Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

User:Dillonn241

2025-01-02T04:43:32Z

Dillonn241: and the rest

User:Dillonn241

2025-01-02T04:42:05Z

Dillonn241: clear old info

==Collection==
===By Tolkien===
* ''The Hobbit''
* ''The Lord of the Rings''
* ''The Silmarillion''
* ''Unfinished Tales''
* ''The History of Middle-earth''
* ''The Children of Húrin''
* ''Beren and Lúthien''
* ''The Fall of Gondolin''
* ''The Tolkien Reader''

===By Others===
* ''A Tolkien Compass'' by Jared Lobdell
* ''Journeys of Frodo'' by Barbara Strachey
* ''The Atlas of Middle-earth'' by Karen Wynn Fonstad
* ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth'' by Robert Foster
* ''The New Tolkien Companion'' by J.E.A. Tyler
* ''Tolkien: A Dictionary'' by David Day
* ''Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings'' by Lin Carter

==Userboxes==
{{User USA}}
{{User lore-2}}
{{User rohan}}

Vinyar Tengwar 8

2019-11-21T06:06:37Z

Dillonn241: typo

{{VTbox
| title=''Vinyar Tengwar'' 8
| image=[[Image:Vinyar Tengwar 8.png|225px]]
| editor=[[Jorge Quiñónez]]
| illustrator=Edouard Kloczko (front cover), [[Arden R. Smith]] (back cover)
| publisher=[[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]]
| date=November [[1989]]
| format=Paperback journal
| pages=16
| issn=
}}
'''''Vinyar Tengwar''''' '''8''' is the eighth issue of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', a journal of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]], devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
{{VTnav|7|9}}
==Contents==
* "Full Chart of the Tengwar " — [[Edouard Kloczko]].
** '''The above article is previously unpublished primary material from the Tolkien archives.'''
* "Views on Elvish" — Edouard Kloczko.
* "Essitalmar: Place-names of Beleriand" (column, with fold-out map) — [[Tom Loback]].
* "Transitions in Translations"<ref>Contents of the column: "The Portuguese Gnome", "Is Watership Down in the Shire?", "Remarks on the Russian ''Fellowship''", "Trivia Question".</ref> (column) — edited by [[Arden R. Smith]].
* "The Rime of the Ancient Philologer" — [[Paul Nolan Hyde]].

::''The content list above only contains published articles.''

{{references}}
{{title|journal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinyar Tengwar 08}}

[[Category:Vinyar Tengwar]]
[[fi:Vinyar Tengwar 8]]

The Fellowship Reunited

2019-11-21T06:06:12Z

Dillonn241: typo

{{Stub}}
'''The Fellowship Reunited''' is the fifty-eighth scene of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' and the seventy-third scene of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (extended edition)]].

[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King scenes|73]]

The Grey Havens (scene)

2019-11-21T06:05:29Z

Dillonn241: typo

{{Stub}}
'''The Grey Havens''' is the sixty-first scene of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' and the seventy-sixth scene of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (extended edition)]].
{{title}}
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King scenes|76]]

The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin

2019-07-21T05:34:12Z

Dillonn241: typos

__NOTOC__
'''The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], partially included in the chapter "[[Poems Early Abandoned]]" in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''. It was written and left unfinished during his time at the [[University of Leeds]], and [[Christopher Tolkien]] suspects that it was the first attempt of versification of the matter from the ''[[Lost Tales]]'', before he turned to the alliterative verse, so it was probably started around [[1920]]. The poem doesn't add anything to the [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|Tale of the Fall of Gondolin]], so Christopher only gives a few verses, keeping the whole poem unpublished.<ref name=LB>{{LB|2c}}</ref>{{rp|145}}
==Analysis==
Seems that this poem was not conceived on a large scale, as the enemy appears already within 130 lines.<ref name=LB>{{LB|2c}}</ref>{{rp|144-145}} Here [[Tuor]]'s father is called Fengel, while in the Lost Tale was [[Peleg]]. Like in other alliterated poems (cf. ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''), [[Fingolfin]] has become the father of [[Turgon]] and [[Aredhel|Isfin]] (Aredhel), but here [[Finwë]] is excepcionally called [[Gelmir]].<ref name=LB>{{LB|2c}}</ref>{{rp|146-147}}
==Comparative example==
{{quote|Rejoice that ye have found it, for behold before you the City of Seven Names where all who war with Melko may find hope.' Then said Tuor: 'What be those names?' And the chief of the Guard made answer: 'Tis said and 'tis sung: "Gondobar am I called and Gondothlimbar, City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone (...)|''[[The Book of Lost Tales 2]]'', "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]", p. 158}}
{{blockquote|<poem>
Rejoice that ye have found it and rest from endless war,
for the seven-named city 'tis that stands upon the hill,
where all who strive with Morgoth find hope and valour still.'
'What be those names,' said Tuor, 'for I come from long afar?'
''This said and 'tis sung,' one answered, '"My name is Gondobar
and Gondothlimbar also, the City hewn of Stone,
the fortress of the Gnome-folk who dwell in Halls of Stone (...)</poem>|The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin}}
==See also==
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
* [[Index:Unpublished material|Unpublished material]]
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay of the Fall of Gondolin}}
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Lay of the Fall of Gondolin, The]]
[[CATEGORY:Unpublished material]]
[[fi:The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]]

User:Dillonn241

2019-05-27T00:47:43Z

Dillonn241: update

==About Me==
Hello, my name is Dillon. I have a great interest in Tolkien's works and the world of Middle-earth. Like many I was introduced to ''The Lord of the Rings'' through Peter Jackson's films, but I prefer the books for their detail and greater focus on the world over individual battles, among other reasons. I have read ''The Hobbit'', ''The Silmarillion'', ''Unfinished Tales'', and ''The Children of Húrin'' too. Eventually, I want to read the entirety of ''The History of Middle-earth'' along with ''Beren and Lúthien'' and ''The Fall of Gondolin'', though the last two might be redundant at that point.

Apart from Tolkien, I like the ''Elder Scrolls'' series of video games and the associated lore behind them. I am an active administrator on [https://en.uesp.net/wiki/User:Dillonn241 UESPWiki], the Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages. I also have an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dillonn241 account] on Wikipedia. My favorite academic subjects are Mathematics and Computer Science, and I know Java and Python fairly well.

==Collection==
===By Tolkien===
* ''The Hobbit''
* ''The Lord of the Rings''
* ''The Silmarillion''
* ''Unfinished Tales''
* ''The History of Middle-earth''
* ''The Children of Húrin''
* ''Beren and Lúthien''
* ''The Fall of Gondolin''
* ''The Tolkien Reader''

===By Others===
* ''A Tolkien Compass'' by Jared Lobdell
* ''Journeys of Frodo'' by Barbara Strachey
* ''The Atlas of Middle-earth'' by Karen Wynn Fonstad
* ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth'' by Robert Foster
* ''The New Tolkien Companion'' by J.E.A. Tyler
* ''Tolkien: A Dictionary'' by David Day
* ''Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings'' by Lin Carter

==Userboxes==
{{User USA}}
{{User lore-2}}
{{User rohan}}

Saruman

2019-05-19T02:06:08Z

Dillonn241: remove double parentheses

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| name=Saruman
| image=[[File:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Saruman" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Curumo, Curunír, the White, Ring-maker, Of many colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=
| position=Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Istari]] (Wizards) [[White Council]] [[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[3 November]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff Knife
| steed=
}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making (....)|[[Gandalf]], ''[[The Shadow of the Past]]''}}
'''Saruman the White''' ([[Third Age]] c. 1000 – 3019, existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years) was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or ''Istari'') who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. He was the leader of the [[White Council]]. In [[Sindarin]] his name was '''Curunír''', which meant "Man of Skill".

==History==
===Origins===
The [[Ainur]] existed before [[Arda]] was created. [[Maiar]] were angelic creatures of lower order than the [[Valar]]. [[Curumo]] and [[Mairon]] were powerful Maiar of [[Aulë]], until the latter fell and became [[Sauron]].<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref>

In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]]. This was likely in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. It was decided to send five [[Wizards|emissaries]] to Middle-earth. These should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh" — Istari, or Wizards. One of those who went was '''''[[Curumo]]''''' (later in [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'', or in [[Westron]] ''Saruman'').<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Saruman was one of those who volunteered, whereas the last one, ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'', (later Gandalf) was commanded by Manwë to go. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began even here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf, who went as the third Istar that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari/>

===Arrival in Middle-earth===
Saruman arrived alone in a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in [[Lindon]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, and only [[Círdan]] knew his identity and his origin.

He went into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

===Chief of the White Council===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Saruman'']]
When [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|Angus McBride - ''Dol Guldur'']]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting, Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it. Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies.<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref> Saruman's corruption was complete when, in ''circa'' {{TA|3000}}, he used the [[Orthanc-stone|''palantír'' of Orthanc]] and was enticed by [[Sauron]].<ref name="AppTA"/>

Sauron declared himself openly. In Mordor, he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Through his jealousy towards Gandalf and his ever-growing pride and arrogance, and through the use of the ''palantír'', wrestling in thought with the Enemy, Saruman became a servant of Sauron's will (although unintentionally, as his hopes were to gain the One Ring for himself).

===War of the Ring===
At about this time, in an attempt to control [[Rohan]], Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing king to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman and Gríma's treachery would have crippled Rohan's military might, had not [[Gandalf]] interfered a year later and revealed to Théoden his right-hand man's true designs, healing the old king and revitalising his political and military rule.

He had sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed [[the One Ring]].<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Saruman did not reveal his true intentions until Gandalf presented him with the discovery and location of the One Ring. On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> Saruman demanded that Gandalf submit to him and Sauron or fail. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''', and when Gandalf refused to join with him, he held him captive in Isengard.
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc]]
It must have been during Gandalf's captivity in Orthanc that Saruman began to build his army of [[Orcs]], [[Dunlendings]], and [[Uruk-hai]], since Gandalf came to an as yet un-destroyed Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was gathering an army of [[orcs]] and [[wolves]] in his pits and forges.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> One can speculate that if matters had developed a little more slowly, his puppet Gríma would have gained full control over Rohan, and the [[Rohirrim]] would have been enslaved or destroyed.

Saruman's plans likely failed because he, like Sauron, was forced to reveal his hand early by Gandalf's subsequent escape, and therefore he had little time to perfect his plans. As Saruman considered himself "unfallen", he honestly believed he had a chance of converting Gandalf to his side, and felt honestly betrayed by Gandalf when he was refused.

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery became known to the rest of the White Council when Gandalf reported it during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]].

Saruman soon also betrayed his new master and fellow maiar of Alwë, Sauron by lying to the [[Witch-king]] when he arrived at Isengard. Sauron had sent the [[Nazgûl]] searching for [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. But the Lord of Minas Morgul and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard. Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring and the Riders departed.

In September of {{TA|3018}} the Nazgûl captured one of his [[the Shire|Shire]] [[Squint-eyed Southerner|spies]] who told the [[Witch-king]] everything, betraying Saruman, and exposing the wizard's double treachery. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and [[Baggins]].<ref name="UT10" /> Caught now between both sides as a known traitor, Saruman put all efforts into obtaining [[the One Ring]] for himself.<ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

The failure to capture the Ring at [[Emyn Muil]] further ruined Saruman's plans, as he was revealed as a traitor to Mordor now as well.
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Wrath of the Ents'']]
Saruman implemented a strategy of attacking [[Rohan]], endeavouring to kill the King's son [[Théodred]], sending spies to waylay [[Frodo Baggins]] on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. Ironically, one of these parties captured [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and transported them to [[Fangorn Forest]] in time to mobilise the [[Ents]]. Gandalf also suspected Saruman had found (and destroyed) the remains of [[Isildur]], who had worn the Ring before it had been lost.

Saruman's Shire network failed to capture Frodo Baggins, Gandalf rallied Rohan to victory, [[Éomer]] stopped his brutal, but only partially successful raiding party, and control of Isengard was lost to the [[Ents]]. Aware he was utterly defeated, Saruman briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. Whether he had hope he could escape, whether he was too proud to surrender to Gandalf, or whether he simply feared Sauron's retribution for his treachery, Saruman refused to leave the confines of his fortress. Saruman made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was expelled from the Order of the Istari.

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, as apparently the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Saruman is Overtaken.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Saruman is Overtaken'']]On their way to northern [[Dunland]], they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits, but they passed as travelling beggars as Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, and he exclaimed how he hated his master. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> He then went to the Shire, which his agent [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. He established himself in [[Hobbiton]] and spent his final days as a small-time thug lord whom his [[ruffians]] called '''''Sharkey'''''. But even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned; he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own servant Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}.

Saruman, who was a Maia, had lost his shape with his "death". As a discorporate spirit, he should have been called to [[Mandos]], but a wind came from the [[West]] and pushed it away. Apparently his spirit was left naked, powerless and wandering in Middle-earth; perhaps not unlike Sauron after the One Ring was destroyed.

==Characteristics==
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] (see ''Origins'' below). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice. Saruman was, in a very real way, the junior brother of Sauron both having been Maia of Aulë, Valar of Smithcraft, in the very beginnings of time. The parallels between Sauron and Saruman in both character and actions are many.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power—such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was some kind of chemical explosive). Machinery and engines characterised both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]] arenas of influence. In this, he sought to emulate, or even surpass [[Sauron]]. This inclination was constitutional in them both from the very beginning.

His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the dreaded Uruk-hai, a major improvement on Sauron's thralls who hated daylight. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood, giving them heightened senses over ordinary men. He also employed scavenger birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, in his desire to imitate and perhaps even supplant Sauron, attempted to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the Ring-maker". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

===Personality===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in deportment, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud, even haughty. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown, patronising tolerance of The Wise and Elves, and sheer disdain for men. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realised Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council, and the people of Middle Earth as well. Saruman's ultimate agenda in the end was not very different at all from Sauron's.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards Gandalf) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Did Saruman think himself better fitted to rule Middle Earth than Sauron? Saruman's betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time as Sauron used Saruman's lust for power as a tool of control, until at last Saruman had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path, and that it was too late now to repent. To the last Saruman only believed in his own counsel. This false belief kept him from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realised this after Gandalf's truly generous terms he only became more bitter and filled with the rage of failure, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his own downfall.

==Politics==

===Men===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's counsel Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other councilors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

===Elves===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===Orcs===
Saruman probably drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs.

He also bred Orcs in Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these Orcs Man-flesh.

His [[Uruk-hai]] army displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognised these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

===Ents/Trees===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard—or sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

===Hobbits===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

===Valar/Maiar/Wizards===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, amazed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought to supplant Sauron as the Dark Lord, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power than himself.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him"—that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret.

Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolising (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One for himself.

In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire.

When matters came to a head, Saruman sought to make Gandalf an ally in his plans. This was probably not just out of practical politics, but also of respect and a sense of companionship and shared destiny. And possibly out of hope, being daunted by the proposition of becoming Sauron's servant alone.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf the White", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realising his predicament, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

===Animals===
Saruman had control over many birds, probably through Radagast. These spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them [[Wargs]], a sort of intelligent demon-wolf.

==Etymology==
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

His name in [[Sindarin]] was ''Curunír 'Lân''.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|thumb|right|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]]]
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called "Ruman",<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to "Aruman". However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. The film did not depict Saruman's adoption of the title "Saruman of Many Colours". The film also did not include the [[Scouring of the Shire]], but Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, showing his encounter with Gandalf and Théoden. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], Gríma stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
[[File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|thumb|200px|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
: Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman, although the character does not appear in the novel.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is sceptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has returned, and says he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''
:Voiced by [[Roger Jackson]], Saruman appears in this game as a non-playable character. The game's protagonist, Talion, finds various artefacts that reveal that Saruman's spies are active within the borders of [[Mordor]] in the years between ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is later revealed that Saruman was controlling Queen Marwen of the [[Nurnen]] to hinder Sauron while bringing about the destruction of the men of [[Nurn]].

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Saruman|Images of Saruman]]

{{References}}

{{Ainur}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Saruman]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
[[fi:Saruman]]

User talk:Kingoftheamericas

2019-04-19T22:12:48Z

Dillonn241: Undo revision 304427 by 185.103.227.1 (talk) vandalism

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Albert James Knabe|name=Kingoftheamericas}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 12:28, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Thorin

2019-04-15T22:45:48Z

Dillonn241: extraneous equals

{{Countdown}}
{{disambig-more|Thorin|[[Thorin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{dwarves infobox
| name=Thorin II
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Thorin Oakenshield" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Thorin Oakenshield<ref name=AppA3>{{App|A3}}</ref>
| titles=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]<ref name=AppA3/> [[King under the Mountain]]<ref name=H10>{{H|10}}</ref>
| position=
| location=[[Dunland]] [[Thorin's Halls]]<ref>{{UT|9}}</ref> [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name=AppA3/>
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2746}}
| birthlocation=[[Lonely Mountain]]
| rule={{TA|2850}} – {{TA|2941|n}}
| death={{TA|2941}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of Five Armies]]
| age=195
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]
| siblings=[[Frerin]], [[Dís]]
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=White beard<ref>{{HH|7iv}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=Sky-blue hood with a long silver tassel,<ref name="H1">{{H|1}}</ref> coat of gold-plated rings,<ref name="H13"/> belt crusted with scarlet stones<ref name="H13">{{H|13}}</ref>
| weapons=[[Orcrist]] Silver-hafted axe<ref name="H13"/>
| steed=
}}
<center>{{quote|I am Thorin son of Thrain son of Thror King under the Mountain! I return!|Thorin<ref name="H10">{{H|10}}</ref>

|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=H1/>}}</center>
'''Thorin II''' ([[Third Age]] {{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}), also known as '''Thorin [[Oakenshield]]''', was the [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]] from {{TA|2850}} until his death in {{TA|2941}}, being the son of [[Thráin|Thráin II]], grandson of [[Thrór]] and older brother to [[Frerin]] and [[Dís]]. Thorin led [[Durin's Folk]] of the [[Blue Mountains]] during their time in exile. In {{TA|2941}} he led the [[Quest of Erebor|quest]] for [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] accompanied by twelve [[Dwarves]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], and [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]]; he briefly became [[King under the Mountain]] until he perished following the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{UT|9}}; {{H|10}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

==Appearance==
Thorin had a white beard<ref>{{HH|7iv}}</ref> and wore a sky-blue hood with a long silver tassel. Around his neck he wore a golden chain, upon which he attached his grandfather's key.<ref name="H1"/> He wore a belt of gold and jewels,<ref>{{HH|7iv}}</ref> and his stockings were yellow.<ref name="H2">{{H|2}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|It was Thorin, but you could only have told it by his golden chain, and by the colour of his now dirty and tattered sky-blue hood with its tarnished silver tassel.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="H9">{{H|9}}</ref>}}

==History==
===Youth and exile===
[[File:Smaug MERP.png|thumb|Smaug the dragon.]]
Thorin was born in {{TA|2746}}, presumably in the Lonely Mountain where his grandfather, [[Thrór]], was King under the Mountain. Thorin was still a youngster (aged c. 24), by Dwarves' reckoning, when the dragon [[Smaug]] descended upon the mountain of Erebor in flames. Smaug left the mannish town of [[Dale]] in ruins and killed many dwarves who were inside the mountain. Thrór and Thráin (Thorin's father) escaped using a secret [[Back Door]]. Meanwhile Thorin was one of the few Dwarves who were not inside the mountain at the time. Thus the surviving [[Dwarves of Erebor]] were driven into exile and Thrór, Thráin, and Thorin fled south and ended up to [[Dunland]].<ref name=AppA3/><ref name=H1/>

===The War of the Dwarves and Orcs===
Disillusioned, Thorin's grandfather Thrór wandered to the [[Great Gates|Eastern gate]] of [[Moria]], the old mansion of the [[Longbeards]], now infested by [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Orcs]]. He entered it and ended up murdered and desecrated by the Orc [[Azog]]. These news were brought by his companion [[Nár]] to Thráin, thus the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] began.<ref name=AppA3/>
[[File:Mikel Janin - Battle of Azanulbizar.jpeg|left|thumb|Mikel Janin - ''Battle of Azanulbizar'']]
The war was fought long and hard between the two races, ultimately ending in a pyrrhic Dwarven victory at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}}. Both Thráin and Thorin were wounded during this battle and [[Frerin]] (Thorin's brother) was killed. When his shield broke, in its stead he used an [[Oaks|oak]] branch to block the blows of his foes.<ref>{{App|A3}}, note 46.</ref> Despite victory no Dwarf dared to re-enter [[Moria]] out of fear of [[Durin's Bane]].<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

In memory of this, Thorin swore to always bear a plain shield of oak with no device until he should be hailed king,<ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> and thus he earned the epithet '''Oakenshield'''.

===Return into exile===
[[File:Charles Burggraf - We will get it back.jpg|thumb|right|left|Charles Burggraf - ''"We will get it back"'']]
Thráin, Thorin, and the other survivors of [[Durin's Folk]] left Azanulbizar and returned to [[Dunland]]. However they soon began to wander [[Eriador]] before settling at last in the [[Blue Mountains]]. Here they prospered in their own fashion, forging iron objects and increasing their numbers (albeit, due to a scarceness of [[Dwarf-women]], very slowly, and by wandering Longbeards who heard of his dwelling). Nonetheless they all still longed to return to the Lonely Mountain.<ref name=AppA3/>

By this time Thráin was in possession of [[Ring of Thrór|the last]] of the [[Seven Rings]] of power. It is possible that as [[Sauron]]'s power grew so too did the ring's influence over Thráin. His burning desire for gold and to return to the Lonely Mountain became too great and in {{TA|2841}} he set out to return. Thorin, then aged ninety-five, was never to see his father again, as Sauron captured and imprisoned Thráin in [[Dol Guldur]]. Thus it was that in {{TA|2850}}, following Thráin's death, Thorin became the [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]. Thorin and his people were content living in the [[Blue Mountains]] and [[Eriador]] but as the years waned Thorin's desire to return to Erebor grew.<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

===The Quest for Erebor===

====A new hope====
{{Blockquote|Listen to me, Thorin Oakenshield ! [...] If this hobbit goes with you, you will succeed. If not, you will fail. A foresight is on me, and I am warning you.|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="UT9">{{UT|9}}</ref>}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Gandalf and Thorin.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Gandalf and Thorin'']]
The fortunes of the House of Durin changed when Thorin met [[Gandalf]] by chance in {{TA|2941}}.<ref group="note">Different accounts dispute the exact location of this first meeting. One source states that it occurred at an Inn in [[Bree]]. Whilst another states that Thorin started talking to Gandalf when he overtook him on the road.</ref> They then proceeded to go to [[Thorin's Halls]]. There they discussed their tales and Gandalf formulated a plan. Gandalf knew that Sauron could have potentially used Smaug with devastating effect. Therefore both he and Thorin had a shared interest in removing Smaug. Gandalf wanted Thorin and a company of dwarves to travel to the Lonely Mountain taking [[Bilbo Baggins]] with them. Gandalf's instinct was that the [[Quest of Erebor]] would only be successful if Bilbo accompanied them.
[[File:LotR LCG- Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|Thorin Oakenshield at Bag End]]
Therefore Gandalf invited Thorin and other Dwarves to [[Hobbiton]] of [[the Shire]], instructing them to look for a [[Smials|smial]] whose door was marked with the sign of the thief (as the dwarves had gotten it into their head that Bilbo was a thief). Thus Thorin found himself in [[Bag End]], where they perused the hobbit's hospitality. However, Thorin and the dwarves were not convinced; it was not until Gandalf revealed [[Thrór's Map]] and key that Thorin was convinced that the quest would be profitable to him. Even after the "[[An Unexpected Party|Unexpected Party]]" Gandalf only persuaded Thorin to take Bilbo on the morning that they set off.<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{UT|9}}</ref>

Thus it was that in {{TA|2941}} Thorin set off for the Lonely Mountain with Gandalf, Bilbo Baggins, [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], [[Balin]], [[Dwalin]], [[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]], [[Óin]], [[Glóin]], [[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], and [[Bombur]]. A short time into the journey the adventurers found a Troll's cave. Here they found a hoard of treasure which included blades made in the ancient city of [[Gondolin]]. Bilbo found a knife that he named [[Sting]], Gandalf acquired [[Glamdring]] and meanwhile Thorin found [[Orcrist]].<ref>{{H|2}}</ref> Whilst [[Thorin and Company]] were in [[Rivendell]] [[Elrond]] read the inscriptions on the blades and informed them of their sword's histories. He also read the [[moon-letters]] on Thrór's map; it read "''stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks [...] and the setting sun with the last light of [[Durin's Day]] will shine upon the keyhole.''"<ref>{{H|3}}</ref>

====The return of the King under the Mountain====
[[File:David T. Wenzel - Thorin in Esgaroth.jpg|thumb|left|David T. Wenzel - ''Thorin in Esgaroth'']]
Upon reaching [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], the closest settlement to the Lonely Mountain, Thorin was greeted warmly and the men of Lake-town hailed the return of the [[King under the Mountain]].<ref name=H10/> They soon reached the Lonely Mountain itself and "''with the last light of Durin's Day''" they found the secret side-door, using the key to open it.<ref>{{H|11}}</ref> Thorin sent Bilbo in to carry out his duty as their 'esteemed burglar'. This enraged Smaug who sought to destroy the burglar and take out his vengeance on the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{H|12}}</ref> The dragon was slain by [[Bard]] who pierced an un-armoured spot on the dragon's underside.<ref>{{H|14}}</ref>

Upon hearing the news of the death of Smaug, Thorin fortified the main entrance to the mountain. Hosts of [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] and Lake-men approached the mountain led by the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] and Bard respectively. Thorin refused to consider Bard's claim to a share in the treasure until the Elven-host had withdrawn. Refusing to send away the Elves, Bard pronounced the mountain under siege until Thorin would give them their part of the treasure. Then Thorin sent for his cousin, [[Dáin Ironfoot]], who brought more than five-hundred Dwarves from the [[Iron Hills]].<ref>{{H|15}}; {{H|16}}</ref> Bilbo sought to bring an end to the dispute; to this end he secretly gave the [[Arkenstone]] to Bard and the Elvenking to use in making a deal with Thorin. When Thorin heard about Bilbo's actions he was furious and cast him out of the company.<ref>{{H|17}}</ref>

====Death====
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Death of Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|right|[[Darrell Sweet]] - ''The Death of Thorin Oakenshield'']]However all disputes were cast aside when the army of [[Bolg]], Azog's son, suddenly attacked. Thus the three armies of [[Elves]], [[Men]], and [[Dwarves]] united against the two armies of [[Orcs|Goblins]] and [[Wargs]]: the [[Battle of Five Armies]] had begun. As the battle drew on, Thorin leapt from the front gate and rallied all Elves, Men, and Dwarves to him. The armies of the [[free peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]] emerged triumphant. Nonetheless [[Kíli]] and [[Fíli]] were killed and Thorin was gravely wounded. On his deathbed Thorin apologised to Bilbo for his angry words and deeds. He commended his good character, courage and friendship, saying that ''"if more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world."'' With that, he died. He was laid to rest deep within the Lonely Mountain. [[Bard]] of [[Dale]] placed the Arkenstone upon Thorin's chest, whilst the Elvenking laid Orcrist upon Thorin's tomb.<ref>{{H|17}}; {{H|18}}</ref>

==Personality==
{{Blockquote|Thorin did not live to enjoy his triumph or his treasure. Pride and greed overcame him in spite of my warning|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="UT9"/>}}
Thorin was capable of being stubborn, proud, and greedy. According to Gandalf he was, from the beginning, contemptuous about the notion that [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] should go with him on his long-desired adventure to the Lonely Mountain; he thought that Gandalf was trying to mock him and make him look foolish. Indeed, Thorin found it difficult to accept the advice of Gandalf at all, believing that he should have been drawing plans for war and battle rather than planning to use a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] as a burglar. But he gradually came to respect the Hobbit's value to his quest, as Bilbo again and again proved his stealth and courage. Thorin's most coveted prize was the [[Arkenstone]], something which Bilbo believed was not only the heart of the mountain but the heart of Thorin also. <ref>{{UT|9}}; {{H|17}}; {{H|18}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]] ''{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | DAI | | | | | | | | | | | | BOR | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]] ''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†| BOR=[[Borin]] ''{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | THR | | FRO | | GRO | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]] ''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†|FRO=[[Frór]] ''{{TA|2552|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†|GRO=[[Grór]] ''{{TA|2563|n}} - {{TA|2805|n}}''|FAR=[[Farin]] ''{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | THR | | | | | | NAI | | | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]] ''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†|NAI=[[Náin (son of Grór)|Náin]] ''{{TA|2665|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|FUN=[[Fundin]] ''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|GRO=[[Gróin]] ''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | THO | | FRE | | DIS | | DAI | | BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |THO='''THORIN II''' ''{{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|FRE=[[Frerin]] ''{{TA|2751|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|DIS=[[Dís]] ''b. {{TA|2760|n}}''|BAL=[[Balin]] ''{{TA|2763|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†|DWA=[[Dwalin]] ''{{TA|2772|n}} - {{FoA|91}}''|OIN=[[Óin]] ''{{TA|2774|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''|GLO=[[Glóin]] ''{{TA|2783|n}} - {{FoA|15}}''|DAI=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II]] ''{{TA|2767|n}} - {{TA|3019|n}}''†}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | FIL | | KIL | | THO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |FIL=[[Fíli]] ''{{TA|2859|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|KIL=[[Kíli]] ''{{TA|2864|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|THO=[[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III]] ''b. {{TA|2866|n}}''|GIM=[[Gimli]] ''{{TA|2879|n}} - {{FoA|120}}''+}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

==Etymology==
<div style="float:right; border:1px solid #f0f0f0; color:#000; background-color:#ffffff; padding:5px; margin-bottom:5px; margin-left:5px">
<div style="text-align:center">[[File:Thorin Hobbit runes.png|Thorin]]</div>
<div style="text-align:center">'''Thorin'''</div>
<div style="text-align:center; font-size:x-small">'''[[Runes|Anglo-Saxon Runes]] used in ''[[The Hobbit]]'''''</div>
</div>
Thorin's name is one from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It means "Bold".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

The epithet "[[Oakenshield]]" also comes from the ''Dvergatal''. ''Eikinskjaldi'' means "Oakenshield", and it has long been considered the name of a Dwarf. However, because the name appears twice, both in Dúrinn's and Dválinn's line, it has also been suggested that it simply means "with an oaken shield".<ref>P.H. Salus, Taylor Beekman, "[http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk.proxy-ub.rug.nl/articles/displayItemPage.do?FormatType=fulltextimages&QueryType=articles&ResultsID=12E4F77F8FAA34BB2&ItemNumber=9&PageNumber=1 'Eikinskjaldi, Fjalarr', and 'Eggþer': Notes on Dwarves and Giants in the 'Völuspá'"], published in ''[[wikipedia:Neophilologus|Neophilologus]]'' Vol 53 (1969), Issue #1, pp. 76-81</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In early manuscripts of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the name ''[[Gandalf]]'' was used by Tolkien for the character who later would be named "Thorin Oakenshield" in the published works.<ref>{{HH|Intro}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Thorin in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (1966 film) - Thorin.png|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]].
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Thorin.jpg|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Thorin.JPG|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|Sierra's The Hobbit]]
|File:Thorin II-LOTRO1.png|Thorin in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Thorin and Orcrist.jpg|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
===Films===
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Thorin Oakenshield is the commander of the garrison of [[Dale]]. He is not a royal.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Hans Conried]].

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Thorin was portrayed by [[Richard Armitage]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> Unlike many other adaptations where Thorin is depicted as white-haired, Thorin is portrayed as younger looking (in the original book he was the oldest of the [[Dwarves]] in the [[Thorin and Company|Company]]; in the movies he appears to be roughly in the middle of the thirteen age-wise). Thorin, however, does have streaks of gray in his black hair.

:In the prologue which flashes back to the [[Sack of Erebor]], Thorin is shown to be a natural leader, and is distressed when [[Thranduil]] and his army do not come to the Dwarves' aid. Later, during a flashback to the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] (referred to as the '''Battle of [[Moria]]''' in these films), his natural leadership is again on display, when rallying the troops after maiming [[Azog]] the Defiler ([[Dáin Ironfoot]], who killed Azog during this battle in the book, is not present at all).

:Thorin shows up later than expected at [[Bag End]]. He is thoroughly sceptical of [[Gandalf]]'s choice of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] as the fourteenth member of the Company, but the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] finally earns his approval after attempting to save him from Azog and his [[Orcs|Orc]] pack. After this ordeal, Gandalf revives him on the [[Carrock]].

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Thorin is captured by the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] along with all of the other Dwarves. He refuses to bargain with Thranduil on order to set them all free, still holding a grudge over the Elven-king not helping his people while [[Smaug]] destroyed their home.

:After the Dwarves are caught trying to steal weapons out of the armoury in [[Lake-town]], Thorin promises the people a share of the treasure if the Company is allowed to reclaim their kingdom. After Bilbo's audience with Smaug, he leads the Dwarves in a [[Battle of the Forges|battle]] in an attempt to defeat the [[Dragons|Dragon]] by drowning him in molten gold. The plan fails, however, and Smaug instead heads off in a rage to Lake-town.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:While searching the treasure hoard inside the Mountain for the [[Arkenstone]], Thorin increasingly falls prey to Dragon sickness. He begins to be paranoid that the other Dwarves are scheming against him. He orders the other Dwarves to put up barricades to prevent anyone else from entering the Mountain, even as the [[Battle of Five Armies]] commences. He eventually overcomes his sickness and comes to his senses, leading the members of the Company into battle.

:On [[Ravenhill]], he attempts to take out the Orc army's leader, and old nemesis, Azog (with the help of [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]] and [[Dwalin]]). After his nephews are killed, Thorin takes on the Pale Orc one-on-one (and, in the process, gets [[Orcrist]] back from [[Legolas]]). He manages to get Azog to fall into a frozen lake, but the Orc stabs through the ice and mortally wounds him. With his last strength, Thorin plunges Orcrist into Azog's chest, finally killing him. Soon after, right before succumbing to his wounds, he makes amends with Bilbo, and dies right there on the lake.

===Radio series===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[John Justin]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

===Games===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76 (accessed 24 March 2011)</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Clive Revill]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Thorin plays no role in the major storyline, but makes a brief appearance in a flashback taking place in {{TA|2941}}, just before the company sets off on their journey to the [[Lonely Mountain]]. He, along with his nephews [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]], are entombed within Mazal Akrâz, the Chamber of Glory, deep within [[Erebor]].

'''2014: ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]'':'''
:Thorin appears as he is in the movies, but in the form of a LEGO minifigure. He is voiced by Richard Armitage.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Thorin|Images of Thorin]]

{{References|n}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=dwarf
| name=Thorin II
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| born={{TA|2746}}
| died={{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]
|next=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
|nrow=2
|list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]
|dates={{TA|2850}} – {{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq
|pvac=None
|prev=[[Thrór]], 170 years earlier
|list=4th [[King under the Mountain]]
|dates={{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq-end}}{{durinskings}}{{Thorin and Company}}{{companyroute}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Thorin II.]]
[[fi:Thorin II Tammikilpi]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/3a/thorin_ii]]

Walls of the Sun

2018-12-11T06:08:26Z

Dillonn241: fix sentence

The '''Walls of the Sun''' was a great mountain range in the [[Land of the Sun]]. It corresponded symmetrically to the [[Pelóri]] of [[Aman]], but was not as tall.<ref>{{SM|5b}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Kalormë]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]
[[fi:Auringon muurit]]

Quenya/Grammar

2018-12-10T03:54:59Z

Dillonn241: typo

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}

''Note: these rules apply only to Noldorin Quenya, being the only dialect spoken in Middle-earth''.

[[Quenya]] was an agglutinative SVO language. It had a relatively free word order since most information was expressed morphologically rather than syntactically. The different word classes of Quenya are explained below.

==Nouns==
Nouns are declined for ten cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, and a tenth case sometimes called the respective.

The nominative and accusative cases are almost identically analogous in Quenya. The nominative is used to mark the subject of a verb. In Middle Earth, the nominative took over the accusative case. The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in spoken Quenya, but appears in writing. But even in writing, the only difference between the nominative and accusative is the final vowel is lengthened, so in words ending in a consonant, the accusative is not distinguishable from the nominative.

In Quenya there are two cases that are used to express possession: the genitive and the possessive. To be more specific, the genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e. g. the best smiths ''of'' ''Tirion''), while the possessive is used to denote ownership. The two cases are very similar and very often overlap.

The dative, ablative, allative, instrumental, and locative cases are the prepositional cases of Quenya. The dative marks the indirect object of the verb, which can often be translated as "to" and "for". The ablative expresses motion away from an object and can be translated with "from" or "out of". The allative case is used when indicating motion towards something, and is translated with an "into", "onto", "against", "to", or "upon". The instrumental case denotes the means of cause of why something happened, often translated with the words "by", "with", "because", and in rare cases "in". The locative case expresses the position of an object, translated by using the words "in" or "on".

There is a tenth case called the respective. The respective case is a mysterious case, because it is not clear for what it is used. The most likely use for the respective is an alternate locative case. Others think the case can be translated with the words "about" or "regarding". Fortunately, the respective case is very rarely used, so it does not pose such a large problem.

There are four numbers in Quenya: the singular, dual, plural, and partitive plural.

In Quenya, there are two ways to denote one of something. The singular refers to one object, and is self-explanatory. The partitive plural is used to denote someone or something out of a larger group.

Quenya has more than one way of denoting more than one of something. The dual refers to two of something. The plural is a bit trickier. To refer to all the members of a specific type or race (so when talking about all of elves) you would use the plural ''without'' an article. But when you wish to denote more than one of something, you would use the plural in conjunction with an article.

===Vocalic Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 |
| colspan=4 | '''a-, i-, ie-, o-, and u-stems'''
| colspan=4 | '''e-stems'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || yulma || yulmat || yulmar || yulmali || aurë || auret || auri || aureli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || yulmá || yulmat || yulmai || yulmalí || auré || ?auret || aurí || aurelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || yulmo || yulmato || yulmaron || yulmalion || aurëo || aureto || aurion || aurelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || yulman || yulmant || yulmain || yulmalin || auren || aurent || aurín || aurelín
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || yulmanen || yulmanten || yulmainen || yulmalínen || aurenen || aurenten || aurínen || aurelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || yulmava || yulmatwa || yulmaiva || yulmalíva || aureva || auretwa || auríva || aurelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || yulmassë || yulmatsë || yulmassen || yulmalissë || auressë || auretsë || auressen || aurelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || yulmanna || yulmanta || yulmannar || yulmalinna || aurenna || aurenta || aurennar || aurelinna
|-
| '''Ablative''' || yulmallo || yulmalto || yulmallon || yulmalillo || aurello || aurelto || aurellon || aurelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || yulmas || yulmates || yulmais || yulmalis || aures || auretes || aurís || aurelís
|}

===Consonantal Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
|
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || nat || natu || nati || nateli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || nat || natú || natí || natelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || nato || natuo || nation || natelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || naten || natun || natin || natelin
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || natenen || natunen || natinen || natelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || natwa || natuva || nativa || natelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || natsë || natussë || natissen || natelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || natenna || natenta || natinnar || natelinnar
|-
| '''Ablative''' || natello || natelto || natillon || natelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || nates || natus || natis || natelis
|}

==Verbs==
There are two main types of verbs: basic verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as ''tirë'' (''tiri''-) "watch" from *TIR, and derivative verbs, which are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like ''tulta''- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like ''cúna''- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Derivative verbs''' || colspan=2 | '''Basic verbs'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || colspan=2 | tulta (tulta-) || colspan=2 | tirë (tir-) || colspan=2 | palo (palu-)
|-
| '''Aorist/Simple present''' || tulta || tultar || tirë (tiri-) || tirir || palo (palu-) || palur
|-
| '''Present continuative''' || tultëa || tultëar || tíra || tírar || pálua || páluar
|-
| '''Past''' || tultanë || tultaner || tirnë || tirner || pallë || paller
|-
| '''Future''' || tultuva || tultuvar || tiruva || tiruvar || palúva || palúvar
|-
| '''Perfect''' || utultië || utultier || itírië || itírier || apálië || apálier
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are seen as both independent words and enclitics; however the rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence sugests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic. The enclitics often come in two different forms, long and short. The following table outlines the different forms attested. Hypothetical or reconstructed forms are indicated by either question marks or asterisks. Those forms that cannot be determined are not included and their absence is indicated by an emdash.

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Independent''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic''' || colspan=2 | '''Independent Example''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic Example'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''First Person''' || '''Inclusive''' || rowspan=2 | ni, inyë || *elvë, *elwë || rowspan=2 | -n, -nyë || -lvë, -lwë || rowspan=2 | inyë tirë || elvë/elwë tirir || rowspan=2 | tirinyë, tirin || tirilvë, tirilwë
|-
| '''Exclusive''' || *elmë || -lmë || elmë tirir || tirilmë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Second Person''' || le, elyë || le, ellë || -l, -lyë || ?-llë || elyë tirë || ?ellë tirir, elyë tirir || tiril, tirilyë || ?tirillë, tirilyë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Third Person''' || se || te || -s, -ryë || -t, -ntë || se tirë || ?entë tirir || tiris, tiriryë || tirit, tirintë
|}

Aside from inclusive and exclusive modes in the first person plural, there is also a dual mode, denoted by ''emmë'', ''-mmë''. The pronouns can be declined much like the regular nouns; for instance, the dative form of ''emmë'' is ''emmen''. This appears to be mostly regular, except for ''te'', "they", which takes the dative form ''tien''.

[[Category:Quenya]]
[[de:Quenya#Grammatik]]
[[fi:Quenyan lyhyt kielioppi]]

Kingfishers

2018-12-10T03:52:18Z

Dillonn241: grammar

{{quote|Talk less, Fisher Blue! Keep your kindly wishes Fly off and preen yourself with the bones of fishes!|[[Tom Bombadil]]<ref name="Boat">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', "[[Bombadil Goes Boating]]"</ref>}}
'''Kingfishers''' were bright blue birds.

==History==
Kingfishers lived on the waterside, feeding on [[fish]]. One notable kingfisher lived, according to [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] folklore, in the [[Old Forest]]. It harassed [[Tom Bombadil]], and upon flying away lost a feather. Tom took to the bright blue feather and replaced the old battered [[Swans|swan]]-feather in his hat.<ref name="Boat"/> Tom still bore a noticeable large blue feather on his hat when he met [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and his companions.<ref>{{HM|FR}}, "[[The Old Forest]]"</ref>

[[Gondor]] was also familiar with the Kingfisher; when [[Faramir]] saw what he thought was a black squirrel or kingfisher, he asked [[Anborn]] whether there were any black kingfishers in [[Mirkwood]],<ref name="Pool">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Forbidden Pool]]"</ref> a forest known for its black animals.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 480</ref> Anborn saw the mysterious creature had four limbs, and quickly dismissed both ideas. It turned out to be [[Gollum]], hiding in the [[Forbidden Pool]].<ref name="Pool"/>

==Etymology==
''Kingfishers'' were originally called ''the King's fisher'', as they, like [[swans]], were royal animals.<ref name="L240">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 240]] (dated [[1 August|August 1]], [[1962]])</ref>
==Names==
Several [[Eldarin]] words for the bird are known as well: in [[Quenya]], it was called '''''halatir''''' (or ''halatir(no)''), from the [[Sundocarmë|roots]] [[SKAL]] and [[TIR]], literally meaning "fishwatcher".<ref name=Etym>{{LR|Etymologies}}, roots [[KHAL]], [[SKAL]] and [[TIR]]</ref> [[Noldorin]] had a similar word, '''''heledirn'''''.<ref name=Etym/>

==Inspiration==
The Kingfisher, and especially the rivalry between the kingfisher and the swan in ''[[Bombadil Goes Boating]]'', was inspired by its use in European royal houses. Originally, the swan was the animal owned by kings, but later, it became the kingfisher. Even in [[Middle-earth]], both yearned for the return of the [[Aragorn|rightful King]].<ref name="L240"/>

==External links==
* {{WP|Kingfisher}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Birds]]

Stronghold

2018-12-10T03:49:34Z

Dillonn241: typo

[[File:Stronghold.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Cover of Stronghold''{{sequence
|prev=[[Dol Guldur (album)|Dol Guldur]]
|next=[[Let Mortal Heroes Sing Your Fame|Let Mortal...]]
|list=[[Summoning]] discography
}}]]
'''''Stronghold''''' is the fourth full length album by [[Summoning]]. Their lyrics tended to drift away from Tolkien-related subjects on this album. The track names, except the intro called ''[[Rhûn]]'', are not Tolkien-related, in contrast with their previous albums, where they were dominating.
==Track listing==
# "Rhûn"
# "Long Lost to Where No Pathway Goes"
# "The Glory Disappears"
# "Like Some Snow-white Marble Eyes"
# "Where Hope and Daylight Die"
# "The Rotting Horse on the Deadly Ground"
# "The Shadow Lies Frozen on the Hills"
# "The Loud Music of the Sky"
# "A Distant Flame Before the Sun"

{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Albums]]

Farin (video game character)

2018-12-10T03:47:49Z

Dillonn241: typos

{{adaptation}}{{disambig-two|the main character of [[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]|the grandfather of [[Balin]] and [[Glóin]]|[[Farin]]}}
{{dwarves infobox
| name=Farin
| image=[[File:2011-12-23 00063.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Farin from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Iron Hills]] [[Lonely Mountain]]<ref name="Backstory Farin">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#dwarfAnchor|articlename=Dwarven Character: Farin's History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=3 January 2011}}</ref>
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Norin]]<ref name="Backstory Farin"/>
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Farin''' is one of the three main characters of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''. Farin is a [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] champion of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]].<ref name="Backstory Farin"/>

==History==
===Youth===
Farin's family originally lived in [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. But after the attack of the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] they went in exile to the [[Iron Hills]], where Farin was born.

News of the return of [[Thorin]] to Erebor reached the Iron Hills when Farin was still very young. Because there was a great need for soldiers, Farin marched in the army of [[Dáin Ironfoot]] to Erebor. There he fought in the [[Battle of the Five Armies]], where he proved to be a very strong warrior. For this reason Dáin made him a member of his personal guard.<ref name="Backstory Farin"/>

[[File:The Lord of the Rings- War in the Nortgh - Farin (video game character).png|250px|thumb|Concept Art of '''Farin'''.]]

===Life as Dáin's personal guard===
After the battle Erebor was reclaimed by the Dwarves, and Dáin was crowned as [[King under the Mountain]]. Farin served him in [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], and fought together with the [[Bardings|men of Dale]] against the [[Orcs]] and [[Easterlings]]. Somewhere after {{TA|3001}} [[Bilbo Baggins]] visited Erebor to meet with his old friends. In this time Farin met Bilbo, and he was very impressed of him.

When a messenger of [[Sauron]] came to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|3018}} and asked information about "[[Baggins family|Baggins]]" and "[[the Shire]]", Farin was very worried. He thought that it was the task of his people to protect Bilbo Baggins and the Shire, and therefore he did swore an oath that he would travel to that country and protect it. He searched for other companions, but none wanted to travel with him as Erebor was threatened by enemies. Therefore, he went alone after Dáin granted him permission to go.<ref name="Backstory Farin"/>

===War of the Ring===
Farin arrived at the borders of the Shire and protected one of its access roads. He questioned travellers, and sent those who he didn't trust away. The [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] heard of Farin, and [[Halbarad]] tried to resolve this mystery. Halbarad disguised himself as a traveller and gained Farin's confidence, who told him about his mission. As Halbarad was convinced that Farin's intentions were good, he asked him to join the Rangers in their guard.<ref name="Backstory Farin"/>

[[File:2011-12-23 00011.jpg|300px|thumb|left|[[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and '''Farin''' in [[Bree]].]]Farin joined the Rangers at [[Sarn Ford]], and became a friend of [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Kilaran]] and [[Luin (video game character)|Luin]]. Just shortly before the [[Nazgûl]] attacked Sarn's Ford, he met [[Andriel]], who was surprised to see a Dwarf among the Rangers.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/road-to-war/|articlename=Road to War|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=3 January 2012}}</ref>

The next morning he assisted, together with Eradan and Andriel, the Rangers while they were attacked by the Nazgûl. They were defeated, and many of the Rangers were slain. However, shortly after the attack the [[Witch-king]] met with [[Agandaûr]]. Agandaûr tells the Witch-king that he had summoned the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and assembled an army in [[Fornost]]. The Witch-king send him back to Fornost, to attack immediately.<ref name="Prologue">[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>

Halbarad sent Eradan, Andriel and Farin to [[Bree]], to warn [[Aragorn]] about this news. The three companions meet him in [[Prancing Pony]], and tell him what happened at Sarn's Ford. Aragorn immediately sends them Fornost, to stop Agandaûr before he attacks.<ref name="Prologue"/>

In [[Fornost]] Farin and his companions, Eradan and Andriel, find a chained [[Eagle]], captured by [[Orcs]] and [[Goblins]]. After killing his jailers, he introduces himself as [[Beleram]], one of the Eagles of the [[Misty Mountains]]. While gathering news for his lord - [[Gwaihir]] - he was taken out of the air by siege engines and sorcerers. Farin and his companions make a plan with Beleram to destroy the siege weapons, so Beleram can safely fly over Fornost.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref>
On the top of Fornost's battlements Farin pushes two siege weapons from the battlements while [[Beleram]] attracts the attention of the [[Orcs]] and [[Goblins]]. The plan succeeds. Furthermore, they kill an Orc [[Sorcerers|sorcerer]] and retrieve an unreadable scroll.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Battlements''</ref>

[[File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Eradan, Andriel, Farin, Elladan and Elrohir.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Andriel]], [[Elladan]], [[Elrohir]], [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]] and '''Farin''' at the gate of the Citadel.]] Further on, in the inner wards, Farin, Eradan and Andriel meet the sons of [[Elrond]], who were sent by their father to scout Fornost. Andriel, who was trained by them, introduces her companions to them and explains their mission. They team up to kill [[Agandaûr]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Outer Wards''</ref> Although seperating, both groups (with the help of Beleram) eventually reach the citadel of Fornost.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Inner Wards''</ref> The citadel gate, however, is protected by [[Magic]], and [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] need all their power and concentration to undo the magical protection. At the same time, a band of [[Orcs]] arrives which is successfully stopped by Farin and his companions.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Citadel Tower''</ref>

Inside the Citadel tower the group overhears a conservation between Agandaûr and [[Tharzog]], the leader of the [[Orcs]] of [[Mount Gram]]. The latter informs Agandaûr that intruders have been spotted. Agandaûr commands the Orc to find and kill the intruders immediately, after which Agandaûr leaves. The group attempts to follow him, but is separated again when Tharzog notices them and closes the gates. Farin, Eradan and Andriel kill Tharzog and his guard.<ref name="tower">[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Citadel Tower''</ref>

On the top of the Citadel tower they find Agandaûr fighting Elladan and Elrohir. Although he had the upper hand, he is not strong enough to fight Farin, Andriel, Eradan and the twins at the same time. He flees on the back of a [[Fell Beast]]. Although Beleram chases Agandaûr, the sorcerer summons a thunderstorm. After being hit by a lightning, Beleram returns to the tower. They discuss the events concerning Agandaûr and Fornost, and decide to part: Beleram returns to [[Gwaihir]], the sons of Elrond return to their father in [[Rivendell]] and Farin and his companions travel to [[Sarn Ford]] to inform Halbarad.<ref name="tower"/>

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | |NOR| | | | NOR=[[Norin]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | |FAR| | | | | | | FAR='''Farin'''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Skills==
{{expansion}}
He uses an axe for melee-combat and a crossbow for ranged combat.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.middleearthcenter.com/2010/09/war-in-the-north-gameplay-demo-at-pax/|articlename=War in the North Gameplay Trailer at PAX|dated=6 September 2010|website=Middle-earth Center|accessed=24 July 2011}}</ref> His strength lies in fighting enemies in close quarters.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://asia.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-in-the-north/news.html?sid=6296919&mode=previews|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: War in the North Q&A|dated=31 January 2011|website=Gamespot Asia|accessed=24 July 2011}}</ref>

==See Also==
*[[:Category:Images of Farin (video game character)|Images of Farin]]
*[[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]]
*[[Andriel]]
*[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]

{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Dwarves from adaptations]] [[Category:The Lord of the Rings: War in the North characters]]

Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor

2018-12-10T03:33:26Z

Dillonn241: better wording

{{stub}}
[[File:Christopher Tolkien - Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor.png|thumb|The original map by Christopher Tolkien]]
The '''Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor'''<ref group=note>The name "Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor" appears to be coined by [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]].</ref> is an unnamed map reproduced in ''[[The Return of the King]]'' and in one-volume editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Maps of ''The Lord of the Rings''", pp. lxiii-lxiv</ref>

The map was [[:File:Shelly Shapiro - Gondor.jpg|redrawn]] in [[1988]] by [[Shelly Shapiro]], and then by [[Stephen Raw]] for the new editions of the ''Lord of the Rings'' since [[1994]].
==Description==
Unlike the other general or regional maps, this one was drawn like a [[Wikipedia:Topographic map|topographic map]], with the mountains depicted by detailed [[Wikipedia:Contour line|contour lines]], representing elevation.

Its main feature is the [[White Mountains]], surrounded by most of [[Gondor]] (as it was in the late [[Third Age]]), south-eastern [[Rohan]], and (north-)western [[Mordor]].

All in all, the map depicts most of the regions where the events of ''The Return of the King'' take place.

{{references|note}}
{{Maps}}

[[Category:Maps of Middle-earth]]
[[fi:Kartta: Rohan, Gondor, Mordor]]

User:Dillonn241

2018-09-20T17:04:54Z

Dillonn241: update

==About Me==
Hello, my name is Dillon. I have a great interest in Tolkien's works and the world of Middle-earth. Like many I was introduced to ''The Lord of the Rings'' through Peter Jackson's films, but I prefer the books for their detail and greater focus on the world over individual battles, among other reasons. I have read ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Silmarillion'' too. I wish to read ''Unfinished Tales'' eventually, as well as the various other works published by Christopher Tolkien.

Apart from Tolkien, I like the ''Elder Scrolls'' series of video games and the associated lore behind them. I am an active administrator on [https://en.uesp.net/wiki/User:Dillonn241 UESPWiki], the Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages. I also have an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dillonn241 account] on Wikipedia. My favorite academic subjects are Mathematics and Computer Science, and I know Java and Python fairly well.

==Collection==
===By Tolkien===
* ''The Hobbit''
* ''The Lord of the Rings''
* ''The Silmarillion''
* ''Unfinished Tales''
* ''The History of Middle-earth''
* ''The Children of Húrin''
* ''Beren and Lúthien''
* ''The Tolkien Reader''

===By Others===
* ''A Tolkien Compass'' by Jared Lobdell
* ''Journeys of Frodo'' by Barbara Strachey
* ''The Atlas of Middle-earth'' by Karen Wynn Fonstad
* ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth'' by Robert Foster
* ''The New Tolkien Companion'' by J.E.A. Tyler
* ''Tolkien: A Dictionary'' by David Day
* ''Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings'' by Lin Carter

==Userboxes==
{{User USA}}
{{User lore-2}}
{{User rohan}}

Andúril

2018-08-23T18:06:23Z

Dillonn241: remove space before ref for consistency

{{disambig-more|Andúril|[[Andúril (disambiguation)]]}}
{{object infobox
| name=Andúril
| image=[[File:Noble Collection - Andúril.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Andúril by the [[Noble Collection]]
| pronun={{respell|an|doo|ril}}
| othernames="Flame of the West"
| location=
| owner=[[Aragorn]]
| type=Weapon
| appearance=Two-handed sword
| creator=Elven-smiths, reforged from [[Narsil]] (created by [[Telchar]])
| created={{TA|3018}}
| createdlocation=[[Rivendell]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
<center>
{{quote|Renewed shall be blade that was broken, The crownless again shall be [[Aragorn|king]].|[[The Riddle of Strider]]<ref name="Strider">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Strider (chapter)|Strider]]"</ref>}}</center>

'''Andúril''' was the name for the sword '''[[Narsil]]''' after its reforging in [[Third Age 3018]] for [[Aragorn]], the heir of [[Isildur]].
==Appearance==
Its blade had engraved the designs of [[Seven Stars]] between the rayed [[Sun]] and the crescent [[Moon]], symbols of [[Elendil]], and his sons [[Anárion]] and [[Isildur]]. It also had many [[cirth]]. Its blade was notably brilliant, justifying its name.
==History==
Narsil was a symbol of the kingship of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], but was broken at the end of the [[Second Age]]. Its fragments remained a heirloom for the [[Kings of Arnor]], and the [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]].

[[Boromir]], son of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward of Gondor]], travelled to [[Rivendell]] for the [[Council of Elrond]] because of the prophetic dream of his brother [[Faramir]]. The dream told him to "[[Seek for the Sword that was broken|seek for the Sword that was broken]]".<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref>
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Reforging of the Sword.jpg|thumb|left|[[Darrell Sweet]] - ''The Reforging of the Sword'']]
Finally, after three thousand years, when [[Aragorn]] set out for the [[War of the Ring]], Narsil was reforged by Elven smiths of Rivendell, and Aragorn renamed it "Andúril".

Aragorn carried the sword during his journey south as part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], and fought with it, the '''Sword That Was Broken''' or the '''Sword Reforged'''. When entering [[Meduseld]] he initially refused to surrender it to Doorward [[Háma]] and entered a long argument with him, until convinced so by [[Gandalf]].<ref>{{TT|III6}}</ref>

Already famous during the [[War of the Ring]], Aragorn often used the sword to help establish his credentials as the [[Heir of Isildur]] and the throne of Gondor. This was especially true when he convinced the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men of Dunharrow]] to fulfill their oath to support Gondor in its time of need.

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Anduril.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Andúril'' means "Flame of the West" in [[Quenya]],<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 34 (form: ''Andūril'')</ref> composed of ''[[andúnë]]'', "west" and ''[[ril]]'', "brilliance"). "West" here refers to [[Númenor]].
==Inspiration==
Broken swords that are reforged are also seen in the ''Volsungasaga'' and the ''Nibelungenlied''.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ed/study_a_s_2.html|articlename=Tolkien Society Anglo-Saxon Study Pack 2|dated=2006|website=[http://www.tolkiensociety.org The Tolkien Society]}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Narsil is reforged after Rivendell, though this reforging is not shown. Neither Narsil nor Andúril are named.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Narsil is reforged after Rivendell, and Aragorn carries Andúril thereafter.

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Because of Aragorn's ''warrior''-persona in this video game, Andúril merely serves as a melee weapon upgrade after Rivendell.<ref name="Veugen">[[Connie Veugen]], "'A Man, lean, dark, tall': Aragorn Seen Through Different Media", published in ''[[Reconsidering Tolkien]]'' (edited by [[Thomas M. Honegger]] ([http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/10975/1/Aragorn_Final.pdf read in PDF]))</ref> Aragorn does not use the broken sword at any point prior. Notably, the sword's blade is constantly illuminated; it glows red during the day, and blue at night. In the game's credits, artist Jason Rosenstock is explicitly mentioned as the designer of Andúril.<ref>[[Vivendi]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', User Manual, page 22, "Aragorn Sword Design"</ref>

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:In ''[[The Two Towers]]'', when asked by [[Háma]] to disarm outside [[Meduseld]], Aragorn is very reluctant, saying that normally he would give up his weapon, "if I bore now any sword but Andúril".<ref name="tKotGH">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The King of the Golden Hall]]"</ref> This scene and dialogue is omitted from the film on the grace that the sword Aragorn surrenders there was not Andúril.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Andúril is not forged from the shards of Narsil until late in the third film. [[Elrond]] had the sword reforged only after [[Arwen]]'s pleading. He then took the sword to Aragorn in the camp of the [[Rohirrim]] at [[Dunharrow]]. Aragorn's acceptance of the sword, along with his decision at that time to take the [[Paths of the Dead]], showed his willingness to accept his destiny of becoming king.

:In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition]], the [[Mouth of Sauron]] refers to the blade as Elvish; this could either be a reference to its reforging or a mistake on behalf of the writers.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Peter Jackson]], [[Fran Walsh]], [[Philippa Boyens]] (adaptors), [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (extended edition)]], "[[The Mouth of Sauron (scene)|The Mouth of Sauron]]"</ref>

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The reforging of Narsil is experienced by the player in the quest arc called "The Blade that was Broken". The player sets out to find the last of the Silithair, shining adamants crafted by Elves of the house of [[Fëanor]] in days of old, in order for the Elf-smiths of Imladris to reforge the sword into Andúril.<ref>[http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Quest_Arc:The_Blade_That_Was_Broken Quest Arc: The Blade That Was Broken], Lorebook, lotro.com</ref>

{{references}}

{{weapons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anduril}}
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Swords]]
[[de:Andúril]]
[[fr:encyclo:artefacts:armes:anduril]]
[[fi:Andúril]]

The Hobbitons

2018-08-21T06:35:03Z

Dillonn241: extraneous word

{{band
| image=[[File:Songs from Middle-earth.jpg|250px]]
| name=The Hobbitons
| origin=The Netherlands
| genre=Folk
| years=1996
| label=
| website=[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://home.wxs.nl/~hobbiton/home.html The Hobbitons] (via [http://www.archive.org Internet Archive])
| members=[[Unquendor|Dutch Tolkien Society]]
| formermembers
}}
'''The Hobbitons''' was the name given to members of [[Unquendor|Unquendor, the Dutch Tolkien Society]] who released the CD ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s Songs from Middle-earth'' in [[1996]]. The CD contains 16 tracks of songs and poems from ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', and ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''. ''J.R.R. Tolkien's Songs from Middle-earth'' was produced with permission of the [[Tolkien Estate]] on the condition that it would not be sold commercially.<ref name="ourCD">{{webcite|website=[http://web.archive.org/web/20021210152658/http://home.wxs.nl/~hobbiton/home.html The Hobbitons] (via [http://www.archive.org Internet Archive])|articlename=Our CD|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20021207123849/home.wxs.nl/~hobbiton/OURCD.HTM|accessed=27 May 2014}}</ref>
__NOTOC__
==Track listing of ''J.R.R. Tolkien's Songs from Middle-earth''==

# "[[A Walking Song]] (Upon the Hearth)"
# "[[I sit beside the fire and think|Bilbo's Song (Beside the Fire)]]"
# "[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]"
# "[[The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon]]"
# "[[The Stone Troll|Stone Troll]]"
# "[[The Fall of Gil-galad|Gil Galad]]"
# "[[The Road Goes Ever On (song)|Old Walking Song (The Road Goes Ever On)]]"
# "[[Clap! Snap! The black crack!|Goblin Town]]"
# "[[The Mewlips]]"
# "[[Fifteen birds in five fir trees|Roast 'em Alive!]]"
# "[[Oliphaunt (poem)|Oliphaunt]]"
# "[[In the Valley, Ha! Ha!|The Valley]]"
# "[[Perry-the-Winkle|Perry The Winkle]]"
# "[[The Bath Song|The Bathsong]]"
# "[[Bilbo's Last Song]]"
# "[[Ho! Ho! Ho! To the Bottle I Go|A Drinking Song (Ho! Ho! Ho!)]]"

==Personnel==
* '''Music''': Stephen Oliver ("Gil Galad", "Old Walking Song" and "Bilbo's Last Song"), Ron Ploeg and Willem van Wordagen
* '''Mixing''': Gilles Tuinman
* '''Editing''': Tony Janssen
* '''Production''': Ron Ploeg, Gilles Tuinman and Willem van Wordragen

==External links==
*'''[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://home.wxs.nl/~hobbiton/home.html Official Website]''' (via [http://www.archive.org Internet Archive])
*[http://www.last.fm/music/The+Hobbitons The Hobbitons on Last.fm]
*[http://www.kindamuzik.net/recensie/the-hobbitons/songs-from-middle-earth Songs from Middle-earth at KindaMuzik] (Dutch)

{{references}}
[[Category:Bands]]
[[Category:Dutch organizations]]

Elms

2018-08-21T06:32:24Z

Dillonn241: move apostrophe s out of link

'''Elms''' were tall trees that grew throughout the northern regions of [[Middle-earth]]. [[Treebeard]] especially noted the elm-woods of [[Ossiriand]], to the east of [[Beleriand]].<ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref> When [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]'s cousin [[Halfast Gamgee|Hal]] said he saw a Tree-man or giant in the [[Northfarthing]] he said it was "as big as an elm tree".<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Amalion]]

==External links==
*{{WP|Elm}}

{{References}}
[[Category:Trees]]

The Party Tree

2018-08-21T06:29:32Z

Dillonn241: grammar

[[File:Inger Edelfeldt - A Long Expected Party.jpg|thumb|[[Inger Edelfeldt]] - ''A Long Expected Party'']]
'''The Party Tree''' was the tree in the center of [[Party Field|a field]] south of [[Bag End]]. On preparation of the [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]], a pavilion was erected that was large enough to accommodate it and it stood at the head of the main table during the celebration with lanterns hanging from its branches. Bilbo stood underneath the Tree when he announced he would be leaving [[the Shire]].<ref>{{FR|I1}}</ref>

By November of {{TA|3019|n}} the Party Tree had been cut down by [[Sharkey]] and his men and was lying on the field.<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref> After the [[Scouring of the Shire]], in place of the Tree, Sam planted the silver nut from the [[Sam's garden box|wooden box]] given to him by [[Galadriel]]. In the spring of {{TA|3020|n}}, the sapling of a [[mallorn]] tree emerged; it was the only mallorn between the [[Misty Mountains|mountains]] and the [[Belegaer|Sea]], and people came from miles around to gaze upon it.<ref>{{RK|VI9}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
* Possibly a willow hanging over the mill-pool at Sarehole, Warwickshire, England

{{quote|'They've cut it down!' cried Sam. 'They've cut down the Party Tree!' He pointed to where the tree had stood under which Bilbo had made his Farewell Speech. '''It was lying lopped and dead in the field'''. As if this was the last straw Sam burst into tears.|[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[The Scouring of the Shire]]}}

{{quote|One incident in particular remained in his [Tolkien's] memory: "There was a willow hanging over the mill-pool [at [[Sarehole]]] and I learned to climb it. It belonged to a butcher on the Stratford Road, I think. One day they cut it down. '''They didn’t do anything with it: the log just lay there. I never forgot that."'''|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[de:Festbaum]]
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/arbre_de_la_fete]]
[[fi:Juhlapuu]]

Plum Trees

2018-08-21T06:26:11Z

Dillonn241: use SR template

'''Plum trees''' were some of the fruit-bearing trees cultivated in [[the Shire]]. In the marvelous year of {{SR|1420}} it was said that young [[Hobbits]] "sat on the lawns under the plum-trees and ate, until they had made piles of stones like small pyramids or the heaped skulls of a conqueror".<ref>{{RK|VI9}}</ref>
{{References}}
[[Category:Trees]]

The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king

2018-08-21T06:14:14Z

Dillonn241: spelling

{{expansion}}{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}
{{video game infobox
| image=[[Image:ROTWK.jpg|250px]]
| name=The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II
| developer=[[Electronic Arts]]
| publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]
| platform=Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360
| releasedate=November 28, 2006
| genre=Real-time strategy
|}}'''The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II - The Rise of the Witch-king''' is a real-time strategy computer game published by Electronic Arts. It is the expansion pack to [[EA's The Battle for Middle-earth II|The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]], from the same company. It was announced during The San Diego Comic-Con of 2006.

==Campaign==
The Campaign is set in [[Angmar]], where the Witch-King must unite the [[Black Númenóreans]] and the [[Trolls]] in order to create a massive army to fight against [[Arnor]]. After the fortress of [[Carn Dum]] is constructed, the Witch-King conquers [[Rhudaur]] and [[Cardolan]]. Meanwhile, [[Glorfindel]] attacks [[Carn Dum]], and the forces of Angmar are weakened. After several years, the force of [[Angmar]] prepares for a last attack: the siege of [[Fornost]]. However, Prince [[Eärnur]] of Gondor, [[Glorfindel]] and [[Elrond]] make a final attack in [[Angmar]], slaying all the Witch King's servants. While semi accurate or even impeccably accurate the publishers did take some liberties especially in the names of characters that do not exist or that were never given a name.<ref> {{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsI8Nc9kEAA|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king - Epilogue|dated=20 September 2009|website=YT|accessed=4 March 2012}}</ref>

==Differences from The Battle for Middle-earth II==
There are several improvements. The main improvement is the new faction, [[Angmar]]. Other improvements to the game include the new [[Trolls|Olog-Hai]] class of custom hero, improvements to the existing factions, and new hero units. The three sub-classes of Olog-Hai are the Great Troll, the Troll in the previous game, the Snow Troll, and the Hill Troll. The Good and Evil campaigns have been replaced with the single Angmar campaign. There have also been numerous improvements to the War of the Ring and Skirmish battles.
The hero units belong to all of the previous factions only. The hero units are listed as such: Zealots ([[Dwarves]]), Knights of Dol Amroth ([[Men]]), Noldor Warriors ([[Elves]]), Black Orcs ([[Mordor]]), [[Uruk-hai|Uruk Death Bringers]] ([[Isengard]]), and Fire Drake Broods ([[Orcs|Goblins]]). The hero units have a limit of only one to three allowed, depending on which type. Like the heroes, the hero units learn skills at certain levels, although not as many. They can heal like heroes, but if a single member dies, it will not respawn unless you either produce a new one or use the Heal power.

==Additional voice cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Role !! Actor
|-
| [[Arveleg I|Arveleg]] || [[Cam Clarke]]
|-
| [[Carthean]]/[[Karsh]] || [[Jason Connery]]
|-
| [[Azog]] || [[Rob Dean]]
|-
| [[Dáin Ironfoot]] || [[Bob Joles]]
|-
| [[Morgomir]] || [[Keith Ferguson]]
|-
| [[Hwaldar]] || [[Lloyd Sherr]]
|-
|}

{{References}}
{{Videogames}}
{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Battle for Middle-earth II Rise of the Witch-king}}
[[Category:EA Games]]
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
[[de:Die Schlacht um Mittelerde]]

Lebethron

2018-08-21T05:47:20Z

Dillonn241: typo

'''Lebethron''' was a hardwood tree that grew in [[Ithilien]].

==History==
Lebethron was said to be fair, and beloved by the woodworkers of Gondor.<ref name="XR">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Journey to the Cross-Roads]]"</ref> The staves given by [[Faramir]] to [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] were made of lebethron,<ref name="XR"/> as was the casket, described as made of "black ''lebethron''", in which he brought the [[Crown of Gondor]] to the coronation of [[Aragorn|Elessar]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Steward and the King]]"</ref>

==Etymology==

The name was invented by Tolkien at the time of writing, as ''melinon'', then ''lebendron'' and finally ''lebethras''. It was replaced by ''lebethron'' on the fair manuscript copy.<ref>{{WR}} pp. 180 and 207.</ref>

According to a later source, ''lebethron'' was a [[Gondor Sindarin]] word. The first element, ''[[lebeth]]'', was related to [[Quenya]] ''[[lepsë]]'',<ref name="PE17">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Gilson]] (ed.), "Words, Phrases & Passages in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in [[Parma Eldalamberon]] [[Parma Eldalamberon 17|#17]] (July [[2007]]), page 89.</ref> "finger".<ref name="etym">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]], ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', "[[The Etymologies]]"</ref> The second element was said to be derived from ''[[oron]]'', "tree", though a later addition also ties it to the [[Sundocarmë|root]] [[RUN]], "rub, grind, smooth, polish". In this light, the tree was named ''lebethorn'', and the wood of the tree ''lebethron'', and the two words merged into one over time.<ref name="PE17"/>

{{references}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[de:Lebethron]]
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/lebethron]]

Laurinquë

2018-08-21T05:45:35Z

Dillonn241: missing word

'''Laurinquë''' was a golden-flowered tree that grew in [[Hyarrostar]], in [[Númenor]], with long-hanging clusters of golden flowers; believed (erroneously) to be descended from [[Laurelin]].<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Númenor]]
[[de:Laurinquë]]
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/laurinque]]
[[fi:Laurinquë]]

Celeborn (White Tree)

2018-08-21T05:41:33Z

Dillonn241: typo

{{disambig-more|White Tree|[[White Tree (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Pronounce|Celeborn.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Celeborn''' was the name of the '''White Tree''' that flourished in [[Tol Eressëa]]. It was a seedling of the tree [[Galathilion]], which in turn had been made in image of [[Telperion]], the eldest of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]].<ref>{{S|Princes}}</ref>

Celeborn was an ancestor to the [[White Tree of Númenor|White Trees of Númenor]]<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and of [[White Tree of Minas Tirith|Gondor]].<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref>
{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[de:Celeborn (Baum)]]
[[fr:encyclo:biologie:flore:celeborn]]
[[fi:Celeborn (puu)]]

Dead Tree

2018-08-21T05:36:55Z

Dillonn241: comma

The '''Dead Tree''' ({{TA|1640}} - {{TA|2872|n}}; the [[wikipedia:Snag_(ecology)|snag]] stood [[Third Age 3019|for 147 years]]) was planted by King [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]]. It was the third and last [[White Tree of Gondor]]. It died at the same time as [[Belecthor II]] the twenty-first [[Ruling Steward]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

For lack of a seedling, the Dead Tree was left standing in the [[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|Court of the Fountain]] of [[Minas Tirith]] "until the King comes".<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref>. It stood throughout the following centuries and the [[War of the Ring]]. That was until King [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]] found a new seedling on [[Mindolluin|Mount Mindolluin]] in 3019.

When it was replaced, it was removed from the court but was placed in the [[Rath Dínen|Tombs of the Kings]] with all the honour that would normally be accorded a fallen [[Kings of Gondor|monarch]].<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref>
== Adaptations ==
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:The film shows the dead tree standing in the court. A close up reveals that it is flowering again during the [[Siege of Gondor]], specifically the scene where [[Denethor]] is preparing to cremate himself and [[Faramir]]. During the wedding of Aragorn and [[Arwen]], the tree is seen fully blossomed.
{{references}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[de:Weißer Baum von Minas Anor]]
[[fi:Kuollut Puu]]

Beeches

2018-08-21T05:25:26Z

Dillonn241: remove extra space before references section

'''Beeches''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] ''[[neldor]]''<ref>{{S|Elements}}</ref>) were broad and tall trees that grew throughout [[Middle-earth]], and especially in its northern regions. The most famous beech-forest of all was [[Forest of Neldoreth|Neldoreth]] in [[Doriath]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, ''Neldoreth''</ref> [[Hírilorn]], the three-trunked tree in which [[Lúthien]] was imprisoned, was perhaps the greatest beech that had ever grown.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref> In the attack on [[Isengard]] by the [[Ents]], the Ent which caught fire and burned to death was called [[Beechbone]].<ref>{{TT|III9}}</ref>
==In other languages==
*[[Primitive Elvish]]: ''pheren'' (from [[root]] [[BERÉTH]] "beech, birch" and also [[PHER]])<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref>
**[[Quenya]]: ''feren/ferne'' pl. ''ferni''
**[[Telerin]]: ''bredele'' "beech-tree", ''ferne''
***[[Ilkorin]]: ''galbreth''
***[[Old Noldorin]]: ''pheren''
****[[Noldorin]]: ''fer'' pl. ''ferin'' and also ''brethil'' (from Ilkorin)
*[[Doriathrin]]: ''[[neldor]]'' and also just ''[[orn]]'' "tree"

{{references}}
[[Category:Trees]]
[[de:Buchen]]
[[fi:Pyökki]]

Amalion

2018-08-21T05:20:30Z

Dillonn241: tense

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Tree of Amalion.jpg|thumb|''The Tree of Amalion'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
'''Amalion''' was the name of a [[trees|tree]], which [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] regularly drew in illustrations.<ref name=AI>{{HM|AI}}, pp. 64-5</ref><ref>{{PE|16}}, p. 129, n. 1</ref> The name does not appear in any of the stories of the [[legendarium]].

==Etymology==

[[Carl F. Hostetter]] has suggested that the name ''Amalion'' derives from "[[Quenya]] ''amalya'' 'rich, blessed', from ''amal'' 'riches, blessing, bliss, good fortune', related to a later form, ''alam'', with the same meaning, and also ''alam'' '[[Elms|elm-tree]]' as in ''[[The Etymologies]]''".<ref>{{HM|AI}}, p. 67, n. 74</ref>

==Other works==

[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have suggested that Amalion is related to the "Tree of Tales" in ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' and [[Niggle]]'s Tree in ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''. A version of the tree was used as cover art for ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''.<ref name=AI/>

{{References}}
[[Category:Trees]]

Three Hunters

2018-08-21T05:17:17Z

Dillonn241: spacing fixes: add one between February and TA, remove an inconsistent one after a dash

[[File:Grant Gould - LOTR.jpg|thumb|150px|Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli by [[Grant Gould]].]]
The "'''Three Hunters'''" was the name that [[Aragorn]] bestowed upon the remnant of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]—including himself, [[Legolas]], and [[Gimli]]<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref>—on [[26 February]] {{TA|3019}}<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> as they began tracking the [[Uruk-hai]] that had captured [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]] at [[Amon Hen]].

The Three Hunters descended [[Emyn Muil]] and entered [[Rohan]]; with Aragorn's tracking skills, they successfully followed the right track and even found Pippin's [[Elven brooches|Elven brooch]], which had been dropped for them to find. The hunt continued for three days.<ref name="Riders">{{TT|III2}}</ref>

On [[30 February]] they encountered [[Éomer]]<ref name="Great"/> and his [[éored]] who had slaughtered the Orc-band the day before and were on the way back to [[Edoras]]. Éomer demanded their names and business and fighting almost broke out between Gimli and Éomer. Aragorn prevented the fight and Éomer listened to their story of their journey and the losses of [[Gandalf]], [[Boromir]], and the two young hobbits. Although Éomer believed that the hobbits must have been slain in the attack, he lent them two horses—[[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]]—and asked them to prove his trust by bringing them back to Edoras.

With their horses, the Three Hunters followed Éomer's instructions and reached the outskirts of [[Fangorn Forest]]. As night fell they encountered an old man who vanished, as did their horses.<ref name="Riders"/> On [[1 March]] Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli met [[Gandalf]] the White and their hunt was over, although it was not until [[5 March]] that they again saw Merry and Pippin at [[Isengard]].<ref name="Great"/> Later the two hobbits would follow other paths during the [[War of the Ring]] but Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli stayed together to the end.

{{references}}
[[Category:Epithets]]
[[fi:Kolme ajomiestä]]

Battle of the Pelennor Fields

2018-08-21T05:10:12Z

Dillonn241: minor grammar fixes

{{disambig-more|Battle of the Pelennor Fields|[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields (disambiguation)]]}}
{{cleanup}}{{sources}}
{{battle|
image=[[File:Per Sjögren - The Battle of the Pelennor Fields.jpg|300px]]|
name=Battle of the Pelennor Fields|
conflict=[[War of the Ring]]|
date=[[15 March]] {{TA|3019}}|
place=[[Minas Tirith]] and [[Pelennor Fields]], [[Gondor]]|
result= Victory of Gondor and Rohan|
side1=[[Gondor]], [[Rohan]]|
side2= [[Mordor]], [[Harad]], [[Rhûn]], [[Khand]]|
commanders1=*[[Denethor]] †
*[[Gandalf]]
*[[Imrahil]]
*[[Hirluin]] †
*[[Théoden]] †
*[[Grimbold]] †
*[[Éomer]]
*[[Aragorn]]
| commanders2=*The [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] †
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]
| forces1=Unknown total strength
| forces2=Unknown total strength, but vast numerical superiority to Gondor's forces
| casual1=Severe
| casual2=Near-total
}}{{wotr}}
The '''Battle of the Pelennor Fields''' was the greatest battle of the [[War of the Ring]], and indeed the largest of the entire [[Third Age]].

==History==
===Prelude===
{{seealso|Siege of Gondor}}
After the fall of [[Osgiliath]] there was no longer a barrier against the forces of [[Mordor]], which moved on the [[Pelennor Fields]] before the city on [[15 March]] {{TA|3019}} as the [[The Darkness|Great Darkness]] blotted out the sun. Almost all of Minas Tirith's civilian population was evacuated prior to the siege, and were sent southward to Gondor's southern fiefdoms.<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref>

===Opposing Forces===

Mordor's troops consisted of some 18,000 [[Easterlings]] and [[Haradrim]],<ref name="Rohirrim">{{RK|Ride}}</ref> several Haradrim war [[Oliphaunts]], and tens of thousands of [[Orcs]]; the defenders' numbers were considerably less. The city's garrison likely was no more than 4,000,{{fact}} the survivors from Osgiliath probably numbered around 1,000{{fact}} (One third of that garrison were killed), there were about 6,000{{fact}} men from southern [[Gondor]] who arrived just before the siege commenced.

===Battle===
Mordor's hosts set fire to the plains and farms outside of the city and hewed apart anyone they found, living or dead. The Orcs began digging trenches and setting up siege equipment and catapults. These were out of range of the city's defenses, as was the city out of theirs. Some of the defenders laughed and mocked this effort, one even claiming that Sauron himself could not break through Minas Tirith's walls.

Their laughter turned to peril and fear, however, when Mordor's massive catapults flung their shot extremely high, well over the city's walls and into the first level. Through Sauron's arts many projectiles detonated and burst into flame. Along with these the Orcs also launched the heads of Gondor's fallen soldiers and other Men they had slain over the walls, causing despair among the defenders.<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref> Though these machines could still not inflict serious harm to the immense first wall, the great battering ram [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] (named after [[Morgoth]]'s weapon from the First Age) was put into action.

At midnight Grond rolled to the face of the city. The [[Witch-king]] cried out evil spells unto it, breaking the mighty main gate in only three swings, and the Witch-king rode into the city unchallenged, save by [[Gandalf]]. Before Gandalf's strength was put to the test, however, the cock crowed and the horns of [[Rohan]] were heard as around 6,000 of their riders joined the battle. Mordor's strategy for keeping Rohan out of the battle had failed twice, both through the defeat at Helm's Deep and the blockade in Anórien. So the Witch-king was forced to ride out and attack them instead of fighting Gandalf and destroying the city.

King [[Théoden]]'s charge drove the Mordor forces from the northern half of the field, and charging the Haradrim cavalry he slew the Southron chieftain, the [[Black Serpent]], and cut down his standardbearer. Mordor's forces counter-attacked, however, and the Witch-king, having rode out to fight Rohan's charge, set upon them and racked them with fear.
[[File:Laurent Alquier - Éowyn's Stand in the Pelennor Fields.jpg|thumb|left|[[Laurent Alquier]] - ''Éowyn's Stand in the Pelennor Fields'']]
When the Witch-king's fell beast attacked King Théoden of Rohan, the king's horse [[Snowmane]] lost control, and was hit by a black dart. Snowmane fell with the king atop him, and the horse landed on him, mortally wounding him. All about the King were his slain knights, and any survivors fled from the Witch-king's terrifying visage. The fell beast raked its claws upon Snowmane's neck and readied to devour Théoden, but the warrior [[Dernhelm]], defending the king's body, stood tearful yet defiant, forbidding the Witch-king to defile the king's corpse. The Witch-king mocked him, telling him that no living man might hinder him. Éowyn threw off her disguise as Dernhelm and revealed herself as "no man at all". The Black Captain remained silent, as if he hesitated slightly due to [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy, but heeded it no longer, ignoring the [[hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] nearby and attacking Éowyn with great malice. She slew his fell beast, but the Witch-king rose from it, towering over her. With a violent cry that stung her ears like venom he threw his black mace upon her shield, splintering it and shattering her arm. She fell to her knees in bitter pain and he loomed over her, raising his mace to kill her. However, before he could do so, the Witch-king too fell; Merry had wounded him with a sword that had been forged centuries before during the war between [[Arnor]] and [[Angmar]] and which contained spells against the Witch-king. The spells finally found their target, for the Witch-king was distracted and possibly seriously weakened. Éowyn, with her last strength, drove her sword into the Witch-king's crown, her sword shattering and the Black Captain of Mordor slain, his spirit fading into a shrill voice on the wind. The [[Black Breath]] caused both Merry and Éowyn to become gravely ill, and Éowyn's ruined arm kept her from fighting any further that day. They were sent to the [[Houses of Healing]] in the city, and command of the Rohirrim then passed to Théoden's nephew and heir, Third Marshal Éomer. Though a demoralizing blow to Mordor's forces on the field, they held together, and Gothmog, Lieutenant of Minas Morgul, assumed command.

At the same time, [[Faramir]], son of [[Denethor]], Steward of Gondor, was also gravely wounded. Despairing at the visions of defeat that [[Sauron]] had sent him via his ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'', and believing Faramir to be beyond aid, Denethor prepared to burn himself and his son upon a funeral pyre. Only the intervention of [[Peregrin Took]] and Gandalf saved Faramir, but Denethor immolated himself before they could prevent him.

Meanwhile, the battle turned against the Rohirrim. The Southrons charged with their Mûmakil and wherever they went horses went wild with fear or were trampled underfoot, and the forces of Mordor rallied around them like islands of defence that the Rohirrim cavalry could not overtake. Éomer, grim after the death of Théoden but shocked by the unexpected (seeming) death of his sister Éowyn, the last living member of his family, flew into a [[berserker]] rage and charged his cavalry headlong into the larger enemy forces. So great was the wrath of the outnumbered Rohirrim at the death of their King that they broke through the superior Mordor forces, hammering deep wedges into the Mordor legions' front lines. His fury betrayed him, however; the horses panicked at the sight of the towering Mûmakil, and the Haradrim retreated amongst them. Gothmog retaliated against Éomer's advance, sending fierce Variags, elite Haradrim warriors, and monstrous Troll-men against the Rohirrim, and they were set into despair. The cavalry of Rohan were cut off from the rest of their allies. Éomer and his forces retreated to the docks near the Harlond south of the city where he desperately circled up his men on a hill and prepared to fight to the death. When he saw enemy reinforcements sailing up the River [[Anduin]], he sang a solemn and sorrowful dirge, though laughed as he did, preparing to die defiantly as Rohan's final leader.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - The Black Serpent founders.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Anke Eißmann]] - ''The Black Serpent founders'']]
One of the visions that Denethor had seen was of a fleet of enemy ships with black sails arriving at the landings to the south of the Pelennor in the Rammas, but what he had not seen was that they were actually manned by [[Aragorn]] and other [[Rangers of the North]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]], [[Elladan]], [[Elrohir]] and many reinforcements from southern fiefdoms of Gondor. As Aragorn's army drove north a great part of Mordor's forces were pinned between Aragorn and Éomer's cavalry, and were "caught between the hammer and the anvil". Without the Witch-king's leadership, and with vast numbers encroaching them on all sides, many of Mordor's troops panicked and began to flee; Aragorn's army then linked with Éomer's, and with their aid the tide of battle was finally turned. Despite the Orcs engaging in a cowardly and disorganized retreat, many Easterlings and Haradrim held their ground and fought proudly to the death, delaying the Western host and allowing others to rout. The vicinity of the Rammas Echor was soon empty of Sauron's forces, and a brief respite was won until the [[Battle of the Morannon|final battle]] before the [[Morannon|Black Gate]].

=== Aftermath ===

There is no clearly stated final death toll for the Battle of Pelennor Fields. There is a definite figure for the army of the Rohirrim that came to Gondor's defence; it consisted of 6,000 riders, and a full 2,000 were killed in the battle, including Théoden. Of the 6 to 7 thousand Gondorian defenders of Minas Tirith, and the large relief force of Gondor's southern provinces led by Aragorn, no definite figure remains. Two days after the battle, Aragorn led an army out to attack the Black Gate that consisted of 7,000 men (When he reached the Black Gate he had less than 6,000); 2,000 Rohirrim and 5,000 Gondorians. The size of Aragorn's relief force may have been over 5,000 or as little as 1,000: it is never stated. Éomer stated that very few of Rohan's horses remained, and either killed or wounded, he could not "hope to lead even two thousands" in the Last Debate. With a number around 18,000 at the least participating and only 7,000 remaining to march out to war, even a conservative estimate would place total Western losses at 9,000 and perhaps more. Forlong, Grimbold, Théoden, and Hirluin were slain in combat, and the near-defeat of Gondor led Steward Denethor to commit suicide during the siege. Minas Tirith itself suffered heavily in the siege, and its strongest gate was broken. A grey rain fell over the city and the plains following the battle's end, putting out many fires much to the relief of its inhabitants. Despite their losses, the arrival of reinforcements from the southern fiefs allowed Gondor to maintain a larger garrison in the city after the Siege than it had at the outset.

As for Mordor's losses, again, the size of Sauron's great army is not definitely known. The full host was estimated at perhaps 75,000. The Orcs and Trolls of Sauron made up most of the force, though it is known that there were some 18,000 [[Haradrim]]. (The Rohirrim, consisting of 6,000 riders, were "thrice outnumbered by the Haradrim alone".) Almost all of the attackers were slain or routed; though not specifically mentioned, all of the War [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] were likely killed, along with numerous Trolls, Orcs, and Evil Men. Those who escaped fled across the River Anduin to East Osgiliath, many drowning in the process; not one living thing was left in the vicinity of the Rammas. Few escaped, and those that did spread word of Gondor's wrathful victory in their homelands. Most grievous of all to Sauron was the permanent loss of the Witch-king, the Lord of the Nazgûl and his most powerful servant. The fate of Gothmog, Mordor's second commander in the battle, is not mentioned.

Although a great and almost miraculous victory, at the subsequent Last Debate, Gandalf counselled that militarily, Sauron would still defeat them. The Free Peoples had managed to destroy an army outnumbering them as much as 5 to 1, but lost nearly half of their own forces. Sauron had suffered a defeat, but he still had other legions and the force that attacked Minas Tirith, while substantial, was but a fraction of his total strength. Rohan and Gondor had been able to secure their flanks, eliminating the threat of Isengard and the Corsairs on the southern coasts, but Gandalf counselled that even with all of their forces concentrated in the main front near Minas Tirith, it would simply result in a war of attrition; either defensively or offensively, Sauron would tactically prevail. Thus, it was agreed that it was impossible to achieve a conventional military victory through strength of arms, and instead to risk all on a last throw of the dice by Aragorn leading a diversionary attack on the Black Gate, to aid Frodo's passage in Mordor.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:The battle is the major centrepiece of the last film, although some of the events described above are simplified or altered for cinematic purposes. The Gondorian forces from the kingdom's fiefs are absent, replaced only by the [[Rohirrim]]. These are joined by Aragorn leading the "[[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]" (instead of the Gondorian reinforcements) at the very end of the battle. Importance is given to the charge of the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]], the death of [[Théoden]], and the [[Witch-king]]'s demise at the hands of [[Éowyn]].

:The battle begins with [[Sauron]]'s forces marching on the city and firing a volley of severed [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] heads over the walls (as in the book). Seeing [[Mordor]]'s overwhelming army, [[Denethor]] despairs, and [[Gandalf]] assumes command of the defenders. Both Sauron's army and the defenders of [[Minas Tirith]] exchange fire by way of catapults and trebuchets. Many Orcs and a few dozen Gondorian soldiers were killed, whilst some catapults and siege towers were destroyed. Then the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], mounted on top of their [[fell beasts]], descended from the skies, spreading fear throughout the city and destroying many catapults. Meanwhile, [[Trolls]] bring forth the siege towers and engage the Gondorian troops and Gandalf in combat throughout the night. As the battle continues in the dark, the [[Orcs]] bring forth a giant battering ram named [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] and, with it, the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith]] is shattered, allowing the Orcs, Trolls, and [[Wargs]] to invade the city. In the book, the populace was almost entirely evacuated before the battle. In the movie, the women and children remained, and many were slaughtered in the lower levels.

:By morning, the Gondorian soldiers had taken heavy casualties and retreated to the higher levels of Minas Tirith. There, Gandalf helps them to hold out until Théoden and six thousand Rohirrim arrive, decimating the invading Orcs and routing the Witch-king's right flank; however, [[Sauron]]'s reserves soon arrive with several [[Oliphaunts]], commanded by the [[Haradrim]], who turn the tide against the Rohirrim. Fortunately, [[Aragorn]] arrives later with the Army of the Dead (see [[Paths of the Dead]]), and they crush the remainder of Sauron's forces before entering Minas Tirith.

{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]
[[de:Schlacht auf dem Pelennor]]
[[fr:encyclo:evenements:3a:guerres:bataille_des_champs_du_pelennor]]
[[fi:Pelennorin kenttien taistelu]]

Henneth Annûn

2018-08-21T04:27:25Z

Dillonn241: this appears to be a mistake, doesn't match infobox and the chapter name is "Window on the West"

{{location infobox
| name=Henneth Annûn
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Henneth Annûn.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Henneth Annûn" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Window on the West, Window of the Sunset
| location=North [[Ithilien]]
| type=Cave
| description=A cave and hidden refuge behind a waterfall
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Rangers of Ithilien]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Faramir]] meets [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], and [[Gollum]]
}}
'''Henneth Annûn''' was a hidden [[Gondor|Gondorian]] outpost north-east of [[Cair Andros]] in North [[Ithilien]].<ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref> During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Faramir]] son of Steward [[Denethor|Denethor II]] had his base of operations there, and [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] were taken there by his company.

This secret dwelling consisted of a cave behind a west-facing waterfall, the [[Window-curtain]], overlooking an oval pool. The cave had been excavated by the stream feeding the waterfall, which originally fell from the hole in the cliff constituting the window in the name, but that stream had since been diverted and the tunnel sealed, save for a concealed entrance.<ref name="Window">{{TT|IV5}}</ref>

==History==
In the days of [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Túrin II]] most of the remaining people of Ithilien departed due to the influx of Mordor-orcs.<ref name="Stewards">{{App|Stewards}}</ref> In response, in {{TA|2901}} he had Henneth Annûn constructed as a secret refuge for the [[Rangers of Ithilien]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> Other outposts were also established but Henneth Annûn was the longest guarded and manned.<ref name="Stewards"/>

On [[1 March]] {{TA|3019|n}} Faramir left [[Minas Tirith]] to go to Henneth Annûn to prepare a raid against enemy soldiers marching north through Ithilien. When the raid occurred on [[7 March]] Faramir also met Frodo and Sam, and afterwards brought them to the hidden cave.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref>
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Window on the West.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Window on the West'']]
Frodo and Sam were led blindfolded into the cave and had their eyes uncovered just as sunset shown through the curtain of water. Faramir fed and spoke with the two travellers, gradually gaining their trust until Sam accidentally revealed Frodo's possession of [[the One Ring]]. Faramir though resisted any temptation to seize it for himself. Later in the night [[Gollum]] came to the forbidden pool beneath the cave. In order to save his life Frodo had to draw in the creature until Faramir's men could capture him. Frodo convinced Faramir to spare Gollum even though Faramir had his doubts.

On the morning of [[8 March]] Frodo, Sam, and Gollum were allowed to depart from Henneth Annûn to continue their journey into [[Mordor]]. The next day Faramir and his men vacated the refuge;<ref name="Great"/> three followed their captain to Minas Tirith while the remainder of the company rode to [[Osgiliath]].<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref> The refuge remained abandoned during the rest of the War of the Ring.

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Henneth Annun.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Henneth Annûn'' is also known as "Window of the Sunset" and "Window on the West", which are its translations in [[Sindarin]].
{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Caves]]
[[Category:Falls]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[de:Henneth Annûn]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/henneth_annun]]
[[fi:Henneth Annûn]]

User:Dillonn241

2018-08-17T00:08:18Z

Dillonn241: add collection

==About Me==
Hello, my name is Dillon. I have a great interest in Tolkien's works and the world of Middle-earth. Like many I was introduced to ''The Lord of the Rings'' through Peter Jackson's films, but I prefer the books for their detail and greater focus on the world over individual battles, among other reasons. I have read ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Silmarillion'' too. I wish to read ''Unfinished Tales'' eventually, as well as the various other works published by Christopher Tolkien.

Apart from Tolkien, I like ''The Elder Scrolls'' series of video games and the associated lore behind them. I am an active patroller on [https://en.uesp.net/wiki/User:Dillonn241 UESPWiki], the Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages. I also have an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dillonn241 account] on Wikipedia. My favorite academic subjects are Mathematics and Computer Science, and I know Java and Python fairly well.

==Collection==
===By Tolkien===
* ''The Hobbit''
* ''The Lord of the Rings''
* ''The Silmarillion''
* ''Unfinished Tales''
* ''The History of Middle-earth''
* ''The Children of Húrin''
* ''Beren and Lúthien''
* ''The Tolkien Reader''

===By Others===
* ''A Tolkien Compass'' by Jared Lobdell
* ''Journeys of Frodo'' by Barbara Strachey
* ''The Atlas of Middle-earth'' by Karen Wynn Fonstad
* ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth'' by Robert Foster
* ''The New Tolkien Companion'' by J.E.A. Tyler
* ''Tolkien: A Dictionary'' by David Day
* ''Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings'' by Lin Carter

==Userboxes==
{{User USA}}
{{User lore-2}}
{{User rohan}}

Shelob

2018-08-14T10:40:11Z

Dillonn241: grammar

{{cleanup}}
{{sources}}
{{evil infobox
| name=Shelob
| image=[[File:John Howe - Sam and Shelob.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Sam and Shelob" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Her Ladyship, She
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Nan Dungortheb]] ([[First Age]]) [[Cirith Ungol]] (from [[Second Age]])
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=[[First Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=unknown
| notablefor=Attacking [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]
| parentage=[[Ungoliant]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Spiders]] of [[Mirkwood]]
| race=[[Spiders|Spider]]
| gender=Female
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=a stinger
| steed=
}}
'''Shelob''' was a great spider-like creature akin to those of [[Nan Dungortheb]] in [[Beleriand]], the last offspring of the demonic [[Ungoliant]].

==History==
Shelob was born during the [[Elder Days]], to the spider-like demon Ungoliant, who mated with (and devoured) the spider-creatures of the [[Ered Gorgoroth]]. She dwelt for many years in [[Nan Dungortheb]] with her countless brothers and sisters, even after Ungoliant ventured elsewhere.

Shelob fled from ruin (apparently the [[War of Wrath]]) and established her lair high in the mountains of [[Mordor]] at least in the first centuries of the [[Second Age]], before [[Sauron]] claimed that land as his own. She mated with her offspring which she slew, and her descendants were to be seen in [[Ephel Dúath]] and [[Mirkwood]].<ref name=lair>{{TT|Lair}}</ref><ref name=guide/>

Shelob fed off all living things, such as [[Elves]] and [[Men]], but as these became scarce in the area, she fed upon [[orcs]].<ref name=lair/> Sauron would sometimes send her captured prisoners for whom he had no further use and amuse himself watching how she played with her prey. Even though they did not communicate, Sauron and Shelob understood each other. She served as a secure guardian of the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] to prevent any intruders from entering the dark land.

[[File:Eytan Eylul Guler - Shelob and Sam.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Eytan Eylul Guler - ''Shelob and Sam'']]
While looking for [[the One Ring]], [[Gollum]] was trapped by her, but he managed somehow to communicate with her and promised to bring her more food if she released him. Indeed, Gollum (whom the orcs of the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] call "Shelob's Sneak") brought [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Frodo Baggins]] near her Lair while seeking [[Mount Doom]].

While put off by the [[Phial of Galadriel]] in the tunnels, she intercepted them again outside and attacked Frodo, stinging him into a death-like coma. Sam managed to defeat her by letting her impale herself upon [[Sting]] when she tried to crush him under her massive body and using all power of the Phial of Galadriel to blind her. Wounded, she fled to her lair and was not seen for the remainder of Lord of the Rings.

Thinking Frodo dead, Sam took the One Ring from him and left his body behind, but discovered later that Shelob's venom was not intended to kill its victims but only to render them unconscious and keep their meat fresh.

Shelob may have eventually died of starvation caused by her inability to hunt while blind.<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 353, entry "Shelob"</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Shelob'' is derived from "lob", an archaic English word for spider. A variation, "cob" is the derivation of the word "cobweb". The first element, "she", simply mentions the spider's gender.<ref>{{L|70}}</ref>

[[Robert Foster]] mistakenly classified the name as [[Sindarin]], failing to provide a translation.<ref name=guide/>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | UNG | | | |UNG=[[Ungoliant]]''fl. {{YT|1495}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|~|7| | |}}
{{familytree| SHE | | NAN | |SHE='''SHELOB'''''fl. {{TA|3019}}''|NAN=''[[Spiders]] of [[Nan Dungortheb]]''}}
{{familytree| |:| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| MIR | | | | | |MIR=''[[Spiders]] of [[Mirkwood]]''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Shelob was voiced by [[Jenny Lee]]. Lee had no dialogue, but hissed to convey Shelob's menace, then made a bubbling noise to suggest the passing of her poison into Frodo. Finally, she made a roaring sound during her fight with Sam to convey her pain when Sam's thrusts found their mark.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Shelob's face.jpg|thumb|right|Shelob's face from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]].]]
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'''''

:Shelob can be seen to have a retractable venomous sting at the rear end between the spinnerets, resembling a wasp's sting. This is very much unlike real spiders which inject venom with their fangs but accurate relative to the novel. Shelob also appears to have a gaping mouth, whereas real spiders can ingest only liquid.

:In the book, on the other hand, "clusters" of eyes are mentioned, which may suggest compound eyes like those of insects; the Shelob in the movie does ''not'' have compound eyes, which is appropriate. A hunting spider of the family [[wikipedia:Lycosidae|Lycosidae]],{{fact}} which Shelob most closely resembles, would have two large eyes facing forward, and a few smaller ones almost hidden below. The only spiders that can reasonably be said to have "clustered" eyes (though not true compound eyes) are the daddy long-legs spiders of the family Pholcidae, but Shelob does not resemble these rather spindly and fragile spiders in other aspects of her physique.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'''''
:Shelob is a playable hero for the Goblins faction, and appears in the fifth level of the Evil Campaign, "Mirkwood", where she has apparently joined the [[Mouth of Sauron]] on his mission to take the [[Old Forest Road]]. During the level, Shelob can be used to recruit the Spiders of Mirkwood, as they are her children, and will obey her if she is sent to their nest. She also appears during the final mission, "Rivendell", alongside the other villains.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''
:Though unseen, Shelob is identified in the Appendices as the mother of the Ungol spiders that are encountered throughout Mordor. She is also referred to as the Spider Queen, a title that wasn't given to her in the book. An artefact, a "Crushed Ungol Egg", shows that Shelob initially lived in Mordor itself with Sauron and his servants, until it became apparent that Shelob would disobey Sauron, so he banished her to the pass of Cirith Ungol, and forbade her from laying any more eggs on his land. According to the "Ungol" article in the Appendices, Shelob has taken an interest in the recent events occurring in Mordor, though it is unclear to what extent.

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'''''
:Shelob is voiced by Pollyanna McIntosh, and plays a prominent role early in the game. This portrayal of Shelob is unique in that she is able to assume a fair form, as a raven-haired woman in a black dress. She can also project visions of the future into a person's mind. She ensnares the wraith of [[Celebrimbor]] and holds him prisoner at the start of the game. She releases him after Talion surrenders their newly-forged Ring of Power to her. After Minas Ithil is conquered by Sauron's forces, the Ringwraiths are sent to seize the Ring from her. After the Nine are driven away, she gives the Ring back to Talion and tells him to forge an army to conquer Mordor.
: Reading her memories, which are found throughout Mordor, reveals a number of details of her life, including a romantic relationship she once had with Sauron.
{{references}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Shelob|Images of Shelob]]

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Spirits]]
[[Category:Spiders]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Evil]]

[[de:Kankra]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/animaux/araignees/arachne]]
[[fi:Lukitari]]

Tinfang Warble

2018-08-14T10:15:08Z

Dillonn241: comma

{{other infobox
| image=
| name=Tinfang Warble
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=Half [[Elf]], half [[Fay]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Tinfang''', whom the children call '''[[Tinfang Warble]]''', is a creature mentioned in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' and in the poem ''[[Tinfang Warble (poem)|Tinfang Warble]]''.

[[Vairë (wife of Lindo)|Vairë]] tells to [[Eriol]] about Tinfang Warble, a [[spirit]] who is half [[fay]] of [[Palúrien]] and half [[Elf]] ([[Gnome]] or [[Solosimpi]]). He was a flautist whose fluting had an enchantment, and the stars twinkled according to his notes. Not even the [[Solosimpi]] could rival his fluting.

He led the Elves forth with his piping, and could be heard in the [[Great Lands]] and sometimes also in [[Alalminórë]]. Eriol also heard him.<ref>{{LT1|IV}}, p. 94 ff</ref>

== Other versions of the Legendarium ==
'''Tinfang Gelion''' is mentioned in the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'' as being one of the greatest of the minstrels of the [[Elves]], beside [[Maglor]] and next to [[Daeron]].<ref>{{LB|C3}}, p. 174</ref>

{{quote|Tinfang Gelion who still the [[moon]] enchants on summer nights of June and kindles the pale firstling star...|[[Lay of Leithian Canto III]]}}

==Etymology==
The meaning of ''Tinfang'' is "star-beard" (from ''[[tinu]]'' "spark, little star" + ''[[fang]]'' "beard"; found in [[The Etymologies]] of ''[[The Lost Road]]'').{{fact}} He apparently was one of those few elves who grew beards during the first age of their life, like [[Mahtan]].{{fact}}

''[[Gelion]]'' can also be found in several other compounds.

== Inspiration ==
His name probably comes from an earlier poem Tolkien penned named ''[[Tinfang Warble (poem)]]'', about a fairy-bird.{{fact}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Elves]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Spirits]]

Unseen

2018-08-14T10:11:24Z

Dillonn241: typo

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Attack of the Wraiths.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Attack of the Wraiths'']]
{{quote|And here in [[Rivendell]] there live still some of his chief foes: the Elven-wise, lords of the [[Eldar]] from beyond the furthest seas. They do not fear the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], for those who have dwelt in the [[Aman|Blessed Realm]] live at once in both worlds, and against both the [[Seen]] and the '''Unseen''' they have great power.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Many Meetings]]"}}
All things in [[Arda]] fall into the realm of either the [[Seen]] or the Unseen. The '''Unseen''' are objects and creatures of the spirit world that belong to "[[magic]]". Some [[Maiar]] like [[Gandalf|Olórin]] were said to walk unseen among the Elves of [[Valinor]], and [[Ossë]] would visit the shores unseen.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Valaquenta]]"</ref> The Unseen world is neither good nor evil and contains both dark and bright spiritual beings.

==Nature==
The [[Valar]] could exist in the world with or without a corporeal form, "the Valar may walk, if they will, unclad, and then even the Elves cannot clearly perceive them, though they be present."<ref>{{S|Ainu}}</ref> [[Wizards]] and the [[Elves]] who lived in [[Valinor]] existed in both the Seen and the Unseen realm; their form in the Unseen is different, and they have the ability to see and affect Unseen creatures.<ref name="Meet" />

[[The One Ring]] shifts its wearer to the "wraith-world", in which the wearer could see the forms of other persons. While the wearer would seem invisible, in reality, they would be visible to the creatures of the Unseen realm.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref><ref name="Ford">{{FR|Flight}}</ref>

Also, the [[Morgul-knife]] that stabbed Frodo had the ability to permanently bring him to the Unseen realm;<ref name="Meet" /> while Frodo was suffering from its effect, he could see [[Glorfindel]]'s true [[Light of Valinor|luminous]] form.<ref name="Ford" />

The mysterious individual known as [[Tom Bombadil]] could see Frodo wearing the Ring;<ref>{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref> whether this implies that he lived in both realms is not clear.

The Unseen world also existed within the [[Halls of Mandos]]. There the spirits of those who died in Middle-earth would reside until they met with their different fates. The Eldar may, in time, be re-emboided, if they chose to be as Finrod did, and live again in Aman.<ref>{{WJ|One}} p. 62</ref><ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref> The Dwarves would wait in Mandos, in separate halls among their own, until the re-making of Arda.<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> And Men would reside there for a time of waiting before receiving their fate which brought them beyond the scope of Arda, until the Second Music of the Ainur.<ref name="Beren"/><ref>{{S|Days}}</ref>

Spirits which did not heed the call of Mandos may remain in Middle-earth as part of the Unseen. Though the [[Witch-king]], as a bearer of a Ring of Power, summoned the [[barrow-wights]] to the [[Barrow-downs]],<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> it is doubtful that he could have called spirits back from Mandos' halls.

==Wraith-world==
{{quote|Those Nazgûl give me the creeps. And they skin the body off you as soon as look at you, and leave you all cold in the dark on the other side.|[[Gorbag]]<ref>{{TT|IV10}}</ref>}}

As the name suggests, the '''wraith-world''' is the world where the [[Wraiths]] exist. The wraith-world was a mysterious alternative aspect of reality that belonged to the realm of the [[Unseen]]. Some of the most obvious examples of Unseen creatures were the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], which were invisible and formless without the guises provided by [[Sauron]].<ref name="Meet">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

The [[Rings of Power]] were one of the means that could partly draw one into the wraith-world. The [[Men]] who became the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], seem to have led a dual existence on the boundary between two worlds: our own, [[Seen]] world, and the wraith-world. After centuries, they ended up fading, and while they had a partial form in our reality, they had a more solid existence in the Unseen.

Their [[Morgul-knife|blades]] seem to have been used to terrorize their servants, as Gorbag attested to, and if the broken shard of one such blade had reached Frodo's heart, he would have been transformed into not only an Unseen existence, but into the wraith servant of a Nazgûl.<ref name="Meet"/>

==Inspiration==
Though [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] goes into very little detail about this 'other side' to reality, it is mentioned often in accounts that have come down to our own time through folklore. In these stories, it is commonplace to find fairies and elves - and less friendly beings - moving between our world and their own mysterious realm as [[Wikipedia:Parallel dimension|parallel dimension]]. Indeed, these stories are, in part, the origin of the idea of 'fairyland', and it seems plausible that Tolkien's idea of the ghostly wraith-world is in some way related to them. In the end, though, he gives us so little information that it is hard to do more than speculate the subject.

He did write that his characters, the Elves of Midde-earth, were not like the elves commonly found in fairy tales: "the Elves shed all associations and qualities that would be now commonly considered ‘fairylike’, and those who remained in the Great Lands in Ages of the world at this time unconceived were to grow greatly in stature and in power: there was nothing filmy or transparent about the heroic or majestic Eldar of the Third Age of Middle-earth."<ref>{{LT2|VI}} p. 327</ref>

However, in his descriptions of the Elves, those who remained in Middle-earth, would in time, be consumed by their own spirit, "ere Arda ends all the Eldalië on earth will become as spirits invisible to mortal eyes, unless they will to be seen by some among Men into whose mind they may enter directly.<ref>{{MR|Laws}} p. 212</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
[[Image:Peter Jackson's Arwen.jpg|thumb|Arwen as seen by Frodo]]
:The scenes where Frodo wears the Ring, show a different, ghastly version of reality, indicating that Frodo is shifted to the wraith world, although no explanation is given in dialogue. The effects of the Ring become more clear in the Weathertop scene where he sees the Ringwraiths in clear form while wearing the Ring.

:In the book, Frodo under the effect of the Morgul blade sees the luminous form of Glorfindel, but since in the movie he is replaced by [[Arwen]], Frodo is supposed to see the Unseen version of Arwen; while in the Seen realm she wore a traveler's uniform, Frodo saw her in a white dress bathed in an aura of light.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Unseen Witch-king.JPG|250px|thumb|right|The [[Witch-king]]'s true form in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]]]
:When wearing the ring, the edges of the screen become engulfed in flames in the shape of an Eye. The player, as Frodo, can only stay Unseen for a limited amount of time, before his "purity bar" is emptied. Only Ringwraiths can see the Unseen; other enemies such as [[wolves]] and [[Orcs]] cannot.

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Much like the original book, the Unseen world merely serves as a plot device in the halls of [[Thranduil|the Elvenking]]. The screen becomes filled with a haze, but many creatures can still see Bilbo. Only the Elves and Men cannot.

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''
: The protagonist of the game, Talion, possesses the ability to see into the wraith-world due to being resurrected by a wraith. In the game, this allows the player to see through walls and spot various things that are otherwise invisible.

==See also==
*[[Light of Valinor]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Nazgûl]]
[[Category:Spirits]]
[[Category:Undead]]

Minhiriath

2018-08-12T11:41:06Z

Dillonn241: grammar

{{location infobox
| name=Minhiriath
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Miniriath map.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map showing Minhiriath from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]]
| pronun={{respell|min|hear|ee-ath}}
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], [[Elves]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[War of the Elves and Sauron]]
}}
'''Minhiriath''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[minˈhirjaθ]}}) was located in [[Eriador]], a name for all the lands between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and the [[Gwathló]] rivers.

==Geography==
Minhiriath was located between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine River]] on its NW border and the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]] on its SE border. [[The Shire]] was north of the Brandywine across [[Sarn Ford]]. [[Enedwaith]] was south of the Greyflood.

The eastern border of Minhiriath was probably around the [[North-South Road]]. On the SW, Minhiriath had a coast on the Sea. The forest of [[Eryn Vorn]] was on a cape on the coast of Minhiriath.

The city of [[Tharbad]] was on the Greyflood on the border between Minhiriath and [[Enedwaith]]. The port of [[Lond Daer]] was also on the Greyflood where it flowed into the Sea.

==History==
===Earliest inhabitants===
The original inhabitants of Minhiriath were descended from the same [[Atani]] as the ancestors of the [[Númenóreans]], but because they spoke mutually unintelligible languages, the Númenóreans did not class the Minhiriathrim as [[Middle Men]].

===Second Age===
A large-scale deforestation of the land began under the Númenórean "[[Ship Kings]]" after the 7th century. The folk of Minhiriath became openly hostile, and were in turn persecuted. Only those who fled from Minhiriath into the dark woods of the great Cape of [[Eryn Vorn]] survived. Most, if not all of these forest-dwellers subsequently welcomed [[Sauron]] hoping for his victory over the Men of the Sea, but they were to be disappointed - and permanently trapped - by Sauron's burning of much of the rest of the surviving forest, and final defeat, in {{SA|1701}}.

From {{SA|3320}}, Minhiriath became nominally part of the newly established Kingdom of [[Arnor]].
===Third Age===
[[Image:Matěj Čadil - Minhiriath.jpg|thumb|left|[[Matěj Čadil]] - ''Minhiriath'']]
From {{TA|861}}, Minhiriath was inherited by one of Arnor's three successor states, [[Cardolan]], but the "ravaging" of Cardolan by evil forces in {{TA|1409|n}} no doubt caused extensive depopulation of the whole country. Even worse was the advent of the [[Great Plague]] in {{TA|1636|n}}, after which Minhiriath was "almost entirely deserted". The Dúnedain of Cardolan were wiped out.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

After {{TA|1975|n}}, even though a few secretive hunter-folk lived in the woods throughout the [[Third Age]], Minhiriath was claimed by no kingdom at all.

In {{TA|2912|n}}, Minhiriath was devastated by floods in the spring that followed the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]]. Tharbad was ruined at this time.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Although it was still thickly forested in several places by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the once continuously forested Minhiriath bore the permanent scars of over 5000 years of felling, burning and war.

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was re-established by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]. Minhiriath and other regions of [[Eriador]] were repopulated during the [[Fourth Age]].

==Etymology==
The name Minhiriath means "between the rivers" in [[Sindarin]] in reference to the [[Brandywine]] and [[Greyflood]]. The word ''[[min]]'' means "between"; ''hiriath'' is lenited from ''siriath'' meaning "rivers".

==Navigation==
{{navigation
| title=Miniriath
| north-west=[[Blue Mountains]]
| north=[[The Shire]]
| north-east=[[South Downs]]
| west=[[Harlindon]]
| east=[[Dunland]]
| south-west=[[Belegaer]]
| south=[[Enedwaith]], [[Belegaer]]
| south-east=[[Enedwaith]]
|}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Minhiriath]]
[[fi:Minhiriath]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/eriador/minhiriath]]

Bill (disambiguation)

2018-08-08T08:27:37Z

Dillonn241: typo, change to comic strip since that's what the website describes it as

'''Bill''' can refer to:

==Middle-earth==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] stated he used '''Bill''' to translate [[Westron]] '''Bil''', which is a short for (untranslated and further unknown) names as ''Arambil'', ''Bildad'' and ''Bilcuzal''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', "[[The Appendix on Languages]]"</ref> It is possibly related to [[Adûnaic]] ''bêl-'', "love", as seen in ''[[Azrubêl]]'', a name of [[Eärendil]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Drowning of Anadûnê]]"</ref>

* [[Bill Butcher]], a character from the poem "[[Perry-the-Winkle]]".
* [[Bill Ferny]], a man of [[Bree]] who spied on [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].
** [[Bill the Pony]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]'s loyal pony named after Bill Ferny.
* [[William|Bill Huggins]], sometimes referred to as "William", one the three [[Trolls]] that [[Thorin and Company]] encountered.

==Real world==
* [[Bill Amend]], creator of the comic strip ''[[FoxTrot]]''.
* [[Billy Barty]], actor.
* [[Billy Boyd]], actor who played [[Peregrin Took]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].
* [[William Conrad]], actor who voice [[Denethor]] in the [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|Rankin/Bass version]] of ''[[The Return of the King]]''.
* [[William Elvin]], opera singer on ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]''.
* [[William Johnson|Bill Johnson]], actor who played [[Old Noakes]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.
* [[William McGuire]], author.
* [[Bill Nighy]], British actor who played [[Samwise Gamgee]] in the [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|1981 BBC radio series]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
* [[William O'Neill]], artist.
* [[William Ready|William B. Ready]], author.
* [[William Antony Swithin Sarjeant]], author.
* [[William Senior]], author.
* [[William Smith]], author.
* [[Bill Snyder]], producer.
* [[William Squire]], actor who voiced [[Gandalf]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]].
* [[Bill Welden]], linguist and member of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]].

==References==
<references/>

{{disambig}}

Fëa and hröa

2018-08-08T08:24:11Z

Dillonn241: spelling

{{sources}}

'''''fëa''''', plural ''[[fëar]]'' (pronounced [[Noldorin|N]] {{IPA|[ˈfe.ar]}}, [[Vanyarin|V]] {{IPA|[ˈɸe.ar]}}), and '''''hröa''''', plural ''hröar'' (pronounced {{IPA|[r̥o.ar]}}), are [[Quenya]] terms for "soul" (or "spirit") and "body". The [[Sindarin]] equivalents are '''''[[fae]]''''' ({{IPA|[faɛ]}}) and '''rhaw''' ({{IPA|[r̥aʊ]}}), respectively.

The [[Children of Ilúvatar]] ([[Elves]] and [[Men]]) are described as existing in two parts: they have a "spirit" or "soul" called a ''fëa'' which comes from the [[Secret Fire]] of [[Ilúvatar]], and a body or ''hröa'' which is made out of the material of [[Arda]]. The Elves compared the relationship of ''hröa'' and ''fëa'' to a House and an Indweller. For this reason, when death (which is the separation of the two) occurred, the ''fëa'' was said to be "houseless" or "in exile". ''Fëar'' are said to come from beyond the created Universe (that is, [[Eä]]), directly from Ilúvatar, while ''hröar'' are of course begotten by parents. According to the Elves, the ''fëa'' is nearly powerless without the ''hröa'', and likewise the ''hröa'' would die without the ''fëa''. Only when they are together are the Children of Ilúvatar complete beings who can take part in the history of the world, for which reason they are called the [[Incarnate|Incarnates]] by the Elves.

Strictly speaking, only the souls of the Incarnates can be referred to as ''fëar''. The spirits of those not designed to dwell in a body (namely, the [[Ainur]]) are called ''[[ëalar]]'' or "beings".

== Elvish ''Fëar'' and ''Hröar'' ==
The Elves' fate is to live as long as Arda exists; they are bound to the world and cannot leave it. Unlike Men, Elves do not die of disease or of old age. For this reason, their ''hröar'' are much more well adapted to the presence of their ''fëar'' than Men. Their spirits are in considerably greater control of their bodies. In turn, the Elves' ''hröar'' are much more durable than those of Men, and they can heal from wounds that would be fatal to mortals.

However, since ''fëar'' are indestructible within the world, while ''hröar'' can be broken by the disorders of [http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Arda#Arda_Marred| Arda Marred], "death", which is their separation, is an ever present risk of existence in [[Middle-earth]], even for the Elves. They may be slain or lose the will to live, for instance because of grief. When an Elf dies, the ''fëa'' leaves the ''hröa'', which then "dies" and is reabsorbed into Arda. The ''fëa'' is called to the [[Halls of Mandos]], where it is judged. After a time of Waiting, the ''fëa'' may be reincarnated into a new-born body that is identical to the previous ''hröa'' if allowed by [[Mandos]]. It is only by coming to Mandos that an Elvish ''fëa'' can hope to be reincarnated, as the Elves do not possess this ability in themselves. Alternatively, a ''fëa'' might decide to stay in Mandos until the end of Arda, or it may be denied reincarnation, if it had done much evil in life.

For slain Elves, going to the Halls of Mandos was an option and not a requirement; their ''fëar'' could refuse the summons of Mandos and remain in Middle-earth, though if they made this choice they could not be reembodied. Refusal of the summons was seen as a sign of taint in the ''fëa'', since Mandos' call is backed by the authority of the [[Valar]], and because the presence of the Dark Lords [[Melkor|Morgoth]] and [[Sauron]] caused most ''fëar'' to flee to Mandos in terror of the power the Shadow. Many who resisted the summons in those Ages succumbed to the "counter-summons" of the Dark Lords, falling under their dominion.<ref name="Fourth">{{MR|P3II3}}, p. 223</ref> It was said that in later Ages, more and more Elvish ''fëar'' chose to ignore the summons and instead haunt places they had frequented in life. Because these ''fëar'' in many cases had unworthy motives (such as the desire to possess the ''hröar'' of others), it was forbidden to the Living to commune with them. Sauron's title "the [[Necromancer]]" might have referred to his practice of mastering these Houseless ''fëar'' and using them to do his will.

Due to the Marring of Arda, the Elves living in Middle-earth suffered a weakening of their ''hröar'' over long periods of time. This waning caused their ''fëar'' to consume their bodies, so that in the end they became much like wraiths. It was the weakening of the ''hröar'' of the Elves that brought about the [[Dominion of Men]] and the departure of the [[Eldar]] into [[Aman|the West]]: the Elves in Middle-earth could only avoid this grievous process by leaving the lands they loved and sailing to [[Aman]], for such waning of the body did not exist there. In the West, the Elves could maintain a normal incarnate state.

== Mannish ''Fëar'' and ''Hröar'' ==
The situation of Men is much different from that of the Elves: a Mannish ''fëa'' is only a visitor to Arda, and when the ''hröa'' (inevitably) dies, the ''fëa'' leaves Arda completely. This severance of ''fëa'' and ''hröa'' happens after a short time, especially as the Elves measure it. For this reason, it is said that Men are not bound to the fate of Arda as the Elves are, and are released from Time itself. This mode of mortality is called the [[Gift of Men]] by the Elves, and is a fate unique to them. It is important to note that Men themselves, however, rarely view death as a Gift, and even have [[Tale of Adanel|traditions]] stating that they also possessed immortality (or at least much longer life) until they were corrupted by [[Morgoth]].

What happens to Men after death is unknown to any of the inhabitants of Arda, except perhaps some of the Valar. The Elves said that they went to the Halls of Mandos as well (though without choice in the matter), and were there given up to Eru, though this is mere speculation. There were some that were cursed to stay in Arda, specifically the ones cursed by [[Isildur]] and became [[oathbreakers]]. However, the Valar proclaimed to the Elves that eventually the race of Men would participate in the [[Second Music of the Ainur]], whereas the ultimate fate of the Elves is unknown.

Because the ''fëar'' of Men must leave the world while the Elves must remain in it until its end, it is said the fates of Men and Elves are sundered.

== The Half-elven ==
There were at least three marriages between Elves and Men, which resulted in [[Half-elven]] children. Those who were in contact with the Valar were given the choice to be numbered among Elves or Men. This choice was of course mainly one of the ''fëa'', not the ''hröa''. For example, [[Lúthien|Lúthien Tinúviel]] chose the Fate of Men, and so her ''fëa'' passed out of Arda and was lost to her kin.

Among those who did not have contact with the Valar, such as (possibly) the [[Lord of Dol Amroth|Lords of Dol Amroth]], Mannish mortality appeared to be the default state.

== Other ''Fëar'' ==
It was not only the Children of Ilúvatar who possessed ''fëar'': they were also granted to the [[Ents]] and some animals, such as [[Huan]] the Hound and the great [[Eagles]] (but see the end of that article). When Ilúvatar adopted [[Aulë]]'s children, the [[Dwarves]], he granted them ''fëar'' of their own also.

==See also==
*''[[fana]]''

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fea and hroa}}
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Quenya words]]
[[fi:Fëa]]
[[fi:Hröa]]

Temple

2018-08-08T08:22:59Z

Dillonn241: grammar, spelling

The '''Temple''' was a huge, imposing structure built in [[Armenelos]], the capital of [[Númenor]], near the end of the [[Second Age]]. The [[Númenóreans]] used it for the worship of [[Morgoth|Melkor]].

[[Ar-Pharazôn]] the twenty-fifth [[King of Númenor]] wished to challenge [[Sauron]] for the mastery of [[Middle-earth]], so he travelled to [[Mordor]] with an army so great it frightened Sauron's servants, who fled. Therefore, Sauron humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn, and was brought to Númenor as a prisoner. Once there, he soon seduced the King and corrupted the minds of [[King's Men|most of his people]], so that they turned to the worship of the [[Darkness (concept)|Darkness]] and Melkor its Lord. After the Númenóreans embraced Melkor, Sauron ordered the mighty Temple to be built.

The Temple was said to be a round building that was five hundred feet tall, five hundred feet in diameter, and had walls that were fifty feet thick at the base. It was topped by a huge silver dome. This dome had a louver in the center to let out smoke from burnt offerings, and over time became black from the soot.

Within this massive structure, there was a great altar and a black seat, where the High Priest (namely, Sauron) sat. The first thing to be burned on this altar was [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the White Tree of Númenor. Afterwards, the Númenóreans sacrificed humans upon the altar, most often members of the [[Faithful]] who remained undeceived by Sauron. This they did in the hope that Melkor would release them from [[Gift of Men|Death]], but they did not escape the fate of [[Men]] by making these bloody offerings.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

The Temple was destroyed in the year {{SA|3319}} during the [[Downfall of Númenor]].<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> When the sinking of the island occurred, Sauron was sitting in the black seat and laughing to himself about his success in bringing about the destruction of the Númenóreans. He and his Temple were then suddenly "taken into the abyss". Sauron survived the catastrophe and later returned to [[Mordor]], however.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

The Númenóreans also built many temples to Melkor in the [[Great Lands]], where they sacrificed the Men of Middle-earth that they could find. For this reason, man-made structures devoted to worship of any deity had strong connotations of evil to those Men who remained devoted to [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]], and they never used them in their religious observances.

==Inspiration==
It is possible [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] was inspired by [http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=the+radcliffe+camera&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2 The Radcliffe Camera] as it has quite a few similar features with the Temple.

{{quote|But Sauron caused to be built upon the hill in the midst of the city of the Númenóreans, Armenelos the Golden, '''a mighty temple'''; and it was '''in the form of a circle at the base''', and there the walls were fifty feet in thickness, and the width of the base was five hundred feet across the centre, and the walls rose from the ground five hundred feet, and they were crowned with a mighty '''dome'''. And that dome was roofed all with silver, and rose glittering in the sun, so that the light of it could be seen afar off; but soon the light was darkened, and the silver became black. For there was an altar of fire in the midst of the temple, and '''in the topmost of the dome there was a louver, whence there issued a great smoke.'''|[[Akallabêth]]}}

{{quote|It was a cool clear night after a windy day. It was starry in the west, but the moon was already climbing. At B.N.C. gate Lowdham turned. The [Radcliffe] Camera looked vast and dark against the moonlit sky. Wisps of long white cloud were passing on an easterly breeze. For a moment '''one of them seemed to take the shape of a plume of smoke issuing from the lantern of the dome.'''|[[Sauron Defeated]], [[The Notion Club Papers]]}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Buildings]]
[[Category:Númenor]]
[[de:Melkors Tempel]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/numenor/temple_de_melkor]]

Darkening of Valinor

2018-08-08T08:19:36Z

Dillonn241: tense, spelling

[[File:Giuliano G. Alves - Ungoliant e as duas arvores.jpg|thumb|Giuliano G. Alves - ''Ungoliant e as duas arvores'']]
'''Darkening of Valinor''' was the destruction of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]], by [[Morgoth]] and [[Ungoliant]] in {{YT|1495}}. The fifty [[Valian Years]] between the Darkening and the rising of the [[Sun]] was known as the '''Long Night'''.<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref>

After Melkor sowed discord among the [[Noldor]] and fled Valinor, [[Manwë]] held a feast for the reconciliation of the Eldar. There [[Fingolfin]] publicly forgave [[Fëanor]]. In the meantime, the Dark Lord found [[Ungoliant]] in [[Avathar]] and asked her aid against his enemies. Ungoliant helped Melkor infiltrate Valinor by shrouding both herself and her ally in webs of pure darkness. Once within Valinor, Ungoliant drank the light from the Two Trees after Morgoth wounded them with his spear. She also drained dry the Wells of Varda so that nothing remained of the Light of the Two Lamps save that of the Silmarils of Fëanor.<ref>{{S|8}}</ref>

{{quote|Then the Unlight of Ungoliant rose up even to the roots of the Trees, and Melkor sprang upon the mound; and with his black spear he smote each Tree to its core, wounded them deep, and their sap poured forth as it were their blood, and was spilled upon the ground. But Ungoliant sucked it up, and going then from Tree to Tree she set her black beak to their wounds, till they were drained; and the poison of Death that was in her went into their tissues and withered them, root, branch and leaf; and they died.|[[The Silmarillion]], [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]}}
==The Long Night==
After this terrible act, Ungoliant and Melkor fled to escape justice at the hands of the Valar. They killed [[Finwë]] in [[Formenos]] and stole the [[Silmarils]]. Enraged, [[Fëanor]] refused to surrender the Silmarils to revive the [[Two Trees]], and when he learned about their theft, he rebelled against the [[Valar]]. He persuaded many Elves to go with him to [[Middle-earth]] and the [[Flight of the Noldor]] began, but when he demanded the [[swan-ships]] of the [[Falmari]], he resolved to the [[First Kinslaying]] to steal them. This event caused the [[Fall of the Noldor]].

During the Flight, [[Mandos]] (or his messenger) appeared before them and spoke the [[Doom of Mandos]]. [[Finarfin]] abandoned the host, but the [[Sons of Fëanor]] responded with the [[Oath of Fëanor]].

In [[Beleriand]], [[Orcs]] besieged the [[Havens of the Falas]]; the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] occurred. The [[Sindar]] withdrew in [[Doriath]], inside the [[Girdle of Melian]] that was set around. The [[Laiquendi]] also remained hidden. Soon after, the Noldor arrived and Feanor was killed in the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]]. [[Maedhros]] was also captured and chained on the [[Thangorodrim]]. The Noldor refused to depart and camped at [[Mithrim]].

The remaining host of the Noldor under Fingolfin crossed the [[Helcaraxë]] and entered [[Beleriand]] to engage in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]]. The Moon rose and after seven times, the Sun followed.
{{references}}
[[category:Events]]
[[category:Periods]]
[[fi:Valinorin pimeneminen (tapahtuma)]]

Line of Elros (document)

2018-08-08T08:16:12Z

Dillonn241: spelling

The '''''Line of Elros''''' was a document that listed the names of the [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] of [[Númenor]], and contained a brief account of their birthdate, length of rule, death date, and a summary of events that occurred during their reigns. The ''Line of Elros'' was probably made in [[Middle-earth]] (most likely in [[Gondor]]) after the [[Downfall of Númenor]], as it contains a reference to [[Elendil]]'s writing of the ''[[Akallabêth]]'', which is an account of that disaster.
{{title}}
[[Category:Lays and Tales]]

Massacre at Tarn Aeluin

2018-08-08T08:15:24Z

Dillonn241: spelling

{{unnamed}}{{rewrite}}The '''Massacre at Tarn Aeluin''' was an event during the [[First Age]] when [[Barahir the Bold]] and his ten outlaws were killed in their hideout by [[Tarn Aeluin]], leaving only his son, [[Beren]] of the original band alive. Though this was long sought for by [[Morgoth]] and his active servant [[Sauron]], it was not until [[Gorlim]] betrayed their hiding place that it occurred. Beren, upon returning to find his father and comrades dead, built a cairn over their bodies and swore an oath of vengeance.

Those who died were: Barahir, [[Gildor (outlaw)|Gildor]], [[Belegund]], [[Baragund]], [[Urthel]], [[Dagnir]], [[Radhruin]], [[Dairuin]], [[Arthad]], and [[Hathaldir]].

[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]

-nd

2018-08-08T08:13:49Z

Dillonn241: spelling, duplicate also, tense

{{stub}}
__NOTOC__
'''''-nd''''' is a toponymical ending in [[Sindarin]], an ending "commonly used in the names of regions or countries". Vowels could be attached to the ending, yielding the forms ''-and'', ''-end'', ''-ond''. In names such as ''[[Rohan]]'', the ''-d'' was dropped, due to its lack of pronunciation in speech (this also occurred in ''[[Anorien]]'' and ''[[Ithilien]]).<ref name=Cirion>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 248</ref>

The form also appears as ''-ian(d)'', ''-iann'', ''-ion'', ''-ien''.<ref name="PE">{{PE|17}}, pp. 42-3, 115</ref>

==Examples==
===With ''a''===
*[[Beleriand]]
*[[Ossiriand]]
*[[Calacirian]]/Kalakiryandë (from [[Calacirya]])
*[[Cardolan]]
*[[Rohan]]

===With ''e''===
*[[Hildórien]] (note that [[Hildor]] is a [[Quenya]] name)
*[[Arthórien]]
*[[Arvernien]]
*[[Lothlorien]]
*[[Ithilien]]
*[[Anorien]]

===With ''o''===
*[[Dorthonion]]
*[[Dorwinion]]
*[[Region]]
*[[Lindon]]
*[[Eregion]]
*[[Calenardhon]]

==Etymology==
''-ian(d)'' and ultimately ''-ien'' are reduced from ''-iand(a)'', ''-iend(e)'',<ref>{{PE|17}} p.37</ref> and said to be derived from [[PQ]] ''[[yandē]]'' "a wide region, or country".<ref name="PE"/>

''-(i)on'' appears in later-formed names and is in origin distinct from the above. It is explained to be from root [[YAN]]A- and/or root YONO.<ref name="PE"/>
==Cognates==
Relevant endings don't appear in other languages such as [[Quenya]] save perhaps the name [[Hildórien]] and [[Calacirian]] (from ''Kalakiryande'')<ref name=RGEO>{{RGEO|Notes}}, p. 70</ref>. However there is the [[Qenya]] name ''Valariande''<ref>{{HM|LT1}} p.202</ref> and ''Ossiriande''.<ref>{{LB|C1}}, pp. 158-9</ref> The book ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'' gives the Quenya name of Lothlórien as ''[[Lóriende]]''.

The above hint that in Quenya the endings were preserved as ''-iande'' and ''-iende'', without loss of final ''-e''. On the other hand, ''Valariande'' is perhaps non-canon as early Qenya (but consistent to the later rules of phonology); as for ''Lóriende'', it seems to be constructed after the Sindarin name and can not be indicative of Quenya etymology.{{fact}}

==See also==
*''[[dôr]]''

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:nd}}
[[Category:Sindarin suffixes]]

Tom Shippey

2018-08-08T08:03:23Z

Dillonn241: typo, no space before ref

{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Tom Shippey.jpg|250px]]
| name=Tom Shippey
| born=[[9 September]] [[1943]]
| died=
| education=[[Oxford University]]
| occupation=Author
| location=
| website=
}}
'''Thomas Alan Shippey''' (1943) is one of the most well known scholars on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], as well as fantasy and science fiction in general. He describes himself as a "Tolkien polemicist".<ref>Email from Tom Shippey (as of 17 February 2012) to [[User:Morgan]].</ref>

==Life==
===Youth===
Many commenters have noticed the parallels between his life and Tolkien's: born in a colony, moved to [[Birmingham]] at a young age, followed by an academic career in [[Oxford]] and [[Leeds]].

Shippey was born in India, where his father worked as a bridge builder. He spent the first several years of his life there.<ref name="hanley">Paul Hanley, [http://media.www.unewsonline.com/media/storage/paper953/news/2008/02/08/News/Let-Us.Introduce.You.To.Thomas.Shippey.Ph.d-3198399.shtml ''Let us introduce you to ... Thomas Shippey, Ph.D.''] </ref> His father then sent him to a strict boarding school in England, and when his father came back, Shippey was transfered to [[King Edward's School]] in [[Birmingham]], where he studied from [[1954]] to [[1960]].<ref name="Preface">Tom Shippey, ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'', Preface to the Third Edition</ref>

Here he was introduced to science fiction, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', which was lent to him when he was 14 years old.<ref name="white">Claire E. White, [http://www.writerswrite.com/journal/mar02/shippey.htm ''Talking Tolkien With Thomas Shippey]''</ref> Shippey quickly developed an affinity for [[Old English]], Old Norse, German and Latin (like Tolkien) and playing rugby (like Tolkien), and he was able to afford ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' when he won a school contest.<ref name="hanley"/>

===Academic career===
Shippey did not immediately pursue an academic career after graduation, as the British economy in the early 1960s did not offer much work. Not until the mid-sixties did he enroll in [[Cambridge]].<ref name="white"/> His first academic work on Tolkien was from late 1969 or early 1970. Shippey, a junior lecturer at the University of Birmingham, was asked to speak at a Tolkien day organised by a student association. That lecture, "Tolkien as philologist", would form Shippey's view of Tolkien - a philologist - for years to come. Unbeknownst to him, [[Joy Hill]], the private secretary of Tolkien, was in the audience. After the lecture, she asked him for the script, for Tolkien to read. Tolkien wrote to Shippey on [[13 April|April 13]], [[1970]], with what first seemed like a formal reply.<ref name="Preface"/>

The first meeting between Shippey and Tolkien took place in [[1972]]. [[Norman Davis]], successor of Tolkien at the Merton Chair of English Language, invited Shippey over for dinner. Shippey, then a Fellow of [[Oxford University|St. John's College]], taught Old and Middle English with Tolkien's syllabus, and his meeting with Tolkien at the dinner left him full of professional piety.<ref name="Preface"/>

After Tolkien's death, Shippey's admiration only grew. His first printed essay, "Creation from Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''", was much of an elaboration of his 1970 lecture. In 1979, he was elected to the Chair of English Language and Medieval English Literature at the [[Leeds University|University of Leeds]], a former position of Tolkien. He published his first book, the famed ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'', in [[1982]]. At this time, Shippey shifted from the view of Tolkien as a philologist to a view of a post-war writer, or what he called "traumatised authors", like [[wikipedia:Kurt Vonnegut|Vonnegut]] and [[wikipedia:William Golding|Golding]].<ref name="Preface"/>

After 14 years at Leeds, Shippey moved to the [[wikipedia:Saint Louis University|Saint Louis University]], where he was elected to the Walter J. Ong Chair of Humanities. Here, he could focus in teaching, research and publishing, rather than administrative work. He currently still holds this chair.<ref name="hanley"/>

===Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings===
Being considered the foremost expert on Tolkien, Shippey appeared in several documentaries surrounding [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]. He also assisted the dialect coaches<ref name="white"/> and is personally thanked in the closing credits.<ref name="imdb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0794142/ Tom Shippey] at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]</ref> He later recollected his experiences:
{{quote|The funny thing about interviews is you never know which bits they're going to pick. It always feels as if they sit you down, shine bright lights in your eyes, and ask you questions till you say something really silly, and that's the bit they choose. At least they didn't waterboard me. But it was good fun, and I'd cheerfully do it again.|Tom Shippey<ref>[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/885-Tom_Shippey_chat_session.php Transcript of chat session with Pr. Tom Shippey during The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun Online Release Party (09.05.09)] at [[Pieter Collier|TolkienLibrary]]</ref>}}

==Bibliography==
The list below is extensive, but not complete.
===Books===
* [[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'' (first edition)
* [[1993]]: ''The Road to Middle-earth'' (second edition)
* [[2001]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''
* [[2003]]: ''The Road to Middle-earth'' (third edition)
* [[2007]]: ''[[Roots and Branches|Roots and Branches: Selected papers on Tolkien]]''
===Articles===
* [[1975]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller|J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Story-Teller: Essays in Memoriam]]''
** "Creation from Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''"
* [[1980]]: ''[[Amon Hen 45]]''
** "A Wose by any Other Name"
* [[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985|Arda 1984]]''
** "Commentary and translation of ''The Clerkes Compleinte'' by J.R.R. Tolkien"
* [[1989]]: ''[[Amon Hen 100]]''
** "Tolkien's Academic Reputation Now"
* [[1991]]: ''[[Leaves from the Tree: J.R.R. Tolkien's Shorter Fiction]]''
** "Tolkien and ''The Homecoming of Beohrtnoth''"
* [[1991]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Heroes and Heroism: Tolkien's Problems, Tolkien's Solutions"
* [[1992]]: ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]'' 1987
** "Long Evolution: ''The History of Middle-earth'' and Its Merits"
* [[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy: The Tolkien Phenomenon]]''
** "Tolkien as a Post-War Writer" (originally lecture)
* [[1994]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Noblesse Oblige: Images of Class in Tolkien"
* [[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
** "Tolkien as a Post-War Writer" (reprinted)
** "Tolkien and the Gawain-poet"
* [[1995]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Tolkien and the West Midlands: The Roots of Romance"'
* [[1997]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees - Volume 1]]''
** "Inspiration and Invention, or Where Tolkien Got Stuck" [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1980]
** "...I thought of the incident of Zeebrugge which nobody wrote about at all..." [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1983]
* [[1998]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees - Volume 2]]''
** "What have these people got in common? One thing... they had all been shot at" [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1991]
* [[2000]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances]]''
** "Orcs, Wraiths, Wights: Tolkien's Images of Evil"
* [[2000]]: ''Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century''
** "The Undeveloped Image: Anglo-Saxon in Popular Consciousness from Turner to Tolkien"
* [[2000]]: "[[J.R.R. Tolkien. Modern Critical Views]]"
** "Lit. and Lang"
* [[2000]]: ''[[The Ways of Creative Mythologies]]''
** "Grimm, Grundtwig, Tolkien: Nationalisms and the Invention of Mythologies"
* [[2001]]: ''Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts'' 12/2
** "Allegory versus Bounce: Tolkien's ''Smith of Wootton Major''" (with [[Verlyn Flieger]])
* [[2001]]: ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas]]'' 100
** "The Versions of ''The Hoard''"
* [[2002]]: [[The Best of Amon Hen|''The Best of Amon Hen'' Part 2]]
** "Tolkien's Academic Reputation Now"
* [[2002]]: ''The Daily Telegraph'' ([[2 January|January 2]])
** "Why the Critics Must Recognize ''Lord of the Rings'' as a Classic"
* [[2002]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''
** Foreword to the Third Edition
* [[2002]]: ''[[wikipedia:World Literature Today|World Literature Today]]'' 77/2
** "From Page to Screen"
* [[2003]]: [[Christian History 78|''Chistian History'', Issue 78]]
** "A Feeling for Language"
* [[2003]]: ''[[The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
** Foreword
* [[2004]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''
** "Indexing and Poetry in The Lord of the Rings"
* [[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader]]''
** "Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: ''Edda'' and ''Kalevala''"
* [[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1]]''
**"Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem"
**"J.R.R. Tolkien, A Checklist" (with [[Douglas A. Anderson]])
* [[2005]]: ''[[Understanding The Lord of the Rings]]''
** "Another Road to Middle-earth: Jackson's Movie Trilogy"
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', entries:
** "Alliterative Verse by Tolkien"
** "Tom Buchan, John (1875-1940)"
** "Cruces in Medieval Literature"
** "[[C.S. Lewis|Lewis, C.S.]] (1898-1963)"
** "Literature, Twentieth Century: Influence of Tolkien"
** "Mythology, Germanic"
** "New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District, A"
** "Old Norse Language"
** "Owl and the Nightingale, The"
** "Poems by Tolkien in Other Languages"
** "Poems by Tolkien: [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]"
** "Poems by Tolkien: Uncollected"
** "Scholars of Medieval Literature, Influence of"
** "Ylfe, Álfar, [[Elves]]"
* [[2006]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''
** "History in Words: Tolkien's Ruling Passion"
* [[2007]]: ''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''
** "New Learning and New Ignorance: Magia, Goeteia, and the Inklings"
* [[2007]]: ''[[Silver Leaves]]'' 1
** "Tolkien Connections"
* [[2008]]: ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' 45
** "Encyclopedia of Ignorance", guest editorial
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
** Foreword
*[[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''

**"Wisdom and Wise Sayings in ''The Lord of the Rings''"
* [[2009]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Dragon]]''
** Foreword
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]
** "A question of source" (review of ''[[The Epic Realm of Tolkien]]'')
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''
** "Introduction: Why Source Criticism?"
*[[2011]]: [[Lembas Extra 2011|''Lembas Extra'' 2011]]
** "The Ancestors of the Hobbits, Strange Creatures in English Folklore"
* [[2012]]: [[Amon Hen 235|''Amon Hen'' 235]]
** "Professor Moorman Again"
* [[2013]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: the Forest and the City]]''
** "Goths and Roman in Tolkien's Imagination"
*[[2013]]: ''[[Tolkien's Poetry]]''
** "Tolkien's Development as a Writer of Alliterative Poetry in Modern English"
*[[2014]]: ''[[From Peterborough to Faëry]]''
** "Jack Vance: Il ottimo fabbro"
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien and Philosophy]]''
**"Tolkien between Philosophy and Philology" (with Franco Manni)
* [[2014]]: [[Mallorn 55|''Mallorn'' 55]]:
** "Reconstructing the Politics of the Dark Age"
* [[2016]]: ''[[Laughter in Middle-earth]]''
** "Foreword"
* [[2016]]: [[Mallorn 57|''Mallorn'' 57]]:
** "The Curious Case of Denethor and the Palantír, Once More"
* [[2018]]: ''[[Pagan Saints in Middle-earth]]''
** "Afterword"
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 272|''Amon Hen'' 272]]
** "Tolkien and the literature of the Fourth Age" (with Leonardo Mantovani, Valérie Morisi and Simone Ronchi)

===Lectures===
* [[1970]]: ''Tolkien as Philologist'' ([[wikipedia:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]])
* [[1993]]: ''Tolkien as a Post-War Writer'' ([[wikipedia:University of Turku|University of Turku]])
* [[2002]]: ''Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of Envy'' ([[wikipedia:University of Iceland|University of Iceland]], [http://www.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/wa/dp?detail=1004508&name=nordals_en_greinar_og_erindi read here])
* [[2002]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: The Man Behind The Lord of the Rings'' (covention, [[wikipedia:Arizona State University|Arizona State University]])
**"Trees, Chainsaws, and the Visions of Paradise in J.R.R. Tolkien" (in [[2003]] also in [[wikipedia:Cleveland State University|Cleveland State University]])
* [[2004]]: ''Adapting Middle-Earth: Tolkien, the Books, and the Movies'' ([[wikipedia:Northern Illinois University|Northern Illinois University]])
* [[2004]]: ''From Page to Screen: Problems Tolkien Set for Jackson'' ([[wikipedia:Hope College|Hope College]], [[wikipedia:University of Victoria|University of Victoria]])
* [[2004]]: ''History in Words, Tolkien's Ruling Passion'' ([[Marquette University]])
* [[2005]]: ''Wisdom and the Wise in The Lord of the Rings'' ([[wikipedia:Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University|Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]])
* [[2005]]: ''[[Tolkien 2005]]'' (convention, [[wikipedia:Aston University|Aston University]])
** "Tolkien and the War"
** "Wisdom and Wise Sayings in ''The Lord of the Rings''"
* [[2006]]: ''Narnia and Middle-Earth: Seventy Years on and Still Accelerating'' ([[wikipedia:Marymount University|Marymount University]])
* [[2007]]: ''Filming the Lord of the Rings: How Peter Jackson Coped with J.R.R. Tolkien'' ([[wikipedia:Bates College|Bates College]])
* [[2008]]: ''C.S. Lewis, the Inklings, and the Call to Christian Community'' (conference, [[Diana Glyer|Azusa Pacific University]])
** "The two Images, Discarded and Rejected?"

===Reviews===
* [[1977]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[13 May|May 13]]): "The Foolhardy Philologist" (review of ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'' by [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
* [[1977]]: ''Oxford Mail''
** ([[15 September|September 15]]): "Silmarillion: The Oddest Tolkien Yet" (review of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')
* [[1978]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** "Return Trip" (review of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* [[1979]]: ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' 13
** "An Introduction to Elvish" (review of ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' by [[Jim Allan]])
* [[1980]]: ''Notes and Queries'' 225
** (December): "Tolkien's Art" (review of ''[[Tolkien's Art: A Mythology for England]]'' by [[Jane Chance]]'')
* [[1981]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[28 August|August 28]]): "A Philologist in Purgatory" (review of ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'')
* [[1982]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[26 November|November 26]]): "Blunt Belligerence" (review of ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'')
* [[1995]]: ''The Library''
** (March issue): "J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography" (review of ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]'' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]])
* [[2001]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[21 December|December 21]]): "Temptations for All Time" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'')
* [[2002]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[20 December|December 20]]): "The Plot Unravels" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'')
* [[2004]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[9 January|January 9]]): "Not Worn Lightly" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'')
* [[2004]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** ([[20 February|February 20]]) "An Enchanted Front" (review of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'' by [[John Garth]])
* [[2005]]: ''[[wikipedia:Archaeology (magazine)|Archeology]]'' 58/2
** "Excavating Middle-earth" (review of ''[[The Real Middle Earth]]'' by [[Brian Bates]])
* [[2005]]: ''The New York Review of Science Fiction'' (March issue)
** Review of ''[[The Science of Middle-Earth]]'' by [[Henry Gee]]
** Review of ''[[The Real Middle Earth]]'' by [[Brian Bates]]
* [[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]''
** Review of ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Robert S. Blackham]]
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5]]''
** Review of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' by [[John D. Rateliff]]
* [[2008]]: ''[[Aiglos (journal)|Aiglos]]'' #9
** Review of ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Robert S. Blackham]] (translated into Polish [[Agnieszka Sylwanowicz]])
* [[2009]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'', May 6, 2009
**"[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article6232731.ece Tolkien out-Wagners Wagner]" - review of ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]
** "A question of source" (review of ''[[The Epic Realm of Tolkien]]'')
* [[2013]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''
** "[http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1278838.ece Tolkien's King Arthur]" - review of ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''

===Documentaries===
* [[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien Remembered]]'' - Himself
* [[1996]]: ''[[J.R.R.T.: A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' - Himself
* [[1998]]: ''[[An Awfully Big Adventure: J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' - Himself
* [[2001]]: ''[[Beyond the Movie: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' - Himself
* [[2002]]: ''[[Page to Screen: The Lord of the Rings]]'' - Himself
* [[2003]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Origins of Middle-Earth]]'' - Himself

==Awards==
* [[1984]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''
* [[2001]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]''
* [[2001]] - '''[http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/2001.html World Fantasy Award]''', Special Award Professional, ''J.R.R. Tolkien:Author of the Century''
* [[2004]] - '''[[The One Ring Celebration|TORn Award]]''', Best Tolkien based Lecture presented at an Academic Function, ''History in Words, Tolkien's Ruling Passion''
* [[2006]] - '''[[The One Ring Celebration|TORn Award]]''', Best Lecture/Paper

==External links==
* [http://www.slu.edu/x23819.xml Tom Shippey profile at Saint Louis University]
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/tolkien-book-to-jackson-script-medium-and-message Tolkien Book to Jackson Script: The Medium and the Message]
* [https://www.academia.edu/7882540/Tom_Shippey_on_J.R.R._Tolkien_A_Checklist_through_mid-2014 Tom Shippey on J.R.R. Tolkien: A Checklist through mid-2014] by [[Douglas A. Anderson]]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shippey, Tom}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[de:Tom Shippey]]

Brith

2018-08-08T07:56:11Z

Dillonn241: grammar

'''''brith''''' is a [[Sindarin]] word, meaning "gravel".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''brith''</ref>

==Examples==
* [[Brithombar]]
* [[Brithon]]
* [[Ford of Brithiach]]

{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}

[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]

Bell Goodchild

2018-08-08T07:38:37Z

Dillonn241: spelling

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Bell Goodchild
| image=[[Image:Bell Goodchild.png|250px]]
| caption=Bell Goodchild in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Bell Gamgee
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[The Shire]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=c. {{SR|1326}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| family=[[Goodchild Family|Goodchild]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]]
| children=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]
| gender=Female
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Bell Gamgee, née [[Goodchild Family|Goodchild]]''', was a Hobbit of the Shire.
__NOTOC__
==History==
Bell married [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]]. She would eventually give birth to [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], the famed [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]].<ref>{{App|Gamgee}}</ref>
==Etymology==
Bell is possibly named after bellflowers, such as bluebell and harbell.<ref>[[Jim Allan]] (ed.), ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', "Giving of Names"</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Bell Goodchild is a Hobbit child, playing hide-and-seek with [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast]], Sadoc, Hilda and a somewhat unwilling [[Bilbo Baggins]]. She hides on the top floor of the [[Old Mill]], which is only accessible by riding the water-wheel. Bell and Hamfast are shown to have a mutual love interest, but neither of them told the other.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]], "Hobitton"</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Gamgee]]
[[Category:Goodchild]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Bell Gamdschie]]
[[fi:Kello Kilttilä]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/bonenfant/bell_bonenfant]]

Two Trees of Valinor

2018-08-08T07:36:28Z

Dillonn241: grammar

{{sources}}
{{object infobox
| name=Two Trees of Valinor
| image=[[File:Roger Garland - Two Trees of Valinor.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Two Trees of Valinor" by [[Roger Garland]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Ezellohar]]
| owner=
| type=Trees/source of light
| appearance=Two tall trees, one of gold, the other of silver
| creator=[[Yavanna]]
| created=V.Y. 3450–3500
| createdlocation=
| destroyer=[[Morgoth|Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]]
| destroyed={{YT|1495}}
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
The '''Two Trees of Valinor''' are '''[[Telperion]]''' and '''[[Laurelin]]''', the Silver Tree and the Gold that brought light to the Land of the [[Valar]] in ancient times. They were destroyed by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]], but their last flower and fruit were made by the Valar into the [[Moon]] and the [[Sun]].

==History==

===Creation and characteristics===
The first sources of light for all of [[Arda]] were two enormous [[Two Lamps|Lamps]], Illuin, the silver one to the north and Ormal, the golden one to the south. These were cast down and destroyed by [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. Afterward, the Valar went to [[Valinor]] and [[Yavanna]] sang into existence the Two Trees, silver [[Telperion]] and golden [[Laurelin]]. Telperion was considered male and Laurelin female. The Trees sat on the hill [[Ezellohar]] located outside [[Valimar]]. They grew in the presence of all of the [[Valar]], watered by the tears of [[Nienna]].

Each tree was a source of light: Telperion's silver and Laurelin's gold. Telperion had dark leaves (silver on one side) and his silvery dew was collected as a source of water and of light. Laurelin had gold-trimmed leaves and her dew was likewise collected by [[Varda]].

One "day" lasted twelve hours. Each Tree, in turn, would give off light for seven hours (waxing to full brightness and then slowly waning again), so that at one hour each of "dawn" and "dusk" soft gold and silver light would be given off together.

===Destruction===

[[File:Luis F. Bejarano - Morgoth and Ungoliant attacking the Two Trees.jpg|left|thumb|220px|[[Luis F. Bejarano]] - ''Morgoth and Ungoliant attacking the Two Trees'']]
Jealous [[Morgoth|Melkor]] enlisted the help of the giant spider-creature [[Ungoliant]] (an ancestress of [[Shelob]]) to destroy the Two Trees. Concealed in a cloud of darkness, Melkor struck each Tree and the insatiable Ungoliant devoured whatever life and light remained in them.

Again [[Yavanna]] sang and [[Nienna]] wept, but they succeeded only in reviving Telperion's last flower (to become the [[Moon]]) and Laurelin's last fruit (to become the [[Sun]]). These were assigned to [[Maiar|lesser spirits]], male [[Tilion]] and female [[Arien]], after the 'genders' of the Trees themselves.

However, the true light of the Trees, before their poisoning by Ungoliant, was said to now reside only in the [[Silmarils]].

==In lore==
The Two Trees of Valinor existed at a time when the only other source of light were the stars (which had been created for the Elves' benefit by [[Varda]] from the dews collected from the Two Trees). When three Elven ambassadors were brought to see Valinor for themselves, in order that the Elves might be convinced to come to Valinor, it seems that the Two Trees affected them most significantly.

In particular [[Thingol]] is said to have been motivated in the [[Great Journey]] by his desire to see the Light of Valinor again (until he finds contentment in the light he sees in [[Melian]]'s face). Also in later times, the Elves would be divided between the ''[[Calaquendi]]'' who had seen the light of the Trees, and the ''[[Moriquendi]]'' who had not, with the former group explicitly superior in many ways.

The whole of the history of the [[First Age]] is strongly affected by the desire of many different characters to possess the [[Silmarils]], which contain the only remaining unsullied light of the Trees.

In the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages, the White Trees of Númenor and of Gondor, whose likeness descends from that of Telperion, have a mostly symbolic significance. They stand both as symbols of the kingdoms in question, and also as reminders of the ancestral alliance between the [[Dúnedain]] and the Elves.

==Names and Etymology==
''See:''

*''[[Telperion#Names|Telperion: Names]] and [[Telperion#Etymology|Telperion: Etymology]]
*''[[Laurelin#Names|Laurelin: Names]] and [[Laurelin#Etymology|Laurelin: Etymology]]''

The pair of the trees was perhaps referred to as '''Aldu''' in [[Quenya]], the dual form of ''[[alda]]''. The word as such appears in the names of the weekday name [[Aldúya]] ("Day of the Two Trees") and [[Aldudénië]] ("Lament for the Trees").<ref>{{webcite|website=Arda|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo}}</ref>

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
The concept of the Two Trees is present since the earliest writings of the Legendarium, as in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''. In that continuity, the Elves maintained a prophecy concerning their rekindling and return to [[Luthany]] in historical times. In the [[Cottage of Lost Play]] the Elves toasted "to the rekindling of the Magic Sun" which [[Christopher Tolkien]] interprets as an expectation of the future event.<ref>{{LTII|VI}}</ref>

In Tolkien's latest writings in which Arda was a [[Round World version of the Silmarillion|round world]] from its beginning, the Two Trees held the light of the untainted Sun rather than the light of the Two Lamps, which in this history never existed. They still lit the darkened world during the Years of the Trees, though in this history the darkness came from Melkor's sorceries rather than the absence of a Sun or Moon.<ref>{{MR|Myths}}, p. 375 - 385 </ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Michael Martinez]] has noted a similarity to [[Wikipedia:Persian mythology|Persian mythology]], where:

"''there is a legend of two cypress trees, the Trees of the Sun and Moon, that are said to have been planted by Zoroaster himself. Alexander the Great, hearing of these trees, visited them when he conquered Persia. He asked the oracle of the trees what his future would be. The oracle told him that he would go on to conquer India but that he would then die soon afterward. In some versions of the legend the trees themselves speak to Alexander. According to Marco Polo, the Khalif Motawakkil had one of the trees cut down in the 9th Century CE (when the tree was said to be 1450 years old) and sent to Baghdad. The Khalif was subsequently murdered by his own guards (Cf. The Book of Ser by Marco Polo, the Venetian).''"

While Martinez acknowledges that there is no "''direct connection between J.R.R. Tolkien and Marco Polo''", he speculates that Tolkien possibly was familiar with the writings of [[Wikipedia:Marco Polo|Marco Polo]]. Tolkien himself visited Venice many times, which he identified with Gondor - where supposedly the Tale of Two Trees was preserved.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2011/11/29/is-there-a-source-for-the-tale-of-the-two-trees/|articlename=Is There a Source for the Tale of the Two Trees?|dated=29 November 2011|website=[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/ Middle-earth.Xenite.org]|accessed=31 December 2011}}</ref>

[[Clyde S. Kilby]] has suggested that the concept of the Two Trees shows an influence from the Biblical description of the creation of the world ("Let there be Light!"):

"''The Two Trees in The Silmarillion are at first the source of light. After the desctruction of the Two Trees there is a long period of twilight in Middle-earth and it is during this time that first Elves and then Dwarves awaken. It is only long afterwords, with the rising of sun and moon, that Men awaken.''"<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and the Silmarillion]]'', "Tolkien as Christian Writer", pp. 59-60</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of the Two Trees|Images of the Two Trees]]
*[[Aldudénië]]
{{References}}
{{cosmology}}
[[Category:Creations of the Valar]]
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Valinor]]
[[de:Zwei Bäume]]
[[fi:Valinorin Kaksi puuta]]
[[fr:encyclo:biologie:flore:deux_arbres]]

Northern Army

2018-07-26T13:17:03Z

Dillonn241: also remove repeated bolding

The '''Northern Army''' refers to the army that defended northern [[Gondor]] from the [[Wainriders]] from the east in {{TA|1944}}. King [[Ondoher]] led the Northern Army in the center along with his son [[Artamir]]. His right flank was commanded by [[Minohtar]], while his left flank was commanded by [[Adrahil I]]. The army was mostly destroyed in a battle near the [[Black Gate]] by the Wainriders, who slew Ondoher and Artamir as well.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (i) ''The Northmen and the Wainriders''</ref> However, when [[Eärnil]] and the [[Southern Army]] hastened north they gathered the remnants of the Northern Army into their ranks and defeated the Wainriders.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Armies]]
[[fi:Pohjoisarmeija]]

Northern Army

2018-07-26T13:16:13Z

Dillonn241: comma shouldn't be here

The '''Northern Army''' refers to the army that defended northern [[Gondor]] from the [[Wainriders]] from the east in {{TA|1944}}. King [[Ondoher]] led the '''Northern Army''' in the center along with his son [[Artamir]]. His right flank was commanded by [[Minohtar]], while his left flank was commanded by [[Adrahil I]]. The army was mostly destroyed in a battle near the [[Black Gate]] by the Wainriders, who slew Ondoher and Artamir as well.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (i) ''The Northmen and the Wainriders''</ref> However, when [[Eärnil]] and the [[Southern Army]] hastened north they gathered the remnants of the Northern Army into their ranks and defeated the Wainriders.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Armies]]
[[fi:Pohjoisarmeija]]