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Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!

2020-07-03T00:42:45Z

Edrastel:

'''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''' was a [[Khuzdul]] battlecry.

==History==
Though the battle-cry was much older, the first recorded use was in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]:

<blockquote>''But a [[Gimli|small dark figure]] that none had observed sprang out of the shadows and gave a hoarse shout: ''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!'' An axe swung and swept back. Two Orcs fell headless. The rest fled.''<ref>{{TT|III7}}</ref></blockquote>

Later, Gimli gave some variations on the battle-cry: ''Khazâd! Khazâd!'' and ''Khazâd ai-mênu!''.

==Etymology==
The cry is translated "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}, ''Dwarves''</ref>

'''''See also:'''''
* [[Baruk]]
* [[Khazâd]]
* [[Aimênu|ai-mênu]]

==Appearances in adaptations==
[[Image:The Hobbit (2003) Balfor Baruk-Khazâd.JPG|thumb|250px||Balfor in the video game ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|The Hobbit]]'']]
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Thorin]] shouts ''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!'' at the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>[[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]], "The Cloud Bursts"</ref>

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Gimli]] simply yells ''Khazâd! Khazâd!'' at the battle of the Hornburg.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]], "The King of the Golden Hall"</ref>

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:''Baruk Khazâd! To Battle!'' is a war-cry used by Gimli prior to the [[Breaking of the Fellowship|skirmish at Amon Hen]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]], "Amon Hen"</ref>

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Despite the movie's use of [[Khuzdul]] lines,<ref>[[Ryszard Derdzinski]], "[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/movie_fotr.htm#gimli Movie Dialogs]" at ''[http://elvish.org/gwaith/movie.htm Gwaith i-Phethdain]''.</ref> no Dwarvish battle-cry is heard at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], or anywhere else.

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:The Dwarf [[Balfor]] shouts ''Baruk-Khazâd'' upon his release from goblin captivity.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]], "Riddles in the Dark"</ref>

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Dwarven soldiers will yell, among other phrases, "Baruk Khazâd" and "Khazâd ai-mênu", when ordered to fight.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Players that play with a Dwarf will shout ''Baruk Khazâd!'' when doing certain skills.

'''2015: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)]]'':'''
:Dáin uses both parts of the phrase during the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. He yells "Baruk Khazâd" as he orders the ballistae to shoot, and later uses the long version as he fights Orcs.

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruk Khazad! Khazad ai-menu!}}
[[Category:Battle cries]]
[[Category:Khuzdul words]]

User:Edrastel

2020-05-07T05:50:59Z

Edrastel:

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{{user USA}}
{{user 4y}}
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{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
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Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]''
** ''[[The Hobbit]]'' Facsimile Gift Edition
** ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:# ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
:# ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
:# ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
:# ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
:# ''[[Roverandom]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''
* ''[[A Secret Vice (book)|A Secret Vice]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

Isle of Balar

2019-06-14T02:05:12Z

Edrastel: Uncited speculation removed.

{{location infobox
| name=Isle of Balar
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien - Bay of Balar.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]] showing the Bay of Balar
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=South-west of the [[Bay of Balar]], on edge of [[Belegaer]]
| type=Island
| description=Large islands, eastern tip of what was [[Tol Eressëa]]
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Eldar]], [[Edain]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Isle of Balar''' was a refugee camp of the [[Eldar]] and [[Edain]] of [[Beleriand]].

The Isle of Balar was located in the great [[Bay of Balar]] to the south of [[Beleriand]],<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref> and according to legend it was the eastern tip of [[Tol Eressëa]] which had broken off when [[Ulmo]] ferried the [[Eldar]] to [[Aman]].<ref>{{S|Princes}}</ref> In the shallow waters about the island could be found great numbers of pearls.<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref>

Before the [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Elves of Nargothrond]], with ships built by the [[Falathrim]], explored the Isle of Balar considering it as a safe haven in time of need.<ref>{{S|14}}</ref> Some companies of [[Gondolindrim]] had been also sent there by [[Turgon]] to build ships and send some messengers to [[Aman]]; but none of those ships ever arrived and few returned.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

During the [[Fall of the Falas]] some Falathrim survivors escaped the [[Havens of the Falas|Havens]] on ships, with [[Cirdan]] and [[Gil-galad]]; they reached Balar where they established a safe refuge, keeping also a foothold of ships at the [[Mouths of Sirion]]. Hearing this, Turgon once more sent messengers there asking for Cirdan's help. Cirdan built seven ships to send to the West, but of them no news came to Balar; only one Elf, [[Voronwë]], survived and ever returned to [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

The two refugee camps held close contact, and [[Círdan]] assisted [[Eärendil]] of [[Arvernien]] in building the ship [[Vingilot]] ([[Vingilótë]]), with which he sought for [[Valinor]], to ask for the pardon of the [[Valar]].<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref>

From there many went to [[Lindon]] until the [[Elves]] were summoned to [[Valinor]], and the [[Edain]] to the new isle of [[Númenor]]. It is unknown whether or not the Isle of Balar survived beyond the First Age.

{{references}}
{{navigation
| title=Isle of Balar
| north-west=Belegaer
| north=[[Cape Balar]], [[Falas]] [[Arvernien]]
| north-east=[[Mouths of Sirion]], [[Nimbrethil]]
| west=[[Belegaer]]
| east=[[Bay of Balar]]
| south-west=Belegaer
| south=Belegaer
| south-east=Bay of Balar
|}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Islands]]
[[de:Balar (Insel)]]
[[fi:Balarin Saari]]

Drúedain

2019-06-13T21:56:29Z

Edrastel:

{{people infobox
| name=Drúedain
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Aid of the Wild-men.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Ted Nasmith - The Aid of the Wild-men.jpg|The Aid of the Wild-men]]" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun={{respell|droo|eh-deyen}}
| othernames=Drû, Drû-folk, Drúath, Drughu, Drûg-folk, Drûgs, Drúin, Oghor-hai, Púkel-men, Rógin, Rú, Rúatani, Wild Men of the Woods, Woses
| origin=
| location=[[Brethil]], [[Númenor]], [[Drúwaith Iaur]], [[Drúadan Forest]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Drúadan language]]
| members=[[Aghan]], [[Ghân]], [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]]
| lifespan=Shorter than most [[Men]]<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>
| distinctions=Good stoneworkers, mysterious powers, glowing red eyes
| height=4 feet<ref name=atani/>
| hair=Dark
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{Pronounce|Druedain.mp3|Ardamir}}
The '''Drúedain''' (sg. '''Drúadan''') or '''Drúath''' (sg. '''Drûg''') is a race of wild [[Men]]. The [[Rohirrim]] called them '''Woses''' or '''Wild Men of the Woods'''.

They were clearly a good-hearted people who suffered by the persecution by either by malice of [[Men of Darkness|evil people]]; or by ignorance as their ("unlovely" according to the [[Elves]]) appearance led many to believe they were savage beasts. Although some of their numbers joined the [[Edain]] and some briefly remained on [[Númenor]], they largely held themselves apart from the troubles and calamities of [[Middle-earth]], and possessed their own mysterious ways and magic.
==History==
===First Age===
The Drúedain were part of the [[Edain]] who left [[Hildórien]] for the [[Westlands|West]]. They were harried and persecuted by other [[Men]] which made them secretive and suspicious. They wandered west seeking a land where they could be hidden and have peace.<ref name="TD">{{UT|12}}</ref>

Historians in [[Gondor]] believed that they came from lands south of [[Mordor]], and before reaching the coasts of [[Harad|Haradwaith]] they turned north into [[Ithilien]]. They were the first to cross the [[Anduin]] (probably near [[Cair Andros]]) and settled in the northern vales and wooden lands of the [[White Mountains]] in both sides; this people carved crude figures of stone, and would later be known as [[Púkel-men]].<ref name="TD"/> The Drúedain who remained in the Mountains were hunted by tall [[Men of Darkness|Men from the East]], and were all but annihilated. The survivors fled into the forests of [[Anórien]] and down the [[Andrast|Cape of Andrast]] into [[Drúwaith Iaur]].<ref name="TD"/> Groups of remaining Drúedain became numerous but were troubled by a barbarous fisher-folk which dwelt in the marshlands between the mouths of the [[Gwathló]] and [[Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><ref name="I">{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

Others among the Drúedain who continued west were joined by the ancestors of the [[Haladin]] and stayed on friendly terms. When the core of their team was pressed to wander on, some Drúedain accompanied them to [[Beleriand]]. Those lived among the Haladin, in the forest of [[Brethil]].<ref name="TD"/> When [[Túrin]] was found by the [[Haladin]], he identified himself as a "Wildman of the Woods".<ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref> When the Haladin fell into ruin and [[Morgoth]] had destroyed all the realms and strongholds of [[Elves]] and Men, the Drúedain of Brethil dwindled to a few families, mostly women and children, of which some found refuge at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].<ref name="TD"/>

===Second Age===
When the Dúnedain of Beleriand set forth for the island of [[Elenna]], where they would establish the kingdom of [[Númenor]], the Drúedain refugees who had dwelt at the Mouths of Sirion were permitted to join them, where they greatly prospered. However, they started leaving the island during the time of [[Tar-Aldarion]], foreseeing the evil that would come. By the [[Downfall of Númenor]], all Drúedain had left the island.<ref name="TD"/>

Those between Isen and [[Gwathló]] were reduced to a few tribes of fishers and fowlers.<ref name="I"/> They began to fear the [[Númenóreans]] and when their occupation of the coastlands began, they retreated in the mountains of [[Andrast]], which was never occupied by the Númenóreans.<ref name="TD"/> Some [[Pre-Númenóreans]] also wished to flee the Sea Kings, however they were afraid of the Púkel-men and did not cross the [[Isen]] nor take refuge in the Cape.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

===Third Age===
At the end of the Third Age they still lived in the [[Drúadan Forest]] of the [[White Mountains]], and at the long cape of [[Andrast]] west of [[Gondor]]. The region north of Andrast was still known as [[Drúwaith Iaur]], or "Old Drûg land". Known also as '''Woses''', they feared [[Sauron]], and the [[Rohirrim]], who hunted them for sport.

During the [[War of the Ring]] the chieftain of the enclave of the White Mountains was [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]]. Their most significant contribution to the [[Free peoples]] was showing the [[Rohirrim]] paths through the Drúadan Forest, thus helping them reach the [[Pelennor Fields]] soon, evading the [[Orcs|Orc]] army that was waiting for them along the [[North-South Road]]. The Woses also used their tactics to hold off an army of Orcs searching for the Rohirrim.
===Fourth Age===
After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to be theirs forever, forbidding anyone to enter without their permission. They never showed their faces again, nor was any alliance or trading system struck up between them and Gondor in the [[Fourth Age]]. It is clear that they never mingled with the Free Peoples, content to live their reclusive mysterious life until they faded away into the mists of [[#Inspiration|history and legend]].

==Characteristics==
In appearance, the Drúedain were short, stumpy-bodied men with thick short legs, possibly related to the [[Púkel-men]] of ancient [[Rohan]]. In build, stature, and endurance, they resembled the [[Dwarves]].<ref name=atani/>

Their faces were considered "unlovely" in appearance by Elves and some Men, being wide-faced with heavy brows and flat noses. Their wide mouths were the most expressive of their usually impassive features. They had small, sunken eyes that were so black the pupils could not be distinguished, though their eyes glowed red when they were angry or suspicious. Their hair was sparse and lank, never growing below the eyebrows with the exception of some men who grew black tufts on their chins.<ref name="TD"/>

The Drúedain spoke in deep, guttural voices, though their laughter was hearty and pleasantly contagious to other Men and even Elves.<ref name="TD"/>

==Culture==
They were primitive but were woodcrafty and skilled stone workers, but also had mysterious powers of clairvoyance and healing, and [[magic]] related to the control of stone.<ref name=atani/>

In temperament and character they were merry like [[Hobbits]]; but in their grim side (although not as the [[Dwarves]]) they could be sardonic and ruthless. They were frugal and ate sparingly and drank only water, even during peaceful or plentiful times.<ref name=atani/>

A hardy people, in the early First Age they used caves in the mountains as store-houses, which they used also as sleeping-places during severe weather. They maintained this custom in Beleriand (except the most hardy. These places were guarded and didn't allow even their [[Haladin]] friends to enter. Otherwise they were content to live in tents or makeshift shelters biult round large trees.<ref name=atani/>

For weapons, the Woses of Drúadan used poison-darts and arrows.

== Names ==
*'''[[Drughu]]:''' the Drúedain's own name for themselves. Drughu is ultimately the source of the Sindarin 'Drú' and many of the other names they are known by.
*'''[[Drú]]/Drúin:''' Simple [[Sindarin]] term for the Drughu, singular and plural.
*'''Drúath:''' An earlier Sindarin collective (that means, plural) term for the Drúedain, modified as early as the [[First Age]] when it became known that they were enemies of the orcs. Later used to refer to a large number of the Drúedain as opposed to 'Drúin' which was a simple pluralisation (As 'Woses' to the singular 'Wose') and Drúedain, used to refer to the race as a whole.
*'''Drúadan/Drúedain:''' Meaning 'Drú-men'. It also has possessive qualities as in the case of [[Drúadan Forest]]
*'''[[Drúedain|Drûg]]-folk:''' Rarely used collective term.
*'''[[Róg]]/[[Rógin]]:''' [[Rohirric]] terminology, singular/plural respectively (as in 'Drúg'/'Drúedain'. In Tolkien's text it is translated as Wose(s).
*'''Wose/Woses:''' A term borrowed from Old English by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as a translation of the Rohhirric 'Róg'. This is perhaps the most common term used by readers of the text.
*'''[[Rú]]/[[Rúatani]]<ref name="Druedain"/>:''' Quenya terms for the Drughu, derived from their Sindarin counterparts. Singular/plural respectively.

==Etymology==
The name means "Drû-man".

The element ''[[Drû]]'' is an adaptation of ''[[Drughu]]'', which is how that race calls themselves in their language. As the [[Elves]] came to know the Drû better, and to recognise their bitter enmity to the [[Orcs]], they acquired the element ''[[Edain]]''.<ref name="Druedain">{{UT|Druedain}}, note 6</ref>

The word ''Wose'' represents [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s translation of the actual word ''[[róg]]'' of the [[Rohirrim]] into archaic English.

"Woses" is Anglicized (modernized) from the [[Old English]] word ''wāsan'' meaning "wild, neglected". It is seen in the name ''Wuduwasas'' (who are the direct inspiration of the Woses) and means "Wild men of the woods".
==Inspirations==
In Western folklore, the "wuduwasa" or "wood man" is a hairy, troll-like being supposed to inhabit woods and forests; the figure was used on coats-of-arms and illuminations during the middle-ages up to the renaissance.

Both the description of Woses, as well as the word "Wose" itself, derives from this folkloric figure. According to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] his idea was to show the actual existence of wild folk, remnants of former peoples driven out by invaders, living a debased and savage life in forests and mountains.<ref>{{HM|N}}, pp. 764-5</ref>
==Portrayal in adapt
{{Gallery
|title=Drúedain in adaptationsations==
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:Cortney Skinner - Woses of the Eryn Vorn (MECCG).jpg|"Woses of the Eryn Vorn" in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''
}}
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card game features three different factions of the race: the "Woses of the [[Drúadan Forest]]" and the "Woses of Old Pûkel-land" in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards|The Wizards]]'', and the "Woses of the [[Eryn Vorn]]" in the expansion ''[[Middle-earth: Against the Shadow|Against the Shadow]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/searchCards|articlename=(Results from search for cards in the game Middle Earth)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Tradecardsoneline.com]|accessed=27 March 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[The Faithful Stone]]''
* [[:Category:Images of Drúedain|Images of Drúedain]]

==External links==
*[[Wikipedia:Woodwoses|Woodwoses]] at Wikipedia
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Druedain}}
[[Category:Drúedain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]

[[de:Drúedain]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:druedain]]
[[fi:Drúedain]]

Drúedain

2019-06-13T21:54:37Z

Edrastel: Expanded characteristics

{{people infobox
| name=Drúedain
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Aid of the Wild-men.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Ted Nasmith - The Aid of the Wild-men.jpg|The Aid of the Wild-men]]" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun={{respell|droo|eh-deyen}}
| othernames=Drû, Drû-folk, Drúath, Drughu, Drûg-folk, Drûgs, Drúin, Oghor-hai, Púkel-men, Rógin, Rú, Rúatani, Wild Men of the Woods, Woses
| origin=
| location=[[Brethil]], [[Númenor]], [[Drúwaith Iaur]], [[Drúadan Forest]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Drúadan language]]
| members=[[Aghan]], [[Ghân]], [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]]
| lifespan=Shorter than most [[Men]]<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>
| distinctions=Good stoneworkers, mysterious powers, glowing red eyes
| height=4 feet<ref name=atani/>
| hair=Dark
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{Pronounce|Druedain.mp3|Ardamir}}
The '''Drúedain''' (sg. '''Drúadan''') or '''Drúath''' (sg. '''Drûg''') is a race of wild [[Men]]. The [[Rohirrim]] called them '''Woses''' or '''Wild Men of the Woods'''.

They were clearly a good-hearted people who suffered by the persecution by either by malice of [[Men of Darkness|evil people]]; or by ignorance as their ("unlovely" according to the [[Elves]]) appearance led many to believe they were savage beasts. Although some of their numbers joined the [[Edain]] and some briefly remained on [[Númenor]], they largely held themselves apart from the troubles and calamities of [[Middle-earth]], and possessed their own mysterious ways and magic.
==History==
===First Age===
The Drúedain were part of the [[Edain]] who left [[Hildórien]] for the [[Westlands|West]]. They were harried and persecuted by other [[Men]] which made them secretive and suspicious. They wandered west seeking a land where they could be hidden and have peace.<ref name="TD">{{UT|12}}</ref>

Historians in [[Gondor]] believed that they came from lands south of [[Mordor]], and before reaching the coasts of [[Harad|Haradwaith]] they turned north into [[Ithilien]]. They were the first to cross the [[Anduin]] (probably near [[Cair Andros]]) and settled in the northern vales and wooden lands of the [[White Mountains]] in both sides; this people carved crude figures of stone, and would later be known as [[Púkel-men]].<ref name="TD"/> The Drúedain who remained in the Mountains were hunted by tall [[Men of Darkness|Men from the East]], and were all but annihilated. The survivors fled into the forests of [[Anórien]] and down the [[Andrast|Cape of Andrast]] into [[Drúwaith Iaur]].<ref name="TD"/> Groups of remaining Drúedain became numerous but were troubled by a barbarous fisher-folk which dwelt in the marshlands between the mouths of the [[Gwathló]] and [[Isen]].<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><ref name="I">{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

Others among the Drúedain who continued west were joined by the ancestors of the [[Haladin]] and stayed on friendly terms. When the core of their team was pressed to wander on, some Drúedain accompanied them to [[Beleriand]]. Those lived among the Haladin, in the forest of [[Brethil]].<ref name="TD"/> When [[Túrin]] was found by the [[Haladin]], he identified himself as a "Wildman of the Woods".<ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref> When the Haladin fell into ruin and [[Morgoth]] had destroyed all the realms and strongholds of [[Elves]] and Men, the Drúedain of Brethil dwindled to a few families, mostly women and children, of which some found refuge at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].<ref name="TD"/>

===Second Age===
When the Dúnedain of Beleriand set forth for the island of [[Elenna]], where they would establish the kingdom of [[Númenor]], the Drúedain refugees who had dwelt at the Mouths of Sirion were permitted to join them, where they greatly prospered. However, they started leaving the island during the time of [[Tar-Aldarion]], foreseeing the evil that would come. By the [[Downfall of Númenor]], all Drúedain had left the island.<ref name="TD"/>

Those between Isen and [[Gwathló]] were reduced to a few tribes of fishers and fowlers.<ref name="I"/> They began to fear the [[Númenóreans]] and when their occupation of the coastlands began, they retreated in the mountains of [[Andrast]], which was never occupied by the Númenóreans.<ref name="TD"/> Some [[Pre-Númenóreans]] also wished to flee the Sea Kings, however they were afraid of the Púkel-men and did not cross the [[Isen]] nor take refuge in the Cape.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

===Third Age===
At the end of the Third Age they still lived in the [[Drúadan Forest]] of the [[White Mountains]], and at the long cape of [[Andrast]] west of [[Gondor]]. The region north of Andrast was still known as [[Drúwaith Iaur]], or "Old Drûg land". Known also as '''Woses''', they feared [[Sauron]], and the [[Rohirrim]], who hunted them for sport.

During the [[War of the Ring]] the chieftain of the enclave of the White Mountains was [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]]. Their most significant contribution to the [[Free peoples]] was showing the [[Rohirrim]] paths through the Drúadan Forest, thus helping them reach the [[Pelennor Fields]] soon, evading the [[Orcs|Orc]] army that was waiting for them along the [[North-South Road]]. The Woses also used their tactics to hold off an army of Orcs searching for the Rohirrim.
===Fourth Age===
After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] granted the Drúadan Forest to be theirs forever, forbidding anyone to enter without their permission. They never showed their faces again, nor was any alliance or trading system struck up between them and Gondor in the [[Fourth Age]]. It is clear that they never mingled with the Free Peoples, content to live their reclusive mysterious life until they faded away into the mists of [[#Inspiration|history and legend]].
==Characteristics==
In appearance, the Drúedain were short, stumpy-bodied men, possibly related to the [[Púkel-men]] of ancient [[Rohan]], with disproportionate bodies. In build, stature and endurance they resembled the [[Dwarves]].<ref name=atani/>

Their faces were considered "unlovely" in appearance by Elves and some Men, being wide-faced with heavy brows and flat noses. Their wide mouths were the most expressive of their usually impassive features. They had small, sunken eyes that were so black the pupils could not be distinguished, though their eyes glowed red when they were angry or suspicious. Their hair was sparse and lank, never growing below the eyebrows with the exception of some men who grew black tufts on their chins.<ref name="TD"/>

The Drúedain spoke in deep, guttural voices, though their laughter was hearty and pleasantly contagious to other Men and even Elves.<ref name="TD"/>

==Culture==
They were primitive but were woodcrafty and skilled stone workers, but also had mysterious powers of clairvoyance and healing, and [[magic]] related to the control of stone.<ref name=atani/>

In temperament and character they were merry like [[Hobbits]]; but in their grim side (although not as the [[Dwarves]]) they could be sardonic and ruthless. They were frugal and ate sparingly and drank only water, even during peaceful or plentiful times.<ref name=atani/>

A hardy people, in the early First Age they used caves in the mountains as store-houses, which they used also as sleeping-places during severe weather. They maintained this custom in Beleriand (except the most hardy. These places were guarded and didn't allow even their [[Haladin]] friends to enter. Otherwise they were content to live in tents or makeshift shelters biult round large trees.<ref name=atani/>

For weapons, the Woses of Drúadan used poison-darts and arrows.

== Names ==
*'''[[Drughu]]:''' the Drúedain's own name for themselves. Drughu is ultimately the source of the Sindarin 'Drú' and many of the other names they are known by.
*'''[[Drú]]/Drúin:''' Simple [[Sindarin]] term for the Drughu, singular and plural.
*'''Drúath:''' An earlier Sindarin collective (that means, plural) term for the Drúedain, modified as early as the [[First Age]] when it became known that they were enemies of the orcs. Later used to refer to a large number of the Drúedain as opposed to 'Drúin' which was a simple pluralisation (As 'Woses' to the singular 'Wose') and Drúedain, used to refer to the race as a whole.
*'''Drúadan/Drúedain:''' Meaning 'Drú-men'. It also has possessive qualities as in the case of [[Drúadan Forest]]
*'''[[Drúedain|Drûg]]-folk:''' Rarely used collective term.
*'''[[Róg]]/[[Rógin]]:''' [[Rohirric]] terminology, singular/plural respectively (as in 'Drúg'/'Drúedain'. In Tolkien's text it is translated as Wose(s).
*'''Wose/Woses:''' A term borrowed from Old English by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as a translation of the Rohhirric 'Róg'. This is perhaps the most common term used by readers of the text.
*'''[[Rú]]/[[Rúatani]]<ref name="Druedain"/>:''' Quenya terms for the Drughu, derived from their Sindarin counterparts. Singular/plural respectively.

==Etymology==
The name means "Drû-man".

The element ''[[Drû]]'' is an adaptation of ''[[Drughu]]'', which is how that race calls themselves in their language. As the [[Elves]] came to know the Drû better, and to recognise their bitter enmity to the [[Orcs]], they acquired the element ''[[Edain]]''.<ref name="Druedain">{{UT|Druedain}}, note 6</ref>

The word ''Wose'' represents [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s translation of the actual word ''[[róg]]'' of the [[Rohirrim]] into archaic English.

"Woses" is Anglicized (modernized) from the [[Old English]] word ''wāsan'' meaning "wild, neglected". It is seen in the name ''Wuduwasas'' (who are the direct inspiration of the Woses) and means "Wild men of the woods".
==Inspirations==
In Western folklore, the "wuduwasa" or "wood man" is a hairy, troll-like being supposed to inhabit woods and forests; the figure was used on coats-of-arms and illuminations during the middle-ages up to the renaissance.

Both the description of Woses, as well as the word "Wose" itself, derives from this folkloric figure. According to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] his idea was to show the actual existence of wild folk, remnants of former peoples driven out by invaders, living a debased and savage life in forests and mountains.<ref>{{HM|N}}, pp. 764-5</ref>
==Portrayal in adapt
{{Gallery
|title=Drúedain in adaptationsations==
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:Cortney Skinner - Woses of the Eryn Vorn (MECCG).jpg|"Woses of the Eryn Vorn" in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''
}}
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card game features three different factions of the race: the "Woses of the [[Drúadan Forest]]" and the "Woses of Old Pûkel-land" in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards|The Wizards]]'', and the "Woses of the [[Eryn Vorn]]" in the expansion ''[[Middle-earth: Against the Shadow|Against the Shadow]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/searchCards|articlename=(Results from search for cards in the game Middle Earth)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Tradecardsoneline.com]|accessed=27 March 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[The Faithful Stone]]''
* [[:Category:Images of Drúedain|Images of Drúedain]]

==External links==
*[[Wikipedia:Woodwoses|Woodwoses]] at Wikipedia
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Druedain}}
[[Category:Drúedain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]

[[de:Drúedain]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:druedain]]
[[fi:Drúedain]]

Sea of Ringil

2018-09-15T00:25:54Z

Edrastel:

{{disambig-more|Ringil|[[Ringil (disambiguation)]]}}
The '''Sea of Ringil''' was an inland sea south of the [[Sea of Helcar]]. It was created by the fall of the Lamp [[Ormal]], which was atop the tower known as [[Ringil (tower)|Ringil]].<ref name=5b>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref name=5e>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

During the tumult of the [[War for the Sake of the Elves]], it grew in size and "became a great sea flowing north-eastward and joining by straights both the [[Belegaer|Western]] and [[East Sea|Eastern Seas]]"<ref name=5b /><ref name=5e /> and divided Middle-earth into two landmasses, the southern of which was called the [[Dark Land]].<ref>{{SM|A5}}</ref>

{{references}}

[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Lakes]]

Sea of Ringil

2018-09-15T00:25:38Z

Edrastel:

{{disambig-more|Ringil|[[Ringil (disambiguation)]]}}
The '''Sea of Ringil''' was an inland sea south of the [[Sea of Helcar]]. It was created by the fall of the Lamp [[Ormal]], which was atop the tower known as [[Ringil (tower)|Ringil]].<ref name=5b>{{SM|5b}}</ref><ref name=5e>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

During the tumult of the [[War for the Sake of the Elves]], it grew in size and "became a great sea flowing north-eastward and joining by straights both the [[Belegaer|Western]] and [[East Sea|Eastern Sea]]"<ref name=5b /><ref name=5e /> and divided Middle-earth into two landmasses, the southern of which was called the [[Dark Land]].<ref>{{SM|A5}}</ref>

{{references}}

[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Lakes]]

Sea of Rhûn

2018-09-15T00:23:20Z

Edrastel:

{{disambig-more|Inland Sea|[[Inland Sea (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Sea of Rhûn
| image=[[File:Sea of Rhun.png|250px]]
| caption=Sea of Rhûn from [[Stephen Raw]]'s [[:File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (2 of 4).png|Map of Middle-earth]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Rhûn]]
| type=Inland Sea
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Rhûn.mp3|Gilgamesh}}

The '''Sea of Rhûn''' was a large lake or sea in northern [[Middle-earth]] that lay east of [[Rhovanion]] on the western borders of [[Rhûn]]. The [[Kine of Araw]] were found in the fields of Rhûn near the Inland Sea.<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref><ref>{{App|South}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Sea of Rhûn covered roughly 400 square miles (1,000 km²). The [[River Running|Celduin]] flowed from the north-west into an arm of the sea. West of the Sea of Rhûn was the land of [[Dorwinion]], and roughly 200 miles (300 km) to the south was the eastern end of the [[Ered Lithui]].

A forest stood at the north-eastern shore of the sea, and near the south-western shore there were many hills. The south-eastern part of the Sea was occupied by a small wooded island.

==History==
In the [[Years of the Trees]] during the time of the [[Great Journey]], the craft of ship-making practised by the [[Teleri]] reached new heights in their efforts to traverse the Sea of Rhûn on their westward journey.<ref name=Last>{{PM|Last}} pp. 391-392</ref>

In the [[First Age]], the shores of the Inland Sea were populated by tribes of [[Men]] who were migrating to the [[West]]. The [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] arrived there first and dwelt at the feet of the nearby hills. The [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] came later in the north-east woods near the shores. The Men crafted boats and could sail the sea, but they did not meet often, and their languages soon diverged<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref> before they resumed their journey to [[Beleriand]].

In the early [[Third Age]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] such as [[Rómendacil I]] campaigned to those lands, and [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] expanded the kingdom to the East. By the time of King [[Hyarmendacil I]], the Inland Sea formed one of the boundaries of [[Gondor]].<ref name=gondor/>

[[Vorondil]] hunted the Kine of Araw near the shores of the Sea.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

During the time of [[Rómendacil II]], the Inland Sea was apparently within the borders of the power of [[Gondor]].

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the drafts for the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', the sea was called "Sea of Rhûnaer". In the earlier maps, part of the Sea was occupied by a heavily wooded island.<ref>{{TI|MII}}</ref> In the published maps by [[Christopher Tolkien]], the island is replaced by a dotted pattern.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> The reason for this change and what it signifies was never specified by C. Tolkien. There is no trace of the unnamed island in [[Pauline Baynes]]'s ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''.

Also in these early maps, Tolkien indicated that ''[[Neldoreth]]'' was the name of the forest bordering the Sea of Rhûn's north-eastern shore. This forest went unnamed in later maps.<ref>{{TI|MII}}, p. 307</ref>

==Theories==
Christopher Tolkien and others have speculated whether or not the Sea of Rhûn can "...be identified with the [[Sea of Helcar]], vastly shrunken".<ref>{{WJ|Two}} p. 174.</ref> [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] adopted this position in making ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''. However, in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn and its surrounding geographical landmarks existing as far back as the [[Years of the Trees]] at the time of the [[Great Journey]], far to the west of where the Elves awoke near Sea of Helcar.<ref name=Last/>

==See also==
* [[East Sea]]
* [[Sea of Helcar]]
* [[Sea of Ringil]]

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Seas and oceans]]
[[de:Meer von Rhûn]]
[[fi:Rhûnin Järvi]]
[[fr:/encyclo/geographie/eaux/mer_de_rhun]]

East Sea

2018-09-15T00:23:06Z

Edrastel:

{{location infobox
| name=East Sea
| image=[[File:Quentin Lowagie - Arda in the Second Age.png|250px]]
| caption="Arda in the Second Age" by Quentin Lowagie
| pronun=
| othernames=Eastern Sea
| location=East of [[Middle-earth]], west of the [[Land of the Sun]]
| type=Ocean
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}

The '''East Sea''', also called the '''Eastern Sea''', was the sea between [[Middle-earth]] and the [[Land of the Sun]].<ref name=A4>{{SM|A4}}</ref><ref name="Fashion">{{SM|5b}}</ref>{{rp|293}}

==History==
Initially, the size and shape of the East Sea corresponded symmetrically with [[Belegaer]], the Western Sea separating Middle-earth from [[Aman]], but when Melkor cast down the [[Two Lamps]], this symmetry was lost; Middle-earth was thrust eastward, causing Belegaer to expand and the East Sea to narrow.<ref>{{SM|5e}}, pp. 301-2</ref><ref name="Fashion" />{{rp|292-3}}<ref group=note>Belegaer was also said to grow "wide and deep" during the [[War for the Sake of the Elves]], presumably causing the East Sea to further shrink. See {{MR|P2e}}, p. 75</ref> At this time, the East Sea was narrowest in the extreme north and south of the world, where only small straits filled with ice separated Middle-earth and the Land of the Sun. These straits connected the East Sea to [[Ekkaia]], the Outer Sea.<ref name=A4 />

During the [[War for the Sake of the Elves]] between the [[Valar]] and [[Melkor]], the East Sea became connected to Belegaer. The inland [[Sea of Ringil]], originally set in the mid-south of Middle-earth, grew in size and "became a great sea flowing north-eastward and joining by straights both the Western and Eastern Seas."<ref group=note>Confusingly, the former Sea of Ringil was also called the "East Sea" by Tolkien on one early map. See {{SM|A5}}.</ref><ref name="Fashion"/>{{rp|293-4}}

After Melkor defiled the [[Two Trees of Valinor]], the Valar used the fruit of [[Laurelin]] to create the [[Sun]] and the flower of [[Telperion]] to create the [[Moon]].<ref name=S11>{{S|11}}</ref> In the evenings, the Sun set in the [[Outer Sea]] to the west of Aman, where it was pulled down by [[Ulmo]]'s servants and sent under the earth<ref name=S11 /> to the East Sea, where it rose at dawn.<ref>{{App|D2}} ("Later [the Númenóreans] also made their week one of 7 days, and they reckoned the day from sunrise (out of the eastern sea) to sunrise.")</ref> The Moon followed the Sun on this path.<ref name=S11 />

In the [[Second Age]], the [[Númenóreans]] sailed about Middle-earth to the [[uttermost east]]<ref>{{L|131}}("[The Númenóreans] sail[ed] to the uttermost north, and south, and east.")</ref> and could see the [[Gates of Morning]] from their ships,<ref name=S>{{S|IV}}</ref> suggesting that they sailed into the East Sea. It was also in this age that a final change was made to the earth that likely affected the East Sea: when [[Ilúvatar]] sunk Númenor and made the world round, he "cast back ... the [[Empty Lands]] east of [Middle-earth], and new lands and seas were made".<ref name=S /> How this impacted the geography of the East Sea is unknown.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', the Uttermost East ([[Oronto]]) was connected to the [[Middle-earth|Great Lands]], directly east of [[Palisor]], with no separating water. [[Oromë]] described the East to the [[Valar]], saying that "''there is a silent beach and dark empty seas''". It is also told that [[Aulë]] and [[Ulmo]] "''builded great havens'' [of the Sun and Moon] ''beside the soundless sea''".<ref>{{LT1|IX}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

In early texts, [[Hildórien]] - the site where the first [[Men]] awoke in the [[First Age]] - was placed in the central region of Middle-earth near the shore of the East Sea. Hildórien was surrounded by the [[Mountains of the Wind]], a semi-circular mountain chain that derived its named from the strong winds that blew into them from over the East Sea due to the rising of the Sun.<ref name=A4 /><ref name="Fashion"/>{{rp|293}} In later texts, Hildórien is said to be "in the midmost parts of Middle-earth" with no mention of the East Sea or the Mountains of the Wind.<ref>{{WJ|9}}, p. 174</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sea of Rhûn]]
* [[Sea of Helcar]]
* [[Sea of Ringil]]
* [[Dark Land]]

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Seas and oceans]]

User:Edrastel

2018-07-08T03:18:06Z

Edrastel:

{{user infobox| image=| name=Edrastel| othernames= Ian| position=Member| language=English| location=Indiana| occupation=| birth=October 15th| birthlocation=| age=21| gender=Male| height=1.895 [[ranga]]r| hair=Dark brown| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user USA}}
{{user 2y}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
{{user lotro}}
{{user men}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings}}
{{user entwives4}}
}}

Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (Facsimile Gift Edition)
** ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:# ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
:# ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
:# ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
:# ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
:# ''[[Roverandom]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

User:Edrastel

2018-07-08T03:17:40Z

Edrastel:

{{user infobox| image=| name=Edrastel| othernames= Ian| position=Member| language=English| location=Indiana| occupation=| birth=October 15th| birthlocation=| age=20| gender=Male| height=1.895 rangar| hair=Dark brown| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user USA}}
{{user 2y}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
{{user lotro}}
{{user men}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings}}
{{user entwives4}}
}}

Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (Facsimile Gift Edition)
** ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:# ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
:# ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
:# ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
:# ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
:# ''[[Roverandom]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

User talk:Edrastel

2018-07-08T03:17:03Z

Edrastel:

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Ian|name=Edrastel}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 04:07, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

== References ==

Hi there, just a quick note to ask that when you add references to any book in the ''The History of Middle-earth'' series can you also add a page reference? Cheers! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 20:02, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

Will do! -- [[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 22:11, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

:Hi Edrastel! Thanks for your good work at TG! Another quick note: when it comes to referencing ''Unfinished Tales'' there is a specific problem. Different editions of this book use different pagination (in contrast to ''The History of Middle-earth''). Having a page reference might therefore be confusing for readers. The same applies, for example, to ''The Lord of the Rings''.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 13:36, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Ah, I see. I wasn't sure if the page citations applied to all non-Hobbit/LOTR/Silmarillion content. I'll remember in the future! --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 14:05, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

== OMG Bro! ==
You are killing me (of course there was no way you could have known, heh). I just spent over an hour sourcing, writing, and editing Ingwë's page, and now I can't save any of my editing because you went in and changed ONE word (okay, actually it was two words). >_< I really don't know what to do right now, but if I undo your edit and then put it back, please forgive me. I don't think that would work though because the undo might just count as another change.

So, for right now I'm just going to copy over for each section I changed, save it, and then put back your History edit. --[[User:Elf-esteem|Elf-esteem]] 03:08, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Oh, wow, sorry! I had no idea D: I'll steer clear of that page for now while you're at it. If you've still got the citations in an unsaved source, maybe you could copy it? --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 03:23, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

:Whew! Heh. I really should save as I go, so I don't get stuck for like 2 hours on one page dithering around between mutliple books and pdf file searches to find the info I need. But, I worry that half-done edits will draw the ire of the admin. Anyway, the undo trick worked! I undid your edit, which allowed me to save my edit, and then edited your edit back. *wipes brow* All is well! Just one of those things. Do as you wish with Ingwë's page, I'm done with it for now.

:I saved a copy in my sandbox, too, just in case, like you suggested. I had no idea if the undo thing would work. I probably should putter in my sandbox, instead of live editing when I do page overhauls, but I swear I was literally just going to add like 1 or 2 refs in 'other versions'. Then I saw all these messy refs and it became a thing. Things happen.--[[User:Elf-esteem|Elf-esteem]] 03:31, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Yup. Glad to see everything's worked out though! --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 03:56, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

==I love your userboxes!==
As long as the admin doesn't mind, please sir, may I have some more? But Angband though? Boooooooooooooooo! I want an anti-Angband one. This user was happy when Glorfindel stomped on Angband in {{TA|1975}}! My best friend says, you need to make a userbox for Team Éowyn and Team Arwen, lol! I am thinking maybe Team Boromir and Team Faramir, too because I would be on Team Faramir. Faramir was a really good person. How about one for this user supports a fruit sun and a flower moon? Or does that just fall under the flat earth Silmarillion? This user believes that Elves awoke beneath the stars of Varda. Yup! --[[User:Elf-esteem|Elf-esteem]] 00:09, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

:Thanks! I figured there could be some new additions here and there. --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 02:28, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

==== Hey! ====
Is your height really 0.943 [[Ranga|ranga]]? About 35 inches tall? I think I'm 1.78 ranga. --[[User:Lorienian|Lorienian]] 21:45, 7 July 2018 (UTC)
::LOL, looks like I mistyped something along the way. That should be the rangar equivalent of 72 inches tall. --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 03:17, 8 July 2018 (UTC)

== Pronunciations ==

Hiya. You may notice that I've undone a lot of your changes to pronunciations. In particular, you've altered "ai" pronunciations from "eye" to "ah-ee", e.g. in [[Edain]] you changed "eh-deyen" to "eh-dah-een". Aside from confusing readers about whether this is two or three syllables, let me quote from Tolkien "AI has the sound of English ''eye''". If Tolkien was happy to describe the sound as "eye", I think we can be too. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 07:52, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

:I can agree that "eye" as described by Tolkien is a fitting example of pronunciation, but I feel that when surrounded by consonants the intended pronunciation can be lost to many casual readers. "Deyen" could very easily be pronounced as "day-en" if someone is unaware of the "eye" context. I won't persist against what the veteran staff has decided upon, but I think it would be beneficial to use a pronunciation scheme less easily misinterpreted. --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 04:57, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Sea of Rhûn

2018-07-05T03:00:53Z

Edrastel:

{{disambig-more|Inland Sea|[[Inland Sea (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Sea of Rhûn
| image=[[File:Sea of Rhun.png|250px]]
| caption=Sea of Rhûn from [[Stephen Raw]]'s [[:File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (2 of 4).png|Map of Middle-earth]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Rhûn]]
| type=Inland Sea
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Rhûn.mp3|Gilgamesh}}

The '''Sea of Rhûn''' was a large lake or sea in northern [[Middle-earth]] that lay east of [[Rhovanion]] on the western borders of [[Rhûn]]. The [[Kine of Araw]] were found in the fields of Rhûn near the Inland Sea.<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref><ref>{{App|South}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Sea of Rhûn covered roughly 400 square miles (1,000 km²). The [[River Running|Celduin]] flowed from the north-west into an arm of the sea. West of the Sea of Rhûn was the land of [[Dorwinion]], and roughly 200 miles (300 km) to the south was the eastern end of the [[Ered Lithui]].

A forest stood at the north-eastern shore of the sea, and near the south-western shore there were many hills. The south-eastern part of the Sea was occupied by a small wooded island.

==History==
In the [[Years of the Trees]] during the time of the [[Great Journey]], the craft of ship-making practised by the [[Teleri]] reached new heights in their efforts to traverse the Sea of Rhûn on their westward journey.<ref name=Last>{{PM|Last}} pp. 391-392</ref>

In the [[First Age]], the shores of the Inland Sea were populated by tribes of [[Men]] who were migrating to the [[West]]. The [[House of Bëor|Lesser Folk]] arrived there first and dwelt at the feet of the nearby hills. The [[House of Hador|Greater Folk]] came later in the north-east woods near the shores. The Men crafted boats and could sail the sea, but they did not meet often, and their languages soon diverged<ref>{{PM|Ros}}</ref> before they resumed their journey to [[Beleriand]].

In the early [[Third Age]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] such as [[Rómendacil I]] campaigned to those lands, and [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] expanded the kingdom to the East. By the time of King [[Hyarmendacil I]], the Inland Sea formed one of the boundaries of [[Gondor]].<ref name=gondor/>

[[Vorondil]] hunted the Kine of Araw near the shores of the Sea.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

During the time of [[Rómendacil II]], the Inland Sea was apparently within the borders of the power of [[Gondor]].

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the drafts for the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', the sea was called "Sea of Rhûnaer". In the earlier maps, part of the Sea was occupied by a heavily wooded island.<ref>{{TI|MII}}</ref> In the published maps by [[Christopher Tolkien]], the island is replaced by a dotted pattern.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> The reason for this change and what it signifies was never specified by C. Tolkien. There is no trace of the unnamed island in [[Pauline Baynes]]'s ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''.

Also in these early maps, Tolkien indicated that ''[[Neldoreth]]'' was the name of the forest bordering the Sea of Rhûn's north-eastern shore. This forest went unnamed in later maps.<ref>{{TI|MII}}, p. 307</ref>

==Theories==
Christopher Tolkien and others have speculated whether or not the Sea of Rhûn can "...be identified with the [[Sea of Helcar]], vastly shrunken".<ref>{{WJ|Two}} p. 174.</ref> [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] adopted this position in making ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''. However, in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn and its surrounding geographical landmarks existing as far back as the [[Years of the Trees]] at the time of the [[Great Journey]], far to the west of where the Elves awoke near Sea of Helcar.<ref name=Last/>

==See also==
* [[Sea of Helcar]]
* [[Sea of Ringil]]

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Seas and oceans]]
[[de:Meer von Rhûn]]
[[fi:Rhûnin Järvi]]
[[fr:/encyclo/geographie/eaux/mer_de_rhun]]

Flame of Anor

2018-07-04T00:55:42Z

Edrastel:

[[File:NOLANOS - El Fuego de Anor.jpg|thumb|NOLANOS - ''El Fuego de Anor'' (The Flame of Anor)]]
{{quote|I am a servant of the [[Secret Fire]], wielder of the flame of Anor.|[[Gandalf]]<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref>}}
The '''Flame of Anor''' is some element or power obscurely referred to by [[Gandalf]] who claimed to wield it, in the face of [[Durin's Bane]]. Only speculation can be done about its meaning and nature.

[[Sun|Anor]] is the [[Sindarin|Elvish]] name for the Sun, and so literally the "flame of Anor" would be the light of the Sun, which originated in the fiery fruit of [[Laurelin]], one of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]] of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref> Alternatively, the "flame of Anor" may refer to Gandalf's possession of [[Narya]], known as the "Ring of Fire".<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

The expression might metaphorically refer to some power wielded by the [[Wizards|Wizard]], as a [[Maiar|Maia]] and servant of the [[Flame Imperishable]]; with the pure light of the Sun as an antithesis of the "dark fire" of the [[úmaiar|fallen]] [[Balrogs|Balrog]].<ref>See external links.</ref>
==See also==
*[[Secret Fire]]
*[[Light of Valinor]]
{{references}}
==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/08/28/is-the-secret-fire-the-same-as-the-flame-of-anor/ Is the Secret Fire the Same as the Flame of Anor?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[de:Flamme von Anor]]
[[fi:Anorin liekki]]

Flame of Anor

2018-07-04T00:54:32Z

Edrastel: Possible reference to Narya?

[[File:NOLANOS - El Fuego de Anor.jpg|thumb|NOLANOS - ''El Fuego de Anor'' (The Flame of Anor)]]
{{quote|I am a servant of the [[Secret Fire]], wielder of the flame of Anor.|[[Gandalf]]<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref>}}
The '''Flame of Anor''' is some element or power obscurely referred to by [[Gandalf]] who claimed to wield it, in the face of [[Durin's Bane]]. Only speculation can be done about its meaning and nature.

[[Sun|Anor]] is the [[Sindarin|Elvish]] name for the Sun, and so literally the "flame of Anor" would be the light of the Sun, which originated in the fiery fruit of [[Laurelin]], one of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]] of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref> Alternatively, the "flame of Anor" may refer to Gandalf's possession of [[Narya]], known as the "Ring of Fire".

The expression might metaphorically refer to some power wielded by the [[Wizards|Wizard]], as a [[Maiar|Maia]] and servant of the [[Flame Imperishable]]; with the pure light of the Sun as an antithesis of the "dark fire" of the [[úmaiar|fallen]] [[Balrogs|Balrog]].<ref>See external links.</ref>
==See also==
*[[Secret Fire]]
*[[Light of Valinor]]
{{references}}
==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/08/28/is-the-secret-fire-the-same-as-the-flame-of-anor/ Is the Secret Fire the Same as the Flame of Anor?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[de:Flamme von Anor]]
[[fi:Anorin liekki]]

Isle of Balar

2018-07-03T21:47:16Z

Edrastel: Source (if any exist) needed for Balar's disappearance

{{location infobox
| name=Isle of Balar
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien - Bay of Balar.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Map drawn by [[Christopher Tolkien]] showing the Bay of Balar
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=South-west of the [[Bay of Balar]], on edge of [[Belegaer]]
| type=Island
| description=Large islands, eastern tip of what was [[Tol Eressëa]]
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Eldar]], [[Edain]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Isle of Balar''' was a refugee camp of the [[Eldar]] and [[Edain]] of [[Beleriand]].

The Isle of Balar was located in the great [[Bay of Balar]] to the south of [[Beleriand]],<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref> and according to legend it was the eastern tip of [[Tol Eressëa]] which had broken off when [[Ulmo]] ferried the [[Eldar]] to [[Aman]].<ref>{{S|Princes}}</ref> In the shallow waters about the island could be found great numbers of pearls.<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref>

Before the [[Dagor Bragollach]] [[Turgon]] of [[Gondolin]] had had an outpost on the isle,<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> from where he sent some messengers to [[Aman]], but none ever arrived<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> and only one Elf, [[Voronwë]], ever returned to [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

After the destruction of the [[Falas]], the Isle of Balar became home to a the survivors of the [[Havens of the Falas]] under [[Círdan]].<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref> The two refugee camps held close contact, and [[Círdan]] assisted [[Eärendil]] of Arvernien in building the ship [[Vingilot]] ([[Vingilótë]]), with which he sought for [[Valinor]], to ask for the pardon of the [[Valar]].<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref>

From there many went to [[Lindon]] until the [[Elves]] were summoned to [[Valinor]], and the [[Edain]] to the new isle of [[Númenor]].
The Isle of Balar had vanished by the Third Age, but it is not clear when this occurred.{{fact}}

{{references}}
{{navigation
| title=Isle of Balar
| north-west=Belegaer
| north=[[Cape Balar]], [[Falas]] [[Arvernien]]
| north-east=[[Mouths of Sirion]], [[Nimbrethil]]
| west=[[Belegaer]]
| east=[[Bay of Balar]]
| south-west=Belegaer
| south=Belegaer
| south-east=Bay of Balar
|}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Islands]]
[[de:Balar (Insel)]]
[[fi:Balarin Saari]]

Berelach

2018-06-30T04:44:02Z

Edrastel: Fourth Age 120 -> Fourth Age 220

{{Disputedcanon}}
{{gondorian infobox
| name=Berelach
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=First century of the [[Fourth Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Borlas]]
| siblings=Unnamed sister
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Berelach''' was the only recorded son of [[Borlas]] and grandson of [[Beregond]].<ref name=New>{{PM|XVI}}, p. 416.</ref> He had an older sister, who is not named.<ref name="sister">{{PM|XVI}}, p. 421, fn. 14.</ref>

Berelach served in the [[King's ships]]. For many years he was stationed at the [[Harlond]], but when he was given a high command, he moved to [[Pelargir]] and was often long at sea.<ref name="sister" />

In his youth he was friend of [[Saelon]], who was somehow connected to the "[[Dark Tree]]" – the growing threat of evil in Gondor.<ref>{{PM|XVI}}, p. 416-417.</ref>

In the first manuscript (ms. A) of the story the name was first ''Berthil'', changed to ''Bergil''. and in the later manuscripts (mss. B and C) to ''Berelach''.<ref>{{PM|XVI}}, p. 421, fn. 15.</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |F|~|~|7| | BAR | | | | |BAR=[[Baranor (man of Gondor)|Baranor]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |:| | |:| | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | IOR | |:| | BER | | | | |IOR=[[Iorlas]] ''b. c. {{TA|2990}}''|BER=[[Beregond]] ''fl. {{TA|3019}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | |:|,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BER | | BOR | | |BER=[[Bergil]] ''b. c. {{TA|3009}}''|BOR=[[Borlas]] ''d. after {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | DAU | | BER |DAU=''daughter'' ''unknown''|BER='''BERELACH''' ''fl. {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Berelach]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/4a/gondoriens/berelach]]
[[fi:Berelach]]

Borlas

2018-06-30T04:43:59Z

Edrastel: Fourth Age 120 -> Fourth Age 220

{{Disputedcanon}}
{{gondorian infobox
| name=Borlas
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames="of [[Pen-arduin]]"
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]/Early [[Fourth Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=After {{FoA|120}}
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Beregond]]
| siblings=[[Bergil]]
| spouse=
| children=Unnamed daughter, [[Berelach]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Borlas of [[Pen-arduin]]''' was the youngest son of [[Beregond]], and was supposed to be central to the "[[The New Shadow]]".<ref name="New">{{PM|XVI}}</ref>

==History==
{{stub}}

==Etymology==
''Borlas'' is [[Sindarin]] and means perhaps "enduring joy", from ''[[BOR|Bór]]'' + ''[[GALÁS|glass]]''.<ref>{{HM|LR}}, "[[The Etymologies]]", pp. 353, 357</ref>

In early versions of the [[legendarium]], ''Borlas'' was the name (later changed to ''[[Borlad]]'') of a son of [[Bór]].<ref>{{HM|WJ}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |F|~|~|7| | BAR | | | | |BAR=[[Baranor (man of Gondor)|Baranor]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |:| | |:| | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | IOR | |:| | BER | | | | |IOR=[[Iorlas]] ''b. c. {{TA|2990}}''|BER=[[Beregond]] ''fl. {{TA|3019}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | |:|,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BER | | BOR | | |BER=[[Bergil]] ''b. c. {{TA|3009}}''|BOR='''BORLAS''' ''d. after {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | DAU | | BER |DAU=''daughter'' ''unknown''|BER=[[Berelach]] ''fl. {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[de:Borlas]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:4a:gondoriens:borlas]]
[[fi:Borlas]]

Bergil

2018-06-30T04:43:57Z

Edrastel: Fourth Age 120 -> Fourth Age 220

{{gondorian infobox
| name=Bergil
| image=[[File:Stefano Baldo - Bergil.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Bergil" by [[:Category:Images by Stefano Baldo|Stefano Baldo]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Around {{TA|3009}}
| birthlocation= [[Gondor]]
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Beregond]]
| siblings=[[Borlas]]
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Bergil''' was a boy of [[Minas Tirith]].

==History==
Bergil was born around {{TA|3009}}, was the eldest son of [[Beregond]] of [[Gondor]]. He had at least a younger brother, [[Borlas]].

A boy at the time of the [[War of the Ring]], he accompanied [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] when he first arrived in the city of [[Minas Tirith]]. He led Pippin to the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith]] to view the men from the various provinces of Gondor coming to [[Pelennor]] to reinforce the city against the impending [[Siege of Gondor|siege]].<ref name="MT">{{RK|MT}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Bergil'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Valiant star".

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |F|~|~|7| | BAR | | | | |BAR=[[Baranor (man of Gondor)|Baranor]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |:| | |:| | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | IOR | |:| | BER | | | | |IOR=[[Iorlas]] ''b. c. {{TA|2990}}''|BER=[[Beregond]] ''fl. {{TA|3019}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | |:|,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BER | | BOR | | |BER='''BERGIL''' ''b. c. {{TA|3009}}''|BOR=[[Borlas]] ''d. after {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | DAU | | BER |DAU=''daughter'' ''unknown''|BER=[[Berelach]] ''fl. {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''[[1956]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)]]'':'''
:The role of Bergil was played by a young [[David Hemmings]].<ref name="RT1726">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1726, [[7 December|December 7]], [[1956]]</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Bergil]]
[[fi:Bergil]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:4a:gondoriens:bergil]]

Iorlas

2018-06-30T04:43:54Z

Edrastel: Fourth Age 120 -> Fourth Age 220

:''Not to be confused with: [[Irolas]]''
{{gondorian infobox
| name=Iorlas
| image=[[File:Decipher - Iorlas.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Iorlas" by [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=c. {{TA|2990}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Iorlas''' was a man from [[Gondor]].
==History==
Iorlas was an uncle of [[Bergil]], either [[Beregond]]'s brother or brother-in-law. When [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] mentioned to Bergil he was 29 years old, this surprised Bergil, as his uncle Iorlas was also 29, and nigh twice as tall as the Hobbit.<ref>{{RK|MT}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Iorlas'' could either mean "Old Leaf" or "Old Joy" in [[Sindarin]].

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |F|~|~|7| | BAR | | | | |BAR=[[Baranor (man of Gondor)|Baranor]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |:| | |:| | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | IOR | |:| | BER | | | | |IOR='''IORLAS''' ''b. c. {{TA|2990}}''|BER=[[Beregond]] ''fl. {{TA|3019}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | |:|,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BER | | BOR | | |BER=[[Bergil]] ''b. c. {{TA|3009}}''|BOR=[[Borlas]] ''d. after {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | DAU | | BER |DAU=''daughter'' ''unknown''|BER=[[Berelach]] ''fl. {{FoA|220}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:One of the Gondorians on the battlements of [[Minas Tirith]] was Iorlas. He is only identified as Iorlas on a [[Decipher Card]].

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Iorlas]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/4a/gondoriens/iorlas]]
[[fi:Iorlas]]

Beregond

2018-06-30T04:43:51Z

Edrastel: Fourth Age 120 -> Fourth Age 220

{{disambig-more|Beregond|[[Beregond (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| name=Beregond
| image=[[File:Edward Beard, Jr. - Beregond.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Beregond" by [[:Category:Images by Edward Beard, Jr.|Edward Beard, Jr.]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles="Beregond of the Guard"
| position=[[Guard of the Citadel]] Captain of the [[White Company]]
| location=[[Gondor]]; [[Ithilien]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=During [[Fourth Age]]
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Baranor (Man of Gondor)|Baranor]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Bergil]]<ref name="MT"/> and [[Borlas]]<ref name="New"/>
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Black and silver livery
| weapons=Sword
| steed=
}}{{quote|I am no captain. Neither office nor rank nor lordship have I, being but a plain man of arms of the Third Company of the Citadel.|Beregond<ref name="MT"/>}}

'''Beregond''', son of [[Baranor (Man of Gondor)|Baranor]], was a soldier of Gondor and later Captain of the [[White Company]].

==History==
===Early life===
Beregond's fathers were from the vales of the [[White Mountains]], and prior to that they lived in [[Ithilien]].<ref name="MT"/> Beregond had two sons, [[Bergil]], who was ten years of age at the time of the [[War of the Ring]],<ref name="MT"/> and a younger son named [[Borlas]].<ref name="New">{{PM|Shadow}}</ref>

Beregond was a member of the [[Tower Guard|Third Company of the Citadel]]. He admired Faramir and saw him as a brave warrior and a great leader. Beregond did not travel outside of [[Minas Tirith]] often but understood the threat that [[Sauron]] posed to the city.<ref name="MT">{{RK|MT}}</ref>

===War of the Ring===
On the morning of [[9 March|March 9]]th, {{TA|3019}}, Beregond was assigned to help [[Peregrin Took]] who had just become a Guard of the Citadel. As Beregond had never met a [[Hobbits|hobbit]] before, he was eager to meet Pippin and he was astounded that Pippin looked much like a child yet had faced more dangers than most Men of Gondor.<ref name="MT"/>

====Battle of Pelennor Fields====
[[File:Maureval - The judgement on Beregond.jpg|thumb|left|Maureval - ''The judgement on Beregond'']]
During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]], Beregond was on watch as the sentinel at the gate of the Citadel. Pippin rushed to tell him that Denethor was attempting to burn Faramir alive. Beregond knew his duty of protecting Faramir was more important than to remain at his post so he rushed to his Captain at the [[Silent Street]]. The guard to the street would not let him pass and Beregond was forced to kill him so he could enter. He regretted his decision but he was forced to act quickly. Two more servants of Denethor's guard were killed as they attempted to light the funeral pyre. He stood upon the steps with his sword to ward off the rest until [[Gandalf]] arrived. After Faramir was rescued, Denethor would still not give up, and drew a knife to attempt to kill his son, but Beregond stepped forward to block Denethor. Denethor then gave up and set himself on fire and died.<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref>

After helping to carry Faramir to the [[Houses of Healing]], Gandalf gave the key to the [[Fen Hollen|Closed Door]] to the injured Faramir. Beregond stood guard over Faramir at the Houses of Healing and was present when he awoke.<ref name="houses">{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

====Battle of the Morannon====
Pippin and Beregond served under the command of [[Imrahil]] at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. When a Troll-chief charged their ranks, Beregond was stunned and nearly killed, but Pippin managed to save his friend by killing the Troll, which fell on top of him.<ref>{{RK|Gate}}</ref>

===Later life===
Upon [[Aragorn]]'s coronation on [[1 May|May 1]]st, Beregond was brought forward to receive judgement for leaving his post and for killing Denethor's guards on hallowed ground. The penalty would have been death, but the King showed mercy as the deeds were done out of love for Faramir, and Beregond was merely forbidden from returning to the White City ever again. For his bravery in battle, Aragorn appointed him the Captain of the Guard of Faramir, which was also called the White Company. He later went to live in [[Emyn Arnen]] in [[Ithilien]] to serve his lord, Faramir, the new [[Prince of Ithilien]].<ref>{{RK|Steward}}</ref>

==Etymology==
"Beregond" may stem from [[beren]] meaning "bold" and [[gond]] meaning "stone".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref> He was likely named after [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|the steward bearing the same name]].

==Genealogy==
Beregond was descended from people of the vales of the White Mountains and Ithilien. What exactly his relation to [[Iorlas]], described only as an uncle of Bergil,<ref name="MT"/> was, is unknown.

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |F|~|~|7| | BAR | | | | |BAR=[[Baranor (man of Gondor)|Baranor]] ''unknown''<ref name="MT"/>}}
{{familytree | |:| | |:| | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | IOR | |:| | BER | | | | |IOR=[[Iorlas]] ''b. c. {{TA|2990}}''|BER='''BEREGOND''' ''fl. {{TA|3019}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | |:|,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BER | | BOR | | |BER=[[Bergil]] ''b. c. {{TA|3009}}''<ref name="MT"/>|BOR=[[Borlas]] ''d. after {{FoA|220}}''<ref name="New"/>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | DAU | | BER |DAU=''daughter'' ''unknown''<ref name="New"/>|BER=[[Berelach]] ''fl. {{FoA|220}}''<ref name="New"/>}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[Image:SBG - Beregond.gif|thumb|As portrayed in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game|LotR SBG]]'']]

'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Derek Prentice]] provided the voice of Beregond in episode 4 of the second half of the series, "The Siege of Gondor".<ref name="RT1726">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1726, [[7 December|December 7]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Beregond - pronounced Buh-ray-gond - appears, though no actor is specified for the part.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]], "[[The Madness of Denethor (episode)|The Madness of Denethor]]"</ref>
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Scott]] played the part of Beregond. He has a short dialogue with Denethor to inform him of the state of the battle.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]], "[[The Battle of Pelennor Fields (episode)|The Battle of Pelennor Fields]]"</ref>

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|Peter Jackson's The Return of the King]]'':'''
:According to actor [[Ian Hughes]], he was cast as Beregond, but the character's name was changed to [[Irolas]] post-production.<ref>"[[Ian Hughes|Irolas]]", ''[http://forums.theonering.com/viewtopic.php?t=74209&start=1620 Marty's spoiler filled ROTK Q&A thread]'', [[TheOneRing.net]]</ref><ref>"Xaonan", "[http://archives.theonering.net/archives/main_news/3.17.03-3.23.03 Hughes IS Beregond?]", [[TheOneRing.net]], [[20 March|March 20]], [[2003]]</ref>

{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Beregond (Sohn von Baranor)]]
[[fi:Beregond (Valkoisen Komppanian päällikkö)]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:dunedain:gondoriens:beregond]]

Baranor (man of Gondor)

2018-06-30T04:43:49Z

Edrastel: Fourth Age 120 -> Fourth Age 220

{{disambig-more|Baranor|[[Baranor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{gondorian infobox
| name=Baranor
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Baranor.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Baranor from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Beregond]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Baranor''' was a man of [[Gondor]] in the [[Third Age]].

==History==
Baranor came from a line of [[Gondorians]] of [[Ithilien]] who then moved to the vales of the [[White Mountains]], most likely in [[Lossarnach]].

He had a son, [[Beregond]], a hero of the [[siege of Minas Tirith]], and seems to have also dwelt in that city.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | |F|~|~|7| | BAR | | | | |BAR='''BARANOR''' ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | |:| | |:| | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | IOR | |:| | BER | | | | |IOR=[[Iorlas]] ''b. c. {{TA|2990}}''|BER=[[Beregond]] ''fl. {{TA|3019}}''<ref name="MT">{{RK|MT}}</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | |:|,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | BER | | BOR | | |BER=[[Bergil]] ''b. c. {{TA|3009}}''<ref name="MT"/>|BOR=[[Borlas]] ''d. after {{FoA|220}}''<ref name="New"/>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | DAU | | BER |DAU=''daughter'' ''unknown''<ref name="New">{{PM|Shadow}}</ref>|BER=[[Berelach]] ''fl. {{FoA|220}}''<ref name="New"/>}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
Baranor was likely named after [[Baranor (son of Baran)|the first name Man of the same name]]. It could mean various things:
* ''[[Bara]]'' + ''[[naur]]'', "Fierce Fire"
* ''[[Baran]]'' + ''[[Or]]'', "Ruddy mountain"
* ''[[Bar]]'' + ''[[Sun|Anor]]'', "House of the Sun"

{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Baranor]]
[[fi:Baranor (Kolmas Aika)]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/gondoriens/baranor]]

Eldarion

2018-06-30T04:43:18Z

Edrastel: The New Shadow event occurrence corrected

{{gondorian infobox
| name=Eldarion
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Eldarion.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Eldarion from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| position=
| location=[[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Early [[Fourth Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule={{FoA|120}} -
| death=''Unknown''
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Telcontar]]
| parentage=[[Aragorn|Elessar]] & [[Arwen]]
| siblings=At least 2 sisters<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref>
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Eldarion''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[elˈdari.on]}}) was the son of [[Arwen]] and [[Aragorn|Elessar]]. His birth marked the reunion of the lines of [[Eärendil]]'s sons [[Elros]] (through Aragorn) and [[Elrond]] (through Arwen) separated for millennia. Also, he represented (through [[Galadriel]]) the union of the [[Edain|Three Houses of the Edain]] with the ancient [[House of Finarfin]].

==History==
Eldarion became the second King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] after the death of his father Elessar in {{FoA|120}}. He was also recorded to have several sisters.<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref>

One hundred years into his reign, he encountered a renewal of [[Morgoth]]-worship known as the "[[Dark Tree]]".<ref>{{PM|Shadow}}</ref>

==Etymology==
His name in [[Quenya]] means "Scion of the [[Eldar]]". In [[Letter 338]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] spelled this name '''Eldaron''', this is probably a typographic error.<ref>{{L|338}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | EAR |y| ELW | | GAL |y| CEL |GAL=[[Galadriel]]|CEL=[[Celeborn]]|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]}}
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ROS | | RON |y| CLB | | |ROS=[[Elros]]|RON=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]] }}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | KON | | | | |!| | | | | |KON=''[[Kings of Númenor]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | LOA | | | | |!| | | | | |LOA=''[[Lords of Andúnië]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ELE | | | | |!| | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ISI | | ANA | | |!| | | | | |ISI=[[Isildur]]|ANA=[[Anárion]]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | KOG | | |!| | | | | |KOA=''[[Kings of Arnor]]''|KOG=''[[Kings of Gondor]]''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | OND | | |!| | | | | |OND=[[Ondoher]]|KOA=''[[Kings of Arthedain]]''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ARV |y| FIR | | |!| | | | | |ARV=[[Arvedui]]|FIR=[[Fíriel]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | COD | | | | |!| | | | | |COD=''[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ART |y| GIL |!| | | | | |ART=[[Arathorn II]]|GIL=[[Gilraen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ARA |y| ARW | | | | |ARA=[[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ELD | | SDS | | | | |ELD='''ELDARION'''|SDS=''several sisters''}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:While Arwen is on her way to the [[Grey Havens]] to leave Middle-earth and Aragorn, she has a vision of her future son (not named until the credits), which persuades her to stay. The boy is played by [[Sadwyn Brophy]], son of [[Jed Brophy]].
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=gondorian
| house=[[House of Telcontar]] Continuation of the senior branch of the [[House of Isildur]]
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Aragorn|Elessar]]
| prow=4
| list=35th [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| dates={{FoA|120}} - ?
| next=Unknown
| nrow=4
}}
{{seq
| list=12th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]
| dates={{FoA|120}} - ?
}}
{{seq
| list=2nd [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| dates={{FoA|120}} - ?
}}
{{seq
| list=Head of the [[House of Telcontar]]
| dates={{FoA|120}} - ?
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{northernline}}
{{southernline}}
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Gondorians]]
[[Category:House of Telcontar]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Eldarion]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:4a:gondoriens:eldarion]]
[[fi:Eldarion]]

Thrór's Map

2018-06-23T04:58:17Z

Edrastel: Final map from the published book

{{sources}}
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thror's map.jpg|thumb|250px|Thror's Map]]
'''Thrór's Map''' is a map that proved important in the retaking of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]].

==History==
[[File:Audrey Corman - Thror's Map.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''Thror's Map'' by [[Audrey Corman]].]]
As was traditional among the [[Dwarves]], it was drawn with East at the top of the map and showed the [[Lonely Mountain]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], the [[River Running|Running]] River that flowed from it, and the lands about. It also contained mention of a [[Back Door|secret entrance]] to the Mountain, and (written in secret [[Moon-letters]]) instructions as to how it might be opened.

In his old age, Thrór set out to wander the lands of [[Middle-earth]], but before departing he gave the heirlooms of his house to his son Thráin, including his Map. Years later, Thráin too set out into Middle-earth, seeking to recover Erebor himself, and taking with him the Map to guide his way. He was captured in the Wild by the servants of [[Sauron]], but Sauron captured Thráin for one of the [[Seven Rings|Seven]] [[Rings of Power]] he bore, and so overlooked the Map he carried too. This proved to be a serious oversight, because [[Gandalf]] secretly entered Sauron's lair at [[Dol Guldur]] while Thráin was a prisoner there, and managed to escape with the Map and the key that opened the secret door.

Using Thrór's Map, his grandson [[Thorin]] was able to lead [[Thorin and Company|a small group of Dwarves]] (and one [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], a certain [[Bilbo Baggins]]) on his own quest to refound the ancient Dwarf-realm. Through many adventures, they were able to recover Erebor and bring about the destruction of Smaug, dealing Sauron a serious reverse.

==Runes==
The Map is decorated with [[Old English]] [[Runes]] which read a modern English text; this displays [[Westron]] of the [[Third Age]] written in [[cirth]] ([[Angerthas Erebor]]) as used by the [[Dwarves of Erebor]].

The small text on the left, below the hand, reads.

five 
feet high 
the door an 
d three may 
walk abre 
ast. 
Th. Th

The [[moon-letters]] read by Elrond are visible in the sketch by Tolkien and read:

Stand by the grey s 
tone when the thrush kn 
ocks and the setting s 
un with the last light 
of Durin's day will sh 
ine upon the keyhole 
Th.

==The illustration of the Map==
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thrór's Map.jpg|thumb|Sketch of ''Thrór's Map'']]
"Thrór's Map" is reproduced in facsimile in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (and as plate No. 86 in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator|J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator]]''). The map was drawn by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], and a preliminary version of the map appears as plate No. 85 in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator|J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator]]''.<ref name=AI>{{HM|AI}}, pp. 90-5</ref>

In [[1979]] a coloured version by [[H.E. Riddett]] was published as a poster by [[Allen and Unwin|Allen & Unwin]] (together with the "[[Map of Wilderland|Wilderland]]" map).<ref name=AH>{{HM|AH}}, p. 399</ref>

==Possible Date of the Creation of the Map==
The [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] attacked and destroyed the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] in {{TA|2770}}.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> [[Thrór]] went into exile with his kin until, old and desperate, he went to [[Moria]] and died at the hands of [[Azog]] in {{TA|2790}}.<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> When [[Elrond]] read the [[Moon-letters]] in {{TA|2941|n}}<ref name="TA"/> he stated that they had to have been written under a moon in the same phase on a midsummer night in some past year.<ref>{{H|Rest}}</ref>

{{references}}
{{maps}}

[[Category:Thrór's Map| ]]
[[Category:Books and documents within the legendarium]]
[[de:Thrórs Karte]]
[[fr:encyclo:artefacts:carte_de_thror]]
[[fi:Throrin kartta]]

File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thror's map.jpg

2018-06-23T04:57:07Z

Edrastel:

== Summary ==
Thror's map of the Lonely Mountain
== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Tolkien}}

[[Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Thror's Map]]

File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thror's map.jpg

2018-06-23T04:56:33Z

Edrastel: moved File:Thror's map.jpg to File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thror's map.jpg: Author inclusion

== Summary ==
Thror's map of the Lonely Mountain
== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Tolkien}}

[[Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Thror's map]]

File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thror's map.jpg

2018-06-23T04:56:05Z

Edrastel:

== Summary ==
Thror's map of the Lonely Mountain
== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Tolkien}}

[[Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Thror's map]]

File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Thror's map.jpg

2018-06-23T04:54:35Z

Edrastel: Thror's map of the Lonely Mountain

== Summary ==
Thror's map of the Lonely Mountain
== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-Tolkien}}

Bree

2018-06-21T03:34:45Z

Edrastel: Image is already present in the infobox

{{location infobox
| name=Bree
| image=[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Morning.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Morning" by Darek Zabrocki
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=On [[Bree-hill]], [[Eriador]], by the crossing of the [[East Road]] and the [[Greenway]]
| type=Village
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], [[Hobbits]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Bree''' was a village in [[Middle-earth]], east of [[The Shire]] and south of [[Fornost Erain]].
==Geography and description==
Directly west of Bree were the [[Barrow-downs]] and the [[Old Forest]]. Bree was the chief village of [[Bree-land]], a small wooded region near the intersection of the main north-south and east-west routes through Eriador. Bree-land was the only part of Middle-earth where [[Men]] and [[hobbits]] dwelt side by side and Bree had a large population of Hobbits.

The village was built under and around a part of the [[Bree-hill]] and was surrounded by a deep ditch and a hedge. The great [[East Road]] passed through this hedge on its western side, and the southern corner where the hedge and dike met the sides of the hill. At both of these points stood a gate that was closed and guarded after nightfall. The [[West-gate of Bree]] was guarded by one [[Harry Goatleaf]] during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="Pony">{{FR|I9}}</ref>

Buildings were built on both sides of the road, and some, like ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'', near the slopes of the hill. The hill itself was burrowed by [[Hobbit-holes]].

==History==
The [[Bree-land]] area was settled in the [[Second Age]] by [[Men]] from [[Dunland]]. Surviving the wars and chaos of that time, it became part of the kingdoms of [[Arnor]], and then [[Arthedain]] (though the region from Bree to [[Weathertop]] was claimed by [[Cardolan]]).<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Bree was by its nature a trading community, due to being located at the major crossroads of the [[East Road|Great East Road]], which ran from the Blue Mountains and the coast to [[Dale]] in the far East; and the old north-south road between Arnor and [[Gondor]].

Around {{TA|1300}} Bree, as well as [[Staddle]], saw the arrival of the [[Hobbits]] who were fleeing from [[Angmar]]. In {{TA|1601}} a large population of Hobbits left Bree and went west beyond [[Baranduin]] and founded a new country within Arthedain, [[The Shire]].<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>

After the [[Fall of Fornost]] and Arnor, the north-south road had fallen out of much use and was more commonly referred to as the [[Greenway]] due to its disrepair. Trade had of course drastically declined in the thousand years since but Bree maintained a certain independence and continued to thrive without any central authority or government, with the unknowing protection of the [[Rangers of the North]]. Even at the end of the Third Age Bree remained relatively prosperous. Bree was the most westerly settlement of men in all Middle-earth by the time of the [[War of the Ring]] and had a sizable Hobbit population. Thanks to its location on major trade routes, one could encounter travelers from all sorts of distant lands in a bustling Bree inn. The [[Rangers of the North]] also were known to stop in Bree for resupply.

Bree is the place where seemingly by accident, [[Gandalf]] and [[Thorin]] met on [[15 March]] {{TA|2941}}. They were both thinking about the same problem: the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] at the [[Lonely Mountain]]. The meeting led to the undertaking of the [[Quest of Erebor]], which resulted in the death of Smaug and the finding of [[the One Ring]] by [[Bilbo Baggins]].

In the night between the [[29 September|29]] and the [[30 September]], {{TA|3018}}, [[Frodo Baggins]] met [[Aragorn|Strider]] at the largest inn in Bree, [[The Prancing Pony]], owned by [[Barliman Butterbur]]. The inn was raided by servants of the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], forcing the retreat of Frodo and his companions.

Bree was raided by [[ruffians]] during the [[War of the Ring]], leaving several Men and Hobbits dead. When [[Travellers|Frodo and his companions]] returned in [[28 October]], {{TA|3019}}, returned to Bree, it seemed like most of the worst had passed. Barliman Butterbur explained to the Hobbits that none of the Bree-landers ever realized how much the Rangers of the North had done for them, but after they all left (to fight in the War of the Ring in the south) all sorts of ruffians and highwaymen and wolves had encroached on the land. The Bree-landers had survived by throwing up some hasty defenses and posting watchmen, but trade had dropped off to almost nothing as they barricaded themselves within their town walls. The Hobbits assured Butterbur that [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], known to him as his former customer "Strider", had now been crowned King and would soon venture north to restore order.

Presumably, Bree was re-absorbed into the revived Arnor and [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Aragorn, with increased trade allowing Bree to become more prosperous than in generations.

==Etymology==
The name ''Bree'' means "hill" in [[wikipedia:Brythonic languages|Brythonic]], a [[Celtic]] language, referring to the fact that the village of Bree and the surrounding Bree-lands were centered around a large hill. According to [[Tom Shippey]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] was inspired by the actual town of [[wikipedia:Brill|Brill]].

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Bree map.gif|thumb|right|Map of Bree in [[The Lord of the Rings Online]].]]
With the absence of [[Tom Bombadil]] and the [[Barrow-downs]] in most adaptations, the distance between Bree and the Shire seems shorter than it really was.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:After leaving the [[Old Forest]], the Hobbits appear in the Prancing Pony without delay or introduction. The rooms were raided by [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] rather than servants of them.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Here too, Bombadil and the Barrow-downs were omitted. After taking a short walk through Bree, the hobbits enter the Pony. Merry goes out for a walk, and is found by [[Bob]] the ostler. Once again, it is the Ringwraiths rather than servants of them who raid the Pony.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:Frodo and his companions arrive at Bree almost immediately after the scene in which they leave the Shire. All are present in Strider's room when the Ringwraiths crash the gate, trample the gatekeeper, and raid the Prancing Pony.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The role of Bree is greatly expanded, due to the interactiveness of the medium. It is the place where the Hobbits meet Strider, and the player shifts perspective. Strider searches the streets of Bree for Merry and materials to make decoys for (once again) the Ringwraiths to slash, while the streets are crowded with robbers and wolves.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Bree is one of the major cities in the north, located in Bree-land. It faces threats from several fronts: [[Sharkey]]'s brigands have already began making their way into [[Bree-land]], the [[Barrow-downs]] are stirring following the passage of the [[Nazgûl]] and a small band of [[Orcs]] has made their way from the [[North Downs]]. The citizens of Bree know more of the bigger world than [[The Shire|Shire]] dwellers, but are still oblivious to the dangers they could face. The town's mayor and the watchers don't trust the [[Rangers of the North]], insisting they can manage their own affairs. Later, during the winter of {{TA|3019}}, Bree is overrun by Sharkey's Brigands and [[Half-orcs]] and has to be liberated by Free Peoples - an event references as "Thievery and Mischief" by [[Barliman Butterbur]] later.

[[File:Bree-WITN1.png|thumb|250px|Bree in [[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]].]]
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:[[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] visit Bree in the beginning of the game, just a few days before [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] reached the town. They meet with [[Aragorn]] in the [[Prancing Pony]].<ref name="Prologue">[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>
:Bree is protected by a dike and hedge and can be entered through two of its gates.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com/ The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/the-game/locations Locations], Bree (accessed at [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> The most important structures in Bree are the Prancing Pony, [[Elmund Brushwood]]'s smithy and [[Adalgar Oldbank]]'s shop. Several characters appear in Bree: [[Otto Aster]], [[Harley Bramble]], Elmund Brushwood, [[Barliman Butterbur]], [[Grof]], [[Tedder Hedgerow]], Adalgar Oldbank and a [[Southerners|Southerner]], as well as several unnamed [[Bree-landers]].<ref name="Prologue"/>

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:The opening scene takes place in Bree - once again featuring a cameo from [[Peter Jackson]] eating a carrot (see [[Albert Dreary]]) - where [[Gandalf]] and [[Thorin]] meet in the Prancing Pony. Gandalf tells Thorin of his meeting with [[Thráin]], his worries about [[Smaug|the dragon]], and his wish to see Thorin retake the [[Lonely Mountain]]. Gandalf convinces Thorin that they need [[Bilbo Baggins|a burglar]] to retrieve the [[Arkenstone]] in order to summons the "Seven Armies" of the [[Dwarves]].

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Bree|Images of Bree]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]

[[de:Bree]]
[[fi:Brii]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes_tours_et_forteresses:eriador:bree]]

User:Edrastel

2018-06-08T05:00:31Z

Edrastel:

{{user infobox| image=| name=Edrastel| othernames= Ian| position=Member| language=English| location=Indiana| occupation=| birth=October 15th| birthlocation=| age=20| gender=Male| height=0.943 ranga| hair=Dark brown| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user USA}}
{{user 2y}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
{{user lotro}}
{{user men}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings}}
{{user entwives4}}
}}

Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (Facsimile Gift Edition)
** ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:# ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
:# ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
:# ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
:# ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
:# ''[[Roverandom]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

User:Edrastel

2018-06-08T04:56:41Z

Edrastel:

{{user infobox| image=| name=Edrastel| othernames= Ian| position=Member| language=English| location=Indiana| occupation=| birth=October 15th| birthlocation=| age=20| gender=Male| height=0.943 ranga| hair=Dark brown| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user USA}}
{{user 2y}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
{{user lotro}}
{{user men}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings}}
{{user entwives4}}
}}

Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (Facsimile Gift Edition)
** ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

User:Edrastel

2018-06-08T04:52:40Z

Edrastel:

{{user infobox| image=| name=Edrastel| othernames= Ian| position=Member| language=English| location=Indiana| occupation=| birth=October 15th| birthlocation=| age=20| gender=Male| height=0.943 ranga| hair=Dark brown| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user USA}}
{{user 2y}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
{{user lotro}}
{{user men}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings}}
{{user entwives4}}
}}

Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (Facsimile Gift Edition)
** ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)
* ''[[Quettar]]'' (Issues 1 - 40)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

User:Edrastel

2018-06-08T04:48:50Z

Edrastel:

{{user infobox| image=| name=Edrastel| othernames= Ian| position=Member| language=English| location=Indiana| occupation=| birth=October 15th| birthlocation=| age=20| gender=Male| height=0.943 ranga| hair=Dark brown| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user USA}}
{{user 2y}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user en-N}}
{{user lotro}}
{{user men}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings}}
{{user entwives4}}
}}

Hello! I am Edrastel, a fan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] works since around 2009. I am one of the newer contributors to Tolkien Gateway, having joined on 20 December, 2015.

== History ==
I was introduced to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' through Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|extended film trilogy]]. After watching all three films, I quickly wanted to read the stories on paper for myself. I started, of course, with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' before moving on to ''The Lord of the Rings'' itself, and after coming to the end of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' I was left wanting more. I went on to ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and afterwards to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and from there my collection of [[Middle-earth]] lore started piling up.

Some time around the year 2010, I began to play the online MMO ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''. From the very start I played as a roleplayer, though an amateur at first, on the server Crickhollow. Eventually I went on a long hiatus before returning to the game in 2014 on another server with a new account, this time in the server Laurelin.

== Collection ==
=== Legendarium ===
* ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (50th Anniversary One-Volume Edition)
:#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
:#''[[The Two Towers]]''
:#''[[The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' (Complete Box Set)
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part One]]''
:#''[[The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two]]''
:#''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
:#''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
:#''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
:#''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
:#''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
:#''[[The War of the Ring]]''
:#''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
:#''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
:#''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
:#''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' (One-Volume Edition)
:#'''''Mr. Baggins'''''
:#'''''Return to Bag End'''''

=== Other Works ===
* ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''
* ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]''
* ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''
* ''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
* ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
* ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''
* ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''
* ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''

=== Artwork ===
* ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]''
* ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]''

=== Tolkien Research ===
* ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''
* ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''
* ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''

=== Journals ===
* ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'' (Issues 1-7, 16, 20-22)
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' (Issues 1-50)
* ''[[Quettar]]'' (Issues 1 - 40)

== Links ==
* [[User:Edrastel/Sandbox|Sandbox]]
* [[User:Edrastel/Round_World_Thesis|My Round World Thesis]] '''(WORK IN PROGRESS)'''

Ring of Barahir

2018-05-29T23:21:04Z

Edrastel:

[[Image:Noble Collection - Ring of Barahir.jpg|thumb|200px|The ''Ring of Barahir'' as conceived by [[The Noble Collection]]]]
The '''Ring of Barahir''', originally '''Ring of Felagund''', was an [[Elves|Elven]] artifact that was originally given by [[Finrod Felagund]] to [[Barahir]] and aftewards was kept by the [[Edain]] as an heirloom in the later [[Ages]].
==Description==
The ring had the shape of two serpents with emerald eyes, one devouring and the other supporting a crown of golden flowers, the emblem of the [[House of Finarfin]].<ref name=sberen/>
==History==
The Ring was fashioned in [[Valinor]] by the [[Noldor]], and was owned by the [[Elves|Elven]] Lord [[Finrod]]. He took it to [[Middle-earth]] during the Exile of the Noldor, along with other treasures he brought from [[Tirion]],<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> and wore it with him in [[Nargothrond]].
[[File:Antti Autio - The Oath of Felagund.jpg|thumb|Antti Autio - ''The Oath of Felagund'']]
During the [[Dagor Bragollach]] the [[Adan]] [[Barahir]] saved his life, and Finrod gave him the ring as a token of eternal friendship between Finrod and the House of Barahir.

Barahir wore the Ring for the rest of his life, until his hand (wearing it) was taken by [[Gorgol]] the Butcher,<ref>{{LB|4}}</ref> leader of the [[Orcs]] who killed him, as a proof of his feat. But [[Beren]] went through great perils to avenge his father and retrieved his hand. Beren laid the hand to rest with the rest of his father's remains, but kept and wore the Ring.<ref name=sberen>{{S|Beren}}</ref>
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Finrod is reminded of his oath.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Anke Eißmann]] - ''Finrod is reminded of his oath'']]
When Beren was assigned the [[Quest for the Silmaril]], he went to [[Nargothrond]] and used it as a token to seek Finrod's help. Finrod fulfilled his pledge and even found his death in the dungeons of [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] in order to save Beren.

The Ring's fate in the following centuries is only vaguely recorded. Through [[Dior]], his daughter [[Elwing]] and her son [[Elros]], it found its way to [[Númenor]]. Apparently it remained a heirloom of the [[Kings of Númenor]], until King [[Tar-Elendil]] did not give it to his heir [[Tar-Meneldur]], but to his eldest daughter [[Silmariën]], who was not allowed to succeed him on the throne. She in turn gave the ring to her son [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]], first [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]]. The Ring was handed down to the succeeding Lords of Andúnië until the last of the [[Faithful]]. Thus it survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]] when the [[Faithful]] escaped to [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}, Note 2</ref>

In the [[Third Age]] the ring was again passed in direct line from [[Elendil]], the last of the Lords of Andúnië, as a heirloom of the [[Kings of Arnor]], and then [[Kings of Arthedain]] until the [[Fall of Fornost|fall]] of [[Arthedain]].

The last King of Arthedain, [[Arvedui]], gave the ring to the chief of the [[Lossoth]] of [[Forochel]], thankful for the help he received from them. Years after {{TA|1975}}, it was ransomed from the Snowmen by the [[Rangers of the North]], and it was kept safe at [[Rivendell]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

Eventually, in {{TA|2952}} it was given by [[Elrond]] to [[Aragorn]] son of [[Arathorn II|Arathorn]], when he was told of his true name and lineage, together with the shards of [[Narsil]]. In {{TA|2980}}, while in [[Lothlórien|Lórien]], Aragorn gave the ring to [[Arwen|Arwen Undómiel]], and thus they were betrothed.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

Nothing is said of the fate of the ring in the [[Fourth Age]], but unless it went with Arwen to her grave at [[Cerin Amroth]], it most likely passed to the Kings of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], descendants of Aragorn and Arwen.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In the [[Lay of Leithian]] the Ring belonged to [[Finrod#Other versions of the Legendarium|Finrod]] (later Finarfin) and inherited by his son [[Inglor|Inglor Felagund]] (later Finrod). When Beren shows the Ring in [[Menegroth]] it is described as thus:
{{quote|Proud are the words, and all there turned to see the jewels green that burned in [[Beren]]'s ring. These [[Gnomes]] had set as eyes of serpents twined that met beneath a golden crown of flowers, that one upholds and one devours: the badge that [[Finrod]] made of yore and [[Felagund]] his son now bore...|''[[Lay of Leithian]]''<ref>{{LB|C4}}, lines 1096-1103</ref>}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]
[[Category:Heirlooms]]
[[de:Barahirs Ring]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/anneaux/anneau_de_barahir]]
[[fi:Barahirin sormus]]

Dwarves of Erebor

2018-05-29T00:47:13Z

Edrastel: Undo revision 299606 by 142.44.139.84 (talk)

{{people infobox
| name=Dwarves of Erebor
| image=[[File:David T. Wenzel - Erebor trade.jpg|250px]]
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=[[Durin's Folk]]
| location=[[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], [[Khazad-Dûm]], [[Glittering Caves]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=[[Orcs]], [[Smaug]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Gimli]], [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]]
| lifespan=c. 250 years
| distinctions=
| height=Five feet or less
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Dwarves of Erebor''' were those who dwelt in the halls of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], beneath the [[Lonely Mountain]].

==History==
===Kingdom===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Heart of the Mountain.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - Heart of the Mountain]]
[[Thráin I]] established the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] fleeing from Moria. During his time the [[Arkenstone]] was discovered, the most prized possession of the Kingdom. His son, [[Thorin I]], later became [[King under the Mountain]] but after seeing the wealth of the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]], he abandoned Erebor.

When the [[Cold-drakes]] invaded the Grey Mountains, they drove most of the Dwarves out. [[Thrór]], a descendant of Thorin I, took some of his people and flew the Grey Mountains for Erebor. His brother [[Grór]] continued east with a great following of Durin's folk to the [[Iron Hills]] while himself refounded the kingdom of Erebor in {{TA|2590}}.

===Second Kingdom===
The Dwarves gained the friendship of the [[Northmen]] along the [[Celduin]] and had much trade of goods, beautiful trinkets, and weapons with the town of [[Dale]]. The Dwarves of Erebor also had much traffic of ores with their kinsmen in the Iron Hills and the region had peace and prosperity for many years.
[[File:David T. Wenzel - Dwarf-woman.jpg|thumb|left|The Dwarves flee Erebor and Dale]]
The Dwarves were properous, and made great wealth for themselves until they were dispossessed of their immense wealth by [[Smaug]] the Dragon, who flew south from the [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]] and [[Sack of Erebor|sacked]] their kingdom in {{TA|2770}}.

The Dwarves reclaimed their inheritance many years later under the leadership of [[Thorin|Thorin II]]. But it was the descendants of [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] that ruled there ever after.

===Third Kingdom===
After the restoration thanks to [[Thorin and Company]], the Dwarves became again rich and prosperous under Dáin's rule, as the Dwarves exceeded their ancestors in masonry and mining. Dale was rebuilt as a kingdom and they had close friendship with the [[Elves of Mirkwood]].<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

[[Balin]] and other Dwarves set out to [[Balin's Colony|reclaim Moria]] in {{TA|2989}}. Dáin did not give his blessing when Balin, but could not dissuade them.<ref name="Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref> It was only later learned the colony was destroyed after five years.<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref>

===War of the Ring===
In {{TA|3018}}, a messenger came from [[Mordor]], enquiring about "[[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]]" from "[[the Shire|Shire]]", promising the last three [[Seven Rings|Dwarf-rings]] to Dáin. The King asked time to think and he sent [[Glóin]] and his son [[Gimli]] to [[Elrond]] for council, and to warn Bilbo.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>

The [[War of the Ring]] reached the North; King [[Brand]] fighting the [[Easterlings]] retreated from the River [[Carnen]] and was given aid by Dwarves in the [[Battle of Dale]]. After three days of fighting Dwarves and Men were driven back, and Brand was slain, followed by Dáin.<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref> Several days later the Easterlings learned that the War was lost. When the new King [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]], son of Dáin, and Brand's [[Bard II]] saw this they came out of the mountain and routed their enemies.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref>

Little is known of the reign of Thorin III, other than the Dwarves helped rebuild the cities of [[Minas Tirith]] and the fortress of [[Helm's Deep]]. Some of the Dwarves colonized the [[Glittering Caves]].

==Language and writing==
The Dwarves of Erebor spoke [[Khuzdul]] but used the [[Language of Dale]] for their public names.<ref>{{App|F1}}</ref>

Coming from Moria, the Dwarves brought with them the [[Angerthas Moria]], which however was modified further. For some reason some [[runes]] of Angerthas Moria were reverted back to their [[Elvish]] values in [[Angerthas]]. The resulting variation was known as [[Angerthas Erebor]].<ref>{{App|Cirth}}</ref>

==Members==
Noted Dwarves from Erebor were:

*'''[[Thráin I]]'''
*'''[[Thorin I]]'''
*'''[[Thrór]]'''
*[[Thráin|Thráin II]]
*[[Thorin]]
*[[Balin]], [[Dwalin]]
*[[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]]
*[[Óin]], [[Glóin]]
*[[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], [[Bombur]]
*[[Kíli]], [[Fíli]]
*[[Gimli]]
*[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
*[[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]]
*[[Floi]], [[Loni]], [[Nali]], [[Frár]]
*[[Dís]]
*[[Frerin]]
*[[Fundin]]

{{References}}

[[Category:Dwarven peoples]]
[[de:Erebor]]
[[fi:Erebor]]

2018

2018-05-25T03:33:45Z

Edrastel:

{{year-header}}
==January==
* [[1 January|1]]: ''[[A Well of Wonder: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and The Inklings]]'' will be published.
* '''[[3 January|3]]''' - [[Birthday Toast#Tolkien Society tradition|Birthday Toast]].
* '''[[24 January|24]]''' - [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] dies.
* '''?''' - ''[[Amon Hen 269]]'' is published.

==March==
* '''[[25 March|25]]''' - [[Tolkien Reading Day]].
==April==
* '''[[10 April|10]]''' - [[HarperCollins]] announce that ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'' will be published on [[30 August]] 2018.
* '''[[24 April|24]]''' - [[Robert Murray]] dies.

==June==
* '''[[1 June|1]]''' - [[Bodleian Library]]'s exhibition "Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth" begins. The companion books ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'' and ''[[Tolkien: Treasures]]'' will also be published.
==August==
* '''[[28 August|28]] - ''The Hobbit Facsimile Gift Edition'' will be published.'''
* '''[[30 August|30]] - ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'' will be published.'''

==October==
* '''[[4 October|4]]''' - ''[[A Middle-earth Traveller]]'' will be published.
* '''[[28 October|28]]''' - [[Bodleian Library]]'s exhibition "Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth" ends.

{{years|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021}}
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien

2018-05-25T03:33:15Z

Edrastel: Undo revision 299536 by Sigurd (talk)

This is an attempt to list all published writings (including juvenilia, letters, transcribed interviews and statements, etc.) of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] appearing in [[:Category:Books|books]], [[:Category:Periodicals|periodicals]], [[:Category:Ephemera|ephemera]] and online, in a chronological order of publication.<ref>Main works consulted for the compilation of this list has been (1) ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'', (2) the bibliography of the ''[http://tolkienlibrary.com Tolkien Library]'', (3) ''[http://www.tolkienbooks.net An Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography]'', (4) ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tbchron.html A Chronological Bibliography of the Writings of J.R.R. Tolkien]''.</ref> For a list of his major books, see the [[J.R.R. Tolkien#Bibliography|bibliography section on the J.R.R. Tolkien page]].

*''Note 1: For ease of reference (and because many items do not have an exact date of publication), works are sorted alphabetically under each year.
*''Note 2: The list does not (in general) include reprints or new editions without new content''.
*''Note 3: Publications, with only a vague contribution by Tolkien, or which are questionable, disputed, or with an unknown publication status or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.
*''Note 4: Non-English publications are only listed if these contain material published for the first time.''
=== Publications during Tolkien's Lifetime ===
====1910s====

*[[1910]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.25, No.183)]]. Includes '''[[Debating Society Report]]'''.
*[[1910]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.25, No.184)]]. Includes '''[[Debating Society Report]]'''.

*[[1911]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.26, No.185)]]. Includes '''[[Debating Society Report]]'''.
*[[1911]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.26, No.186)]]. Includes '''[[The Battle of the Eastern Field]]''' and '''[[Acta Senatus]]'''.
*[[1911]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.26, No.187)]]. Includes 'Editorial' and 'Debating Society Report'.
*[[1911]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.26, No.188)]]. Contains 'Editorial'.

*[[1912]]: ''[[Exeter College Smoker (1912)|Exeter College Smoker]]''. Cover artwork.

*[[1913]]: ''[[Exeter College Smoker (1913)|Exeter College Smoker]]''. Cover artwork.
*[[1913]]: [[The King Edward's School Chronicle|''The King Edward's School Chronicle'' (Vol.28, No.202)]]. Includes "Oxford Letter".
*[[1913]]: ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine (Vol.4, No.20]]''. Includes '''[[From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames]]'''.

*[[1914]]: ''[[Rules of the Exeter College Essay Club]]''.
*[[1914]]: ''[[Ye Chequers Clubbe Binge]]''. Cover artwork.

*[[1915]]: ''[[Oxford Poetry]] 1915''. Includes '''[[Goblin Feet]]'''.

*[[1917]]: ''[[Oxford Poetry]] 1914-1916''. Includes '''[[Goblin Feet]]'''.

*[[1918]]: ''[[A Spring Harvest]]''. Includes a 'Preface'.

====1920s====

*[[1920]]: ''[[The Book of Fairy Poetry]]''. Includes '''[[Goblin Feet]]'''.
*[[1920]]: ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|Stapeldon Magazine (Vol.5, Nr.26)]]''. Includes '''[[The Happy Mariners]]'''.

*[[1921]]: ''[[Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose]]''. Includes '''[[Middle English Vocabulary]]'''.

*[[1922]]: '''''[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]'''''.
*?[[1922]]: ''[[Fifty New Poems for Children]]''. Includes '''[[Goblin Feet]]'''.
*[[1922]]: ''[[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3]]''. Includes '''[[The Clerkes Compleinte]]'''.

*[[1923]]: ''[[A Northern Venture]]''. Includes poems '''[[Tha Eadigan Saelidan]]''', '''[[The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon|Why the Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon]]''', and '''[[Enigmata Saxonica Nuper Inventa Duo]]'''.
*[[1923]]: ''[[Bulletin of the Modern Humanities Research Association 20|Bulletin of the Modern Humanities Research Association, number 20]]''.Includes an obituary to [[Henry Bradley]].
*[[1923]]: ''[[The Gryphon, n.s.4, no.4]]''. Includes '''[[Iúmonna Gold Galdre Bewunden]]'''.
*[[1923]]: ''[[The Microcosm, Vol.8 No.1]]''. Includes '''[[The City of the Gods]]'''.
*[[1923]]: ''Times Literary Supplement''. London, 26 april 1923. Contains '''[[Holy Maidenhood]]'''.
*[[1923]]: ''[[Yorkshire Poetry]]''. Includes '''[[The Cat and the Fiddle|The cat and the fiddle: A nursery-rhyme undone and its scandalous secret unlocked]]'''.

*[[1924]]: ''[[Leeds University Verse 1914-24]]''. Includes poems '''[[An Evening in Tavrobel]]''', '''[[The Lonely Isle]]''' and '''[[The Princess Ní]]'''.
*[[1924]]: ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1923]]''. Ed. Lee & Boas. The English Association. Oxford University Press. Review - Philology.

*[[1925]]: ''The Gryphon'', Vol. 6 No. 6. Contains '''[[Light as Leaf on Lindentree]]'''.
*?[[1925]]–?[[1927]]: ''[[Inter-University Magazine]]''. Includes '''[[Tinfang Warble]]''' and '''[[The Grey Bridge of Tavrobel]]'''.
*[[1925]]: [[The Review of English Studies (Vol. 1 No. 2)|''The Review of English Studies'', Vol. 1 No. 2]]. Includes '''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]'''.
*[[1925]]: [[The Review of English Studies (Vol. 1 No. 3)|''The Review of English Studies'', Vol. 1 No. 3]]. Includes '''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]'''.
*[[1925]]: '''''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (edition)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'''''.
*[[1925]]: ''[[The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion Session 1923-24]]''. Includes contribution to "'''[[Gerald of Wales on the Survival of Welsh]]'''".

*[[1926]]: ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1924]]''. Includes Review - Philology.

*[[1927]]: ''[[Realities: An Anthology of Verse]]''. Includes '''[[The Nameless Land]]'''.
*[[1927]]: ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine|The Stapeldon Magazine]]'', vol. 7, nr. 40. Includes poems '''[[Fastitocalon]]''' and '''Iumbo, or ye Kinde of ye Oliphaunt'''.
*[[1927]]: ''[[The Year's Work in English Studies 1925]]''. Includes Review - Philology.

*[[1928]]: ''[[A New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District]]''. Includes a '''[[Foreword to A New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District|Foreword]]'''.

*[[1929]]: ''[[Essays and Studies (1929)|Essays and Studies]]''. Contains '''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]'''.
*[[1929]]: ''[[Wonder Tales from Fairy Isles]]''. Includes [[Goblin Feet]].

====1930s====

*[[1930]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]'', 48, n°21. Contains '''[[The Oxford English School]]''', pp.778-782.

*[[1931]]: ''[[The Open Door to Poetry|The Open Door to Poetry: An Anthology]]''. Includes [[Goblin Feet]].
*[[1931]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]'', 50, n°1. Contains '''[[Progress in Bimble Town]]''', p.22.

*[[1932]]: [[The British Esperantist, Vol.28, May 1932|''The British Esperantist''. Vol.28, May 1932]]. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.
*[[1932]]: ''[[The Life of Joseph Wright]]''. Includes extracts from the letter '''[[Letter to Joseph Wright]]'''.
*[[1932]]: [[Medium Ævum (Vol. 1, No. 3)|''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3)]]. Includes '''[[Sigelwara Land|Sigelwara Land (Part 1)]]'''.
*[[1932]]: ''[[Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire]]''. Includes '''[[The Name 'Nodens']]'''.
*[[1932]]: ''[[Sigelwara land — I]]''

*[[1933]]: ''Oxford Magazine''. 52, n°5. Contains the poem '''[[Errantry]]''', p.180.

*[[1934]]: [[The Chronicle of the Convents of the Sacred Heart (Volume IV)|''The Chronicle of the Convents of the Sacred Heart'', Volume IV]]. Includes the poem '''[[Firiel (poem)|Firiel]]'''.
*[[1934]]: [[Medium Ævum (Vol. 3, No. 2)|''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2)]]. Includes '''[[Sigelwara Land|Sigelwara Land (Part 2)]]'''.
*[[1934]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]''. 52, n°9. Contains the poem '''[[Looney]]''', p.340.
*[[1934]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]''. 52, n°13. Contains the poem '''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''', pp.464-465.
*[[1934]]: ''[[Sigelwara land — II]]''
*[[1934]]: ''Transactions of the Philological Society''. David Nutt. Stephen Austin and Sons. Contains '''[[Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale]]''', pp.70.

*[[1936]]: [[Annual of Our Lady's School (1936)|''Annual'' of Our Lady's School]]. Includes the poems '''[[Shadow-Bride|The Shadow Man]]''' and '''[[Noel]]'''.
*'''('''[[1936]]: ''[[An Edition of Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene]]''.''')'''
*'''('''[[1936]]: ''[[Roman Britain and the English Settlements]]''.''')'''
*[[1936]]: '''''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'''''.

*'''('''[[1937]]: ''[[The Battle of Maldon]]''.''')'''
*[[1937]]: '''''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'''''.
*[[1937]]: ''[[George Allen and Unwin Spring Announcements 1937|George Allen & Unwin Spring Announcements 1937]]''
*[[1937]]: ''[[George Allen and Unwin Summer Announcements 1937|George Allen & Unwin Summer Announcements 1937]]''
*[[1937]]: '''''[[The Hobbit]]'''''. George Allen & Unwin.
*[[1937]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]''. 55, n°11. Contains the poem '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]''', p.342.
*[[1937]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]''. 55, n°13. Includes the poem '''[[Knocking at the Door]]'''.
*[[1937]]: ''[[The Oxford Magazine]]''. 55 n°15. Contains the poem '''[[Iúmonna Gold Galdre Bewunden]]''', p.473.

*[[1938]]: ''Observer'', 20 February 1938. Includes '''[[letter 25|Letter to the Editor]]'''.
*'''('''[[1938]]: ''[[The Oxford Book of Greek Verse in Translation]]''.''')'''

*[[1939]]: '''''[[The Reeve's Tale (J.R.R. Tolkien)|The Reeve's Tale: Version Prepared for Recitation at the 'Summer Diversions']]'''''.

====1940s====

*[[1940]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment]]''. Includes '''Prefatory Remarks on Prose Translation of "beowulf"'''.
*'''('''[[1940]]: ''[[Víga-Glúms Saga]]''.''')'''

*[[1942]]: ''[[A Philological Miscellany Presented to Eilert Ekwall]]''. Includes introductory note co-signed by Tolkien.

*[[1944]]: '''''[[Sir Orfeo (booklet)|Sir Orfeo]]'''''.

*[[1945]]: [[The Catholic Herald (23 February 1945)|''The Catholic Herald'' (23 February 1945)]]. Includes '''[[The Name Coventry]]''' - Letter to the editor.
*[[1945]]: [[The Dublin Review (January 1945)|''The Dublin Review'' (January 1945)]]. Includes the story '''[[Leaf by Niggle]]'''.
*[[1945]]: [[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|''The Welsh Review'' (Vol.IV, No.4)]]. Includes '''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'''.

*[[1946]]: [[Sunday Times (14 April 1946)|''Sunday Times'' (14 April 1946)]]. Includes '''Research v. Literature'''.

*[[1947]]: [[English Studies (December 1947)|''English Studies'' (December 1947)]]. Includes '''"iþþlen" in Sawles Warde'''.
*[[1947]]: ''[[Essays Presented to Charles Williams]]''. Includes '''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'''.

*[[1948]]: [[Studia Neophilologica Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2|''Studia Neophilologica'' Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2]]. Includes '''MS. Bodley 34: A Re-Collation of a Collation'''.

*[[1949]]: '''''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'''''.
*[[1949]]: ''The Times'' (28 January 1949). Includes the letter "[[Cardinal Mindszenty]]", co-signed by Tolkien.

====1950s====

*'''('''[[1951]]: ''[[Elizabethan Acting]]''.''')'''
*[[1951]]: ''[[The Hobbit]]'', second edition. Includes '''[[The Hobbit Preface|prefatory note]]'''.

*'''('''[[1952]]: ''[[þorgils Saga ok Hafliða]]''.''')'''

*[[1953]]: ''[[Essais de philologie moderne (1951)]]''. Includes essay '''[[Middle English 'Losenger' (essay)|Middle English 'Losenger']]'''.
*[[1953]]: ''[[Essays and Studies 1953]]''. Includes essay and poem '''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth|The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]'''.
*[[1953]]: '''''[[Middle English 'Losenger' (publication)|Middle English 'Losenger']]'''''
*[[1953]]: ''[[Pearl (E.V. Gordon)|Pearl]]''. Includes '''[[Form and Purpose]]'''.
*[[1953]]: [[Radio Times 4 December 1953|''Radio Times'']]. Contains '''[[A Fourteenth-Century Romance]]'''.

*[[1954]]: '''''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
*[[1954]]: '''''[[The Two Towers|The Two Towers: Being the Second Part of The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
*'''('''[[1954]]: [[Sir Orfeo (Alan Bliss)|''Sir Orfeo'' (edited by Alan Bliss)]].''')'''

*[[1955]]: ''[[The Ancrene Riwle]]''. Contains a 'Preface'.
*[[1955]]: [[The New York Times Book Review 5 June 1955|''The New York Times Book Review'']]. Includes extracts from [[letter 165]].
*[[1955]]: '''''[[The Return of the King|The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
*[[1955]]: [[Time and Tide (3 December 1955)|''Time and Tide'', 3 December 1955]]. Includes the poem '''[[Imram]]'''.

*[[1956]]: [[The Banbury Advertiser 19 December 1956|''The Banbury Advertiser'' 19 December]]. Includes parts of an opening speech.
*[[1956]]: [[Oxford Mail 15 December 1956|''Oxford Mail'' 15 December]]. Includes parts of an opening speech.

*[[1957]]: [[Oxford Mail, 11 September 1957|''Oxford Mail'', 11 September]]. Includes quote from speech.
*[[1957]]: [[The Bookseller, 14 September 1957|''The Bookseller'', 14 September]]. Includes quote from speech.

*[[1958]]: ''[[The Old English Apollonius of Tyre]]''. Includes '''Prefatory Note'''.
*[[1958]]: ''The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154''. Ed. Cecily Clark. Oxford University Press / Oxford English Monographs.

*[[1959]]: ''[[The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren]]''. Includes excerpts from [[Letter to Iona and Peter Opie|a letter to Iona and Peter Opie]].

====1960s====

*'''('''[[1960]]: ''[[The Seafarer (I.L. Gordon)|The Seafarer]]''.''')'''
*[[1960]]: [[Glamdring 2]]
*[[1960]]: [[Triode 18|''Triode'' 18]]. Includes a [[Letter to the editor of Triode|letter]].

*[[1961]]: ''[[A Short History of English Poetry]]''. Includes Stanza 32 from the poem '''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'''.
*[[1961]]: ''Kvällsposten'', 27 July 1961. Includes the '''[[1961 Jan Broberg]]''' interview.
*[[1961]]: ''Dagens Nyheter'', 21 August 1961. Includes '''[[Den besynnerlige professor Tolkien]]''' (interview).

*[[1962]]: '''''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'''''.
*[[1962]]: '''''[[Ancrene Wisse (book)|Ancrene Wisse]]'''''.

*[[1963]]: ''[[Angles and Britons]]''. Includes '''[[English and Welsh]]'''.
*[[1963]]: [[The Sunday Telegraph (10 November 1963)|''The Sunday Telegraph'' (10 November 1963)]]. Includes extract from an interview by Anthony Curtis.

*[[1964]]: [[I, Palantir (April 1964)|''I, Palantir'' (April 1964)]]. Includes extracts from letter and interview.
*[[1964]]: '''''[[Tree and Leaf]]'''''.

*[[1965]]: ''[[Edgar Rice Burroughs: Master of Adventure]]''. Includes extract from [[Letter to Richard Lupoff|a letter to Richard Lupoff]].
*[[1965]]: ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (Ballantine Books). Includes '''[[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword to the Second Edition]]'''.
*[[1965]]: [[Tolkien Journal (Vol.1, No.2)|''Tolkien Journal'' (Vol.1, No.2)]]. Includes several writings.
*[[1965]]: ''[[Winter's Tales for Children 1]]''. Contains '''[[Once upon a Time]]''' and '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'''.

*[[1966]]: [[The Christian Science Monitor (11 August 1966)|''The Christian Science Monitor'' (11 August 1966)]]. Includes extracts from interview by [[Daphne Castell]].
*[[1966]]: [[Diplomat, October 1966|''Diplomat'', October 1966]]. Includes '''[[Tolkien on Tolkien]]'''.
*[[1966]]: [[Glasgow Herald (6 August 1966)|''Glasgow Herald'' (6 August 1966)]]. Includes extracts from interview by [[Daphne Castell]].
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the Longmans/Unwin edition. Includes '''[[The Hobbit Preface|revised prefatory note]]'''.
*[[1966]]: '''''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'''''.
*[[1966]]: [[New Worlds Vol. 50, No. 168|''New Worlds'' Vol. 50, No. 168]]. Includes extracts from interview by [[Daphne Castell]].
*[[1966]]: [[Oxford Mail (3 August 1966)|''Oxford Mail'' (3 August 1966)]]. Includes extracts from interview by John Ezard.
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Return of the King]]''. Includes the [[The Lord of the Rings Index|'''1966 Index''']].
*[[1966]]: [[Saturday Evening Post (2 July 1966)|''Saturday Evening Post'' (2 July 1966)]]. Includes extracts from an interview by Henry Resnik.
*[[1966]]: [[Tolkien Journal (Vol.2, No.1)|''Tolkien Journal'' (Vol.2, No.1)]]. Includes poem '''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]''' and translation.
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]''. Contains ''The Homecoming of Beortnoth Beorthelm's Son'', ''Tree and Leaf'', ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' and ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.

*[[1967]]: [[The New York Times Magazine 15 January 1967|''The New York Times Magazine'' 15 January 1967]]. Includes [[Index:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien|interview]].
*[[1967]]: ''[[The Poetry of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Includes the poem "[[The Root of the Boot]]".
*[[1967]]: [[Redbook (23 November 1967)|''Redbook'' (23 November 1967)]]. Includes [[Smith of Wootton Major]].
*[[1967]]: '''''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]'''''.
*[[1967]]: [[Seventeen|''Seventeen'' January 1967]]. Includes [[Index:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien|interview]].
*[[1967]]: ''[[Shenandoah: A Tribute to Wystan Hugh Auden on his Sixtieth Birthday]]''. Contains the poem '''[[For W.H.A.]]'''.
*[[1967]]: '''''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'''''.
*[[1967]]: [[The Sunday Times Magazine 15 January 1967|''The Sunday Times Magazine'' 15 January 1967]]. Includes [[Index:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien|interview]].

*[[1968]]: [[Beowulf (Crossley-Holland translation)|''Beowulf'' (Crossley-Holland translation)]]. Includes extract from a letter.
*[[1968]]: [[The Birmingham Post Midland Magazine (28 May 1968)|''The Birmingham Post Midland Magazine'' (28 May 1968)]]. Includes extracts from an interview.
*[[1968]]: [[The Daily Telegraph Magazine (22 March 1968)|''The Daily Telegraph Magazine'', March 22]]. Includes the interview "'''[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]'''".
*[[1968]]: [[Moose Jaw Times-Herald: Weekend Magazine (Vol. 18, No. 35)|''Moose Jaw Times-Herald: Weekend Magazine'' (Vol. 18, No. 35)]]. Includes interview.
*[[1968]]: [[Oxford Mail (9 February 1968)|''Oxford Mail'' (9 February 1968)]]. Includes extracts from an interview.
*[[1968]]: [[Tolkien Journal (Vol.3, No.3)|''Tolkien Journal'' (Vol.3, No.3)]]. Includes extracts from a letter.
*[[1968]]: ''[[The Tolkien Relation|The Tolkien Relation: A Personal Inquiry]]''. Includes extracts from letters, as well as some unattributed quotes.
*[[1968]]: [[Wisterian (20 December 1968)|''Wisterian'' (20 December 1968)]]. Reproduces a [[Letter to Billy Callahan|letter to Billy Callahan]].

*[[1969]]: ''[[An Afternoon in Middle-earth]]''. Reproduces an extract from [[Letter to Leslie Holloway|a letter]].
*[[1969]]: [[Carandaith Vol. 1, No. 2|''Carandaith'' Vol. 1, No. 2]]. Includes extracts from interview by [[Daphne Castell]].
*[[1969]]: ''[[The Image of Man in C.S. Lewis]]''. Includes '''[[Letter 298]]'''.
*[[1969]]: [[Orcrist 4|''Orcrist'' no.4, ''Tolkien Journal'']]. Includes various extracts from letters.
*[[1969]]: [[The Review of English Studies (Vol. 1)|''The Review of English Studies'', Vol. 1]]. Includes [[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]] and [[The Devil's Coach-Horses]].
*[[1969]]: ''[[Selected Literary Essays]]''. Includes quotes from a letter.
*[[1969]]: '''''Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham'''''.
*[[1969]]: [[Tolkien Journal (Vol.3, No.4)|''Tolkien Journal'' (Vol.3, No.4)]]. Includes extracts from a letter.
*[[1969]]: ''[[The Young Magicians]]''. Includes poems '''[[Once upon a Time]]''' and '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'''.

====1970s====

*[[1970]]: '''''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]'''''
*[[1970]]: [[Carandaith Vol.2, No.1|''Carandaith'' Vol.2, No.1]]. Includes excerpts from [[Letter to Joy Hill (June 1969)|a letter to Joy Hill]].
*[[1970]]: [[Show Vol.1, No.1|''Show'' Vol.1, No.1]]. Includes excerpts from an interview.
*[[1970]]: ''[[Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist]]''. Includes quotes from some hard-to-find publications.

*[[1971]]: ''[[Attacks of Taste]]''. Includes one-paragraph statement.

*[[1972]]: ''Daily Telegraph''. Includes '''[[Letter 339|Beautiful place because trees are loved]]''' - Letter to the editor in response to an editorial.
*[[1972]]: ''[[The Fictitious Characters of C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien|The Fictitious Characters of C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien in Relation to Their Medieval Sources]]''. Includes [[Letter 213]].
*[[1972]]: [[The Los Angeles Times Calendar (9 April 1972)|''The Los Angeles Times Calendar'' (9 April 1972)]]. Includes extracts from an interview by [[William Cater]].
*[[1972]]: [[Mallorn 5|''Mallorn'' 5]]. Includes [[Letter to Vera Chapman and the Tolkien Society|a letter to Vera Chapman]]
*[[1972]]: [[The Scotsman (5 February 1972)|''The Scotsman'' (5 February 1972)]]. Includes extracts from an interview.
*[[1972]]: ''[[Sotheby's Fine English and Continental Furniture Bronzes, Textiles and Works of Art 1825-1930 and French Animalier Bronzes]]''. Includes [[Desk certificate 27 July 1972|a written statement]].
*[[1972]]: [[The Sunday Times Magazine (2 January 1972)|''The Sunday Times Magazine'' (2 January 1972)]]. Includes extracts from an interview by [[William Cater]].

*[[1973]]: ''[[An Atlas of Fantasy]]''. Includes several maps.
*[[1973]]: [[Amon Dîn (Vol.2, No.1)|''Amon Dîn'' (Vol.2, No.1)]]. Includes [[Letter to Randy Trimmer|a letter]].
*[[1973]]: ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1974]]''. Includes several illustrations.
*[[1973]]: ''[[Sotheby's Nineteenth Century and Modern First Editions, Presentation Copies, Autograph Letters and Literary Manuscripts]]''. Includes extracts from a [[Letter to Stanley Unwin|letter to Stanley Unwin]].

=== Posthumous Publications ===

====1970s====

*[[1973]]: [[Mythprint (Vol.8, No.3)|''Mythprint'' (Vol.8, No.3)]]. Includes extracts from [[Letter to Joan O. Falconer|a letter to Joan O. Falconer]].
*[[1973]]: [[The Sunday Telegraph (9 September 1973)|''The Sunday Telegraph'' (9 September)]]. Includes an extract from a [[Michael Tolkien 196?|letter to Michael Tolkien]].
*[[1973]]: [[The Tablet (15 September 1973)|''The Tablet'' (15 September)]]. Includes extracts from [[Letter 142]] and another [[Robert Murray 1967?|letter to Father Robert Murray]].

*[[1974]]: ''[[The Arts Council Collection of Modern Literary Manuscripts 1963-1972]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1974]]: '''''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]'''''.
*[[1974]]: [[C.S. Lewis: A Biography (1974 book)|''C.S. Lewis: A Biography'']].
*[[1974]]: ''[[Tolkien Language Notes 2]]''.

*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''. Includes '''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]'''.
*[[1975]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.
*[[1975]]: ''[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]''.
*[[1975]]: ''[[Modern Fantasy: Five Studies]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1975]]: [[Monash Review 3 (1975)|''Monash Review'' 3 (1975)]]. Includes poem '''[[Doworst]]''' and letter.
*[[1975]]: ''[[Mythlore 10]]''. Contains a [[Letter to Herbert Schiro|letter dated 17 November 1957 to Dr. Herbert Schiro]].
*[[1975]]: [[Mythprint Vol.11, No.1|''Mythprint'' Vol.11, No.1]]. Includes letter.
*[[1975]]: ''[[Om Beowulfsagan]]''
*[[1975]]: ''Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major and The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorthhelm's Son''.
*[[1975]]: '''''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'''''.

*[[1976]]: ''[[Drawings by Tolkien (exhibition catalogue)|Drawings by Tolkien]]''. Exhibition catalogue.
*[[1976]]: [[Fantastic November 1976|''Fantastic'' November 1976]]. Includes quotes and recollections.
*[[1976]]: '''''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'''''.
*[[1976]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle-earth|J.R.R. Tolkien: Architect of Middle Earth]]''. Includes quotes from letters and interviews.
*[[1976]]: ''[[Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers|Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy]]''. Includes a quote and recollections.
*[[1976]]: [[Mallorn 10|''Mallorn'', 10]]. Includes [[Letter 203]].
*[[1976]]: ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]''. Includes an inscription, excerpts from letters, and reminiscences.

*[[1977]]: [[British Book News (June 1977)|''British Book News'' (June 1977)]]. Includes excerpts from interview.
*[[1977]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''. Includes excerpts of letters, poetry and prose.
*[[1977]]: '''''[[The Silmarillion]]'''''.
*[[1977]]: ''[[Sotheby's Nineteenth Century and Modern First Editions, Presentation Copies, Autograph Letters and Literary Manuscripts 28-29 July 1977]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1977]]: ''[[Sotheby's Valuable Autograph Letters, Literary Manuscripts and Historical Documents 12-13 December 1977]]''. Includes letters.

*[[1978]]: [[A Elbereth Gilthoniel! 1, no. 2|''A Elbereth Gilthoniel!'' 1, no. 2]]. Includes parts of '''[[Doworst]]'''.
*[[1978]]: ''[[Eglerio! In Praise of Tolkien]]''. Includes quotes attributed to Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]''. Includes excerpts from letters, diaries and manuscripts.
*[[1978]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]''.
*[[1978]]: [[Mallorn 12|''Mallorn'' 12]]. Reprints [[The Battle of the Eastern Field]].
*[[1978]]: ''[[Sotheby's Catalogue of Autograph Letters, Literary Manuscripts and Historical Documents 16 October 1978]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1978]]: ''[[The Tolkien Scrapbook]]''. Includes the drawing '''[[The Lonely Mountain (J.R.R. Tolkien drawing)|The Lonely Mountain]]'''.

*[[1979]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller|J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Storyteller: Essays in Memoriam]]''. Includes '''[[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford|Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford, 5 June 1959]]'''.
*[[1979]]: [[Minas Tirith Evening-Star (Volume 8, Number 2)|''Minas Tirith Evening-Star'' (Volume 8, Number 2)]]. Contains '''[[An Interview with J.R.R.T.]]'''.
*[[1979]]: '''''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''''.

====1980s====

*?1980s: ''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses (booklet)|The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''.

*[[1980]]: [[Amon Hen 44|''Amon Hen'' 44]]. Includes attributed quote.
*[[1980]]: ''Biblioasis One, or The Quencher''. Includes a [[Letter to Naomi Mitchison|letter to Naomi Mitchison]].
*[[1980]]: ''[[Eorclanstanas: or The Hobbitiana]]''. Includes a version of [[Galadriel's Lament]].
*[[1980]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Souvenir booklet commemorating twenty five years of its publication]]''.
*[[1980]]: '''''[[Poems and Stories]]'''''.
*[[1980]]: ''[[Sotheby's Catalogue of Valuable Autograph Letters, Literary Manuscripts and Historical Documents 21-22 July 1980]]''. Includes [[Letter to Miss How|a letter to Miss How]].
*[[1980]]: '''''[[Unfinished Tales]]'''''.

*[[1981]]: [[The Catholic Herald (18 September 1981)|''The Catholic Herald'' (18 September 1981)]]. Includes extracts from '''[[The Name Coventry]]'''.
*[[1981]]: '''''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''''.
*[[1981]]: [[Mallorn 17|''Mallorn'' 17]]. Includes [[Letter to Justin Arundale|a letter]].
*[[1981]]: ''[[Robin Waterfield Catalogue 40: English Literature]]''. Includes inscriptions and notes.

*[[1982]]: '''''[[Finn and Hengest]]'''''.
*[[1982]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Critical Biography]]''. Includes a letter.
*[[1982]]: '''''[[Mr. Bliss]]'''''.
*[[1982]]: [[Notes and Queries (February 1982)|''Notes and Queries'' (February 1982)]]. Includes quotes from a letter.
*[[1982]]: '''''[[The Old English Exodus]]'''''.
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 13]]. Includes ''The Tengwar Numerals''
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 14]]. Includes ''The Tengwar Numerals'' (continuation)
*[[1982]]: ''[[Sotheby's Catalogue of Modern First Editions and Presentation Copies 19 July 1982]]''. Includes a crossword puzzle.
*[[1982]]: ''[[Sotheby's Catalogue of Valuable Autograph Letters, Literary Manuscripts and Historical Documents including sections of Continental and Music Manuscripts 29-30 June 1982]]''. Includes reproductions of an application.
*[[1982]]: [[The Sunday Times Magazine 19 September 1982|''The Sunday Times Magazine'' 19 September 1982]]. Includes article illustrated by JRRT.
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''. Includes several poems originally published in ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]''.

*[[1983]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 1'': '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'''''.
*[[1983]]: ''[[Holding Together, or, The Ink of the Octopus: A selection of autographs and manuscripts collected as Catalogue 8]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1983]]: [[Lembas (Vol. 2, No. 10)|''Lembas'' (Vol. 2, No. 10)]]. Includes letters.
*[[1983]]: '''''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'''''.
*[[1983]]: ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 6]]''. Includes notes made on a draft version of Thror's Map.
*[[1983]]: ''[[Peter Jolliffe Catalogue 27]]''. Includes a letter and a cartoon with caption.
*[[1983]]: ''[[Robin Waterfield Catalogue 45: A Fair Choice]]''. Includes inscription and a note.
*[[1983]]: ''Smith of Wootton Major and Leaf by Niggle''. Unwin Paperbacks.
*[[1983]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature Comprising Printed Books, Autograph Letters and Manuscripts 21-22 July 1983]]''. Includes notes and letters.

*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 70|''Amon Hen'' 70]]. Includes quotes from a letter.
*[[1984]]: [[Beyond Bree December 1984|''Beyond Bree'' December 1984]].
*[[1984]]: ''[[Fantasists on Fantasy|Fantasists on Fantasy: A Collection of Critical Reflections by Eighteen Masters of the Art]]''. Includes '''[[Fantasy (writing)|Fantasy]]''' and '''[[To W.H. Auden]]'''.
*[[1984]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' vol. 2: '''''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'''''.
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Manuscripts of J.R.R.T.]]''. Reproduces four extracts from ''The Lord of the Rings'' manuscripts.
*[[1984]]: ''[[Oliphaunt (sheet)|Oliphaunt]]'' (as a flat sheet; see also ''[[Oliphaunt (book)]]'', 1989).
*[[1984]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and English History 6-7 December 1984]]''. Includes '''[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']]''', '''[[Kinship of the Half-elven]]''', and extracts from letters to Eileen Elgar.

*[[1985]]: [[Beyond Bree May 1985|''Beyond Bree'' May 1985]]. Includes [[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']], [[Kinship of the Half-elven]], and extracts from letters to Eileen Elgar.
*[[1985]]: [[Beyond Bree June 1985|''Beyond Bree'' June 1985]]. Includes [[Kinship of the Half-elven]].
*[[1985]]: [[Beyond Bree October 1985|''Beyond Bree'' October 1985]]. Includes transcription.
*?[[1985]]: ''[[Blackwell's Catalogue A81]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1985]]: ''[[Blackwell's Catalogue of Rare Modern Books May 1985]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1985]]: ''[[David J. Holmes Catalogue 12]]''. Includes a manuscript note.
*[[1985]]: ''[[I fantasins världar]]''. Includes the '''[[1961 Jan Broberg]]''' interview.
*[[1985]]: '''''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'''''.
*[[1985]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 3'': '''''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'''''.
*[[1985]]: ''[[Lion Heart Autographs Catalogue 12]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1985]]: ''[[Masterpieces of Terror and the Supernatural|Masterpieces of Terror and the Supernatural: A Treasury of Spellbinding Tales Old and New]]''. Includes '''[[Riddles in the Dark#First Edition|Riddles in the Dark (First Edition)]]'''.
*[[1985]]: [[Walter R. Benjamin Autographs: The Collector (No. 910)|''Walter R. Benjamin Autographs: The Collector'' (No. 910)]]. Includes letter.

*[[1986]]: [[Beyond Bree July 1986|''Beyond Bree'' July 1986]]. Includes two pages from an annotated copy of ''The Hobbit''.
*[[1986]]: [[Beyond Bree December 1986|''Beyond Bree'' December 1986]]. Includes statement.
*[[1986]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 4'': '''''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'''''.
*[[1986]]: [[Mallorn 23|''Mallorn'' 23]]. Includes '''''[[Goblin Feet]]'''''.
*[[1986]]: [[Mythlore 45|''Mythlore'' 45]]. Includes quotes from letters and an annotation.
*[[1986]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 208]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1986]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 211]]''. Includes application.
*[[1986]]: ''[[Sotheby's Catalogue of Printed Books, Manuscripts and Music 27 May and 10 June 1986]]''. Includes letters.

*[[1987]]: [[The Bookseller (16 January 1987)|''The Bookseller'' (16 January 1987)]]. Includes letters.
*[[1987]]: ''[[Books for Keeps]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1987]]: [[La Brita Esperantisto, July 1987|''La Brita Esperantisto'', July 1987]]. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.
*[[1987]]: ''[[David Schulson Autographs Catalogue 42]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1987]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 5'': '''''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'''''.
*[[1987]]: [[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|''The Hobbit'' (50th Anniversary edition)]]. Includes manuscripts, illustrations, and letters.
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit 50th Anniversary|The Hobbit 50th Anniversary: 1937-1987]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1987]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Hobbit|J.R.R. Tolkien: The Hobbit: Drawings, Watercolors, and Manuscripts]]''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Mythlore 50|''Mythlore'' 50]]. Includes quotes from [[Letter to L. Sprague de Camp|a letter]].
*[[1987]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 223]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1987]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 224]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1987]]: [[Science Fiction Chronicle 93|''Science Fiction Chronicle'', Issue 93]]. Includes letters.
*[[1987]]: ''[[Selections from the Marquette J.R.R. Tolkien Collection]]''
*'''('''[[1987]]: ''[[The Tale of Gondolin]]''.''')'''
*[[1987]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age|Tolkien and the Spirit of the Age: Papers as Presented at the First Lustrum Celebration of the Dutch Tolkien Society Unquendor]]''. Includes '''[[Progress in Bimble Town]]'''.

*[[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985|Arda 1984]]''. Contains '''[[The Clerkes Compleinte]]'''.
*[[1988]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 6'': '''''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'''''.
*[[1988]]: ''[[Maggs Bros. Autograph Letters & Historical Documents]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1988]]: ''[[Mythlore 56]]''. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.
*[[1988]]: ''[[On Old English]]''. Includes quotes from letter and lecture.
*[[1988]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 227]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1988]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 228]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1988]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 229]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1988]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 230]]''. Includes letter.

*[[1989]]: ''[[Beyond Bree March 1989|Beyond Bree, March 1989]]''. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]'''.
*[[1989]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 7'': '''''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'''''.
*[[1989]]: ''[[Maggs Bros Autograph Letters & Historical Documents: Catalogue 1096]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1989]]: ''[[Mythlore 60]]''. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.
*[[1989]]: [[Niekas 38|''Niekas'', Issue 38]]. Includes quotes from letter.
*[[1989]]: '''''[[Oliphaunt (book)|Oliphaunt]]''''' (as a children's book; see also ''[[Oliphaunt (sheet)]]'', 1984).
*[[1989]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 6]]''. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]''', '''[[Narqelion]]''', and a [[Letter to Jane T. Sibley|letter to Jane Sibley]].
*[[1989]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 8]]''. Includes '''Full Chart of the Tengwar'''.

====1990s====
*[[1990]]: ''[[Arda 1986]]''. Includes the manuscript to '''[[The Clerkes Compleinte]]'''.
*[[1990]]: [[C.S. Lewis: A Biography (1990 book)|''C.S. Lewis: A Biography'']].
*[[1990]]: ''[[George J. Houle Catalogue 54: Autographs]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1990]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 8'': '''''[[The War of the Ring]]'''''.
*[[1990]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 249]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1990]]: ''[[Paul C. Richards Autographs Catalogue 251]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1990]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 9|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 9]]. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.
*[[1990]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and History 19 July 1990]]''.
*[[1990]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 12|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.12]]. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.
*[[1990]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 14|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.14]]. Includes '''The Elves at Koivienéni'''.

*[[1991]]: [[Beyond Bree September 1991|''Beyond Bree'' September 1991]]. Includes letter.
*[[1991]]: ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth (booklet)|The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]''. Separate reprint.
*[[1991]]: ''[[Leaves from the Tree|Leaves from the Tree: J.R.R. Tolkien's Shorter Fiction. The Proceedings of the 4th Tolkien Society Workshop]]''. Includes an extract from the unpublished '''[[Lecture on Dragons]]'''.
*[[1991]]: [[Mythlore 65|''Mythlore'' 65]]. Includes '''The Elves at Koivienéni'''.
*[[1991]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and History 18 July 1991]]''. Includes excerpts from letters [[Letter to Miss Turnbull (11 March 1949)]], [[Letter to Miss Turnbull (2 May 1955)]], and [[Letter to Miss Turnbull (19 May 1955)]].
*[[1991]]: ''[[Sotheby's The Library of Richard Manney 11 October 1991]]''. Includes inscription.
*[[1991]]: ''[[Three Early Poems]]''.
*[[1991]]: ''[[Tollett and Harman Catalogue 12]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1991]]: ''[[Word and Story in C.S. Lewis]]''. Includes quotes from letter.
*[[1991]]: ''[[Catalogue 37: Books from a Private Library (with Additions)]]''. Includes quotes from letter.

*[[1992]]: [[Amon Hen 113|''Amon Hen'' 113]]. Includes quotes from a manuscript.
*[[1992]]: [[Amon Hen 115|''Amon Hen'' 115]]. Includes quotes from notes.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Basic Quenya]]''. Includes '''[[The Plotz Declension]]'''.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Christie's Printed Books 10 July 1992]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1992]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 9'': '''''[[Sauron Defeated]]'''''.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Hobbits in Holland|Hobbits in Holland: Leven en werk van JRR Tolkien (1892-1973)]]''. Includes letter [[Letter to Mr Joukes]].
*[[1992]]: [[Mythlore 69|''Mythlore'' 69]]. Includes a manuscript.
*[[1992]]: ''[[R.A. Gekoski Catalogue 16]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and History, Private Press and Illustrated Books, Related Drawings and Animation Art 21-22 July 1992]]''.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and History, Private Press and Illustrated Books and Related Drawings 14-15 December 1992]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1992]]: ''[[The Superior Galleries May 9th, 1992 Auction of Autographs, Manuscripts & Select Books]]''. Includes letters.
*[[1992]]: '''''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'''''.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien: Life and Legend]]''. Exhibition catalogue. Bodleian Library.
*[[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien in aller Welt|Tolkien in aller Welt: Eine Ausstellung der Inklings-Gesellschaft anläßlich des 100]]''. Reproduces a letter.
*[[1992]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 21|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 21]]. Includes a ''tengwar'' inscription.
*[[1992]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]]. Includes a ''tengwar'' inscription.
*[[1992]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 26|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 26]]. Includes '''Uglúk to the Dung-pit'''.

*[[1993]]: [[Esperanto USA, Vol.29, No.4|''Esperanto USA''. Vol.29, No.4]]. Includes '''Why I Support Esperanto''' (same as [[A Philologist on Esperanto]]).
*[[1993]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 10'': '''''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'''''.
*[[1993]]: ''[[Michael Silverman Catalogue Nine]]''. Includes [[Letter to Miss Perry|a letter]].
*[[1993]]: ''[[Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien: Volume I-III]]''.
*[[1993]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 27|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 27]]. Includes facsimile of the '''Koivienéni manuscript'''.
*[[1993]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 28|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 28]]. Includes the '''Bodleian chart'''.
*[[1993]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 29|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.29]]. Includes facsimile of the '''[[King's Letter]]'''.

*[[1994]]: ''[[Poems from The Lord of the Rings]]''
*[[1994]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 1|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 1]]. Includes '''Lord of the Rings Heru i Million'''.
*[[1994]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 36|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.36]]. Includes '''The Entu, Ensi, Enta Declension'''.
*[[1994]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 11'': '''''[[The War of the Jewels]]'''''.

*[[1995]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]''. Includes both illustrations and writings.
*[[1995]]: ''[[La kunularo de l' ringo]]''. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.
*[[1995]]: [[Mythos Journal (Winter 1995)|''Mythos Journal'' (Winter 1995)]].
*[[1995]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 11|''Parma Eldalamberon'', vol. 11]]. Includes '''I-Lam na-Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue'''.
*[[1995]]: ''[[The Poetical Cat|The Poetical Cat: An Anthology]]''. Includes a poem.
*[[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''
*[[1995]]: ''[[Profiles in History: Catalogue 24]]''. Includes inscription.
*[[1995]]: ''[[Sotheby's Illustrated Books, Children's Books, Ephemera, Performing Arts & Related Drawings 4 May 1995]]''. Includes [[Letter to Leila Keene and Pat Kirke|letter]].
*[[1995]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 5|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 5]]. Includes phrase.
*[[1995]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 37|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.37]]. Includes '''The Túrin Prose Fragments'''.

*[[1996]]: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]] vol. 12'': '''''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'''''.
*[[1996]]: [[Saga: Best New Writings on Mythology (Volume 1)|''Saga: Best New Writings on Mythology'' (Volume 1)]].

*[[1997]]: ''[[Christie's Valuable Printed Books and Manuscripts 26 November 1997]]''. Includes [[Letter to H. Cotton Minchin (16 April 1956)|letter]].
*[[1997]]: ''[[Imitating Fathers|Imitating Fathers: Tradition, Inheritance and the Reproduction of Culture in Anglo-Saxon England]]''.
*[[1997]]: ''[[A Question of Time|A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie]]''. Includes quotes from the unpublished '''[[Elvish time]]''' and '''[[Essay concerning Smith of Wootton Major]]'''.
*[[1997]]: '''''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'''''.

*[[1998]]: [[Mallorn 36|''Mallorn'' 36]]. Includes two letters.
*[[1998]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 12|''Parma Eldalamberon'', vol. 12]]. Includes '''Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon'''.
*[[1998]]: '''''[[Roverandom]]'''''.
*[[1998]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature and History 17 December 1998]]''. Includes dedication.
*[[1998]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 12|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 12]]. Includes variant versions of [[Namárië]].
*[[1998]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 39|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.39]]. Includes '''[[Quendi and Eldar|From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D]]''' and '''[[Ósanwe-kenta]]'''.

*[[1999]]: '''[[Farmer Giles of Ham#50th Anniversary Edition|''Farmer Giles of Ham'' (50th Anniversary Edition)]]'''. Includes previously unpublished material.
*[[1999]]: ''[[Gerard A.J. Stodolski Catalogue 299]]''. Includes letter.
*[[1999]]: [[Modern Philology 96, no. 4|''Modern Philology'' 96, no. 4]]. Includes a portion of [[Letter to Henry Willink|a letter to Sir Henry Willink]].
*[[1999]]: ''[[Poems from The Hobbit]]''
*[[1999]]: ''Sunday Telegraph'', 7 February. Includes quotes from a [[Letter to the Royal Society of Literature|letter]].
*[[1999]]: ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration|Tolkien: A Celebration: Collected Writings on a Literary Legacy]]''. Includes attributed quotes.
*[[1999]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 40|''Vinyar Tengwar'', nr.40]]. Includes '''[[Narqelion]]'''.
*[[1999]]: ''[[Waterfield's Catalogue 176]]''. Includes pencilled statement co-signed by Tolkien.

====2000s====

*[[2000]]: '''''[[The End of the Third Age]]'''''.
*[[2000]]: [[SEVEN 17|''SEVEN: An Anglo-American Literary Review'', Volume 17]]. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]''' and extracts from the '''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'''.
*[[2000]]: [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on'' The History of Middle-earth]]. Includes three stanzas of [[The Nameless Land]].
*[[2000]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 41]]''. Includes '''[[Ósanwe-kenta|Etymological Notes on the Ósanwe-kenta]]''', '''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor|From The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''', and '''[[Notes on Óre]]'''.

*[[2001]]: ''[[Christie's 20th Century Books and Manuscripts 16 November 2001]]''. Includes letters and annotations in proof copies.
*[[2001]]: [[Interzone 174|''Interzone'' December issue, #174]]. Includes a transcription of a [[Letter to Gene Wolfe|letter to Gene Wolfe from November 7th, 1966]].
*[[2001]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 13]]. Includes '''The Alphabet of Rúmil & Early Noldorin Fragments'''.
*[[2001]]: ''[[Sotheby's Literature, History and Illustrated Books 10 July 2001]]''. Includes letter.
*[[2001]]: ''[[Sotheby's Valuable Printed Books and Manuscripts 13 December 2001]]''. Includes several letters.
*[[2001]]: ''[[Treasures from the Misty Mountains]]''. Reproduces a postcard.
*[[2001]]: ''[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 18]]''. Includes the prayers '''[[Átaremma]]''' and '''[[Aia María]]'''.
*[[2001]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 42]]''. Includes '''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]''' and [[Negation in Quenya|quotes from manuscripts (Negation in Quenya)]].

*[[2002]]: [[Amon Hen 173|''Amon Hen'' 173]]. Includes letter.
*[[2002]]: '''''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'''''. Includes several hard-to-find poems and '''[[Elvish Song in Rivendell]]''', '''[[The Quest of Erebor]]''', and '''[[Glip]]'''.
*[[2002]]: '''''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'''''.
*[[2002]]: ''[[Christie's 20th-Century Books and Manuscripts 6 December 2002]]''. Includes quotes from three letters.
*[[2002]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 24 May 2002]]''. Includes '''[[Unfinished index|Index questions]]''' and three letters.
*[[2002]]: ''[[Pesma o Otruu i Itrun]]''. Contains '''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''' in Serbian and English.
*[[2002]]: ''[[Sotheby's Literature and Illustration 11-12 July 2002]]''. Includes several letters.
*[[2002]]: ''[[A Tolkien Miscellany]]''. Includes several shorter writings.
*[[2002]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 43]]''. Includes '''Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers - Part One'''.
*[[2002]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 44]]''. Includes '''Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers - Part Two''', '''[[Ortírielyanna]]''', '''[[The Litany of Loreto]]''', '''[[Ae Adar Nín]]''', and '''[[Alcar mi tarmenel na Erun]]'''.
*[[2002]]: ''[[W.H. Auden: A Legacy]]''. Includes several letters.

*[[2003]]: ''[[Christie's 20th Century Books and Manuscripts 2 December 2003]]''. Includes letters.
*[[2003]]: ''[[Dominic Winter Children's and Illustrated Books, Modern First Editions 2003|Dominic Winter Children's and Illustrated Books, Modern First Editions]]''. Includes a [[Letter to Agatha Carew Hunt|letter to Agatha Carew Hunt]].
*[[2003]]: [[La Feuille de la Compagnie 2|''La Feuille de la Compagnie'', no.2]]. Includes [[Letter to Milton Waldman|'''a letter to Milton Waldman (1951)''']].
*[[2003]]: ''[[Leaf by Niggle (book)|Leaf by Niggle]]''.
*[[2003]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 14]]. Contains '''Early Qenya and The Valmaric Script'''.
*[[2003]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Fine Bindings, Private Press Books, Children's Books, Illustrated Books and Drawings 10 July 2003]]''. Includes [[Letter to L.M. Cutts|a letter to L.M. Cutts]]''.
*[[2003]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''. Includes numerous quotes from unpublished correspondence, diaries, poetry and notebooks.
*[[2003]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 45]]''. Includes '''[[The Etymologies|Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies - Part One]]'''.

*[[2004]]: ''The Evening Chronicle'' 3 September. Includes one-sentence quote from [[Letter to unknown recipient (1956)|a letter to an unknown fan]].
*[[2004]]: ''[[The Invented Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Contains several manuscripts.
*[[2004]]: ''[[Michael Silverman Catalogue 23]]''. Includes extracts from [[Letter to Deirdre Levinson (26 June 1957)|a letter to Deirdre Levinson]].
*[[2004]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 15|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 15]]. Contains '''Sí Qente Feanor and Other Elvish Writings'''.
*[[2004]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Children's Books, Illustrations and Photographs 8 July 2004]]''. Includes reproductions of several letters and proof copy notes.
*[[2004]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Children's Books, and Illustrations 16 December 2004]]''. Includes quotes from a letter.
*[[2004]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1|''Tolkien Studies'', vol. I]]. Includes '''Sir Orfeo'''.
*[[2004]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 46]]''. Contains '''[[The Etymologies|Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies - Part Two]]'''.

*[[2005]]: ''[[The Keys of Middle-earth]]''. Includes previously unpublished extracts from Tolkien's academic writings held at the [[University of Oxford|Bodleian Library]].
*[[2005]]: ''[[Leski Auctions: Sport and General Memorabilia, 10th February 2005|Leski Auctions: Sport & General Memorabilia, 10th February 2005]]''. Includes letter '''[[Letter to Mrs Souch]]'''.
*[[2005]]: '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'''''. Includes several writings (including '''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|The Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]''', a [[Letter to Milton Waldman|1951 letter to Milton Waldman]], etc.).
*[[2005]]: '''''[[Smith of Wootton Major#The Critical Edition|Smith of Wootton Major (Critical Edition)]]'''''. Includes previously unpublished material.
*[[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'', vol. II]]. Includes contribution to "[[Gerald of Wales on the Survival of Welsh]]".
*[[2005]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 47]]''. Contains '''Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part One'''.
*[[2005]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 48]]''. Contains '''Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Two'''.

*[[2006]]: ''[[Bloomsbury Manuscripts and Autograph Letters, Continental and English Literature and History, and Modern First Editions 15 June 2006|Bloomsbury Auctions: Manuscripts & Autograph Letters, Continental & English Literature and History, and Modern First Editions, 15th June 2006]]''. Includes '''[[Letter to Michael Blashka]]''' (letter).
*[[2006]]: ''[[Christie's Valuable Manuscripts and Printed Books 7 June 2006]]''. Includes [[Letter to Robert Burchfield (6 November 1954)|a letter to R.W. Burchfield]].
*[[2006]]: ''[[Christie's Valuable Print Books and Manuscripts 15 November 2006]]''. Includes Elvish notes (e.g., the phrase "[[Arcastar]] Mondósaresse").
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis: Narnia, Cambridge, and Joy 1950-1963]]''. Includes a portion of [[Letter to Henry Willink|a letter to Sir Henry Willink]].
*[[2006]]: ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''. Includes numerous extracts from diaries, papers in various archives and libraries, and from other unpublished or hard to find sources.
*[[2006]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 16|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 16]]. Contains '''Early Elvish Poetry''' and '''Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets'''.
*[[2006]]: ''[[Sotheby's Fine Books and Manuscripts December 11 2006]]''. Includes [[Letter 122|a letter to Naomi Mitchison (letter 122)]].
*[[2006]]: ''[[The Ring of Words]]''. Includes a [[Letter to Kenneth Sisam (16 March 1933)|letter to Kenneth Sisam, dated 16 March 1933]].
*[[2006]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 3]]. Includes manuscript and letter.

*[[2007]]: ''[[Bloomsbury Modern First Editions, Manuscripts and Autograph Letters, English and Continental Literature and History 24 May 2007|Bloomsbury Auctions: Modern First Editions, Manuscripts and Autograph Letters, English and Continental Literature & History 24 May 2007]]''. Includes reproductions of letters.
*[[2007]]: '''''[[The Children of Húrin]]'''''.
*[[2007]]: ''[[Christie's The Albin Schram Collection of Autograph Letters]]''. Includes excerpts from [[Letter to Pauline Baynes]] (letter).
*[[2007]]: '''''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'''''.
*[[2007]]: ''[[La kunularo de l' ringo]]''. Includes '''[[A Philologist on Esperanto]]'''.
*[[2007]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 17|''Parma Eldalamberon'' issue 17]]. Contains '''Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings'''.
*[[2007]]: [[The Silmarillion#Editions|''The Silmarillion'', 30th Anniversary edition]]. Includes [[Letter to Milton Waldman|a letter]] and illustrations.
*[[2007]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Private Press, Children's Books and Illustrations 13 December 2007]]''. Includes [[Letter to Derrick Parnum|a letter to Derrick Parnum]].
*[[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 4]]. Includes '''[[The Name 'Nodens']]''' and extracts from unpublished drafts of ''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth''.
*[[2007]]: ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 49]]''. Contains '''Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Three''' and '''Five Late Quenya Volitive Inscriptions'''.
*[[2007]]: ''[[Tree of Tales]]''. Includes a letter.

*[[2008]]: [[Amon Hen 209|''Amon Hen'' 209]]. Includes verbal reminiscences.
*[[2008]]: ''[[Bloomsbury Modern First Editions, English and Continental Literature and History, Emblem Books, Economics and Law 13 March 2008|Bloomsbury Auctions: Modern First Editions, English & Continental Literature & History, Emblem Books, Economics & Law 13 March 2008]]''. Includes a [[Letter to Ingrid Pridgeon|letter]].
*[[2008]]: ''Bonhams, Printed Books, Maps, Manuscripts and Photographs, London 4 November 2008''. Includes quotes from letter to [[Letter to John Roberts|John Roberts, 22 August 1955]].
*[[2008]]: ''[[Lembas Extra: Proceedings of the 5th Unquendor Lustrum]]''. Includes several unpublished letters.
*[[2008]]: [[Mallorn 46|''Mallorn'' 46]]. Includes '''[[The Battle of the Eastern Field]]'''.
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tales Before Narnia|Tales Before Narnia: The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''. Includes '''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'''.
*[[2008]]: '''''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories|Tolkien On Fairy-stories: Expanded edition, with commentary and notes]]'''''.
*[[2008]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 5]]. Includes '''Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale''' and '''[[The Reeve's Tale]]'''.

*[[2009]]: ''[[Black & White Ogre Country|Black & White Ogre Country: The Lost Tales of Hilary Tolkien]]''. Includes unpublished photographs and the letter '''[[Letter to Hilary Tolkien]]'''.
*<strike>[[2009]]: ''[[The Book of Jonah]]''.</strike>
*[[2009]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 1 June 2009]]''. Includes several letters.
*[[2009]]: '''''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'''''.
*[[2009]]: ''[[Michael Silverman Catalogue 27]]''. Includes [[Letter to Ronald Ashton|a letter to Ronald Ashton]].
*[[2009]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 18|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 18]]. Contains '''Tengwesta Qenderinwa''' and '''Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets Part 2'''.
*[[2009]]: ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Children's Books and Illustrations 17 December 2009]]''. Includes drawing '''[[Lamb's Farm, Gedling]]'''.
*[[2009]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 6|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 6]]. Includes '''[[Fate and Free Will]]''' and scholarly notes.

====2010s====

*[[2010]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 19|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 19]]. Contains '''Quenya Phonology'''.
*[[2010]]: [[SEVEN 27|''SEVEN: An Anglo-American Literary Review'', Volume 27]]. Includes quotes from letters (and [[Language and Human Nature]]).
*[[2010]]: ''[[Sotheby's The James S. Copley Library 17 June 2010]]''. Includes excerpts from [[Letter to Evelyn B. Byrne|a letter to Evelyn B. Byrne]].
*[[2010]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]''. Includes '''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''' and '''On the Kalevala'''.
*<strike>[[2010]]: ''[[Wheelbarrows at Dawn|Wheelbarrows at Dawn: Memories of Hilary Tolkien]]''.</strike>

*[[2011]]: '''[[The Art of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien|''The Art of'' The Hobbit ''by J.R.R. Tolkien'']]'''. Includes previously unpublished pictures.
*[[2011]]: [[Beowulf and the Critics|''Beowulf and the Critics'': Revised Second Edition]].
*[[2011]]: ''[[Bonhams Books, Maps, Manuscripts and Historical Photographs 22 November 2011]]''. Includes quotes from [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (9/10 November 1957)|a 1957 letter]].
*[[2011]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 28 November 2011]]''. Includes quotes from letters.
*[[2011]]: ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]''. Includes statement.
*[[2011]]: '''[[The History of The Hobbit|''The History of'' The Hobbit: ''One-volume Edition'']]'''. Includes Addendum.
*[[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''. Includes quotations from letters and lecture notes on the '''Legends of the Goths'''.
*[[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and Wales|Tolkien and Wales: Language, Literature and Identity]]''. Includes brief quotes from '''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved|Pwyll]]''' and other manuscripts.
*[[2011]]: ''[[A Tolkien Tapestry]]''. Includes quotes from letters and recollections.

*[[2012]]: ''[[Bonhams Books, Maps, Manuscripts and Historical Photographs 12 June 2012]]''. Includes [[Letter to Miss Kilbride|a letter to Miss Kilbride]].
*[[2012]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 19 June 2012]]''. Includes letters.
*[[2012]]: [[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"#Letters to the Hogans|''The Irish Times'' (17 March 2012)]]. Includes quotes from letters.
*[[2012]]: ''[[J.A. Stargardt Katalog 698]]''. Includes quotes from letters.
*[[2012]]: ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''. Revised edition including new material.
*[[2012]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 20|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 20]]. Contains '''The Qenya Alphabet'''.
*[[2012]]: ''[[The Romance of the Middle Ages]]''. Includes reproduction of a manuscript page.
*[[2012]]: [[The Times Literary Supplement 14 September 2012|''The Times Literary Supplement'' 14 September 2012]]. Includes quotes from letters.

*[[2013]]: [[Amon Hen 242|''Amon Hen'' 242]]. Includes [[An Evening in Tavrobel]].
*[[2013]]: ''[[Christie's Fine Printed Books and Manuscripts 18 June 2013]]''. Includes two letters.
*[[2013]]: '''''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'''''.
*[[2013]]: '''[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection|Fragments of a grammar of "Nala Lambe"]]''', published on the Lambengolmor mailing list.
*[[2013]]: ''[[From Abjection to Alchemy|From Abjection to Alchemy: Tolkien's Middle-earth Legendarium]]''.
*[[2013]]: [[Hither Shore 9|''Hither Shore'' 9]]. Includes '''Two Swedish Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien'''.
*[[2013]]: ''[[Magical Tales|Magical Tales: Myth, Legend and Enchantment in Children's Books]]''.
*[[2013]]: [[Mallorn 54|''Mallorn'' 54]]. Includes attributed quotes.
*[[2013]]: [[Mythlore 121/122|''Mythlore'' 121/122]]. Includes quotations from letters.
*[[2013]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 21]]. Contains '''Qenya Noun Structure'''.
*[[2013]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 10|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 10]]. Includes [[Once upon a Time]].
*[[2013]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 50|''Vinyar Tengwar'', issue 50]]. Contains the '''Túrin Wrapper'''.
*[[2013]]: ''[[Ex Philologia Lux|Ex Philologia Lux: Essays in honour of Leena Kahlas-Tarkka]]''. Includes letter.

*[[2014]]: [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil#Expanded edition|'''''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book'' (expanded edition)''']]. Includes hard-to-find poems and formerly unpublished material.
*[[2014]]: '''''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]'''''. Also includes '''[[Sellic Spell]]'''.
*[[2014]]: [[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3|''La Feuille de la Compagnie'', vol.3]]. Includes '''Fragments on Elvish Reincarnation'''.
*[[2014]]: [[Journal of Inklings Studies (October 2014)|''Journal of Inklings Studies'' vol. 4, no. 2]], October. Includes '''[[The Book of Jonah]]'''.
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien at Exeter College]]''. Includes manuscripts, photographs, etc.
*[[2014]]: Too Many Books and Never Enough (weblog). Includes [[Letter to Nevill Coghill|letter]].
*[[2014]]: [[Writing Magazine (August 2014)|''Writing Magazine'']]. Includes letters.

*[[2015]]: '''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings|''The Art of'' The Lord of the Rings ''by J.R.R. Tolkien'']]'''. Includes previously unpublished pictures.
*[[2015]]: ''[[A Brief History of The Hobbit]]''.
*[[2015]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'', issue 22]]. Contains '''The Feanorian Alphabet, Part 1 and Quenya Verb Structure'''.
*[[2015]]: '''''[[The Story of Kullervo]].'''''
*[[2015]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 12|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 12]]. Includes an obituary to Henry Bradley.

*[[2016]]: '''''[[A Secret Vice (book)|A Secret Vice]].'''''
*[[2016]]: '''''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]].'''''
*[[2016]]: ''[[Leaf by Niggle (paperback)|Leaf by Niggle]].''

*[[2017]]: '''''[[Beren and Lúthien]].'''''
*[[2017]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins]]''.
*[[2017]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'' (30 June). Includes "[[Holy Maidenhood|In her maiden bliss]]".
*[[2017]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 14|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 14]]. Includes manuscript notes and letters.

*[[2018]]: '''''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'''''
*[[2018]]: ''The Hobbit Facsimile Gift Edition''. Includes '''[[Lecture on Dragons|Dragons]]''' and audio material.
*[[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]''

==See also==

*[[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[List of books in Tolkien's library]]
*[[Index:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[:Category:Publications dedicated to J.R.R. Tolkien|Publications dedicated to J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[Index:Reminiscences of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[Index:Unpublished material]]
*[[Index:Writings by year]]

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:{{PAGENAME}}}}
[[Category:Index]]

[[fr:tolkien/biblio]]

Ring-bearers

2018-05-21T06:25:43Z

Edrastel: Tom wore the Ring, and Deagol did not

{{quote|Cormacolindor, a laita tárienna! The Ring-bearers, praise them with great praise!|[[The Field of Cormallen]]}}
[[File:Lorraine Brevig - Frodo and the One Ring.jpg|Lorraine Brevig, ''Frodo and the One Ring''|thumb]]
'''Ring-bearers''' was a title used for those three [[Hobbits]] ([[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]]) who had at one time borne [[the One Ring]], and aided in its destruction. Because of their status as Ring-bearers, they were granted the passage of the [[Straight Road]], and each eventually went to the [[Aman|Blessed Realm]] to live out their lives.

Though only these three Hobbits are strictly counted as Ring-bearers, in fact the Ring was borne by other hands besides; and over its history of about 4.8 millennia only a very few individuals had ever touched it.
==List of persons who touched the Ring==
Those who actually wore the Ring, as opposed to picking it up or holding it, are shown in bold.

* '''[[Sauron]]''' - He forged the One Ring for himself around {{SA|1600}} and bore it for approximately 1840 years until his defeat in the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] in {{SA|3441}}.
* '''[[Isildur]]''' - Against the advice of [[Elrond]] and [[Círdan]], he took the Ring for himself. He did not bear it long - two years later, Isildur was ambushed by [[Orcs]] and the One Ring was lost in the [[Anduin]] on [[4 October]], {{TA|2}}, where it lay hidden for most of the [[Third Age]].
* [[Déagol]] - He discovered the Ring while fishing the [[Gladden Fields]] in about {{TA|2463}}. He held it for only a short time before he was murdered by his friend [[Sméagol]], who stole the Ring for himself.
* '''[[Gollum]]''' - He took the Ring from [[Déagol]], and soon hid with it in the roots of the [[Misty Mountains]]. He bore it in the dark for almost five hundred years.
* '''[[Bilbo Baggins]]''' - He discovered the Ring 'by accident' while imprisoned beneath the Misty Mountains in July {{TA|2941}}, and claimed it from Gollum by defeating him in a [[Riddle-game]]. He carried it eastward to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], and then back westward to the Shire, where he kept it. He bore the Ring for almost exactly sixty years.
* '''[[Frodo Baggins]]''' - He was given the Ring by Bilbo on the advice of Gandalf. He was the Ring-bearer, who carried the One Ring from the Shire to Orodruin, to the very brink of the Cracks of Doom. Once there, the Ring's power overmastered him, and he named it to himself, but Gollum bit it from his finger and fell into the Fire. Frodo bore the Ring for seventeen years until its destruction.
* [[Gandalf]] - He held it for a matter of moments on the morning of [[13 April]], {{TA|3018}}, before throwing it into Frodo's fire. This was the moment that the Ring's fiery inscription appeared, confirming that it was the One Ring.
* '''[[Tom Bombadil]]''' - He wore it on his finger for a moment on [[27 September]], {{TA|3018}}, but was unaffected by it. The reason that Tom was immune to the effects of the Ring remains an abiding mystery.
* '''[[Samwise Gamgee]]''' - He bore the Ring for about two days in March {{TA|3019}}, while Frodo his master was in the clutches of Orcs in the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]].

==A possible Ring-bearer?==
While Frodo was recovering in [[Rivendell]], one morning he found the Ring passed through a chain for him.<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> It is not known what person or persons did this while he was sleeping. It could be [[Elrond]], [[Gandalf]], or any [[Calaquendi|High Elf]] of Rivendell, but his identity, the process, and whether he touched it, are unknown.<ref>[http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q1-FrodoChain FAQ of the Rings - In Rivendell, who put Frodo’s Ring on a chain?]</ref>

==Etymology==

The [[Quenya]] translation of "Ring-bearers" is given as '''''[[corma|Cormacolindor]]'''''.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Ring-finder]]

{{References}}
{{ringbearers}}
[[Category:Ring-bearers|*]]
[[category:epithets]]
[[de:Ringträger]]
[[fi:Sormuksen viejä]]

Déagol

2018-05-21T06:23:58Z

Edrastel: Speculative birth date removed

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Déagol
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Déagol.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Déagol from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=Near [[Gladden Fields]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=c. {{TA|2463}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>
| deathlocation=[[Gladden Fields]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| family=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Déagol''' was the [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] who had found [[the One Ring]] while diving in the [[Gladden River|Gladden]] river (a tributary to the [[Anduin]]) with his friend and relative [[Gollum|Sméagol]].<ref>{{L|214}}, p. 292</ref> Sméagol (later known as [[Gollum]]) demanded the Ring and murdered Déagol when he refused to hand it over.<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Déagol'' is an [[Old English]] translation of the "original" [[Westron]] name '[[Nahald]]'.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref> Both names carry the meaning "apt to hide, secretive".

==Adaptations==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Déagol is played by [[New Zealand]] actor [[Thomas Robins]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0992718/bio|articlename=Biography for Thomas Robins|dated=|website=[http://www.imdb.com/ IMDB]|accessed=30 January 2012}}</ref>

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=hobbit
| died=c. {{TA|2463}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: [[Isildur]], c. 2461 years earlier
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
| dates=briefly, c. {{TA|2463}}
| next=[[Gollum|Sméagol]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{references}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deagol}}
[[Category:Stoors]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[de:Déagol]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:deagol]]
[[fi:Déagol]]

Wizards

2018-05-21T04:13:47Z

Edrastel: Image moved

{{rewrite}}
{{people infobox
| name=Wizards
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|The Istari]]" by Angel Falto
| pronun=
| othernames=''Istari''
| origin=[[Maiar]] sent to [[Middle-earth]]
| location=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman) [[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast)
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] (Saruman in late [[Third Age]]
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]
| language=
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]]<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>}}

The '''Wizards''' of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the '''Istari''' in [[Quenya]] and the '''[[Ithron|Ithryn]]''' in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power.

==History==
[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Gandalf'']]
The wizards, also called Istari, were originally spirits of the order of the [[Maiar]], the followers of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]].

The five known Istari were [[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]], [[Gandalf|Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]], [[Radagast|Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]], and [[Blue Wizards|Alatar]] and [[Blue Wizards|Pallando]], both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the "Blue Wizards," went into the East and do not come into the main tales of Middle-earth. In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]], Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Gandalf|Mithrandir]] to Elves, while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].

The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that traveled to the East wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the "Blue Wizards." Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as "Saruman the White," "Gandalf the Grey," and "Radagast the Brown." It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.

They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.

Their spirits remained immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf did indeed die from his duel with the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] of [[Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] himself was he restored to his body.

Very few of Middle-earth's inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (''Gandalf'' represents this interpretation, meaning ''Wand-elf'', because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people's affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.

Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron's direct influence on him through the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron's power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman's death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.

When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.

Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.

The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and do not come into the tales of northwestern Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East.

== Etymology ==
Tolkien's Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like 'wise men' or even 'messengers.' [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted 'wisdom' and conveniently conveyed to the reader the 'other worldly' powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay ''The Istari'' in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:

<blockquote>Wizard ''is a translation of Quenya istar (Sindarin ''ithron''): one of the members of an "order" (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (though suitable in its relation to "wise" and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of ''istar'' in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since ''Heren'' Istarion or "Order of Wizards" was quite distinct from "wizards" and "magicians" of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.''</blockquote>

The [[Quenya]] word ''Istari'' means "those who know".<ref name=L156>{{L|156}}</ref> The word seems to come from the verb ''[[ista-]]'' ("to know"), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] ''[[-ro]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==

In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for "wizard" is ''curug'' (and "witch" is ''curus''). An alternative word is ''thothweg'', also translated as "wizard".<ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73</ref>

==Other fiction==
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien's story ''[[Roverandom]]''. The bewitchement turns Rover into a toy.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:In Peter Jackson's film version of ''The Lord of the Rings'', two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Although Radagast has a small role in ''The Lord of the Rings'', his role was omitted in Peter Jackson's film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in ''The Hobbit'' films, and Saruman had a brief appearance.

{{references}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Wizards| ]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]

Khamûl

2018-05-18T20:33:32Z

Edrastel: Image moved

{{evil infobox
| name=Khamûl
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Khamûl the Easterling.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Khamûl the Easterling" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Shadow of the East, the Black Easterling
| titles=
| position=Second-in-command to [[Witch-king]]
| location=East of Middle-earth [[Mordor]] [[Dol Guldur]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] and [[Witch-king]]
| language=
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=East of Middle-earth
| rule=
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Morannon]]
| age=4200+
| notablefor=Commanding [[Dol Guldur]] Pursuing [[Frodo Baggins]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Men|Man]] (early) [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=Black horse
}}
'''Khamûl'''<ref group="note">He was the only Ringwraith whose name is revealed in the [[Legendarium]].</ref> was one of the nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], second only to the [[Witch-king]] himself. He was called [[Sauron]]'s lieutenant, "'''Shadow of the East'''", <ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> and "'''the Second Chief'''" or "'''the Black Easterling'''"<ref name="Note1">{{UT|Hunt}}, note 1</ref>.
==History==
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider.jpg|thumb|left|''Gaffer Gamgee and the Black Rider'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]
He was a king of [[Easterlings]] during the [[Second Age]], and he was one of the nine Men to whom Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|one of the Rings of Power]]. Like the others, he became a powerful sorcerer and ruler until eventually faded into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] and his will was surrendered to Sauron.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> By {{SA|2251}} he was already one of Sauron's servants.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>

It was said that, after the Witch-king, Khamûl was most ready to perceive the presence of [[the One Ring]], but his power was most confused and diminished by daylight.

In {{TA|2951}} Sauron returned to [[Mordor]] and declared openly to his enemies. Khamûl and two other Ringwraiths were sent to the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]] and Khamûl took command.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

During the [[War of the Ring]] he was one of the Ringwraiths who entered [[the Shire]], and asked [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] for "Baggins". However it was the day after [[Frodo Baggins]] had left [[Hobbiton]], and he then pursued the [[Hobbits]] to [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the Shire some days later.<ref name="Note1"/>

Following the destruction of the One Ring, Khamûl perished with the rest of the Ringwraiths.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Khamûl|Images of Khamûl]]
{{references|note}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamul}}
[[Category:Easterlings]]
[[Category:Nazgûl]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Khamûl]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/khamul]]
[[fi:Khamûl]]

Gil-galad

2018-05-16T21:07:22Z

Edrastel:

{{noldor infobox
| name=Gil-galad
| image=[[File:Kimberly - Gil-galad.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Gil-galad" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Artanáro''/''Rodnor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]/[[Sindarin|S]], [[Father-name|fn]]), ''Ereinion'' ([[Sindarin|S]], [[Epessë|epessë]])
| titles=[[High King of the Noldor]]
| position=
| location=[[Havens of Sirion]]; [[Lindon]]
| affiliation=[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]]
| language=[[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth=c. {{FA|450}}
| birthlocation=Unknown
| rule={{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}
| death={{SA|3441}}
| deathlocation=[[Siege of Barad-dûr]]
| age=c. 3581
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Fingolfin]] ([[The Silmarillion]]) [[House of Finarfin]] (later notes)
| parentage=[[Fingon]] ([[The Silmarillion]]) [[Orodreth]] (later notes)
| siblings=none ([[The Silmarillion]]) [[Finduilas]] (later notes)
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]
| steed=
}}
{{Pronounce|Ereinion Gil-galad.mp3|Ardamir}}
<center>{{quote|Gil-galad was an Elven-king Of him the harpers sadly sing The last whose realm was fair and free Between the Mountains and the Sea.|From [[The Fall of Gil-galad]], as translated by [[Bilbo Baggins]]}}</center>
'''Ereinion Gil-galad''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[eˈreɪnjon ˈɡilɡalad]}}) was the sixth and last [[High King of the Noldor]].

== History ==
===First Age===
The exact date and place of Gil-galad's birth is not given.

He was still a child at the time of the [[Dagor Bragollach]] when [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]]. As a result his father<ref group=note>In the [[Silmarillion]], Gil-galad's father was [[Fingon]]; in later notes [[Tolkien]] changed him to [[Orodreth]], but never incorporated this change in a narrative. See [[#Other Versions of the Legendarium]]</ref> sent him (and his mother<ref name="Ruin">{{WJ|Ruin}}</ref>) to [[Círdan]] at the [[Havens of the Falas]] for safekeeping.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> After the fall of Minas Tirith, the [[Pass of Sirion]] was open to Morgoth's hosts although they were still kept at bay by the still mighty realm of [[Hithlum]] and also the power of Nargothrond. Hithlum was destroyed after the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] and thus there was no power left that could withstand the enemies, and the ports at the Falas were besieged and captured. Yet Círdan, Gil-galad and many other Elves could flee from death on ship and established a refuge upon the [[Isle of Balar]] and a small haven at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

In the Nirnaeth Arnoediad [[Fingon]], High King of the Noldor, was slain, and the crown passed to his brother [[Turgon]] in Gondolin. When Gondolin was lost, Gil-galad received the Kingship of the Noldor.<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref> He and Círdan maintained the refuge upon Balar and the small port at the Sirion estuary until the [[War of Wrath]] and the end of the First Age.

===Second Age===
After the destruction of [[Beleriand]] during the [[War of Wrath]], Gil-galad founded a kingdom in [[Lindon]] in the far northwest of Middle-earth, roughly between the [[Blue Mountains]] and the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] around the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] and the havens of [[Forlond]], [[Harlond (Lindon)|Harlond]] and [[Mithlond]] were founded.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Many Elves, both the [[Sindar]] and the [[Noldor]] joined him. But soon there was again unrest among the Noldor, and many of them left Lindon and led by [[Celebrimbor]] founded the realm of [[Eregion]], probably also stirred up by the finding of ''[[mithril]]'' in [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Also some of the Sindar and many of the [[Nandor]] did not wish to live with the Noldor, who had done them a [[Second Kinslaying|great evil]], and migrated eastwards to [[Lothlórien]] or [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]].

When Prince [[Aldarion]] of [[Númenor]] came to [[Middle-earth]], they established friendship with the [[Elves]]. In {{SA|882}} Gil-galad gave him [[Gil-galad's letter|a letter for his father]], the [[King of Númenor]], [[Tar-Meneldur]]. He warned him that a new shadow had arisen in the [[East]] and besought him for aid.<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>

[[File:Lelia - Gil-Galad.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Lelia - ''Gil-galad'']]Around the year 1000 of the [[Second Age]], [[Sauron]] tried to make contact with the Elves under the name of [[Annatar]], the "Lord of Gifts". But Gil-galad and Círdan did not trust him and rejected his proposals. Sauron though, was welcomed in Eregion and the [[Rings of Power]] were forged.<ref name="Rings"/> Around {{SA|1600}} Sauron, though, had forged [[the One Ring]] in secret, and when the Elves of Eregion found out that they have been betrayed, Sauron demanded the Rings, and when they refused, in {{SA|1695}} he invaded [[Eriador]], and the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began.<ref name="PM">{{PM|Second}}</ref> Celebrimbor had rescued the Three Rings of the Elves in time, sending [[Narya]] and [[Vilya]] to Gil-galad, while the third ring [[Nenya]] was given to [[Galadriel]].<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Sauron conquered [[Eregion]] quickly and the forces from Lindon that Gil-galad had sent under the command of [[Elrond]] came too late and were too small, and fled far north, where Elrond established the stronghold of [[Rivendell|Imladris]].<ref name="Galadriel"/> While Sauron sent most of his army west to attack [[Lindon]] he had to leave a strong detachment behind to contain Elrond.<ref name=UTC>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

The war lasted on, until a great fleet of the [[Númenóreans]] arrived at Lindon. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated near the [[Sarn Ford]] and withdrew to [[Tharbad]] where he was reinforced. But the Númenórean admiral [[Ciryatur]] had sent a fleet up the river Gwathló and Sauron's army was [[Battle of the Gwathló|attacked in the rear and utterly defeated]].<ref name="Galadriel"/> After this war, the Elves were not further troubled by Sauron for a long time. During this time, Gil-galad passed the rings Narya and Vilya to Círdan and Elrond, respectively, and he appointed Elrond as his vice-regent.<ref name="Galadriel"/>.

When [[Tar-Calion]] captured Sauron and took him to [[Númenor]], the Westlands found peace, and Gil-galad was free to extent his power to the north and south, and east, beyond [[Anduin]].<ref name="Rings"/>

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his sons came to Middle-earth and founded the realms of [[Gondor]] in the south and [[Arnor]] in the north. Gondor was soon attacked by Sauron and Elendil's son [[Isildur]] had to flee, and sailed north to his father, where the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] was formed with Gil-galad.
[[File:Maureval - Ereinion Gil-galad.jpg|thumb|Maureval - ''Ereinion Gil-galad'']]
It took several years for the Allies to gather their forces but ultimately they marched on Mordor and defeated a great army in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]]. They broke through [[Cirith Gorgor]] and besieged [[Sauron]]'s [[Barad-dûr|Dark Tower]].

When the siege had lasted for seven years, it became so pressing that Sauron himself sallied forth. By his power the siege was broken and his army advanced to the slopes of [[Orodruin]]. There he was engaged by Elendil and Gil-galad in a single combat. Sauron was defeated but both Gil-galad and Elendil were killed in the act. Gil-galad was the last High King of Noldor. In the scroll he left in [[Minas Tirith]] before riding north, Isildur wrote that Gil-galad was killed by the heat of Sauron's hand.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>

Gil-galad's weapon was the spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]].

== Other Versions of the Legendarium ==

Gil-galad was originally, and briefly, conceived as a descendant of [[Fëanor]].

Later, and through the writing of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', he was considered a son of [[Finrod Felagund]], until Tolkien decided that Felagund was unmarried and childless.

A marginal note by Tolkien from around this time (the late 1950s) suggested that Gil-galad might be the son of [[Fingon]]. This suggestion was taken up by Tolkien's son and literary executor [[Christopher Tolkien]] in the published version of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which states that Gil-galad is the son of [[Fingon]]. He also edited a line in ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]'' which originally referred to Gil-galad as a member of the House of Finarfin to make it consistent with the published ''Silmarillion''. Christopher stated many years later in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' that this decision to make Gil-galad a son of Fingon was an editorial mistake on his part and did not represent his father's conception of the character. Christopher suggested that it would have been better to have left Gil-galad's parentage obscure.<ref name="PM|XI5">{{PM|XI5}}</ref>

Tolkien's final decision for Gil-galad's parentage appears to have been that he was a son of [[Orodreth]], who was at the same time changed from being a son of [[Finarfin]] to a son of [[Angrod]].<ref name="PM|XI5">{{PM|XI5}}</ref> This conception, however, was never incorporated into the written stories of ''The Silmarillion'', and aspects of it — notably the downgrading of Orodreth into a son of Angrod — would have required considerable reworking of the existing text.

== Etymology ==

''Gil-galad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, meaning "Star of bright light". The name consists of the elements ''[[gil]]'' ("star") + ''[[galad]]'' ("radiance")<ref name=RGEO>{{RGEO|Notes}}, p. 73</ref>. According to a note this name was given to him because of the brightness of his eyes <ref name="Ruin"/>.

''Gil-galad ''was his [[Amilessë|mother-name]], and it was his preferred name in his youth. His [[father-name]] was '''''Rodnor''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈrodnor]}}), or in [[Quenya]], '''''Artanáro''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˌartaˈnaːro]}}).

As a High King of the Noldor, his [[epessë]] was '''''Ereinion''''', "Scion of Kings" (from ''[[erain]]'' = "kings" and ''[[-ion]]'' = "son").

== Revised genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
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{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIL | | FIL | | ELL | | ELO | | ARW | |GIL='''GIL-GALAD'''''d. {{SA|3441}}''|FIL=[[Finduilas]]''d. {{FA|495}}''|ELL=[[Elladan]]''b. {{TA|130}}''|ELO=[[Elrohir]]''b. {{TA|130}}''|ARW=[[Arwen]]''{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}''}}
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==Portrayals in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gil-galad.jpg|thumb|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:In the prologue, Gil-galad is shown as one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings|three Elven rings]]. Later, he is present at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Battle]] of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] wielding his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]. His death is not shown, and he does not take down [[Sauron]]. He is played by [[Mark Ferguson]].

'''2010: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears in the prologue holding one of the Elf-rings. He is also an unlockable character, despite never playing into the storyline. He can be found in a cave in south-west [[Gorgoroth]]. His gear is not accurate, however; he wields an Elven sword (instead of Aeglos) and golden shield in the game, though ''The Fall of Gil-Galad'' describes a silver shield.

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Gil-galad|Images of Gil-galad]].
{{references|notes}}
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| born=during the [[First Age]]
| died={{SA|3441}}
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| list=[[High King of the Noldor]]
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{{seq-end}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
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[[Category:Noldor]]
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[[de:Gil-galad]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:gil-galad]]
[[fi:Gil-galad]]

Radagast

2018-05-09T04:03:19Z

Edrastel: Minor sentence adjustment

{{maiar infobox
| name=Radagast
| image=[[File:Fabio Leone - Radagast the Brown.png|250px]]
| caption="Radagast the Brown" by [[:Category:Images by Fabio Leone|Fabio Leone]]
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Radagast#Aiwendil|Aiwendil]]<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref> Radagast the Brown<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> Radagast the Bird-tamer<ref group="note" name="note1">[[Saruman]] gave him this name to mock him.</ref><ref name="FRCouncil"/> Radagast the Simple<ref group="note" name="note1"/><ref name="FRCouncil"/> Radagast the Fool<ref group="note" name="note1"/><ref name="FRCouncil"/>
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rhosgobel]]
| affiliation=[[Istari]] (Wizards) [[White Council]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Earthen-brown robes<ref name="UTIstari"/>
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{Pronounce|Quenya - Aiwendil.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
<center>{{Quote|Radagast the Brown! [...] Radagast the Bird-tamer! Radagast the Simple! Radagast the Fool! Yet he had just the wit to play the part that I set him.|[[Saruman]]<ref name="FRCouncil"/>}}</center>

'''Radagast the Brown''', also known as '''Aiwendil''', was one of the [[Wizards]] sent to [[Middle-earth]] to contest the will of [[Sauron]]. Originally a [[Maiar|Maia]] of [[Yavanna]], he had a strong affinity for animals. He dwelt, for a time, at [[Rhosgobel]] on the western eaves of [[Mirkwood]], near the [[Gladden Fields]] on the [[Anduin|Great River]].<ref name="UTIstari"/><ref name="FRCouncil"/>

==History==
[[File:Jef Murray - Mage of Rhosgobel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jef Murray]] - ''Mage of Rhosgobel'']]
The [[Maia]] Aiwendil was an [[Ainu]] who existed before [[Time]], and one of the [[Spirits (creatures)|spirit]]s who descended to [[Arda]] in order to serve the [[Valar]].<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> Aiwendil was a servant of the Valië [[Yavanna]], the Queen of earth.<ref name="UTIstari"/>

After the Undying Lands were separated from Arda during the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Manwë]] was still concerned for the fate of the peoples of [[Middle-earth]]. He summoned a council of the [[Valar]] and it was decided that they would send emissaries to Middle-earth. [[Aulë]] chose [[Saruman|Curumo]], [[Oromë]] chose [[Blue Wizards|Alatar]], and Manwë chose [[Gandalf|Olórin]]. Yavanna subsequently begged Curumo to take Aiwendil with him.

In c. {{TA|1000}}, the Maiar arrived upon the shores of Middle-earth, having the form of old [[Men]], whom the peoples called [[Wizards]]. Curumo arrived first and alone, and Aiwendil arrived at the same time as Olórin.<ref name="UTIstari"/>
===Travels in Middle-earth===
When the Wizards took their mission they roamed Middle-earth, but Radagast was never much of a traveller.<ref name="FRCouncil"/> There is not much to be told about his early journeys, but by the late [[Third Age]] he eventually settled down and dwelt, for a time at least, at [[Rhosgobel]] somewhere between the [[Carrock]] and the [[Old Forest Road]].<ref name="UTIstari"/> Situated on the western borders of [[Mirkwood]], it can be assumed that the Wizard held watch against the [[Shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]] that slowly engulfed the forest. It is likely that he became acquainted with the inhabitants of that region. Close to animals and birds, he was friends with the [[eagles|great eagles]].<ref name="FRCouncil"/> Although the neighboring [[Beorn]] was unsociable, he used to see him from time to time, and he considered Radagast "not bad" for a Wizard.<ref name="HQueer">{{H|Queer}}</ref>

In {{TA|2851}} the [[White Council]] met once more and, after that, Saruman began to search the [[Gladden Fields]] for [[the One Ring]].<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> Radagast decided to aid his search with birds and beasts who acted as spies hoping that Saruman's actions would help watch and hinder Sauron. Radagast did this in good faith, knowing nothing of Saruman's real ambitions to keep the Ring for himself.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

[[File:Angelo Montanini - Radagast.jpg|thumb|[[Angelo Montanini]] - ''Radagast'']]By the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Radagast did not dwell any more in Rhosgobel. In summer {{TA|3018}} Saruman told Radagast that he was willing to help Gandalf, and sent the Brown Wizard to seek him out at once. Radagast did not know much of [[Eriador]] but sought for [[the Shire]], knowing that he would find Gandalf nearby.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

Indeed, on [[Mid-year's Day|Midsummer's Day]], Radagast was sitting on the side of the [[Greenway]] with his horse near [[Bree]] when Gandalf found him on his way to the village. Radagast warned Gandalf that the [[Nazgûl]] were abroad, disguised as riders in black, and that they were seeking news of [[the Shire]]. He also gave him Saruman's invitation and agreed to help Gandalf by getting beasts and birds to send news to [[Orthanc]]. With that he rode away back towards Mirkwood.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

By sending Gandalf to Orthanc, Radagast unwittingly had him captured. Saruman's message proved to be a trap for Gandalf who was imprisoned in Orthanc, but still he did not believe that Radagast was also a part of Saruman's plans. Indeed, it was thanks to Radagast that Gandalf was able to escape from the pinnacle of Orthanc upon the wings of [[Gwaihir]].<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

Radagast's actions during and after the rest of the War are not recorded. After the [[Council of Elrond]], many scouts were sent out from [[Rivendell]] to many different locations. Some passed over the [[Misty Mountains]] and eventually came to [[Rhosgobel]], but they found that Radagast was not there.<ref name="FRSouth">{{FR|South}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
{{Blockquote|Radagast is, of course, a worthy wizard, a master of shapes and changes of hue; and he has much lore of herbs and beasts, and birds are especially his friends.|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="FRCouncil"/>}}
Little is known about Radagast apart from certain defining characteristics. Saruman was the chief of the Order of Wizards and Gandalf came next in the order; Radagast meanwhile held much less power and wisdom.<ref name="UTIstari"/>

As one of the [[Maiar]] of [[Yavanna]], Radagast had a great interest in the [[kelvar]] and [[olvar]] of [[Middle-earth]] and was a friend to beasts and birds.<ref name="UTIstari"/><ref name="FRCouncil"/>
Gandalf, however, held greater knowledge of birds and beasts than Radagast, as well as greater respect received from them.<ref name="RC.245">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (eds), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 245</ref>

Radagast displayed some qualities of innocence and naivety, making him an ideal accomplice of Saruman's plans, seen in providing his services to help the White examine the Gladden Fields.<ref name="SRings"/> Saruman in turn considered him Simple(minded) and a Fool.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

==Etymology==
===Radagast===
In a manuscript written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] in [[1954]], the name ''Radagast'' is said to mean "tender of beasts" in [[Adûnaic]], the language of the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name="UTIstari"/> However, in a later note Tolkien said that the name is in the language of the [[Men]] of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and that its meaning is not interpretable.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, note 4</ref>

As stated by [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]], several theories have appeared concerning the inspiration of the name ''Radagast''.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 240-1</ref> One such theory has been proposed by [[Douglas A. Anderson]], who notes the name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radegast_%28god%29 ''Redigast''] in Slavic mythology.<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 167</ref> [[John D. Rateliff]] suggests another source of inspiration in the [[Gothic]] chieftain ''[[Wikipedia:Radagaisus|Radagaisus]]'', whose name (as noted by [[David Salo]]) is rendered ''Rhadagast'' in some works from the 18th and 19th century (e.g., ''King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Boethius' De Consolatione Philosophiae'', translated by J.S. Cardale in 1829).<ref>{{HM|HHO}}, pp. 278-8, 291</ref>

The similarity to [[Old English]] ''rudugást'' meaning "red-brown spirit" has also been noted by fans.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/r/radagast.html‎|articlename=Radagast|dated=|website=EoA|accessed=}}</ref>

===Aiwendil===
The name ''Aiwendil'' (pron. {{IPA|[aɪˈwendil]}}) is [[Quenya]] for "lover of birds".<ref name="UTIndex">{{UT|Index}}</ref> It is obviously derived from ''[[aiwe]]'' ("(small) bird") and ''ndil'' ("devoted to").<ref name=RC/><ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 348, 378 (entries [[AIWĒ-]] and NIL-, NDIL-)</ref>

==Names==
It appears that in [[Valinor]] Radagast was known as "Aiwendil".<ref name="UTIstari"/>

As one of the [[wizards]] sent to [[Middle-earth]], he was known as "Radagast [[the Brown]]". [[Saruman]], when talking to [[Gandalf]], mocked Radagast by calling him "Radagast the [[Bird-tamer]]", "Radagast [[the Simple]]", and "Radagast [[the Fool]]".<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
From the first drafts of ''The Hobbit'', [[Gandalf|Bladorthin]] identifies Radagast as a fellow wizard and as his 'cousin'. [[John D. Rateliff]] notes that, at this stage in the development of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] [[legendarium]] there was no reason why a wizard could not have a cousin. Rateliff also suggests that it is likely that Tolkien considered explaining Gandalf's absence (following the departure of Thorin and Company from Beorn's house) by saying that he went to visit Radagast (who lived close by) to plan the attack on the [[Sauron|Necromancer]].<ref name="HHMedwed">{{HH|Medwed}}, "(vi) Radagast"</ref>

Early in the process of writing ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', it is clear that [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] envisaged some role for Radagast in the tale.<ref>{{RS|New}}, p. 379;{{RS|Elrond}}, p. 397</ref> He eventually decided that he would use Radagast as the means of getting Gandalf to Isengard.<ref name="TIC1.130-140">{{TI|C1}}, pp. 130-140</ref>

Initially Gandalf describes Radagast as his 'cousin',<ref>{{TI|C1}}, p. 131</ref> as he did in ''[[The Hobbit]]'',<ref name="HQueer"/> but in a subsequent draft he becomes his 'kinsman'.<ref>{{TI|C2}}, p. 149</ref> In the final version Gandalf merely says that Radagast is 'one of my order'.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

Tolkien initially called him "Radagast the Grey", but in pencil he changed this to "Brown" and subsequently Saruman refers to him as "Radagast the Brown".<ref name="TIC1.130-140"/>

When Tolkien finished writing the story up till Moria, he made notes on the future story development; therein he considered handing over Isengard to Radagast.<ref>{{TI|Story}}, p. 212</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Radagast in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:Radagast (Mithril LR3).png|Radagast as a [[Mithril Miniatures|Mithril Miniature]]
|File:War in Middle Earth - Radagast, Frodo and Sam.png|Radagast in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''
|File:Decipher - Radagast.JPG|Radagast in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
|File:Radagast (LOTRSBG).jpg|Radagast in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Radagast (LOTRO).png|Radagast in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Radagast in LOTR- War in the North-1.png|Radagast in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Radagast.jpg|Radagast in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
|File:Radagast the Brown with Sebastian.png|"Radagast the Brown with Sebastian" in ''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''
}}
===Films===
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Radagast is entirely omitted. Without Radagast's involvement, [[Gandalf]] goes to [[Isengard]] of his own accord (because he wanted council from [[Saruman]]) and is able to escape from the pinnacle of [[Orthanc]] by speaking to a moth who sends for the help of the [[Eagles]].

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Although Radagast is only briefly mentioned in ''The Hobbit'', Radagast features in ''The Hobbit'' films and is played by [[Sylvester McCoy]].<ref name="IMCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Ian McKellen]]|articleurl=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/hobbit-movie/110510.htm|articlename=2 Elves and another wizard|dated=10-May-2011|website=[http://www.mckellen.com/ Ian McKellen's website]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> He is highly eccentric and somewhat absent-minded, and also uses a sled pulled by several large [[rabbits]] (which he refers to as '[[Rhosgobel]] Rabbits') as his main means of transportation.

:After discovering that a shadow has fallen on [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] (having had to heal his hedgehog friend [[Sebastian]] because of its power), Radagast enters [[Dol Guldur]] and is attacked by the [[Witch-king]]. He finds that the fortress is occupied by a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] and travels to inform Gandalf. He finds [[Thorin and Company]] just west of [[Rivendell]] and hands Gandalf a [[Morgul-knife|morgul blade]]. He draws a pack of [[Wargs]] and their [[Orcs|Orc]] riders away on his rabbit-pulled sled so that Thorin and Company can flee in safety.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Radagast briefly appears, investigating the [[High Fells of Rhudaur|High Fells]] with Gandalf, and accompanying him to Dol Guldur. Gandalf then dispatches him to send news of what they've found to [[Galadriel]], while Gandalf enters the fortress ruins alone.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:Radagast first appears when he comes in Dol Guldur during the [[Attack on Dol Guldur |attack]] by the [[White Council]] to take the weakened Gandalf to safety. After they escape, Gandalf requests a horse, takes Radagast's staff and also commands him to summon 'bird and beast' for the impending [[Battle of Five Armies|battle]]. He arrives with the Eagles late in the battle along with [[Beorn]]. They demolish the Orc forces and effectively help end the Battle of Five Armies.

===Radio series===
'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Donald Gee]] provided the voice of Radagast. He is introduced much earlier than in the book because his meeting with Gandalf is given chronologically.

===Games===
'''1987-: ''[[Mithril Miniatures]]'':'''
:Radagast has been issued in a couple of different versions: figure LR3 "Radagast the Brown" is seen with a cat and an owl;<ref>[http://www.mithril.ie/races/index_wizards.html Mithril wizards Miniatures] at [http://www.mithril.ie/ Mithril.ie] (accessed 8 October 2011)</ref> an older version of the figure portrays Radagast without beard and with a different bird.<ref>[http://www.twilighttangents.com/minis_lotr_mith.htm Lord of the Rings (Mithril)] at [http://www.twilighttangents.com/index.html TwilightTangents.com] (accessed 8 October 2011; cf. [http://www.twilighttangents.com/images/art/radagast01.jpg Radgast (image)])</ref> There is also a "Radagast Mounted" (MS539), where Radagast (again without beard) is portrayed mounted on a horse.<ref>[http://mithril.ie/Fellowship/ms539_radagast.html 32mm Fellowship Figures - MS539 Radagast Mounted] at [http://www.mithril.ie/ Mithril.ie] (accessed 8 October 2011)</ref>

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Radagast is a non-playable character in this game.

'''2001-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:The hero figure [[:File:SBG - Radagast.jpeg|Radagast the Brown]], is a user of subtle magics, in contrast to the more overt kinds used by Gandalf and Saruman. However, he has some unique powers nonetheless.<ref>[http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/catalog/productDetail.jsp?prodId=prod1060255 Radagast the Brown] at [http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/home.jsp Games-Workshop-com] (accessed 8 October 2011)</ref>

'''2011-2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:A Decipher card was made by [[Weta Workshop|Weta]], with Weta's John Harding posing as Radagast.<ref>{{webcite|author=Kathy McCracken|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906171452/http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072204lotrwetacasting.html|articlename=The Making of the Weta "Book Cards": Casting and Costuming|dated=22-July-2004|website=[http://archive.org/ Internet Archive: Wayback Machine]|accessed=30-June-2012}}</ref>

'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Radagast can be found encamped in the [[Lone-lands]], north along the Great Road. He is friendly to the local people, the [[Eglain]], and helps them to combat the rise of evil in the swamps of Agamaur.<ref>[http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/NPC:Radagast_the_Brown NPC: Radagast the Brown] at [http://my.lotro.com/home/ My.Lotro.com] (accessed 8 October 2011)</ref>

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:The characters [[Eradan]], [[Farin]] and [[Andriel]] travel to Mirkwood in search of Radagast and arrive just in time to rescue him from the Spider Queen, Saenathra. He thanks them for the rescue and provides them with information about the Dragon Urgost.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/the-game/allies Allies] at [http://www.warinthenorth.com/ WarintheNorth.com] (accessed 8 October 2011)</ref>

'''2012-: ''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:Radagast, based on [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'']], is a hero figurine in two different versions: the standard model "Radagast the Brown with [[Sebastian]]",<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/catalog/productDetail.jsp?catId=cat970003a&prodId=prod1870030a|articlename=Radagast the Brown with Sebastian|dated=|website=[http://www.games-workshop.com/ Games-Workshop.com]|accessed=30 January 2013}}</ref> and a limited model sold with the box ''The Hobbit: Escape from Goblin Town''.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/catalog/productDetail.jsp?catId=cat970009a&prodId=prod1820008a|articlename=The Hobbit: Escape from Goblin Town - Limited Edition|dated=|website=[http://www.games-workshop.com/ Games-Workshop.com]|accessed=30 January 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Radagast|Images of Radagast]]
*"[[Radagast/Fail|Did Radagast fail?]]"

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/06/30/what-happened-to-radagast-the-brown-after-the-war-of-the-ring/ What Happened to Radagast the Brown after the War of the Ring?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}

{{Ainur}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Radagast]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/radagast]]
[[fi:Radagast]]

Talk:Radagast

2018-05-09T04:02:00Z

Edrastel:

I don't think it's fair to say that Radagast "did not contribute to Sauron's downfall"; I like to think that he at least had some small part in Sauron's defeat - this is considering (as the article says) that Radagast was mysterious and little is known about him. However I still doubt Radagast succeeded in his purpose in Middle-earth as far as Gandalf did.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 17:15, 18 June 2008 (EDT)

:Agreed, I've changed it to "but there is no record of him contributing to the downfall of Sauron." --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:35, 18 June 2008 (EDT)

==Skin-changer?==

While researching for our article on [[Beorn]], I came across Gandalf's saying that Radagast is "''a master of shapes and changes of hue''" ({{FR|II2}}). Christopher Tolkien notes that "''Can this have been suggested by by Beorn's acquaintance with Radagast?''" Although Gandalf isn't very clear, perhaps "master of shapes" and "changes of hue" (''hue'' from Old English ''hīew, hiw'' "form, appearance, color") could suggest that Radagast was able to transform himself into another appearance (likely that of an animal)? Would this be too much speculation, or is it worthy a note on our article on Radagast? (I remember that [[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game|MECCG]] made quite much out of this, with the card "Master of Shape", making Radagast into a Shapeshifter (shifting to a white tiger, according to the card art.)({{HM|TI}}, p. 138, note 27) --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 23:49, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

:To my opinion, it's a bit to much speculation. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]]

::It is speculation, but I think it's worthy of a note; maybe just under MECCG. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:16, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

:::{{blockquote|"I am a wizard," continued Gandalf. "I have heard of you, if you have not heard of me; but perhaps you have heard of my good cousin Radagast who lives near the Southern borders of Mirkwood?" "Yes; not a bad fellow as wizards go, I believe. I used to see him now and again," said Beorn. "Well, now I know who you are, or who you say you are. What do you want?"|{{H|Queer}}}}
:::Although his connection with Beorn is clear, and the quote above appears to imply it, I think it would be a step too far (after all, I would consider Sauron a "master of shapes", but not a skin-changer). As Ederchil says though, its worthy of mention so long as the reader is not left with a false impression of the facts. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 16:50, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

== Diffusion of information ==

I really feel that, given the "Did Radagast fail?" section discusses Tolkien's changing conception - and development - of this character, it is inappropriate to demote the "Did Radagast fail?" section to a sub-page no one will ever read. This is not a long article and the discussion is worthy of the attention of those who come across this page. I do think, however, that we could come up with a better title than "Did Radagast fail?".--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 10:46, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

:It is a text which is OK as an essay by itself, but some of it could as well be compressed and diffused in an article's main text, without quotations, chatter and conclusions. There is a lot to say about many topics, but a tidier and more compact presentation is better than writing brainstormings now and then. In that view, this text seems like an oddity and I decided to tide this up a bit. If you also see this somehow like this, we could decide a middle ground. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:50, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

== Does Gandalf have a greater knowledge about birds than Radagast? ==

As one of the Maiar of Yavanna, Radagast had a great interest in the kelvar and olvar of Middle-earth and was a friend to beasts and birds.[1][2] '''Gandalf, however, held greater respect from, and knowledge about, birds than Radagast.[8]'''

Does anyone have a canon source of the bold phrase? The phrase sounds familiar to me, but I didn't find a canon source.... [[User:Haran|Haran]] 02:38, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

:The source comes from one of Tolkien's unpublished letters, quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''. The full quote goes, 'it is clear that Gandalf (with greater insight and compassion) had in fact more knowledge of birds and beasts than Radagast, and was regarded by them with more respect and affection'. --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 04:02, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Thorin

2018-05-01T06:22:49Z

Edrastel: Alternate picture for his live action portrayal

{{Countdown}}
{{disambig-more|Thorin|[[Thorin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{dwarves infobox
| name=Thorin II
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Thorin Oakenshield" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Thorin Oakenshield<ref name=AppA3>{{App|A3}}</ref>
| titles=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]<ref name=AppA3/> [[King under the Mountain]]<ref name=H10>{{H|10}}</ref>
| position=
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]]<ref>{{UT|9}}</ref> [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name=AppA3/>
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2746}}
| birthlocation=[[Lonely Mountain]]
| rule={{TA|2850}} – {{TA|2941|n}}
| death={{TA|2941}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of Five Armies]]
| age=195
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]
| siblings=[[Frerin]], [[Dís]]
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=White beard<ref>{{HH|7iv}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=Sky-blue hood with a long silver tassel,<ref name="H1">{{H|1}}</ref> coat of gold-plated rings,<ref name="H13"/> belt crusted with scarlet stones<ref name="H13">{{H|13}}</ref>
| weapons=[[Orcrist]] Silver-hafted axe<ref name="H13"/>
| steed=
}}
<center>{{quote|I am Thorin son of Thrain son of Thror King under the Mountain! I return!|Thorin<ref name="H10">{{H|10}}</ref>

|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=H1/>}}</center>
'''Thorin II''' ([[Third Age]] {{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}), also known as '''Thorin [[Oakenshield]]''', was the [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]] from {{TA|2850}} until his death in {{TA|2941}}, being the son of [[Thráin|Thráin II]], grandson of [[Thrór]] and older brother to [[Frerin]] and [[Dís]]. Thorin led [[Durin's Folk]] of the [[Blue Mountains]] during their time in exile. In {{TA|2941}} he led the [[Quest of Erebor|quest]] for [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] accompanied by twelve [[Dwarves]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], and [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]]; he briefly became [[King under the Mountain]] until he perished following the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{UT|9}}; {{H|10}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

==Appearance==
Thorin had a white beard<ref>{{HH|7iv}}</ref> and wore a sky-blue hood with a long silver tassel. Around his neck he wore a golden chain, upon which he attached his grandfather's key.<ref name="H1"/> He wore a belt of gold and jewels,<ref>{{HH|7iv}}</ref> and his stockings were yellow.<ref name="H2">{{H|2}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|It was Thorin, but you could only have told it by his golden chain, and by the colour of his now dirty and tattered sky-blue hood with its tarnished silver tassel.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="H9">{{H|9}}</ref>}}

==History==
===Youth and exile===
[[File:Smaug MERP.png|thumb|Smaug the dragon.]]
Thorin was born in {{TA|2746}}, presumably in the Lonely Mountain where his grandfather, [[Thrór]], was King under the Mountain. Thorin was still a youngster (aged c. 24), by Dwarves' reckoning, when the dragon [[Smaug]] descended upon the mountain of Erebor in flames. Smaug left the mannish town of [[Dale]] in ruins and killed many dwarves who were inside the mountain. Thrór and Thráin (Thorin's father) escaped using a secret [[Back Door]]. Meanwhile Thorin was one of the few Dwarves who were not inside the mountain at the time. Thus the surviving [[Dwarves of Erebor]] were driven into exile and Thrór, Thráin, and Thorin fled south.<ref name=AppA3/><ref name=H1/>

===The War of the Dwarves and Orcs===
Weary, elderly and disillusioned, Thrór departed from [[Dunland]] with [[Nár]]. They came to [[Azanulbizar]] and the [[Great Gates|Eastern gate]] of [[Moria]], which they found was open. Whilst Nár stayed behind (and urged his companion to do the same) Thrór approached and entered the gate, and was murdered by [[Azog]]. He added insult to injury by branding Thrór's brow with the name 'AZOG' in [[Runes|Dwarfrunes]]. Thus it was that the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] began following the return of Nár, who bore the news to Thráin.<ref name=AppA3/>=
[[File:Mikel Janin - Battle of Azanulbizar.jpeg|left|thumb|Mikel Janin - ''Battle of Azanulbizar'']]
The war was fought long and hard between the two races, ultimately ending in a pyrrhic Dwarven victory at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}}. Both Thráin and Thorin were wounded during this battle and [[Frerin]] (Thorin's brother) was killed. When his shield broke, in its stead he used an [[Oaks|oak]] branch to block the blows of his foes.<ref>{{App|A3}}, note 46.</ref> Despite victory no Dwarf dared to re-enter [[Moria]] out of fear of [[Durin's Bane]].<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

In memory of this, Thorin swore to always bear a plain shield of oak with no device until he should be hailed king,<ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> and thus he earned the epithet '''Oakenshield'''.

===Return into exile===
[[File:Charles Burggraf - We will get it back.jpg|thumb|right|left|Charles Burggraf - ''"We will get it back"'']]
Thráin, Thorin, and the other survivors of [[Durin's Folk]] left Azanulbizar and returned to [[Dunland]]. However they soon began to wander [[Eriador]] before settling at last in the [[Blue Mountains]]. Here they prospered in their own fashion, forging iron objects and increasing their numbers (albeit, due to a scarceness of [[Dwarf-women]], very slowly, and by wandering Longbeards who heard of his dwelling). Nonetheless they all still longed to return to the Lonely Mountain.<ref name=AppA3/>

By this time Thráin was in possession of [[Ring of Thrór|the last]] of the [[Seven Rings]] of power. It is possible that as [[Sauron|Sauron's]] power grew so too did the ring's influence over Thráin. His burning desire for gold and to return to the Lonely Mountain became too great and in {{TA|2841}} he set out to return. Thorin, then aged ninety-five, was never to see his father again, as Sauron captured and imprisoned Thráin in [[Dol Guldur]]. Thus it was that in {{TA|2850}}, following Thráin's death, Thorin became the [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]. Thorin and his people were content living in the [[Blue Mountains]] and [[Eriador]] but as the years waned Thorin's desire to return to Erebor grew.<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

===The Quest for Erebor===

====A new hope====
{{Blockquote|Listen to me, Thorin Oakenshield ! [...] If this hobbit goes with you, you will succeed. If not, you will fail. A foresight is on me, and I am warning you.|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="UT9">{{UT|9}}</ref>}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Gandalf and Thorin.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Gandalf and Thorin'']]
The fortunes of the House of Durin changed when Thorin met [[Gandalf]] by chance in {{TA|2941}}.<ref group="note">Different accounts dispute the exact location of this first meeting. One source states that it occurred at an Inn in [[Bree]]. Whilst another states that Thorin started talking to Gandalf when he overtook him on the road.</ref> They then proceeded to go to [[Thorin's Halls]]. There they discussed their tales and Gandalf formulated a plan. Gandalf knew that Sauron could have potentially used Smaug with devastating effect. Therefore both he and Thorin had a shared interest in removing Smaug. Gandalf wanted Thorin and a company of dwarves to travel to the Lonely Mountain taking [[Bilbo Baggins]] with them. Gandalf's instinct was that the [[Quest of Erebor]] would only be successful if Bilbo accompanied them.
[[File:LotR LCG- Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|Thorin Oakenshield at Bag End]]
Therefore Gandalf invited Thorin and other Dwarves to [[Hobbiton]] of [[the Shire]], instructing them to look for a [[Smials|smial]] whose door was marked with the sign of the thief (as the dwarves had gotten it into their head that Bilbo was a thief). Thus Thorin found himself in [[Bag End]], where they perused the hobbit's hospitality. However, Thorin and the dwarves were not convinced; it was not until Gandalf revealed [[Thrór's Map]] and key that Thorin was convinced that the quest would be profitable to him. Even after the "[[An Unexpected Party|Unexpected Party]]" Gandalf only persuaded Thorin to take Bilbo on the morning that they set off.<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{UT|9}}</ref>

Thus it was that in {{TA|2941}} Thorin set off for the Lonely Mountain with Gandalf, Bilbo Baggins, [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], [[Balin]], [[Dwalin]], [[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]], [[Óin]], [[Glóin]], [[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], and [[Bombur]]. A short time into the journey the adventurers found a Troll's cave. Here they found a hoard of treasure which included blades made in the ancient city of [[Gondolin]]. Bilbo found a knife that he named [[Sting]], Gandalf acquired [[Glamdring]] and meanwhile Thorin found [[Orcrist]].<ref>{{H|2}}</ref> Whilst [[Thorin and Company]] were in [[Rivendell]] [[Elrond]] read the inscriptions on the blades and informed them of their sword's histories. He also read the [[moon-letters]] on Thrór's map; it read "''stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks [...] and the setting sun with the last light of [[Durin's Day]] will shine upon the keyhole.''"<ref>{{H|3}}</ref>

====The return of the King under the Mountain====
[[File:David T. Wenzel - Thorin in Esgaroth.jpg|thumb|left|David T. Wenzel - ''Thorin in Esgaroth'']]=
Upon reaching [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], the closest settlement to the Lonely Mountain, Thorin was greeted warmly and the men of Lake-town hailed the return of the [[King under the Mountain]].<ref name=H10/> They soon reached the Lonely Mountain itself and "''with the last light of Durin's Day''" they found the secret side-door, using the key to open it.<ref>{{H|11}}</ref> Thorin sent Bilbo in to carry out his duty as their 'esteemed burglar'. This enraged Smaug who sought to destroy the burglar and take out his vengeance on the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{H|12}}</ref> The dragon was slain by [[Bard]] who pierced an un-armoured spot on the dragon's underside.<ref>{{H|14}}</ref>

Upon hearing the news of the death of Smaug, Thorin fortified the main entrance to the mountain. Hosts of [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] and Lake-men approached the mountain led by the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] and Bard respectively. Thorin refused to consider Bard's claim to a share in the treasure until the Elven-host had withdrawn. Refusing to send away the Elves, Bard pronounced the mountain under siege until Thorin would give them their part of the treasure. Then Thorin sent for his cousin, [[Dáin Ironfoot]], who brought more than five-hundred Dwarves from the [[Iron Hills]].<ref>{{H|15}}; {{H|16}}</ref> Bilbo sought to bring an end to the dispute; to this end he secretly gave the [[Arkenstone]] to Bard and the Elvenking to use in making a deal with Thorin. When Thorin heard about Bilbo's actions he was furious and cast him out of the company.<ref>{{H|17}}</ref>

====Death====
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Death of Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|right|[[Darrell Sweet]] - ''The Death of Thorin Oakenshield'']]However all disputes were cast aside when the army of [[Bolg]], Azog's son, suddenly attacked. Thus the three armies of [[Elves]], [[Men]], and [[Dwarves]] united against the two armies of [[Orcs|Goblins]] and [[Wargs]]: the [[Battle of Five Armies]] had begun. As the battle drew on, Thorin leapt from the front gate and rallied all Elves, Men, and Dwarves to him. The armies of the [[free peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]] emerged triumphant. Nonetheless [[Kíli]] and [[Fíli]] were killed and Thorin was gravely wounded. On his deathbed Thorin apologised to Bilbo for his angry words and deeds. He commended his good character, courage and friendship, saying that ''"if more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world."'' With that, he died. He was laid to rest deep within the Lonely Mountain. [[Bard]] of [[Dale]] placed the Arkenstone upon Thorin's chest, whilst the Elvenking laid Orcrist upon Thorin's tomb.<ref>{{H|17}}; {{H|18}}</ref>

==Personality==
{{Blockquote|Thorin did not live to enjoy his triumph or his treasure. Pride and greed overcame him in spite of my warning|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="UT9"/>}}
Thorin was capable of being stubborn, proud, and greedy. According to Gandalf he was, from the beginning, contemptuous about the notion that [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] should go with him on his long-desired adventure to the Lonely Mountain; he thought that Gandalf was trying to mock him and make him look foolish. Indeed, Thorin found it difficult to accept the advice of Gandalf at all, believing that he should have been drawing plans for war and battle rather than planning to use a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] as a burglar. But he gradually came to respect the Hobbit's value to his quest, as Bilbo again and again proved his stealth and courage. Thorin's most coveted prize was the [[Arkenstone]], something which Bilbo believed was not only the heart of the mountain but the heart of Thorin also. <ref>{{UT|9}}; {{H|17}}; {{H|18}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]] ''{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | DAI | | | | | | | | | | | | BOR | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]] ''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†| BOR=[[Borin]] ''{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | THR | | FRO | | GRO | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]] ''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†|FRO=[[Frór]] ''{{TA|2552|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†|GRO=[[Grór]] ''{{TA|2563|n}} - {{TA|2805|n}}''|FAR=[[Farin]] ''{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | THR | | | | | | NAI | | | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]] ''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†|NAI=[[Náin (son of Grór)|Náin]] ''{{TA|2665|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|FUN=[[Fundin]] ''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|GRO=[[Gróin]] ''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | THO | | FRE | | DIS | | DAI | | BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |THO='''THORIN II''' ''{{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|FRE=[[Frerin]] ''{{TA|2751|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|DIS=[[Dís]] ''b. {{TA|2760|n}}''|BAL=[[Balin]] ''{{TA|2763|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†|DWA=[[Dwalin]] ''{{TA|2772|n}} - {{FoA|91}}''|OIN=[[Óin]] ''{{TA|2774|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''|GLO=[[Glóin]] ''{{TA|2783|n}} - {{FoA|15}}''|DAI=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II]] ''{{TA|2767|n}} - {{TA|3019|n}}''†}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | FIL | | KIL | | THO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |FIL=[[Fíli]] ''{{TA|2859|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|KIL=[[Kíli]] ''{{TA|2864|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|THO=[[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III]] ''b. {{TA|2866|n}}''|GIM=[[Gimli]] ''{{TA|2879|n}} - {{FoA|120}}''+}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>

==Etymology==
<div style="float:right; border:1px solid #f0f0f0; color:#000; background-color:#ffffff; padding:5px; margin-bottom:5px; margin-left:5px">
<div style="text-align:center">[[File:Thorin Hobbit runes.png|Thorin]]</div>
<div style="text-align:center">'''Thorin'''</div>
<div style="text-align:center; font-size:x-small">'''[[Runes|Anglo-Saxon Runes]] used in ''[[The Hobbit]]'''''</div>
</div>
Thorin's name is one from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It means "Bold".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

The epithet "[[Oakenshield]]" also comes from the ''Dvergatal''. ''Eikinskjaldi'' means "Oakenshield", and it has long been considered the name of a Dwarf. However, because the name appears twice, both in Dúrinn's and Dválinn's line, it has also been suggested that it simply means "with an oaken shield".<ref>P.H. Salus, Taylor Beekman, "[http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk.proxy-ub.rug.nl/articles/displayItemPage.do?FormatType=fulltextimages&QueryType=articles&ResultsID=12E4F77F8FAA34BB2&ItemNumber=9&PageNumber=1 'Eikinskjaldi, Fjalarr', and 'Eggþer': Notes on Dwarves and Giants in the 'Völuspá'"], published in ''[[wikipedia:Neophilologus|Neophilologus]]'' Vol 53 (1969), Issue #1, pp. 76-81</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In early manuscripts of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the name ''[[Gandalf]]'' was used by Tolkien for the character who later would be named "Thorin Oakenshield" in the published works.<ref>{{HH|Intro}}</ref>=

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Thorin in adaptations=
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (1966 film) - Thorin.png|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]].
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Thorin.jpg|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Thorin.JPG|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|Sierra's The Hobbit]]
|File:Thorin II-LOTRO1.png|Thorin in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Thorin and Orcrist.jpg|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
===Films===
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Thorin Oakenshield is the commander of the garrison of [[Dale]]. He is not a royal.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Hans Conried]].

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Thorin was portrayed by [[Richard Armitage]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> Unlike many other adaptations where Thorin is depicted as white-haired, Thorin is portrayed as younger looking (in the original book he was the oldest of the [[Dwarves]] in the [[Thorin and Company|Company]]; in the movies he appears to be roughly in the middle of the thirteen age-wise). Thorin, however, does have streaks of gray in his black hair.

:In the prologue which flashes back to the [[Sack of Erebor]], Thorin is shown to be a natural leader, and is distressed when [[Thranduil]] and his army do not come to the Dwarves' aid. Later, during a flashback to the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] (referred to as the '''Battle of [[Moria]]''' in these films), his natural leadership is again on display, when rallying the troops after maiming [[Azog]] the Defiler ([[Dáin Ironfoot]], who killed Azog during this battle in the book, is not present at all).

:Thorin shows up later than expected at [[Bag End]]. He is thoroughly sceptical of [[Gandalf]]'s choice of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] as the fourteenth member of the Company, but the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] finally earns his approval after attempting to save him from Azog and his [[Orcs|Orc]] pack. After this ordeal, Gandalf revives him on the [[Carrock]].

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Thorin is captured by the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] along with all of the other Dwarves. He refuses to bargain with Thranduil on order to set them all free, still holding a grudge over the Elven-king not helping his people while [[Smaug]] destroyed their home.

:After the Dwarves are caught trying to steal weapons out of the armoury in [[Lake-town]], Thorin promises the people a share of the treasure if the Company is allowed to reclaim their kingdom. After Bilbo's audience with Smaug, he leads the Dwarves in a [[Battle of the Forges|battle]] in an attempt to defeat the [[Dragons|Dragon]] by drowning him in molten gold. The plan fails, however, and Smaug instead heads off in a rage to Lake-town.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:While searching the treasure hoard inside the Mountain for the [[Arkenstone]], Thorin increasingly falls prey to Dragon sickness. He begins to be paranoid that the other Dwarves are scheming against him. He orders the other Dwarves to put up barricades to prevent anyone else from entering the Mountain, even as the [[Battle of Five Armies]] commences. He eventually overcomes his sickness and comes to his senses, leading the members of the Company into battle.

:On [[Ravenhill]], he attempts to take out the Orc army's leader, and old nemesis, Azog (with the help of [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]] and [[Dwalin]]). After his nephews are killed, Thorin takes on the Pale Orc one-on-one (and, in the process, gets [[Orcrist]] back from [[Legolas]]). He manages to get Azog to fall into a frozen lake, but the Orc stabs through the ice and mortally wounds him. With his last strength, Thorin plunges Orcrist into Azog's chest, finally killing him. Soon after, right before succumbing to his wounds, he makes amends with Bilbo, and dies right there on the lake.

===Radio series===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[John Justin]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

===Games===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76 (accessed 24 March 2011)</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Clive Revill]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Thorin plays no role in the storyline, but makes a brief appearance in a flashback taking place in {{TA|2941}}.

'''2014: ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]'':'''
:Thorin appears as he is in the movies, but in the form of a LEGO minifigure. He is voiced by Richard Armitage.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Thorin|Images of Thorin]]

{{References|n}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=dwarf
| name=Thorin II
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| born={{TA|2746}}
| died={{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]
|next=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
|nrow=2
|list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]
|dates={{TA|2850}} – {{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq
|pvac=None
|prev=[[Thrór]], 170 years earlier
|list=4th [[King under the Mountain]]
|dates={{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq-end}}{{durinskings}}{{Thorin and Company}}{{companyroute}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Thorin II.]]
[[fi:Thorin II Tammikilpi]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/3a/thorin_ii]]

User talk:Edrastel

2018-04-30T04:57:59Z

Edrastel: Response

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Ian|name=Edrastel}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 04:07, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

== References ==

Hi there, just a quick note to ask that when you add references to any book in the ''The History of Middle-earth'' series can you also add a page reference? Cheers! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 20:02, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

Will do! -- [[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 22:11, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

:Hi Edrastel! Thanks for your good work at TG! Another quick note: when it comes to referencing ''Unfinished Tales'' there is a specific problem. Different editions of this book use different pagination (in contrast to ''The History of Middle-earth''). Having a page reference might therefore be confusing for readers. The same applies, for example, to ''The Lord of the Rings''.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 13:36, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Ah, I see. I wasn't sure if the page citations applied to all non-Hobbit/LOTR/Silmarillion content. I'll remember in the future! --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 14:05, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

== OMG Bro! ==
You are killing me (of course there was no way you could have known, heh). I just spent over an hour sourcing, writing, and editing Ingwë's page, and now I can't save any of my editing because you went in and changed ONE word (okay, actually it was two words). >_< I really don't know what to do right now, but if I undo your edit and then put it back, please forgive me. I don't think that would work though because the undo might just count as another change.

So, for right now I'm just going to copy over for each section I changed, save it, and then put back your History edit. --[[User:Elf-esteem|Elf-esteem]] 03:08, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Oh, wow, sorry! I had no idea D: I'll steer clear of that page for now while you're at it. If you've still got the citations in an unsaved source, maybe you could copy it? --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 03:23, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

:Whew! Heh. I really should save as I go, so I don't get stuck for like 2 hours on one page dithering around between mutliple books and pdf file searches to find the info I need. But, I worry that half-done edits will draw the ire of the admin. Anyway, the undo trick worked! I undid your edit, which allowed me to save my edit, and then edited your edit back. *wipes brow* All is well! Just one of those things. Do as you wish with Ingwë's page, I'm done with it for now.

:I saved a copy in my sandbox, too, just in case, like you suggested. I had no idea if the undo thing would work. I probably should putter in my sandbox, instead of live editing when I do page overhauls, but I swear I was literally just going to add like 1 or 2 refs in 'other versions'. Then I saw all these messy refs and it became a thing. Things happen.--[[User:Elf-esteem|Elf-esteem]] 03:31, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Yup. Glad to see everything's worked out though! --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 03:56, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

==I love your userboxes!==
As long as the admin doesn't mind, please sir, may I have some more? But Angband though? Boooooooooooooooo! I want an anti-Angband one. This user was happy when Glorfindel stomped on Angband in {{TA|1975}}! My best friend says, you need to make a userbox for Team Éowyn and Team Arwen, lol! I am thinking maybe Team Boromir and Team Faramir, too because I would be on Team Faramir. Faramir was a really good person. How about one for this user supports a fruit sun and a flower moon? Or does that just fall under the flat earth Silmarillion? This user believes that Elves awoke beneath the stars of Varda. Yup! --[[User:Elf-esteem|Elf-esteem]] 00:09, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

:Thanks! I figured there could be some new additions here and there. --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 02:28, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

== Pronunciations ==

Hiya. You may notice that I've undone a lot of your changes to pronunciations. In particular, you've altered "ai" pronunciations from "eye" to "ah-ee", e.g. in [[Edain]] you changed "eh-deyen" to "eh-dah-een". Aside from confusing readers about whether this is two or three syllables, let me quote from Tolkien "AI has the sound of English ''eye''". If Tolkien was happy to describe the sound as "eye", I think we can be too. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 07:52, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

:I can agree that "eye" as described by Tolkien is a fitting example of pronunciation, but I feel that when surrounded by consonants the intended pronunciation can be lost to many casual readers. "Deyen" could very easily be pronounced as "day-en" if someone is unaware of the "eye" context. I won't persist against what the veteran staff has decided upon, but I think it would be beneficial to use a pronunciation scheme less easily misinterpreted. --[[User:Edrastel|Edrastel]] 04:57, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Witch-king

2018-04-27T03:09:46Z

Edrastel:

{{footnotes}}
{{evil infobox
| name=The Witch-king of Angmar
| image=[[File:Melissa Hitchcock - The Black Captain.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Black Captain" by [[:Category:Images by Melissa Hitchcock|Melissa Hitchcock]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Black Captain, Chief of the Nine, Lord of Minas Morgul
| titles=
| position=Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]
| location=[[Angmar]] [[Minas Morgul]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]
| age=4200+
| notablefor=[[Arnor#The Fall of Arthedain|Fall of Arnor]] Establishing [[Angmar]] Fall of [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Osgiliath]] Deaths of [[Eärnur]], [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], and [[Théoden]] Stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] (early) [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)
| gender=Male
| height=Tallest of the Nazgûl
| hair=Gleaming
| eyes=
| clothing=Crown
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]; [[Black Breath]]; A great black mace
| steed=Black horse
| gallery=the Witch-king
}}
{{quote|In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.|"[[The Siege of Gondor]]"<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref>}}
The '''Witch-king of Angmar''' was the chief of the [[Nazgûl]], King of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]]’s great captain in his wars. A [[Wraiths|wraith]], the Witch-king of Angmar was nearly indestructible, a terrifying warrior, and a cunning strategist.

==History==
Some time after Sauron seized the [[Rings of Power]] in the [[Sack of Eregion]], {{SA|1697}} he gave [[Nine Rings|nine of them]] to [[Men|Mannish]] kings, sorcerers and other warriors.<ref>{{S|Rings}}, p. 289</ref> With the power of their rings, the Nine achieved glory and grew wealthy, but they eventually started hating life as they were slowly drawn under Sauron’s dominion. In the end, they all became the dreadful [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]].

The one later known as the Witch-king was one of these, likely one of the unnamed three lords of [[Númenor]] to take the rings.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, p. 267, Ballantine Books p. 320</ref> <ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]], p. 20</ref> He first appeared in the histories as a Ringwraith in {{SA|2251}}. Being the most powerful of the Nazgûl, he became their chief and the most feared servant of his master Sauron.

When [[Mordor]] fell in {{SA|3441}}, the Nazgûl vanished into the shadows and were not heard of again for a long time.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref>

===Early Power in Angmar===
More than a thousand years later, in c. {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]], [[Sauron]] began to rebuild his power in [[Dol Guldur]]. In c. {{TA|1300|n}} his Nazgûl also reappeared and the Witch-king established his realm, [[Angmar]], in the north.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> His capital was [[Carn Dûm]], on the northernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]]. He summoned men, [[orcs]] and other creatures of evil inclination to his banner. No one knew that he was actually a servant of the long-dormant [[Sauron]] and few that he was a wraith.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 320 </ref>

In the north, disunity plagued the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Arnor]]. They had divided into three kingdoms: [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]] and [[Arthedain]], and were constantly at war with one another.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), Houghton Mifflin p. 320 </ref> The Witch-king saw the North-kingdom of Arnor as more vulnerable than the South-kingdom of Gondor.<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194 </ref> He played upon their opposition, sending in infiltrators and taking over the hearts of the men of that land. By {{TA|1349|n}}, the government of Rhudaur was controlled by men secretly in his service,<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194</ref> and he secretly aided them in their wars against the other kingdoms.<ref name="Argeleb">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Argeleb I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194</ref> He then struck at a time of great hostility among the three, in {{TA|1409|n}}. Rhudaur in the east fell first, and most of the Dúnedain there were hunted down and slaughtered by sorcerers.<ref name="Arveleg">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Arveleg I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194 </ref> Cardolan was ravaged and the [[Tower of Amon Sûl]], held by the men of Arthedain, was placed under siege. King [[Arveleg I]] was slain and the tower was destroyed, but the coveted ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' escaped in the hands of the surviving men of Arthedain and was brought to [[Fornost]].<ref name="Palantiri16">[[Unfinished Tales]], [[The Palantíri]], note 16, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 413 </ref>

The Witch-king continued to press the men of Arthedain, laying siege to Fornost, and he might have taken over all of Arnor in that one offensive. But [[Araphor]], the 18-year-old son of Arveleg, came to leadership and, with the help of the ancient elf [[Círdan]] of [[Lindon]], repelled the Witch-king’s forces at Fornost and the [[North Downs]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> [[Elrond]] brought an army of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and the Witch-king was pushed back and subdued.

===Twilight of Angmar===
The Witch-king sat silent in Carn Dûm, rebuilding his armies and preparing for a final assault on [[Arthedain]], last of the Arnorian kingdoms. The [[Dark Plague]] came and went in {{TA|1636|n}}, taking with it the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]]. The Witch-king sent [[barrow-wights]] to inhabit the barrows in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> In {{TA|1974|n}}, he felt that his power was sufficiently restored to begin the advance.

His attack was sudden, but not unexpected. King [[Arvedui]] sent a message to King [[Eärnil II]] of [[Gondor]] the year before, but help did not arrive in time. [[Fornost]] fell, and the Witch-king took up residence there in the palace.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Arvedui held out as best as he might on the [[North Downs]], but at last fled north with the treasured ''[[palantíri]]'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]]. He would not return, for he perished in a shipwreck in {{TA|1975|n}}. With him the ''palantíri'' were lost forever in the icy seas of [[Forod]]. The already-diminished North-kingdom ended, and [[Arnor]] fell.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref>

Meanwhile, a coalition in the south had formed. Eärnil sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great fleet, all that Gondor could spare. They arrived at [[Lindon]] and joined with the folk of Círdan. Círdan summoned all that would come: surviving Dúnedain of Arnor and elves of Lindon.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Even a company of [[Hobbits|hobbit]] archers went to their aide.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> The Witch-king had grown overconfident and, instead of staying behind his fortifications, initiated the attack. The [[Battle of Fornost]] was fought on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the North Downs. The Witch-king may not have anticipated the strength brought against him, but for whatever reason the alliance gained the upper hand. His army began to fall back toward Fornost, but Eärnur’s magnificent horsemen struck from the north and the Witch-king was routed.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref>

He decided to flee to Angmar and the safety of Carn Dûm, but the cavalry, with Eärnur himself in the lead, overtook him. Moreover, the ranks of the allies swelled, as an army of elves from [[Rivendell]] came led by the mighty hero of old, [[Glorfindel]]. Angmar was purged of men and orcs, and all seemed lost for the Witch-king in the face of such numbers. But the Witch-king himself came at the last, robed and masked in black and riding a black horse, and attempted to kill Eärnur with his own hands. But Eärnur’s horse shied away and fled, and the Witch-king laughed. But Glorfindel came on his white horse, and faced with such power the Witch-king fled. He vanished into the shadows and no-one marked where he had gone.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref>

Eärnur wanted to pursue, but Glorfindel held him back and made his famous prophecy.

{{Blockquote|He will not return to this land. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall.|Glorfindel, ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv)}}

===Lord of Minas Morgul===
The Witch-king escaped to [[Mordor]], and gathered the other Ringwraiths about him in {{TA|1980|n}}.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> Angmar and Carn Dûm were lost, and so in {{TA|2000|n}} the Witch-king began a two-year siege of [[Minas Ithil]], eventually capturing the place and turning it into his residence. It was renamed [[Minas Morgul]], and the ''[[Ithil-stone|palantír]]'' was sent to Sauron. The Witch-king sent an aura of fear in [[Gondor]], and much of [[Ithilien]] was deserted.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref>

Eärnur succeeded his father as King of Gondor, and still held the Witch-king in especial hostility due to his humiliation at the Battle of Fornost. The year of his coronation the Witch-king sent him a taunting challenge, but [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]] the steward restrained Eärnur from rash action. Seven years later the challenge was repeated, and Eärnur rode with a small escort to Minas Morgul. None that rode thither ever returned, and there was no longer a King in Gondor.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref>

After this the Witch-king bided his time. He and the Nazgûl built up their armies, including the terrible new orc-race of [[uruks]]. In {{TA|2475|n}} he sent them out to capture [[Osgiliath]], which they did successfully. They were driven out by [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] of [[Gondor]], but Osgiliath now lay completely in ruins. Boromir went on to retake Ithilien, so that even the Witch-king feared him. But he was killed by a Morgul-wound, and so his rule was but twelve years.<ref name="twelve">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 333</ref>

===Hunt for the Ring===
Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951|n}}, and sent three of his Ringwraiths to [[Dol Guldur]] (though the Witch-king was left in Minas Morgul). Then, by lucky chance, the creature [[Gollum]] was captured and interrogated. Under torture, the wretched creature revealed the tale of [[the One Ring]] and how it came to be in his possession. But from his words Sauron misunderstod that the land of the hobbits who stole the Ring was on the banks of the [[Gladden River]], whence Gollum originally came from.<ref name="thirteen">{{UT|Hunt}}, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341</ref> Sauron sent the Nine, under the leadership of the Witch-king, invisible and uncloaked, to search for the Ring after the assault of Osgiliath.

[[Khamûl]], the Witch-king’s lieutenant, reported that he was unable to find the “[[the Shire|Shire]]” in the vales of [[Anduin]]. The Witch-king was determined to search north and west until Gollum was found, or the Shire. But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the Wise did not yet have possession of the Ring. He sent the Ringwraiths to [[Isengard]] in the form of [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], too late to prevent the escape of the captured wizard [[Gandalf]], but had words with Saruman. Saruman, already a traitor to both sides due to his transparent lust for the Ring, fortified himself in Isengard. The Witch-king did not have enough power with him to assault Saruman in his great fortress, but had words with him. Saruman convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.<ref name="thirteen"/>

They came upon the traitor called [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] and questioned him. The terrified man told them everything he knew; that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them. The Witch-king spared Wormtongue’s life, foreseeing that Wormtongue would bring ruin to Saruman. He divided his wraiths into four pairs, and went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]]. Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found to their delight charts and maps of the Shire. They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.<ref name="thirteen"/>

They came to [[Sarn Ford]], but the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] prevented them from crossing. They sent for their great captain, the chieftain [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], who alone could well resist the wraiths, but he was away, and the Ringwraiths captured the ford and killed many of the Rangers.<ref name="thirteen"/> The Witch-king sent three Ringwraiths under Khamûl into the Shire while he went east with the others.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref> But they had come too late: the Ring had moved on in the hands of a hobbit, [[Frodo Baggins]].

===Pursuit of the Ring===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fire on Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Fire on Weathertop'']]Khamûl was unsuccessful, but brought word from the spy they had spared in Bree. The man had witnessed a vanishing act on Frodo's part, and had organized an attack on the inn. The Witch-king guessed that Frodo would head east, and sent four wraiths to [[Weathertop]], the ruins of the tower he had destroyed long ago. He went south along the [[Greenway]] and discovered nothing. Gandalf followed them, but the Witch-king let him slip ahead, and attacked him on Weathertop. Gandalf escaped at dawn, and again the Witch-king divided his force and sent four after the wizard.

The Ring walked almost right into his hands. The captain of the Dúnedain, Aragorn II, had become the guide of the hobbits, and led them to Weathertop, where they were spotted and attacked. The Witch-king advanced on Frodo, and the terrified hobbit put on the Ring, seeing them as they truly were. When Frodo resisted, and invoked the name of [[Varda|Elbereth]], the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the shoulder. The tip of his blade broke off and sent poison through the hobbit’s veins. Then Aragorn counterattacked with flaming brands. The Witch-king departed with the other Nazgûl, believing that his objective was completed.

He resumed the pursuit quickly, though, and found that Khamûl had been driven from the [[Last Bridge]] by his old enemy [[Glorfindel]]. The Witch-king, who only had one companion with him, was likewise unable to confront him openly. They regrouped and went south, rejoining with the other four. They managed to pick up the trail of the company of the Ring, and despite hindrance from Glorfindel and Aragorn managed to pursue Frodo alone on [[Asfaloth]]. The pursuit came to the [[Ford of Bruinen]], and there Frodo compelled the horse to stop. The Witch-king saw his defiance and laughed, breaking his sword with a movement of his hand. But the waters of the [[Bruinen]] rose at [[Elrond]]'s command, sweeping the Nine downstream.<ref name="fourteen">[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], [[Flight to the Ford]]</ref>

===War of the Ring===
[[File:Angus McBride - Gandalf facing Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Gandalf facing the Witch-king'']]
The Witch-king took the only surviving horse back to [[Mordor]], arriving there in December. He then sent aid to the other eight Nazgûl, and they returned in secret. In [[Minas Morgul]] they prepared for a grand invasion of [[Gondor]] at the order of their master. The Witch-king was given by Sauron added "demonic" force.<ref name="fifteen">[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Letter 210]], p. 272</ref> On 10 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the signal was given and Minas Morgul was emptied. The Witch-king rode at the head of the army in black, upon a black horse, as he had in the time of the wars of Angmar. As the Witch-king passed out of the gates of the dead city, he sensed the presence of Frodo. He was disturbed, but continued on through Ithilien.

With the Witch-king in command, [[Osgiliath]] soon fell.<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref> The defeat was attributed to his superior numbers, and his terrible presence which made all hearts to quail. The [[Rammas Echor]] was breached, and the [[Pelennor Fields]] were overrun. Other wraiths he sent out mounted on [[Fell beasts]]. [[Faramir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Denethor|Denethor II]]'s son, was wounded by a dart and the [[Black Breath|black breath]], but his company was saved by a sortie. Then the Witch-king laid siege to [[Minas Tirith]] itself, sending fire and the heads of the dead Gondorians into the city via catapults. Then he launched the assault.

He sent [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] out first, accompanying it in person so as to be the first to enter the city. Three times Grond struck the gate, empowered by the sorcery of the Witch-king. The third time the Gate shattered in a flash of fire. The Witch-king passed into Minas Tirith, but was confronted by Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]]. Gandalf forbade him entry, but the Witch-king laughed and put on a show of power.

{{Blockquote|The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter. 'Old fool!' he said. 'Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!' And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Siege of Gondor]]}}.

===The Fall of the Witch-king===
[[File:Nick Deligaris - Éowyn and Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|350px|Nick Deligaris - ''Éowyn and Nazgûl'']]
As Gandalf stood resolute before the Witch-king, the [[Rohirrim]] arrived. Thus he departed, mounting a fell beast and descending upon King [[Théoden]] who led the attack. [[Snowmane]], the King's horse, collapsed with a dart in the side, and Théoden was crushed beneath him. But the rider [[Dernhelm]] defied the Witch-king. The Witch-king threatened Dernhelm with a terrible death, but the rider revealed that she was a woman, [[Éowyn]], and the Witch-king remembered the words of Glorfindel. He hesitated, but then moved forward. Éowyn decapitated the fell beast, but the Witch-king rose and struck her down with his mace, breaking her shield-arm. Then the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] stabbed him in the sinew of his leg with the [[Daggers of Westernesse|blade of Westernesse]] (though there was much pain in Meriadoc's arm afterward), as he drew back to kill the woman. Then Éowyn rose and drove her sword through where his invisible head was, and the sword broke as his crown toppled. The Witch-king gave a great and horrible wail, perishing at last.<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

So the prophecy of Glorfindel was fulfilled, for the Witch-king did not fall at the hands of a man, but at the hands of [[Éowyn|a woman]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|a hobbit]]. With his defeat, and the coming of Aragorn II in the black ships, the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] was lost by Sauron.

==Names==
* Witch-king of Angmar - "Witch" most likely coming from his background in sorcery, and "king" after his establishment of the realm of Angmar in 1300.
* Witch-lord of Angmar - A variant of the above title.
* Lord of the Nazgûl
* Lord of the Ringwraiths
* Chieftain of the Ringwraiths
* Lord of the Nine Riders
* King of the Nine Riders
* Wraith-lord
* Wraith-king
* High Nazgûl
* Lord of Morgul
* Morgul-lord
* King of Minas Morgul
* Black Captain
* Captain of Despair
* [[Dwimmerlaik]]
* Lord of Carrion

==Etymology==
While in modern English ''witch'' has mostly female connotations, referring to a hag or sorceress, in middle-English ''wicche'' had no gender distinction; the preference of ''witch'' for female persons (the males referred more usually as ''wizzards'') evolved later through the centuries.

Tolkien uses the archaic, gender-unspecific meaning of the term; of course, the word [[Wizards|Wizard]] refers exclusively to the [[Maiar]] [[Istari]].

==Inspirations==
An undead witch-king named ''Þráinn'' appears in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrómundar_saga_Gripssonar Hrómundar saga Gripssonar]''. It is possible that this was Tolkien's source of inspiration.

The prophecy that the Witch-king would fall "not by the hand of man" and the fulfillment of the prophecy occurring as a technicality (being slain by a hobbit and a woman) bears a striking resemblance to the prophecy regarding the title character's death in Shakespeare's Macbeth, where it was foretold that Macbeth will be slain "not by man born of woman" and is then killed by Macduff, born by caesarian section. Tolkien was familiar with the play, having reputedly taken inspiration for the Last March of the Ents from the same source (See article ''[[Ents]]'' for details).

==Portrayal in adaptations ==
The Witch-king's true name is never given, and therefore among [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]], the Witch-king is often simply called ''Angmar'', after the name of the realm he founded and led. It is possible that he was one of the three [[Black Númenóreans]] Tolkien stated had become Nazgûl, or possibly [[Isilmo]], a Númenórean prince and father of Tar-Minastir. This possibility was adopted by the now defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game and [[Mithril Miniatures]] where he is named ''Er-Murazor'', a Númenórean prince and younger son of [[Tar-Ciryatan]].
<center><gallery>
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Witch-King.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Witch-king.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''</center>
File:Witchking ea rotk.jpg|<center>The Witch-king from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings online Shadows of Angmar - Witch-king 1.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Witch-king of Angmar.png|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''</center>
</gallery></center>
===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The Witch-king is shown with no distinction from the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]; all are robed in brown and black, and none seem to be able to talk clearly.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:The Witch-king is portrayed as a humanoid figure with no head. Red eyes glare under a golden crown. His dialogue is more or less as in the books, albeit in a strange and somewhat unfitting electronic voice. After a stab from behind by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Éowyn]] beheads him. It is worthy of note that the Witch-king is seen with the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] as his emblem and faction, rather than the grim moon of [[Minas Morgul]].

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Witch-king is called the "Witch-king of [[Angmar]]", the "Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]", and the "Greatest of the Nine" by [[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''; however, no other mention of the kingdom of Angmar itself is made. Also, in that film, there is no mention of [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy; there is only a claim among the enemy that "no man can kill" the Witch-king. Like the other Nazgûl, he is depicted as a humanoid figure shrouded in a hooded black robe; his only distinguishing feature is a mask-like spiked helmet with a huge mouth. His first mention is when Gandalf tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while in Minas Tirith that the Dark Lord has not yet revealed his "deadliest" servant: the Witch-king, the one that "stabbed [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] on [[Weathertop]]".

:During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Witch-king's army uses the ram [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] to break through the city gates early in the battle (after the failure of a lesser ram), and the Witch-king is not present to confront Gandalf as he is in the book. The confrontation takes place later, as Pippin and Gandalf race to the tombs to save [[Faramir]], and the Witch-king intercepts them. Unlike in the book, this meeting decisively favors the Witch-king, who breaks Gandalf's staff and throws the wizard to the ground before leaving to deal with the arrival of the [[Rohirrim]]. Gandalf's face shows obvious fear in this scene, in comparison to the resolution (for "victory or death") in the books.

:The Witch-king's destruction on the battlefield occurs with less dialogue than in the book, and the weapons used to destroy him are both mundane: Merry's sword is not a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] from the [[Barrow-downs]], but rather the Rohirric sword that [[Théoden]] had as a child.

:Eight actors are known to have played some part of the Witch-king.
# An unidentified extra portrayed the "King of Men" in the prologue. He was chosen to be the Witch-king simply because he was the smallest of the nine.
# [[Shane Rangi]] did the horse chase.
# [[Fran Walsh]] provided the "Ringwraith scream".
# Effects technician Ben Price played the Witch-king in "many scenes"<ref>http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072904lotrwetaprops.html</ref>
# [[Brent McIntyre]] is officially credited as the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. He stabbed Frodo.
# [[Lawrence Makoare]] filled the robe of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.
# [[Mark Ferguson]] filled the heavy armoured costume when Makoare felt claustrophobic.<ref>http://www.markferguson.net/articles/interview_Nautilus20.html</ref>
# [[Andy Serkis]] provided the voice of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series) ]]:'''
:The Witch-king is mentioned to have been defeated years ago, and his body sealed by the "Men of the North" in a very deep and dark tomb in the "[[High Fells of Rhudaur]]". His [[wraith]], apparently summoned by the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]], is encountered by [[Radagast]] in the ruins of [[Dol Guldur]], but the [[Wizards|Wizard]] fends him off and salvages the Witch-king's [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]] in the struggle.

:In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven [[Mordor]] by [[Galadriel]] and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], [[Sauron|his master]] also eventually following suit.

===Radio series===
'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The Black Captain is played by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1727">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1727, [[14 December|December 14]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:The role of The Lord of the Nazgul, as he is always credited in this production, is expanded with material from ''[[The Hunt for the Ring]]''. He is the second speaking character in the series: he is the one who captures [[Gollum]], though he is not identified as such until the credits. [[Philip Voss]] provided the voice for The Lord of the Nazgul.

===Games===
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]'':'''
:The Witch-king's role and voice are similar to that of the film, but his appearance is different. An early helmet design, that had been removed from the film because it resembled [[Sauron]]'s helm too much, was used here, presumably because there was no time to make a new character model.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Witch-King is one the main "Hero" units for the Servants of Sauron, his signature ability is being able to turn Wights into Nazgûl. The evil campaign storyline shows him reclaiming Dol Guldur for Sauron.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Witch-King is a "Hero" unit for Mordor faction. He is an airborne unit riding on a Fell Beast and one of the strongest units in the game.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:In addition to his appearance from the first game, the Witch-King can now also dismount and become a landscape unit armed with a mace.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Witch-king is a non-playable character present in several scenes. His most memorable appearance takes place in the Great Barrow within the Barrow-Downs. There are also multiple references to him in quest dialogue, the most notable is that the Witch-King for whatever reason cannot return to rule [[Carn Dum]] and instead has erected a Steward named [[Mordirith]] to rule in his place, in mockery of the Stewards of Gondor.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:In the campaign for the "Evil" side, the Witch-King is revived by other Nazgûl after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.

''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:The Witch-king appears in a flashback of the playable characters during the prologue of the game. He and the other [[Nazgûl]] attack and destroy the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] camp at [[Sarn Ford]]. Shortly after he speaks with [[Agandaûr]], who explains that he has assembled an army in [[Fornost]]. The Witch-king commands him to return and attack immediately, to aid in the [[Hunt of the Ring]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</reF>

==See also==
*'''[[:Category:Images of the Witch-king|Images of the Witch-king]]'''
*[[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Nazgûl]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Der Hexenkönig von Angmar]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/roi-sorcier]]
[[fi:Noitakuningas]]

Sauron

2018-04-22T02:49:11Z

Edrastel:

{{Countdown}}
{{evil infobox
| name=Sauron
| image=[[File:Alaïs - Annatar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Annatar" by [[:Category:Images by Alaïs|Alaïs]]
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Annatar]]<ref name="SRings"/> The Dark Lord Lord Of Earth<ref name="SIndex"/> Gorthaur the Cruel<ref name="SVala">{{S|Vala}}</ref> Mairon<ref name="PE17.1"/> Necromancer<ref name="SIndex"/> The Shadow The Enemy The Terrible'''Zigûr''' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<ref>{{HM|SD}}, "The Drowning of Anadûnê"</ref>
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] [[Utumno]] [[Angband]] [[Númenor]] [[Dol Guldur]] [[Mordor]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| language=[[Black Speech]]
| birth=Before the [[Music of the Ainur]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}} (Physical death)
| deathlocation=[[Barad-dûr]]
| age=
| notablefor=Lieutenant to [[Morgoth]] Deceived the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]]; Created [[the One Ring]]; Brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]]; Nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Maiar|Maia]]
| gender=Male
| height=''[[Sauron#Appearance|See below]]''
| hair=''[[Sauron#Appearance|See below]]''
| eyes=
| clothing=''[[Sauron#Appearance|See below]]''
| weapons=[[The One Ring]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|Sauron [...] was only less evil than his [[Morgoth|master]] in that for long he served another and not himself.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="SVala"/>}}</center>

'''Sauron''' ([[Quenya]], pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}}) was the greatest and most trusted servant of [[Morgoth]] before and during the [[First Age]]. Originally a [[Maiar|Maia]] of [[Aulë]] named "Mairon", he was ensnared by Melkor and as "Gorthaur" he became Morgoth's lieutenant in his [[Wars of Beleriand]]. From his base of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], Sauron was directly responsible for the death of [[Barahir]] and later the [[Noldor]]in king [[Finrod]] during the [[Quest for the Silmaril]]. He demonstrated the ability to take the form of a wolf, a serpent, and a vampire.

After the downfall of his master, he continually strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. In the Second Age, under the guise of '''Annatar''', he deceived the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], whilst he secretly forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became "'''[[Lord of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings]]'''". His influence corrupted the [[Númenóreans]] - leading to the destruction of [[Númenor]] - which led to [[Elendil]] founding the Realms in Exile of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Elves and the [[Dúnedain]], the descendants of the Númenóreans, formed the [[Last Alliance]] and, in {{SA|3441}}, Elendil and Elven [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] died destroying Sauron's body. Following Sauron's defeat, Elendil's son [[Isildur]] took the One Ring.

In the Third Age, Sauron returned to Middle-earth and, as the '''Necromancer''', took the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as his fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]; his chief servant, the [[Witch-king]], formed the realm of [[Angmar]] in the north of [[Eriador]]. Following an attack by the [[White Council]] in {{TA|2941}}, Sauron returned to his fortress of [[Barad-dûr]] in [[Mordor]]. By {{TA|3018}} [[Frodo Baggins]] was in possession of the Ring, and he was led by [[Gandalf]] as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Whilst Sauron waged the [[War of the Ring]] against the [[Free peoples]] of Middle-earth, Frodo Baggins, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and now [[Gollum]] (who had lost the Ring to Frodo's uncle [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]) reached Mount Doom. On [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}, they reached Mount Doom and the Ring was destroyed. The breaking of the Ring caused Sauron's ultimate fall and resulted in the start of the [[Fourth Age]] and the [[Dominion of Men]].

==History==
===Origin===
As one of the [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref> At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].<ref name="SVala">{{S|Vala}}</ref> Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]],<ref name="SVala"/> and was known as '''''Mairon'''''.<ref name="PE17.1">{{PE|17}}, p. 183</ref> However, he was soon ensnared by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] and became his greatest and most trusted servant.<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Thus he came to be known as '''''Gorthaur''''' by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and '''''Sauron''''' by others.<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}</ref>

===Years of the Trees===
After [[Morgoth|Melkor]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.<ref name="SCaptivity">{{S|Captivity}}</ref> When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Siege of Utumno]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; they, however, failed to find Sauron.<ref name="SCaptivity"/>

===First Age===
[[File:Maureval - Mairon.jpg|thumb|right|Maureval - ''Mairon'']]
{{Blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="SFingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>}}
With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.<ref name="SWest">{{S|West}}</ref>

After the fall of [[Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.<ref name="SFingolfin"/>

Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir's companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. There Sauron promised that he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron's eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron revealed Eilinel was dead and had Gorlim put to death.<ref name="Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father's death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Thus Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.<ref name="Beren"/>

Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite their being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] and was suspicious as Orcs passing were supposed to report to him. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguise but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.<ref name="Beren"/>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Huan Subdues Sauron'']]
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron's pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felegund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. Therefore Sauron took the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. So great was the terror of his approach that even Huan momentarily recoiled. Sauron leaped to attack Lúthien, but she drew her magic veil over his eyes afflicting him with fatigue and blindness, then Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. The force of Sauron's malice alone left Lúthien weak and nearly unconscious, and the fighting was brutal and prolonged; however, he could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He was trapped within Huan's jaws and could not break free, even when he took the form of a serpent and finally his own shape. Rather than leave his physical form, he yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.<ref name="Beren"/>

After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] then ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation and so he fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="SRings"/>

===Second Age===
[[File:Angel Falto - Annatar.jpg|thumb|right|Angel Falto - ''Annatar'']]

Although Sauron long knew that [[Men]] were easier to sway, he sought to bring the [[Elves]] into his service, as they were far more powerful. So after about a thousand years after the [[War of Wrath]], Sauron decided that the [[Valar]] had forgotten about [[Middle-earth]] and he once again turned to evil.<ref name="silm-rop">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

After lying hidden and increasing his power in secret, Sauron put on a fair visage, calling himself '''Annatar''', the Lord of Gifts, and in {{SA|1200}} he befriended the [[Elvish]] smiths of Eregion, counselling them in arts and magic.<ref name="lotr-toy">{{App|B}}</ref> He was never welcome in [[Lindon]] as [[Elrond]] and [[Gil-galad]] did not trust him and refused to treat with him (which included [[Galadriel]] too), although they never realised who he truly was. Elsewhere he was gladly received, especially in [[Eregion]] where the [[Elvish]] smiths learned much from him as their thirst for knowledge was great.<ref name="lotr-coe">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

Under Sauron's tutelage the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], under the leadership of Celebrimbor, grandson of [[Fëanor]], became more skilled than anyone else, save for Fëanor himself. In the year {{SA|1500}}, when they reached the very height of their power, the Elves began the forging of the [[Rings of Power]], but Sauron knew all their secrets and in {{SA|1600}} - ten years after the completion of the Rings of Power - Sauron created [[The One Ring]] to control the bearers of the other Rings.<ref name="lotr-toy" /> For this he invested most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it.

But the Elves were not so easily ensnared, and as soon as Sauron put on the One Ring they and Celebrimbor were aware of him, and realised they were betrayed.<ref name="lotr-coe" /> They hid their Rings from Sauron and did not use them. Sauron demanded that the other Rings be given to him, for they would not have been made without his knowledge. The Elves refused, and the War was inevitable.<ref name="silm-rop" />

In this time Sauron became known as the [[Dark Lord]] of [[Mordor]]. He raised [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom; constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion; and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]]. Sauron's power reached its zenith 700 years after Mordor's creation, in the 17th century of the Second Age.

The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador. Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron's legions. The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarf allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them. Sauron was master of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the [[Númenóreans]], the powerful Men descended from the line of Beren and Lúthien, who lived on the island of Númenor in the sea between Middle-earth and Valinor, responded to the Elves' call for aid and sent a relief force. The combined armies rallied and were able to defeat Sauron's armies in Eriador after heavy fighting, and the Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Forging of the One.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Forging of the One'']]
As the Elves had failed him, he had decided to distribute the Rings of Power to Men and Dwarves. The Dwarves also failed him, as they proved too hardy and resistant to their corruptive power; however the nine Men were corrupted and eventually faded, being turned into the [[Nazgûl]] (Ringwraiths), his chief servants.

Nonetheless, while Sauron's subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the elves, many of his most powerful enemies' homelands had been devastated. ''Relative'' to his enemies, Sauron's empire was actually in a stronger position than it used to be. His empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men to the far south and east. Throughout this, Sauron remained faithful in his old allegiance, building temples to the worship of Morgoth, where human sacrifice was practised. Because of this, towards the end of the Second Age, Sauron assumed the titles of '''Lord of the Earth''' and '''King of Men'''.

This offended the arrogant [[Númenóreans]] who had already started to fall under the [[Shadow]]. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron's forces fled. Realising he could not defeat the Numenoreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]]. There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as '''Tar-Mairon'''; he converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Morgoth, becoming High Priest of the [[Cult of Melkor]]. He had the [[White Tree]] cut down and in its place raised a great temple in which he performed human sacrifices, persecuting those who were still [[Faithful]]. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself, claiming they would gain immortality. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme god, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed.

Sauron was on Númenor in the Temple of Melkor and was caught in the ensuing [[Drowning of Númenor|flood]]. However his spirit survived, although severely weakened by the destruction, and (presumably carrying the One Ring) fled back to Middle-earth.

Sauron's spirit returned to Mordor, where he slowly rebuilt his strength during the time known as the [[Dark Years]], and he was unable to assume a fair shape. From this point on he started to rule through terror and force

Meanwhile, a few faithful Númenóreans, led by [[Elendil]], were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. Sauron still considered them his hated enemies and he launched a pre-emptive attack on Gondor in {{SA|3429}}. These Men, led by Elendil and his sons, formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] with the Elves of [[Lindon]] under the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]], and together they fought Sauron in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. The Alliance advanced against Mordor and defeated Sauron's forces in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and finally laid siege before [[Barad-dûr]].

The siege lasted for seven years until {{SA|3441}}, when Sauron left his fortress engaging in direct combat. Elendil and Gil-galad fought Sauron and vanquished him, but both were killed. [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years. After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron had lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while.

===Third Age===
Sauron's defeat released his subjects, like the [[Easterlings]], from his tyranny, but they fell into chaos. Their tribes and kingdoms battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west.<ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Weakened by his defeat and the loss of the One Ring, it is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning.

It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape. Worried by this prospect, the [[Valar]] sent five [[Maiar]] from the West to assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>
====Sauron's Return====
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] - ''Sauron'' (unfinished sketch)]]
In {{TA|1050|n}} his power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. Around this time he first began to inhabit southern [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]], choosing the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, [[the Wise]] thought that it was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood.

In the following centuries, his subjects in [[Angmar]], the [[East]] and the South once more concentrated against the Realms of his ancient enemies. Kings [[Araphant]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Ondoher]] of [[Gondor]] realised that a single force was co-ordinating the attacks on both of their kingdoms and that they should work together to combat this evil. However Angmar was successful in destroying Arnor; When Angmar was also destroyed, by [[Gondor]] and the Elves, the Nazgûl gathered back in Mordor and subsequently captured [[Minas Ithil]], now renamed [[Minas Morgul]]; Sauron's final success was ending the [[Kings of Gondor|royal line]] of Gondor.
====The Watchful Peace====
The Wise feared that their enemy is active in Dol Guldur, and when [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} the power in Dol Guldur fled before him thus beginning the [[Watchful Peace]].<ref name=TA/> Leaving [[Khamûl]] in his place, Sauron fled once more to the East, corrupting the Easterlings and forging a strong alliance between their tribes, so that when he returned he was more powerful and had many Men in his service.

The Shadow on Mirkwood had lessened, but the Nazgûl had used this period to prepare for Sauron's return and the [[Uruk-hai]], a new race of Orcs was bred in Minas Morgul.

Sauron returned from the east in {{TA|2460|n}} and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]] as the Necromancer. His return coincided with the One Ring revealing itself and [[Sméagol]] claimed it three years later. Feeling the danger, the Wise formed the [[White Council]].<ref name=TA/>

Sauron had captured the Dwarf King [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and taken [[Ring of Thrór|one]] of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf rings]] from him. After centuries of pressing the [[White Council]] to take action against the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] entered Dol Guldur in secret in {{TA|2850|n}} and learned that the Necromancer was Sauron. In {{TA|2851|n}}, the White Council were informed of this, and Gandalf urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] had learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]]; he thought best to allow Sauron to build up his strength in order to reveal its location so that Saruman could seize it himself. Following his strategy, Saruman opposed Gandalf.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

By 90 years later, Sauron had his minions look around [[Anduin]] for the One Ring and Saruman, always wanting it for himself, was worrying about it. In {{TA|2941|n}} Gandalf finally prevailed upon the [[White Council]] to attack Dol Guldur, and even Saruman agreed to [[Attack on Dol Guldur|drive Sauron out]]. By that time Gondor's forces around Mordor had weakened so much, and the [[Nazgûl]] had been preparing [[Barad-dûr]] for him, so it was easy for Sauron to flee and return to his ancient stronghold. The Dark Tower was reconstructed, and Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}. Following this, the White Council met for one last time to discuss the whereabouts of the Rings.<ref name=TA/>

From then on Sauron stayed in Barad-dûr from where he conducted his war on the [[Free peoples]]. Saruman, who was residing in [[Orthanc]], had secretly found and used the [[Orthanc-stone]]. Through the [[Ithil-stone]] away in Barad-dûr, Sauron linked with and subjugated his mind, and by {{TA|3000}} he had totally deceived and corrupted him.<ref name=TA/>

====The War of the Ring====
Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allied with or enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] was a symbol of power and fear.

After torturing [[Gollum]], he learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He sent his deadliest servants, the [[Nazgûl]], to [[the Shire]], only to find that both Bilbo and his nephew, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], had departed. Unbeknownst to Sauron, Frodo had, at the behest of Gandalf, joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] on a quest to destroy the Ring. He rallied his vast armies to conquer the resistance's strongholds, and sent the Ringwraiths to find and kill Frodo. At about this time, he also learned that [[Aragorn]], Isildur's heir, had also joined the Fellowship, and was rallying armies to defeat his.

When Saruman's army was defeated at [[Isengard]], Pippin looked into the Palantir of [[Orthanc]] and saw Sauron, who thought the Hobbit was a prisoner of Saruman. Later [[Aragorn]] used the Palantir to reveal himself to Sauron. Sauron made the premature conclusion that Aragorn had the Ring, and sent an army commanded by his strongest servant, the Witch-King of Angmar, to overthrow [[Minas Tirith]]. This battle would become known as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].

Although Sauron lost the Battle of Pelennor Fields, the free forces of the West were greatly weakened, and Sauron still had sufficient armies in reserve to ensure military victory. He was outwitted, however, by the strategy of Gandalf, who urged the captains of the [[Free peoples]] to march against Sauron, thus diverting the Dark Lord's eye from the real threat of Frodo, the Ring Bearer, who was nearing the end of his quest to destroy the One Ring.

Frodo, however, failed at the last moment, unable to resist the power of the Ring at the place of its birth. Sauron saw Frodo as he put on the ring and, realising he had been tricked, sent the Nazgul to Mount Doom. But Gollum inadvertently saved Frodo by recovering the Ring in a desperate attempt to possess it, and then falling with it into the fire. Thus Sauron's power was unmade, and his corporeal power in Middle-earth came to an end. His spirit towered above Mordor like a black cloud, but was blown away by a [[Manwë|powerful wind]] from the [[Aman|West]]. Sauron was now permanently crippled, never to rise again, following his ancient lord Morgoth into the Void. <ref name="SVala"/> Saruman would suffer a similar fate.

==Appearance==
===Physical Form===
At first Sauron appeared as a royal and commanding figure in a strong body. He was also able to veil his power. Later however he could take only a terrible form, of a stature slightly greater than a [[Men|Man]]'s.<ref>{{L|246}}</ref> [[Isildur]] recounted that at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron's hand was black with a deadly burning touch.<ref name="lotr-coe"/>

===Eye of Sauron===
The '''Eye of Sauron''', called by many various names, was the symbol of [[Sauron]] the Dark Lord following the loss of [[the One Ring]]. This symbol was adopted to show his unceasing vigilance and piercing perception, and was displayed on the weaponry of his servants, or at least the [[orcs]].

==Etymology==
{{Transcribed|Tengwar Sauron (Quenya mode).png|Sauron|Tengwar, Quenya mode}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''''Sauron''''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})<ref group=note>''Sauron'' is pronounced "sour-on" (''sour'' as in not sweet).</ref> is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean "the Abhorred".<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>

Several accounts of the origin of the name ''Sauron'' were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, evil-smelling, putrid", from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 393 (entry THUS-)</ref>
*deriving from Quenya ''[[saura]]'' ("foul, vile"; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that ''Sauron'' "could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from ''[[saur]]''; but is probably from Quenya". However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment "No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. ''[[Saura]]'', cruel" in the manuscript.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4</ref>
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form ''Øaurond-'' (formed from the adjective ''Øaurā'' "detestable", from root [[THAW]]).<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 380</ref>
*deriving from '''''Thauron''''', which includes the [[Sindarin]] element ''[[thaur]]'' ("abominable, abhorrent"; also found in [[Sauron#Other names and titles|''Gor'''thaur''''']]).<ref>{{S|Appendix}} (entry for ''thaur'')</ref>

==Other names and titles==
'''''Gorthaur''''' ([[Sindarin]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈɡorθaʊr]}}) was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],<ref>{{S|18}}</ref><ref>{{WJ|15}}, p. 240</ref> meaning "Terrible Dread".

In some of Tolkien's notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron's original name was '''''Mairon''''', "the admirable" ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈmaɪron]}}), "but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. But he continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or Tar-mairon 'King Excellent', until after Númenor's downfall."<ref name="PE17.1"/>

Among his many titles were the '''[[Necromancer]]''', '''the Abhorred Dread''', the '''Nameless Enemy''', the '''Cruel''',<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref> the '''Dark Lord of Mordor''' and the '''Lord of the Rings'''. The Dúnedain called him '''Sauron the Deceiver''' due to his role in the downfall of Númenor and the Forging of the Rings of Power.

In the earlier Legendarium, Thû was a name for Sauron used by Tolkien in some of earlier periods, particularly the Lay of Leithian<ref>{{LB|3|C7}}</ref>, where Thû replaced Tevildo the Cat<ref>{{LT2|I}}</ref>.

== Other versions of the Legendarium ==
Prior to the publication of ''The Silmarillion'' Sauron's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien's notes. In early editions of the ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|Guide to Middle Earth]]'', Sauron is described as "probably of the Eldar elves."

Since the earliest versions of the ''Silmarillion'' legendarium as detailed in [[the History of Middle-earth]] series, Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was '''[[Tevildo]]''', lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', '''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]'''. Tevildo later (but still in the ''Book of Lost Tales'' period) was transformed into '''[[Thû]]''', the Necromancer. The name was then changed to '''Gorthû''', '''Sûr''', and finally to Sauron. ''Gorthû'', in the form ''Gorthaur'' remained in ''The Silmarillion''.

===The Necromancer===
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road though Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf's absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly 'terrible' force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of ''The Hobbit'' a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a 'fairy-tale' to ring true.<ref name="Letter17">{{L|17}}</ref>

Despite the alias it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his [[Legendarium]] (as [[Tevildo]] in ''[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]''). Shortly after the publication of ''The Hobbit'' Tolkien wrote:
{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm's fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it – so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="Letter19">{{L|19}}</ref>}}

However, as ''The Hobbit'' was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien's wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an 'impression of depth' to the narrative of ''The Hobbit''. With Tolkien's decision to merge the two 'worlds' and make Sauron the central antagonist ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'' came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo's Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the ''[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]'', with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who arguably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Sauron in Adaptations
|width=160
|height=160
|lines=3
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Prologue.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]''
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]''
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
}}
===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
: Sauron is briefly shown in the prologue sequence as a shadowy figure in a horned helmet.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Sauron is played by [[Sala Baker]] and voiced by the late [[Alan Howard]]. In these films, he is depicted as a tall armored warlord wielding a huge mace (similar to how his master [[Morgoth]] is described in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''). In the first film, he is depicted killing [[Gil-galad]] (offscreen) and then [[Elendil]] before being defeated by [[Isildur]] using his father's [[Narsil|broken sword]] to cut off the finger wearing [[the One Ring]], as well as three others on the same hand. This strangely causes his body to explode, producing a shockwave that knocks everyone on the battlefield off their feet.

:Later on, [[Saruman]] implies to [[Gandalf]] that Sauron was unable to retain his physical form and that the Eye was his astral form, a detail which is never brought up in the novel. It is unknown if Saruman was truthful with this statement, or if he was either misinformed or lying (since he was already plotting to ally with Sauron at that point).

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
: Sauron is played and voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], under his assumed identity as the Necromancer. In these films, it is stated that the White Council does not discover he is Sauron until much later, during the events of these films, previously believing him to be a human with skills in magic. In these films, Sauron initially appears as a shadowy figure before assuming his armoured form from the previous films and projects the Eye of Sauron around his body.

===Radio series===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1724">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]</ref>

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the "Necromancer" had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''

===Video games===
'''1985: ''[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]'':'''

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.

'''1993: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls "Minions of the Necromancer".

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''

'''2005: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]'':'''

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]'':'''

'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]'':'''

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'''''

'''2012: ''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Sauron is a "guardian".<ref name="Trailer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&feature=player_embedded|articlename=''Guardians of Middle-earth'': First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'''''

===Others===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. ''Mormegil''), the Gauntlet of Slaying ("Narsil's Bane"), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).<ref>{{ICE|8002}}, pp. 98-102</ref><ref>{{ICE|2006}}, pp. 97-105</ref>

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:The card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]", appearing in the set ''[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]'', is playable as a manifestation of the card "[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]" (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|''The Lidless Eye'']]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Sauron|Images of Sauron]]

==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sauronname.htm A Name for the Dark Lord] by [[Helge Fauskanger]]

{{references|note}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=evil
| house=[[Maia]]
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Ring created
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}
| next=[[Isildur]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{Ainur}}
{{ringbearers}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[de:Sauron]]
[[fi:Sauron]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]

File:Elena Kukanova - Orodreth.jpg

2018-04-19T07:14:56Z

Edrastel:

==Licensing==
{{Copyright-permission|Elena Kukanova|[http://elenakukanova.com/ Elena Kukanova's website]}}

[[Category:Images by Elena Kukanova]]
[[Category:Images of Orodreth]]

Amras

2018-04-19T07:08:47Z

Edrastel:

{{sources}}
{{noldor infobox
| name=Amras
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Amrod and Amras, sons of Feanor.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Amrod and Amras, sons of Feanor" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| pronun=
| othernames= ''[[Telufinwë]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]])''[[Ambarussa]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]])''[[Minyarussa]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[epessë]])
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Tirion]]
| affiliation=[[Oath of Fëanor]]
| language=[[Quenya]]
| birth=after {{YT|1190}} and before {{YT|1497}}
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]
| rule=
| death={{FA|538}}
| deathlocation=[[Third Kinslaying]] at the [[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]
| parentage=[[Fëanor]] & [[Nerdanel]]
| siblings=[[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Celegorm]], [[Caranthir]], [[Curufin]] and [[Amrod]] (twin)
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Copper red
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}} '''Amras''' and his twin brother [[Amrod]] were the youngest sons of [[Fëanor]]. Through their mother [[Nerdanel]]'s line, they inherited red hair, instead of Fëanor's dark hair.

==History==

He, like his brothers, participated in the [[Flight of the Noldor]]. He was deeply attached to his twin brother, and thus they were called "''[[Ambarussa]]''" (see below). They were nearly identical, being alike in both face and mood,<ref name=Eldamar>{{S|Eldamar}}</ref> but the elder brother, Amrod, had a darker shade of auburn hair after childhood.<ref name=Sons/>

After Fëanor's death, he dwelt in the wide plains of [[East Beleriand]] and with his brother, was known as a great hunter.<ref name=Eldamar/> Amras and his elder brother had little direct involvement with the [[Siege of Angband]],<ref name=Beleriand>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> but when they were summoned by their kin for the [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]], as they were present at each [[kinslaying]], or needed to lend aid or shelter, they supported their brothers. He and his twin died during the attack made by the Sons of Fëanor on the [[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]] in {{FA|538}}.<ref name=Voyage>{{S|Voyage}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Amras' [[father-name]] in [[Quenya]] was '''[[Telufinwë]]''', "Last [of] Finwë", for he was the last of the sons of the [[House of Finwë]] and its short form was ''Telvo''. His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was '''[[Ambarussa]]''' ("top-russet", referring to his hair). His twin Amrod shared the same mother-name for a time (see ''[[Amrod]]'' for further information). While in [[Aman]], others called him '''[[Minyarussa]]''', which means "First-''russa''".

The name ''Amras'' is the Sindarin version of ''Ambarussa''.<ref>{{VT|41b}}, p. 10</ref>

In later notes found in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien mentions that he wished to change the name to ''[[Amros]]'' because of linguistic issues.

== Genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]] ''b. {{YT}}''| MIR=[[Míriel]] ''d. {{YT|1170}}''|FIN=[[Finwë]] ''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FEA=[[Fëanor]] ''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''|FDS=[[Findis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]] ''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FRF=[[Finarfin]] ''b. {{YT|1230}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]] ''d. {{FA|587}}''|MAG=[[Maglor]] ''b. {{YT}}''|CEL=[[Celegorm]] ''d. {{FA|506}}''|CAR=[[Caranthir]] ''d. {{FA|506}}''|CUR=[[Curufin]] ''d. {{FA|506}}''|AMD=[[Amrod]] ''d. {{FA|538}}''|AMR='''AMRAS''' ''d. {{FA|538}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB=[[Celebrimbor]] ''d. {{SA|1697}}''}}
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== Other versions of the Legendarium ==
In the draft of the legend of Amrod,<ref name=Sons>{{PM|XI7}}</ref> after his brother's death in the swan-ship of the [[Teleri]] at [[Losgar]], Amras dared speak against his father, and was the last to do so. It should be noted to avoid confusion that in this draft the twins were switched, and [[Amrod]] ('Umbarto' or 'Ambarto') was the younger and Amras ('Ambarussa') the elder. In ''The Silmarillion'', Amrod is the elder and Amras is the younger.

{{quote|In the morning the host was mustered, but of Fëanor's seven sons only six were to be found. Then Ambarussa went pale with fear. 'Did you not then rouse Ambarussa my brother (whom you called Ambarto?' he said. 'He would not come ashore to sleep (he said) in discomfort.' But it is thought (and no doubt Fëanor had guessed this also) that it was in the mind of Ambarto to sail his ship back [?afterwards] and rejoin Nerdanel; for he had been much [?shocked] by the deed of his father. That ship I destroyed first,' said Fëanor (hiding his own dismay). 'Then rightly you gave the name to the youngest of your children,' said Ambarussa, 'And ''Umbarto'' "the Fated" was its true form. Fell and fey are you become.' And after that no one dared to speak again to Fëanor of this matter.|''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''}}
In earlier stages of development, Amras' name changed a number of times. In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' his name was Díriel, Dinithel and Durithel. <ref>{{LT2 | IV}}, pp. 241, 245, 251</ref>

{{References}}

==See Also==
*[[:Category:Images of Amras|Images of Amras]]

[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Sons of Fëanor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[de:Amras]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/amras]]
[[fi:Amras]]