I imagine the gap to be about 6000 years: that is we are now at the end of the Fifth Age, if the Ages were of about the same length as S.A. and T.A. But they have, I think, quickened; and I imagine we are actually at the end of the Sixth Age, or in the Seventh."</ref>

Two years after that letter, Tolkien changed this idea and wrote that, instead, we were already in the year 1960 of the Seventh Age, indicating that this Age follows the Christian reckoning.<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, p. 39</ref>

==See also==
*Ages of the [[Chaining of Melkor]]
*[[Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Ages]]
[[Category:Measures]]
[[Category:Periods]]

Fourth Age

2021-11-04T20:34:39Z

BartekChom: /* Further future? */ sorrt, A!

{{History of Arda}}
The '''Fourth Age''' began after [[Sauron]] was finally defeated, when his [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed, and the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]] left Middle-earth for the [[Valinor|Uttermost West]].

==History==
The [[Third Age]] was held to have ended when Elrond left Middle-earth on [[29 September]] of {{TA|3021}}.<ref name=Calendars>{{App|Calendars}}</ref> There is no information on more than the first few centuries of this age, so it is not known when it ended, if it ever did, although it was probably shorter than 3 millennia.<ref name="Letter211"/>

This age was marked by the recovery of the [[Númenor]]ean kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], while the [[House of Durin]] retook [[Moria]] until the race of [[Dwarves]] failed.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> The [[Last Ship]] of the [[Elves]], carrying [[Círdan]], [[Celeborn]], and all remaining Elves of the [[First Age]] left Middle-earth some time after {{FoA|171}}.<ref name=Records/> Eventually that would lead to the final [[Dominion of Men]] over [[Arda]], coming together with the total waning of the [[Elves]] and other dwindling races, such as the [[Ents]] and probably the Dwarves.

In a 1972 letter concerning ''[[The New Shadow]]'', Tolkien mentioned that Eldarion's reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of Aragorn.<ref name="L338">{{L|338}}</ref>

==Further future?==
A footnote in a letter written by Tolkien in [[1958]] suggests that the Fourth and [[Ages#Further future?|later Ages]] had quickened, so Tolkien lived in the end of the Sixth Age or in the Seventh rather than in the end of the Fifth.<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}.</ref>

==Reckoning of years==
Not all calendars in use in Middle-earth at that time reset their count of years to {{FoA|1}} in the same year, on the same date, or indeed at all. As such, years given for certain events in the Fourth Age differ according to the calendar used.

The [[Shire-reckoning]] is the calendar system used for all dates in the [[Red Book]], with {{SR|1}} corresponding to {{TA|1601}}.<ref name=Hobbits>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Years in Shire-reckoning did not restart at the end of the Third Age, rather it continued uninterrupted from {{SR|1421}} to {{SR|1422}}, and "in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with [[2 Yule]] 1422."<ref name=Calendars/> This means that {{SR|1422}} is also {{TA|3022}} and {{FoA|1}} as far as dates in the Red Book are concerned.

However, in [[Gondor]] and the rest of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] outside the Shire, the [[New Reckoning]] calendar entered use starting in {{TA|3019}}. Under this calendar, [[25 March]] {{TA|3021}} is the first day of {{FoA|1}}, some 9 months earlier than the new year in the Shire.<ref name=Calendars/> The [[Shire Calendar]] and the [[New Reckoning]] begin their years on different days: 2 Yule for the Shire and 25 March for the rest of the Reunited Kingdom.<ref group="note">As these days are named in the Shire Calendar; their New Reckoning equivalents are 7 [[Narvinyë]] and [[Yestarë]] respectively</ref>

There are few dates given in the [[legendarium]] that require the reader to account for this difference, because most dates of the Fourth Age are already explicitly expressed in terms of the Shire Reckoning. For example, [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]]'s departure from Middle-earth is given as {{SR|1541}}.<ref name="Later"/> The exceptions are both from the [[Note on the Shire Records]] and are as follows:

* Tolkien explains that the text of ''The Lord of the Rings'' descends from a copy of the Red Book made in Gondor that bore the note "Findegil, King’s Writer, finished this work in IV 172."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> The accompanying text notes the equivalent year {{SR|1592}}, which is {{FoA|171}} in the Shire Reckoning, so this note must have been written with regard to the New Reckoning calendar before 7 Narvinyë.
* In the same paragraph, Tolkien refers to [[Peregrin Took]]'s retirement to Gondor in "IV 64."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> We are told elsewhere that Peregrin and his companion [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] arrived in Gondor sometime between the autumn and the ending of {{SR|1484}}, which is {{FoA|63}} in the Shire Reckoning.<ref name="Later">{{App|Later}}</ref> As such, the stated "IV 64" must be in reference to the New Reckoning calendar, again, prior to 7 Narvinyë.

==See also==
* [[Timeline/Fourth Age|Timeline of the Fourth Age]]
* ''[[The New Shadow]]''

{{references|note}}

==External links==

* The [https://psarando.github.io/shire-reckoning Shire Reckoning] project, dedicated to simulations and detailed analysis of all the calendars of ''The Lord of the Rings'' [[Appendix D]].

[[Category:Ages]]
[[Category:Fourth Age]]
[[de:Das Vierte Zeitalter]]
[[fr:encyclo/chronologie/quatrieme_age]]
[[fi:Neljäs Aika]]

History of Arda

2021-11-04T20:33:41Z

BartekChom: /* Fourth Age and after */ the!

{{History of Arda}}
The '''History of [[Arda]]''' is divided into three time periods, known as the [[Years of the Lamps]], [[Years of the Trees]] and [[Years of the Sun]]. A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar'. The first such Age began with the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun. Most Middle-earth stories take place in the first three Ages of the Children of Iluvatar.

=== Music of the Ainur ===
{{main|Music of the Ainur}}

The supreme deity of Tolkien's universe is called [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]]. In the beginning, Ilúvatar created spirits named the [[Ainur]]. Ilúvatar made divine music with them. [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was then one of the Ainur, broke the harmony of the music, until Ilúvatar began a third theme which the Ainur could not comprehend since they were not the source of it. The essence of their song symbolized the history of the whole universe and the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] that were to dwell in it — the [[Men]] and the [[Elves]].

Then Ilúvatar created [[Eä]], the universe itself, and the Ainur formed within it Arda, the Earth, "globed within the void": the world together with the airs is set apart from ''Kuma'', the "void" without. The first 15 of the Ainur that descended to Arda, and the most powerful ones, were called Valar, and the Ainur of lesser might that followed were called Maiar.

=== Years of the Lamps ===
{{main|Years of the Lamps}}

The Years of the Lamps began shortly after the creation of Arda by the [[Valar]]. After the Valar entered the world, there was a light veiling the ground. The Valar took this light and concentrated it into two large lamps, [[Illuin]] and [[Ormal]]. The Vala [[Aulë]] forged great towers, one in the furthest north, and another in the deepest south. The Valar lived in the middle, at the island of [[Almaren]]. The end of the Years of the Lamps was marked by [[Morgoth|Melkor]]'s destruction of the Two Lamps.

=== Years of the Trees ===
{{main|Years of the Trees}}

Shortly after the destruction of the Two Lamps, [[Yavanna]] made the [[Two Trees]], named [[Telperion]] (the silver tree) and [[Laurelin]] (the gold tree) in the land of [[Aman]], where the Valar now lived. The Trees illumined Aman, leaving Middle-earth in darkness.

The [[Awakening of the Elves|Elves awoke]] in [[Cuiviénen]] when the stars were Rekindled, beginning the [[Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar]]. Many, though not all, of the [[Elves]] were persuaded to go on the [[Great Journey]] westwards towards Aman. Along the journey several groups of Elves tarried, notably the [[Nandor]] and the [[Sindar]]. The three clans that arrived at Aman were the [[Vanyar]], [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] and the [[Teleri]].

The Valar had captured Melkor and placed him in chains in Aman. After he appeared to repent and was released, he sowed great discord among the Elves, and stirred up rivalry between the Ñoldorin King [[Finwë]]'s two sons [[Fëanor]] and [[Fingolfin]]. Out of jealousy and hatred for the Silmarils—three gems crafted by Feänor that contained the light of the Two Trees—he stole them, killing Finwë who was guarding the jewels; then with the help of the creature [[Ungoliant]] he destroyed the Two Trees and escaped to Middle-earth.

Bitter at the Valar's inactivity, Feänor and his house left to pursue Melkor, cursing him with the name 'Morgoth'. A larger host, commanded by [[Fingolfin]] followed him. They reached the Telerin port-city of [[Alqualondë]], and were forbidden to use the Telerin ships. Feänor decided to take them by force and thus the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|first Kinslaying]] ensued and only by the strength in numbers were the Teleri overcome and their fair ships stolen.

Feänor's host sailed on the vessels, and burned them when he arrived in Middle-earth. Left behind, Fingolfin and his company crossed over to Middle-earth through [[Helcaraxë|the Grinding Ice]] in the far north. Around the same time, but separately, Galadriel and Celeborn set sail for Middle-earth without the permission of the Valar.

=== Years of the Sun ===
{{main|Years of the Sun}}
The Years of the Sun began when the Valar made the Sun and the Moon out of the final fruit of [[Laurelin]] and the final flower of [[Telperion]] and set them in the heavens. Thereafter years were reckoned in Middle-earth as they are in our own real world. The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar continued into this new reckoning of time.

==== First Age ====
{{main|First Age}}

Feänor was soon lost in an attack on Morgoth's [[Balrogs]] - but his sons survived, and founded realms; the kingdoms of the House of Fingolfin.

The Long Peace lasted hundreds of years; during which time [[Men]] arrived over the [[Blue Mountains]]. But the peace was not to last; and one by one the kingdoms — even the hidden ones of [[Gondolin]] and [[Doriath]] — fell.

At the end of the age, all that remained of free Elves and Men in [[Beleriand]] was a settlement at the mouth of the River [[Sirion]] and another settlement on the isle of Balar. [[Eärendil]] had possession of a Silmaril, which his wife [[Elwing]]'s ancestors [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] had taken from Morgoth. But the Feänorians had a claim on the Silmaril still and so there was another Kinslaying. Eärendil and Elwing took the Silmaril across the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], to beg the Valar for aid.

They responded. Melkor was exiled into the Void; and most of his works were destroyed. This came at a terrible cost, as [[Beleriand]] itself was sunk.

====Second Age====
{{main|Second Age}}

The Men who had remained faithful were given the island of [[Númenor]], in the middle of the Great Sea; whilst the Elves were allowed to return home.

The Númenoreans became great seafarers, but became jealous of the Elves for their immortality. Meanwhile, in Middle-earth it became apparent that [[Sauron]], Morgoth's chief servant, was still active. He worked with Elven smiths in [[Eregion]] on the craft of rings, and forged [[the One Ring]] to dominate them all. The Elves noticed this and removed theirs.

Towards the end of the age, the Númenoreans were growing increasingly proud. King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] humbled even Sauron and brought him to Númenor as a hostage. Sauron worked his way into Pharazôn's court, and became high priest in a cult of Melkor. Eventually, Pharazôn was persuaded to attempt to invade Aman, promised that immortality would result.

[[Amandil]], chief of the faithful, sailed westward to warn the Valar of this. His son [[Elendil]] and grandsons [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] prepared to flee eastwards. When the King's men had landed on Aman, the Valar lay down their guardianship of the world and called for Ilúvatar to intervene.

The world was changed into a sphere, and the straight road from Middle-earth to Aman was broken. Númenor was utterly destroyed, as was the fair body of Sauron. Elendil and his sons founded the realms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].

Sauron arose again and challenged them. The Elves allied with the Men to form the [[Last Alliance]] which defeated him. His One Ring was taken from him by Isildur, but not destroyed.

====Third Age====
{{main|Third Age}}

The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and their fall. Arnor was divided into three petty Kingdoms, which fell one by one, whilst Gondor fell victim to [[Kin-strife]], plague, wainriders, and corsairs.

By the time of ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Sauron]] had recovered again, and was seeking the One Ring. He discovered that it was in the possession of a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] named [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], and sent out the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] to find him and retrieve it.

The Ring-bearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], is sent to [[Rivendell]], where it is decided that the One Ring must be destroyed once and for all — and it can only be unmade in the fiery depths of [[Mount Doom]] where it was forged. He sets out on this quest with eight other companions who comprise ''The Fellowship of the Ring''.

After a long and difficult journey, he and [[Samwise Gamgee]] finally complete the mission, succeeding largely due to an unforeseen event that was out of their control. [[Sauron]] is thus destroyed forever and they are lauded as heroes.

[[Aragorn]] takes his place as King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], at last restoring the line of Kings from the [[Stewards of Gondor]].

====Fourth Age and after====
{{main|Fourth Age}}

The end of the Third Age marked the end of the involvement of the Elves in Mannish affairs, despite a short-lived revival of Elven presence in Gondor under [[Legolas]]. Most Elves that have lingered in Middle-earth leave for Valinor — those that remain behind "fade", and eventually diminish. A similar fate happens to the Dwarves: although [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] becomes an ally of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and there are indications [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] is refounded, and a colony is established under [[Gimli]] in the [[White Mountains]], they become ever more reclusive, and disappear from mannish history. Morgoth's creatures are almost wiped out and never recover. During the later Fourth Age the tales of the earlier Ages turn into legends, until they are eventually thought of as fantasies, as the heirs of the Númenóreans forget their heritage.

Tolkien imagined that he lived perhaps about 6000 years after the [[War of the Ring]], [[Ages#Further future?|in the Fifth, Sixth or Seventh Age]].

==End of Arda==
{{main|Dagor Dagorath}}
After contemplating [[Arda Marred|Arda's decay]], the Elves could deduce that Arda had to come to an end. There are also many mentions of this end happening with a Last Battle after Morgoth's return. After his defeat, it is said that Men and Ainur will make a [[Second Music of the Ainur|Second Music]] in front of Ilúvatar.

[[Category:Chronology]]

Seventh Age

2021-11-04T20:32:20Z

BartekChom: easier to find if somebody tries to find it

#REDIRECT [[Ages#Further future?]]

Sixth Age

2021-11-04T20:31:53Z

BartekChom: easier to find if somebody tries to find it

#REDIRECT [[Ages#Further future?]]

Fifth Age

2021-11-04T20:31:28Z

BartekChom: easier to find if somebody tries to find it

#REDIRECT [[Ages#Further future?]]

History of Arda

2021-11-04T20:29:50Z

BartekChom: /* Fourth Age and after */ sorry, A!

{{History of Arda}}
The '''History of [[Arda]]''' is divided into three time periods, known as the [[Years of the Lamps]], [[Years of the Trees]] and [[Years of the Sun]]. A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar'. The first such Age began with the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun. Most Middle-earth stories take place in the first three Ages of the Children of Iluvatar.

=== Music of the Ainur ===
{{main|Music of the Ainur}}

The supreme deity of Tolkien's universe is called [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]]. In the beginning, Ilúvatar created spirits named the [[Ainur]]. Ilúvatar made divine music with them. [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was then one of the Ainur, broke the harmony of the music, until Ilúvatar began a third theme which the Ainur could not comprehend since they were not the source of it. The essence of their song symbolized the history of the whole universe and the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] that were to dwell in it — the [[Men]] and the [[Elves]].

Then Ilúvatar created [[Eä]], the universe itself, and the Ainur formed within it Arda, the Earth, "globed within the void": the world together with the airs is set apart from ''Kuma'', the "void" without. The first 15 of the Ainur that descended to Arda, and the most powerful ones, were called Valar, and the Ainur of lesser might that followed were called Maiar.

=== Years of the Lamps ===
{{main|Years of the Lamps}}

The Years of the Lamps began shortly after the creation of Arda by the [[Valar]]. After the Valar entered the world, there was a light veiling the ground. The Valar took this light and concentrated it into two large lamps, [[Illuin]] and [[Ormal]]. The Vala [[Aulë]] forged great towers, one in the furthest north, and another in the deepest south. The Valar lived in the middle, at the island of [[Almaren]]. The end of the Years of the Lamps was marked by [[Morgoth|Melkor]]'s destruction of the Two Lamps.

=== Years of the Trees ===
{{main|Years of the Trees}}

Shortly after the destruction of the Two Lamps, [[Yavanna]] made the [[Two Trees]], named [[Telperion]] (the silver tree) and [[Laurelin]] (the gold tree) in the land of [[Aman]], where the Valar now lived. The Trees illumined Aman, leaving Middle-earth in darkness.

The [[Awakening of the Elves|Elves awoke]] in [[Cuiviénen]] when the stars were Rekindled, beginning the [[Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar]]. Many, though not all, of the [[Elves]] were persuaded to go on the [[Great Journey]] westwards towards Aman. Along the journey several groups of Elves tarried, notably the [[Nandor]] and the [[Sindar]]. The three clans that arrived at Aman were the [[Vanyar]], [[Noldor|Ñoldor]] and the [[Teleri]].

The Valar had captured Melkor and placed him in chains in Aman. After he appeared to repent and was released, he sowed great discord among the Elves, and stirred up rivalry between the Ñoldorin King [[Finwë]]'s two sons [[Fëanor]] and [[Fingolfin]]. Out of jealousy and hatred for the Silmarils—three gems crafted by Feänor that contained the light of the Two Trees—he stole them, killing Finwë who was guarding the jewels; then with the help of the creature [[Ungoliant]] he destroyed the Two Trees and escaped to Middle-earth.

Bitter at the Valar's inactivity, Feänor and his house left to pursue Melkor, cursing him with the name 'Morgoth'. A larger host, commanded by [[Fingolfin]] followed him. They reached the Telerin port-city of [[Alqualondë]], and were forbidden to use the Telerin ships. Feänor decided to take them by force and thus the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|first Kinslaying]] ensued and only by the strength in numbers were the Teleri overcome and their fair ships stolen.

Feänor's host sailed on the vessels, and burned them when he arrived in Middle-earth. Left behind, Fingolfin and his company crossed over to Middle-earth through [[Helcaraxë|the Grinding Ice]] in the far north. Around the same time, but separately, Galadriel and Celeborn set sail for Middle-earth without the permission of the Valar.

=== Years of the Sun ===
{{main|Years of the Sun}}
The Years of the Sun began when the Valar made the Sun and the Moon out of the final fruit of [[Laurelin]] and the final flower of [[Telperion]] and set them in the heavens. Thereafter years were reckoned in Middle-earth as they are in our own real world. The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar continued into this new reckoning of time.

==== First Age ====
{{main|First Age}}

Feänor was soon lost in an attack on Morgoth's [[Balrogs]] - but his sons survived, and founded realms; the kingdoms of the House of Fingolfin.

The Long Peace lasted hundreds of years; during which time [[Men]] arrived over the [[Blue Mountains]]. But the peace was not to last; and one by one the kingdoms — even the hidden ones of [[Gondolin]] and [[Doriath]] — fell.

At the end of the age, all that remained of free Elves and Men in [[Beleriand]] was a settlement at the mouth of the River [[Sirion]] and another settlement on the isle of Balar. [[Eärendil]] had possession of a Silmaril, which his wife [[Elwing]]'s ancestors [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] had taken from Morgoth. But the Feänorians had a claim on the Silmaril still and so there was another Kinslaying. Eärendil and Elwing took the Silmaril across the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], to beg the Valar for aid.

They responded. Melkor was exiled into the Void; and most of his works were destroyed. This came at a terrible cost, as [[Beleriand]] itself was sunk.

====Second Age====
{{main|Second Age}}

The Men who had remained faithful were given the island of [[Númenor]], in the middle of the Great Sea; whilst the Elves were allowed to return home.

The Númenoreans became great seafarers, but became jealous of the Elves for their immortality. Meanwhile, in Middle-earth it became apparent that [[Sauron]], Morgoth's chief servant, was still active. He worked with Elven smiths in [[Eregion]] on the craft of rings, and forged [[the One Ring]] to dominate them all. The Elves noticed this and removed theirs.

Towards the end of the age, the Númenoreans were growing increasingly proud. King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] humbled even Sauron and brought him to Númenor as a hostage. Sauron worked his way into Pharazôn's court, and became high priest in a cult of Melkor. Eventually, Pharazôn was persuaded to attempt to invade Aman, promised that immortality would result.

[[Amandil]], chief of the faithful, sailed westward to warn the Valar of this. His son [[Elendil]] and grandsons [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] prepared to flee eastwards. When the King's men had landed on Aman, the Valar lay down their guardianship of the world and called for Ilúvatar to intervene.

The world was changed into a sphere, and the straight road from Middle-earth to Aman was broken. Númenor was utterly destroyed, as was the fair body of Sauron. Elendil and his sons founded the realms of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].

Sauron arose again and challenged them. The Elves allied with the Men to form the [[Last Alliance]] which defeated him. His One Ring was taken from him by Isildur, but not destroyed.

====Third Age====
{{main|Third Age}}

The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and their fall. Arnor was divided into three petty Kingdoms, which fell one by one, whilst Gondor fell victim to [[Kin-strife]], plague, wainriders, and corsairs.

By the time of ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Sauron]] had recovered again, and was seeking the One Ring. He discovered that it was in the possession of a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] named [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], and sent out the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] to find him and retrieve it.

The Ring-bearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], is sent to [[Rivendell]], where it is decided that the One Ring must be destroyed once and for all — and it can only be unmade in the fiery depths of [[Mount Doom]] where it was forged. He sets out on this quest with eight other companions who comprise ''The Fellowship of the Ring''.

After a long and difficult journey, he and [[Samwise Gamgee]] finally complete the mission, succeeding largely due to an unforeseen event that was out of their control. [[Sauron]] is thus destroyed forever and they are lauded as heroes.

[[Aragorn]] takes his place as King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], at last restoring the line of Kings from the [[Stewards of Gondor]].

====Fourth Age and after====
{{main|Fourth Age}}

The end of the Third Age marked the end of the involvement of the Elves in Mannish affairs, despite a short-lived revival of Elven presence in Gondor under [[Legolas]]. Most Elves that have lingered in Middle-earth leave for Valinor — those that remain behind "fade", and eventually diminish. A similar fate happens to the Dwarves: although [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] becomes an ally of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and there are indications [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] is refounded, and a colony is established under [[Gimli]] in the [[White Mountains]], they become ever more reclusive, and disappear from mannish history. Morgoth's creatures are almost wiped out and never recover. During the later Fourth Age the tales of the earlier Ages turn into legends, until they are eventually thought of as fantasies, as the heirs of the Númenóreans forget their heritage.

Tolkien imagined that he lived perhaps about 6000 years after [[War of the Ring]], [[Ages#Further future?|in the Fifth, Sixth or Seventh Age]].

==End of Arda==
{{main|Dagor Dagorath}}
After contemplating [[Arda Marred|Arda's decay]], the Elves could deduce that Arda had to come to an end. There are also many mentions of this end happening with a Last Battle after Morgoth's return. After his defeat, it is said that Men and Ainur will make a [[Second Music of the Ainur|Second Music]] in front of Ilúvatar.

[[Category:Chronology]]