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File:Holdwine Meriadoc - Findekáno.png

2022-05-30T23:55:39Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Added categories

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL-self|Holdwine Meriadoc}}

[[Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc]]
[[Category:Images of Fingon]]

File:Holdwine Meriadoc - Findekáno.png

2022-05-30T23:54:09Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL-self|Holdwine Meriadoc}}

Roverandom

2022-05-19T14:59:22Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Plot */ Grammar fix

{{book
| title=Roverandom
| image=[[File:Roverandom.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| foreword=
| introduction=
| editor=[[Christina Scull]] & [[Wayne G. Hammond]]
| contributors=
| translator=
| illustrator=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| publisher=
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| date=
| dateUK=[[5 January]] [[1998]]
| dateUS=[[15 April]] [[1998]]
| format=Hardback
| pages=128
| isbn=0261103539
| noisbn=
| issn=
| series=[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]
| precededby=
| followedby=
}}
'''''Roverandom''''' is a short children's story by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] published posthumously in [[1998]]. Originally told in [[1925]] - and written down in [[1927]] - the story tells of the adventures of the dog [[Rover]] who is turned into a toy by the wizard [[Artaxerxes]]. Rover goes on adventures to the [[moon]] and the bottom of the Deep Blue Sea on his quest to undo his bewitchment.

Tolkien wrote ''Roverandom'' for his second son, [[Michael Tolkien|Michael]], to console him for the loss of his own little black-and-white toy dog on a beach in Yorkshire.

==Plot==
[[File:Alan Lee - Edge of the World.jpg|thumb|left|Edge of the World by [[Alan Lee]]]]
[[Rover]], a black and white dog who lives with old lady and a cat named Tinker, is playing in the garden with his yellow ball when a wizard comes along and picks it up. When the wizard, [[Artaxerxes]], refuses to give the ball back Rover bites his trousers; in retaliation, the wizard turns Rover into a small toy dog and transports him into a toy store. Placed in the window of the shop, Rover is sold for a sixpence to a woman who gives Rover to her [[Michael Tolkien|second son (boy Two)]]. The next day, Rover is taken to the beach by boy Two but falls out of his pocket when startled by a [[gulls|seagull]]. The boys (and [[J.R.R. Tolkien|their father]]) search for the toy dog but they can't find him. As the tide comes in, Rover is turned back into a real dog (but not his normal size) by [[Psamathos Psamathides]], an ugly sand-sorcerer who is the oldest of the Psamathists.

When Rover wakes up he is met by a seagull named [[Mew]]. Mew is Psamathos's postman and flies Rover around the beach before taking him to a great cliff with hundreds of other [[wikipedia:Black-backed gull|black-backed gulls]]. After collecting various messages, Mew took Rover along the moon-path flying over the [[wikipedia:Isle of Dogs|Isle of Dogs]] (a home for lost dogs with bone-trees) and passing [[Circles of the World|the edge of the world]] to reach the moon. Atop of a tall white tower, Rover and Mew meet the [[Man-in-the-Moon]] who gives Rover wings so Rover can play with the Man-in-the-Moon's dog (also named "Rover"). The Man-in-the-Moon renames Rover "Roverandom" and Rover stays with the Man-in-the-Moon and goes on many adventures around the [[moon]]. On one of their adventures, Roverandom and the moon-dog accidentally journey into the shadowy edge of the dark side of the moon and seek refuge in a cave; the cave turns out to be the lair of the Great White Dragon. The Great White Dragon used to live on [[wikipedia:Snowdon|Snowdon]] and damaged the [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Three Islands]] but now, residing on the moon, was determined to [[wikipedia:Lunar eclipse|turn the moon red]] and chase the dogs. However, as they came close to the Man-in-the-Moon's tower the dragon was hit by a great rocket - the black splodges on his body caused him to be renamed the "Mottled Monster".

The Man-in-the-Moon takes Roverandom to the dark side of the moon (where everything is in reverse) but going down a hole right through the middle of the [[moon]]. After meeting two spiders, they follow a long grey path to a valley filled with children. Sliding down the black cliff-edge into the valley, Roverandom discovers that the children in the valley are all dreaming. After seeing a yellow ball, he meets boy Two again - the boy Two talk and play together until boy Two suddenly disappears when he wakes up. Returning to the white side of the moon, Roverandom looks into the Man-in-the-Moon's telescope to see the boys on the beach and Artaxerxes waiting outside his house. Although Roverandom likes being on the moon, he longs to return to the world and be with boy Two; the Man-in-the-Moon says that this is now possible as [[Artaxerxes]] has married the daughter of the Mer-king and is living at the bottom of the Deep Blue Sea. After saying goodbye to the Man-in-the-Moon and Moon-Rover, Mew collects Roverandom and takes him back to the world.

When back in the cove, Psamathos says he will return Roverandom to his normal size and he can go and live with the old lady (to whom he rightfully belongs, not boy Two), however, Psamathos's magic fails against Artaxerxes' bewitchment. Roverandom goes to see Artaxerxes as the bottom of the Deep Blue Sea and is taken there in the mouth of a giant whale named [[Uin]]. Artaxerxes is very busy as the Pacific and Atlantic Magician ([[wikipedia:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|PAM]] for short) and ignores Roverandom's requests. However, he gives Roverandom webbed feet so he can play with Mrs Artaxerxes's mer-dog "Rover". After Artaxerxes fails to deal with the Sea-serpent (who is woken up thanks to Roverandom), the mer-people ask Artaxerxes to leave; Artaxerxes leaves with Roverandom, and agrees to turn Roverandom to his normal size, as Roverandom was the only person to have been polite to the wizard.

After returning to England (but not Psamathos's cove), [[Artaxerxes]] restores Roverandom to his normal size. Roverandom is sent to walk home all by himself but when he gets back to the old lady's house he discovers boy Two playing in the garden with his yellow ball: the old lady was the grandmother of boy Two. Afterwards, Roverandom lives with boy Two in the house by the beach and over many years became good friends with [[Psamathos Psamathides|Psamathos]].

==Characters==
[[File:Alan Lee - Mottled Monster.jpg|thumb|right|The Mottled Monster by [[Alan Lee]]]]
* '''[[Rover]]''' - later known as '''Roverandom''' - is a black and white dog who is turned into a toy by the wizard Artaxerxes. The story follows his adventures to the moon and back.
* '''[[Artaxerxes]]''', a 2,000-year old wizard from [[wikipedia:Persia|Persia]] who mistakenly ended up in [[wikipedia:Pershore|Pershore]]. He is an old man with ragged trousers and a green hat who turns Rover into a toy for not saying "please" and biting his trousers. He becomes the Pacific and Atlantic Magician (PAM) after he marries a daughter of the Mer-king.
* '''[[Psamathos Psamathides]]''', the head of the Psamathists, a fat and ugly sand-sorcerer who transforms Rover from a toy into a small "fairy-dog".
* '''[[Man-in-the-Moon]]''', the greatest of all magicians, who lives in a white tower in the moon. He renames Rover "Roverandom" and gives him wings.
* '''[[Mew]]''', a black-backed gull who is Psamathos's postman. He takes Rover to and from the moon.
* '''[[Uin]]''', a giant whale who transports Roverandom to and from the bottom of the Deep Blue Sea.
* '''Great White Dragon''', a resident of the moon who chases Roverandom and the moon-Rover. Following his encounter with the Man-in-the-Moon he is renamed the "Mottled Monster".
* '''Rover''', the '''moon-dog''', the Man-in-the-Moon's flying dog.
* '''Rover''', the '''mer-dog''', Mrs Artaxerxes's underwater dog.
* '''Tinker''', a large black cat who lived in the same house as Rover.
* '''Boy Two''' (representing [[Michael Tolkien]]), the owner of toy-dog Rover who encounters Roverandom on the dark side of the moon.

==Reception==
Most reviews from the general press offered modest praise, with more enthusiastic acclaim from Tolkien aficionados; reviewers particularly lauded Tolkien's descriptive ability. Tolkien scholar [[David Bratman]] praised ''Roverandom'' saying "Mum is not the word for ''Roverandom'': this book can be enjoyed by anyone who loves ''The Hobbit'', from the most abstruse Tolkien scholar to intelligent children of perhaps age 8 or 10." Although admitting that this was a less-polished work by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], Bratman did confirm that "Some of the best writing is in lyrical descriptions of the moonscape and seascape."<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Bratman]]|dated=April 1998|articleurl=http://www.mythsoc.org/reviews/roverandom/|articlename=Reviews: Roverandom|website=[http://www.mythsoc.org/mythprint/ Mythprint]|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref> Jessica Yates, writing in ''Books for Keeps'', pointed out the connections between ''Roverandom'' and both ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and other children's stories from the 1920s. Yates concluded that ''Roverandom'' is "a jolly good children's tale" with a "scholarly and most useful introduction".<ref>Jessica Yates, "Review: Roverandom" in ''Books for Keeps'', March 1998</ref>

Writing for ''[http://www.januarymagazine.com January Magazine]'', David Grayson also praised the descriptions - particularly the "sense of awe" - of ''Roverandom''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s world and felt this would be a good book to introduce children to [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]. However, Grayson also made clear that this was a "mediocre tale".<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.januarymagazine.com January Magazine]|author=David Grayon|articlename=A Forgotten Tolkien Tale|articleurl=http://www.januarymagazine.com/fiction/roverandom.html|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref> Trent Walters felt that the editorial content was "tastefully done" and summarised the book: "Whether Roverandom will become a classic or not is up to the future generations of young readers and what they remember loving and what they choose to read to their own kids. But, if you're just looking for an unalloyed, unmolested good time to read aloud to your children (or your make-believe children), call up this book."<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.sfsite.com SFSite]|articlename=Roverandom|articleurl=http://www.sfsite.com/03a/rov76.htm|author=Trent Walters|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref>

Daniel Offer of ''[http://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk Fantasy Book Review]'' offered cautious praise of ''Roverandom'' giving it a 7/10 score: "While ''Roverandom'' will probably never be listed among the great classics, this theme rings true, making the book a valuable addition to any library." But Offer did caution that "The book is probably not so compelling that you will be unable to put it down, and it probably won’t be one that you reread every year. [...] The doggy protagonist seemed rather flat, and was much less interesting than the things he saw and the things he did." Offer summed up the book as "charming".<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk Fantasy Book Review]|author=Daniel Offer|articleurl=http://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk/JRR-Tolkien/Roverandom.html|articlename=Roverandom by JRR Tolkien|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref>

Adam Mars-Jones, writing in ''[http://www.theguardian.com The Observer]'', mirrors Bratman's praise of Tolkien's descriptions: "In his descriptions Tolkien brings off the occasional effect worthy of epic". However, Mars-Jones was overall more scathing as he criticsed the book for being edited "to within an inch of its life" whilst the characterisation was "rudimentary" and that the flat-Earth cosmology was unsatisfactory. He concluded that "most admirers of Tolkien will want to turn down this chance".<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.theguardian.com The Observer]|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/1998/jan/01/jrrtolkien.classics|articlename=Hobbit forming|author=Adam Mars-Jones|dated=1 January 1988|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref> A review in ''The Telegraph'', titled "Completists always prove willing buyers", argued that the story might not be strong enough in its own right,<ref>"Completists always prove willing buyers" in ''[http://www.telegraph.co.uk The Daily Telegraph]'' 9 May 1998, p. A4</ref> whilst ''[http://www.kirkusreviews.com Kirkus]'' offered the most strident warning: "The story was rejected by Tolkien's publisher in 1937 and has lain neglected ever since. With good reason. [...] Even for Tolkien scholars, these are awfully thin bones to pick over."<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.kirkusreviews.com Kirkus]|articleurl=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jrr-tolkien/roverandom/|articlename=Roverandom|dated=1 February 1998|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref>

Average readers' scores for ''Roverandom'' are fairly consistent in moderate praise. On [http://books.google.co.uk/books Google], average readers' scores are 4.12/5 (8.24/10),<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://books.google.co.uk/books Google Books]|articleurl=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Roverandom.html?id=cmGw_3eMv8gC&redir_esc=y|articlename=Roverandom|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref> and the average score at [http://www.goodreads.com Goodreads] is 3.83/5 (7.66)<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.goodreads.com Goodreads]|articleurl=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/23617.Roverandom|articlename=Roverandom|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref> which was mirrored by users on [http://www.amazon.com Amazon] who have given ''Roverandom'' an average score of 3.87/5 (7.73/10).<ref>{{webcite|website=AM|articleurl=http://www.amazon.com/Roverandom-J-R-R-Tolkien/product-reviews/0395957990|articlename=Customer Reviews - Roverandom|accessed=26 May 2014}}</ref>

==Description from the publisher==
{{blockquote|An unpublished full-length story written and illustrated by the author of The Hobbit. In 1925, while the Tolkiens were on holiday at Filey in Yorkshire, four-year-old Michael lost his beloved little lead dog on the beach. To comfort him, J.R.R.Tolkien wrote Roverandom, a story about a real dog, Rover, who is turned into a toy by a wizard. When dropped on the beach by a small boy, the toy is transported to the moon along the path of light the moon makes when it shines over the sea. The Man in the Moon renames him ‘Roverandom’ and gives him wings. Roverandom and Moondog set out on a series of adventures, encountering the Great White Dragon and other moon fauna like giant spiders and dragon-moths. Finally, back on Earth, Roverandom travels under the sea inside Uin, oldest of the whales, to ask the wizard who changed him into a toy to undo the spell. J.R.R.Tolkien was a prolific storyteller to his children, though few of his early stories survive. Roverandom was a particular favourite, so much so that Tolkien wrote it out and even illustrated it himself. But for over 70 years it has remained unpublished. Bearing many of the hallmarks which were to make The Hobbit such a classic ten years later, this delightful book is finally published together with Tolkien’s own paintings and drawings. Introduced by Wayne Hammond and Christina Scull, authors of the acclaimed J.R.R.Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator, this book is destined to become a classic and will be welcomed by Tolkien fans of all ages.<ref name="AM1998"/>}}

== History ==
In early September [[1925]], the Tolkien family (then [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald]], [[Edith Tolkien|Edith]], [[John Tolkien|John]], [[Michael Tolkien|Michael]] and a one-year-old [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]]) went on holiday to the seaside resort of Filey in Yorkshire. Although Tolkien had holidayed there previously in [[1922]], Tolkien described Filey as "a very nasty little suburban seaside resort".<ref name="bio">{{HM|Bio}}</ref>{{rp|146}} During the holiday, Michael lost his beloved black-and-white toy dog on the beach; although the family searched for it, the toy dog could not be found.

To console his son, Tolkien created the story of ''Roverandom'' to explain the adventures of the dog. Tolkien wrote the story down, based on his own oral version, in [[1927]] and also provided a number of illustrations which have since been published.<ref name="AI"/>{{rp|77-83}} A few years later, Tolkien submitted ''Roverandom'' for publication to [[George Allen & Unwin]] in [[1936]] and although the book was described by [[Rayner Unwin]] as "well written and amusing" it was never considered for publication, perhaps as a result of a desire for a [[The Lord of the Rings|sequel to ''The Hobbit'']].<ref name="Roverandom"/>{{rp|xvii}}

The popularity of ''Roverandom'' led to Tolkien creating other stories for his children, including ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''.<ref name="bio">{{HM|Bio}}</ref>{{rp|216 ff}} And whilst each of these tales remained distinct and separate, [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have noted a number of similarities and crossovers with ''Roverandom''. These include points of convergence with ''The Book of Lost Tales'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxxii</ref> in both the great whale [[Uin]] and the geography of "the [[Shadowy Seas]]", "the great [[Bay of Eldamar|Bay of Fairyland]] beyond the [[Enchanted Isles|Magic Isles]]" where Roverandom then saw "in the last [[Aman|West]] the [[Pelóri|Mountains of Elvenhome]]".<ref name="Roverandom">{{HM|R}}</ref>{{rp|73-4}} They also note the similarity of not just the spiders of the Moon and those in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', but that Tolkien also recycled several elements of his drawings in his illustrations of ''The Hobbit'', including the dragon, the spider and the mountainous landscape.<ref name="AI">{{HM|AI}}</ref>{{rp|81}}

''Roverandom'' was finally published by [[HarperCollins]] on [[5 January]] [[1998]], edited by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], over 70 years after it was first written.<ref name="AM1998">{{webcite|website=AMUK|articleurl=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Roverandom-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/0261103539|articlename=Roverandom|accessed=1 June 2014}}</ref> Since [[2008]], ''Roverandom'' has also been included in the collection ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''.<ref>{{webcite|website=TL|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/836-Tales-from-the-Perilous-Realm.php|dated=1 July 2008|accessed=1 June 2014|articlename=Tales from the Perilous Realm Cover Revealed}}</ref>

=== Publication history ===
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=165
|height=220
|lines=2
|File:Roverandom.jpg|[[HarperCollins]] 1998 hardback
|File:Roverandom (1998 paperback).jpg|[[HarperCollins]] 1998 paperback
|File:Roverandom (2002).jpg|[[HarperCollins]] 2002 paperback
|File:Roverandom (2013).jpg|[[HarperCollins]] 2013 pocket hardback
}}
* [[HarperCollins]] hardback, first edition hardback with dustjacket ([[5 January]] [[1998]]), pp. 128 ISBN 0261103539
* [[HarperCollins]] paperback, same as first edition hardback ([[17 August]] [[1998]]), pp. 128. ISBN 0261103547
* [[HarperCollins]] paperback ([[2 September]] [[2002]]), pp. 116. ISBN 0007149115
* [[HarperCollins]] pocket hardback with dustjacket ([[26 September]] [[2013]]), pp. 144. ISBN 9780007523283

==See also==
*''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''

== External links ==
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/roverandom.html Addenda and Corrigenda to ''Roverandom'']
{{references}}
{{perilousrealm}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Roverandom| ]]

Meriadoc Brandybuck

2022-03-24T23:39:29Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Switched prepositions

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Meriadoc Brandybuck
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Merry.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Merry" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Merry, "the Magnificent", [[Kalimac Brandagamba]], [[Holdwine|Holdwine of the Shire]]
| titles=[[Master of Buckland]]
| position=
| location=[[Brandy Hall]], [[Buckland]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=
| birth=Early {{TA|2982}}
| birthlocation=[[Buckland]]
| rule={{FoA|11}} - {{FoA|63|n}}
| death=Between {{FoA|63}} and {{FoA|120|n}}
| deathlocation=[[Gondor]]
| age=103+
| notablefor=Accompanying [[Frodo Baggins]] in the early stages of the Ring-quest Participating in the slaying of the [[Witch-King of Angmar]] Co-leading the [[Battle of Bywater]] with [[Peregrin Took]] Writing ''[[Herblore of the Shire]]''
| family=[[Brandybuck Family|Brandybuck]]
| parentage=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]] and [[Esmeralda Took]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Estella Bolger]]
| children=At least one son
| gender=Male
| height=Taller than average Hobbit
| hair=Brown, curly<ref name="Isengard">{{TT|Road}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]]
| steed=[[Stybba]]
}}
'''Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck''', called '''The Magnificent''', was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], the son of [[Saradoc Brandybuck]].<ref name=tree>{{App|Brandybuck}}</ref> Merry (as he was often called), was the heir to the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]] of [[Brandy Hall]], and, after his participation to the [[War of the Ring]], eventually became the Master there.

==History==
Meriadoc was the son of [[Saradoc Brandybuck|Saradoc]] and [[Esmeralda Took|Esmeralda]]. Claiming descent from [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]], he also had [[Took Family|Tookish]] blood through his mother, and also his father's grandmother, [[Mirabella Took]]. He was also first cousins with Peregrin Took.<ref name=tree/> With him they wandered in the [[Marish]] and were friends of [[Farmer Maggot]].<ref name=mushrooms/>

Around {{TA|3000}} Merry witnessed a strange scene: he saw [[Bilbo Baggins]] becoming invisible in order to avoid a meeting with the [[Sackville-Bagginses]]. Startled, he got through the hedge and walked along the field inside, and watched as Bilbo reappeared, and put a [[The One Ring|glint of gold]] in his pocket. This made teenage Meriadoc very curious and he even looked into Bilbo's [[There and Back Again|private diary]].<ref name="Conspiracy"/>

Merry kept this knowledge private but was always suspicious. He was present with his family at [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]]<ref name=tree/> and [[23 September|the next day]] of Bilbo's disappearance, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] had a hard day keeping his things from unwanted hobbits who came to loot [[Bag End]], and put Merry to keep an eye on them in order to rest; until the [[Sackville-Baggins Family|Sackville-Bagginses]] came to Merry demanding to see Frodo. Later [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia]] left angrily calling Frodo a "Brandybuck", which Merry said was a compliment.<ref>{{FR|Party}}</ref>

Since Bilbo's disappearance, he believed that Frodo would soon follow. He shared his secrets with [[Conspirators|a group of Frodo's friends]], namely [[Samwise Gamgee]], [[Peregrin Took]], [[Fredegar Bolger]]. Especially after [[April]] {{TA|3018}} he noticed how Frodo was saying "farewell" to his favourite places, selling [[Bag End]] to the [[Sackville-Bagginses]], and secretive talks with [[Gandalf]]. All along, Sam Gamgee had been their "chief investigator". He heard Gandalf's instructions to Frodo for his departure<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>, and warned his friends about it.<ref name="Conspiracy"/>
[[File:Abe_Papakhian_-_A_Conspiracy_Unmasked.jpg|thumb|left|Abe Papakhian - ''A Conspiracy Unmasked'']]
The Conspirators, sought to protect Frodo (and [[The One Ring|the Ring]]) without his knowledge. When Frodo sold [[Bag End]] to move to [[Crickhollow]], Merry and Fredegar were told to wait for him and make preparations for his arrival.<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref> However, knowing that Frodo would begin a secret journey, also arranged for provisions and [[ponies]], planning to accompany him. On the [[September 25|appointed day]], Merry was worried that Frodo was late and as the fog was getting thick, he crossed the [[Bucklebury Ferry]] towards [[Stock]] to see if his friends were lost; just as he crossed, he saw [[Farmer Maggot]]'s wagon approaching, bringing Frodo, Sam and Pippin.<ref name=mushrooms>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>

After dinner in Crickhollow, Frodo prepared to reveal to his friends that he was going to have to leave Crickhollow and go to [[Rivendell]]. It was then that the conspirators revealed themselves to Frodo and demanded to be taken along when he left. Because of their preparations, they were able to start right away.<ref name="Conspiracy">{{FR|I5}}</ref>
===Journey with Frodo===
{{quote|You can trust us to stick to you through thick and thin - to the bitter end. And you can trust us to keep any secret of yours - closer than you keep it yourself. But you cannot trust us to let you face trouble alone, and go off without a word. We are your friends, Frodo.|Merry, ''[[A Conspiracy Unmasked]]''}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight'']]
During the following trip to [[Rivendell]], Merry seemed to have a greater knowledge of the [[Old Forest]] than any of the other Hobbits. However, when they encountered [[Old Man Willow]] Merry (and Pippin) were both captured and had to be rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]].<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref> Merry and Pippin were captured again (along with Sam and Frodo) by a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]] upon the [[Barrow-downs]], but Tom again came to their rescue. Before leaving, he told them to keep the [[Daggers of Westernesse]] found in the Barrow Downs, and he advised them to spend the night at the [[The Prancing Pony|Prancing Pony Inn]], inside [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref>
[[File:John Howe - Weathertop on the Horizon.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Weathertop on the Horizon'']]
Upon reaching the inn, Merry was out for a walk and saw a [[Nazgûl|Black Rider]]. He tried to follow it, but it disappeared. Merry was then overtaken by the [[Black Breath]] and fainted. But before any harm could come to him, [[Nob]] came to his aid; he returned to the Prancing Pony and warned his companions who were talking with [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]].<ref name="Strider">{{FR|I10}}</ref> During the trip through the wild with Strider, he often saw the most deeply into the others. After Frodo was wounded on [[Weathertop]], he became the one who consulted most with Strider, and in a way became the spokesman for the Hobbits.

After reaching [[Rivendell]], he, with Pippin, insisted on not being left behind on the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Therefore they were chosen as the eighth and ninth members of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref>

At the gate of [[Moria]], [[Gandalf]] commended Merry for being "''of all people''" on the right track with the riddle (though this was accidental). His impetuosity in Moria was such that he nearly fell into an ancient well while running ahead with Pippin.<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref> When they reached [[Lothlórien]], he was allowed to sleep in a [[telain]] with Frodo, Sam, Pippin and a few elven guards. He, as with the rest of the Company, walked blindfolded into the Woods of Lórien in a show of support for [[Gimli]], who had to be blindfolded due to being a [[Dwarves|dwarf]].<ref>{{FR|II6}}</ref>
[[File:Alan Lee - The Plains of Rohan 2.jpg|thumb|"The Plains of Rohan" by [[Alan Lee]]]]
At the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Merry and Pippin ran straight into a company of [[Orcs]] while they were looking for Frodo. [[Boromir]] attempted to rescue them, but many [[Uruk-hai]] arrived, and they shot him with arrows. Captured with Pippin by Uruk-hai, the two were separated from the rest of the Fellowship. Merry aided Pippin in an attempt to deceive [[Grishnákh]] into thinking that they had the One Ring, and he could have it.<ref>{{TT|III3}}</ref> Because of this, they escaped into [[Fangorn Forest]] during the attack by [[Éomer]] and his [[Rohirrim|Outriders]]. There they met [[Treebeard]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Wellinghall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Wellinghall'']]
[[File:Zina Saunders - Flotsam and Jetsam.jpg|thumb|Zina Saunders - ''Flotsam and Jetsam'']]
Thus they became the first mortals for many centuries to encounter the [[Ents]] of Fangorn. They drank of the [[Ent-draughts|Ent-draught]] which caused Merry and Pippin to become the tallest hobbits in history. Also, they were present at the [[Entmoot]],<ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref> and the resulting destruction of [[Isengard]], after which Treebeard appointed them door-wardens of [[Orthanc]]. It was while they were enjoying [[Saruman]]'s [[pipe-weed]], that they were reunited with some of their former companions, who arrived after the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

===Esquire of Théoden===
While Pippin and Gandalf headed away to [[Minas Tirith]], Merry stayed with Aragorn and the Rohirrim, developing a close friendship with King [[Théoden]]. Out of love for him, Merry offered the King his service, which Théoden warmly accepted. "''As a father you shall be to me''", Merry said at that time, and Théoden responded "''For a little while''".<ref>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

As Théoden's esquire, Merry returned with him to [[Edoras]] and was forbidden - firmly but gently - by the King to ride with them to the aid of Minas Tirith because he could not ride the mighty horses of the Rohirrim so fast and so far. Merry was disappointed until a young rider named [[Dernhelm]] offered to bear him on his horse.<ref>{{RK|V3}}</ref> In this manner he rode to the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], having a secret understanding with [[Elfhelm]] and several others of the Rohirrim.<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Eowyn against Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Éowyn against Witch-king'']]
During the charge and the commencement of the battle he was almost useless, hiding behind Dernhelm and shaking with fright and nausea. However, Dernhelm's steed, [[Windfola]], threw them both upon the coming of the [[Witch-king]]. Affected by the Black Breath, Merry lay almost senseless on the ground, hearing the voice of Dernhelm standing over the body of Théoden -- who had been mortally wounded by the Witch-king -- defying the Nazgûl. He was startled as he opened his eyes to find that Dernhelm was really [[Éowyn]], the King's niece. After Éowyn was thrown down, perhaps mortally wounded, Merry rose to attack the Witch-king in order to protect her. He pierced the sinew behind the Witch-king's mighty knee with the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blade]] he still bore, thus breaking the spell of invulnerability surrounding the Wraith. He witnessed Éowyn's destruction of the Witch-king with a thrust into the head, and her subsequent collapse.<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref> After the death of the Witch-king, he begged forgiveness of a dying Théoden for disobeying his command to remain at Edoras, and the king forgave him with the words "''Great heart will not be denied.''" After the death of the king, he walked beside Théoden's pall-bearers, and fell into a stupor induced by the [[Black Breath]] at some point in his journey. <ref name="Houses">{{RK|V8}}</ref>

After the battle, Pippin found him ill and wandering in a daze outside of [[Minas Tirith]] and alerted Aragorn, who brought him into the city. Almost killed by the Black Breath, he and Éowyn were revived by Aragorn in the [[Houses of Healing]]. <ref name="Houses"/> Because of his condition he was unable to take part in the [[Battle of the Morannon]],<ref>{{RK|V10}}</ref> but afterwards attended the burial of [[Théoden]], at which he wept greatly. Upon his departure for the Shire, he was given a special horn by Éomer and Éowyn as a parting gift, which was later used in the [[Battle of Bywater]].<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref>

Upon the return to the Shire, he was, with Pippin, the primary leader of the uprising against [[Sharkey]] and his [[Ruffians]].<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref>

===After the War===
At some time he stayed with Pippin at Crickhollow<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> and he married the sister of his friend Fredegar, [[Estella Brandybuck|Estella]].

He was afterwards known as '''Meriadoc the Magnificent''', and became [[Master of Buckland]] after his father, and received great gifts from his friends King Éomer and Lady Éowyn.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref> He wrote several scholarly works which were probably part of the [[Red Book]]: ''[[Herblore of the Shire]]'', ''The [[Reckoning of Years]]'' and ''[[Old Words and Names in the Shire]]''. At some point he visited Rivendell several times where probably he collected historical information from the remaining Elves there, and probably assisted the assembly of the [[Tale of Years]] in the [[Great Smials]].<ref name=records>{{FR|records}}</ref> In {{FoA|13}} he was made with Pippin and Sam Counsellor of the [[North-kingdom]].<ref name=later/>

In {{FoA|63}}<ref name=records/> Meriadoc was 102 but still hale. That spring he received an invitation from King Éomer. With his friend they resigned from their offices and came down to Rohan<ref name=later/> (presumably after the death of his wife) where he was known as Master Holbytla and [[Holdwine]] of the Shire.

They stayed in Edoras with the King before he died that autumn, then they travelled to [[Gondor]] with Pippin, where he was known as Master [[Perian]], to spend their remaining years. They both were laid in [[Rath Dínen]]. It was said that upon [[Aragorn|King Elessar]]'s death, their bodies were placed beside his.<ref name=later/>

==Character==
He was a good friend of [[Frodo Baggins]], who eventually became the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], and [[Peregrin Took]], a young relative. He was one of the few (if any) who saw [[Bilbo Baggins]], Frodo's uncle, actually use [[the One Ring]]. He also managed to read, at least in part, Bilbo's book: ''[[There and Back Again]]'', where he learned about the Ring.<ref name="Conspiracy"/>

He can easily be recognised as a very sharp Hobbit, and his tone throughout ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' depicts him as practical, loyal, resourceful, and the best able to cope with the sudden happenings that drew him out of his peaceful home. He was also praised by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] as having a 'stout heart'<ref name="Strider"/> and [[Éowyn|Lady Éowyn]] as 'valiant'.<ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref> He was apparently much trusted by Frodo, who sent him along with [[Fredegar Bolger|Fatty Bolger]] to [[Crickhollow]] to prepare his newly-bought home.<ref>{{FR|I3}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the pre-publication manuscript of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Merry's name was originally "Marmaduke Brandybuck".<ref>{{RS|1Iiii}}, p. 33</ref>

==Inspiration==
''Meriadoc'' (also spelled ''Meriadek'') was the legendary leader of a group of Welsh mercenaries who settled Armorica (modern Brittany) in the fourth century and founded the house of [[Rohan]].<ref> [[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[The Hobbitonian Anthology]]'', p. 57</ref>

==Etymology==
The name '''''Meriadoc''''' means "Great Lord" in [[Welsh]] (from ''mawr'' "great" and ''udd'' "lord").<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.namenerds.com/welsh/meaning.html|articlename=Welsh Names|website=[http://www.namenerds.com/ Name Nerds]|accessed=21 February 2016}}</ref>

Merry's full [[Westron]] name was ''Kalimac'', which was abbreviated to ''Kali''. As this latter means "jolly, gay", Tolkien translated it as ''Merry'', from which ''Meriadoc'' was chosen as a plausible full form. This is in contrast to other Hobbit personal names, which were converted into roughly corresponding English forms.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

Tolkien himself comments on the "[[Celtic]] cast" of this and other [[Buckland]] and [[Bree]] names that end in ''–ac'', ''-ic'', or ''-oc''. <ref>{{HM|PM}}, "[[The Appendix on Languages]]"</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Merry.jpg|Merry in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Merry.jpg|Merry in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Meriadoc Brandybuck.jpg|Merry in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]</gallery>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry is provided by Michael Collins.<ref name="RT1672">Radio Times, Volume 129, No. 1672, [[25 November|November 25]], [[1955]]</ref>

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Simon Chandler]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by Pat Franklyn.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Casey Kasem]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:The part of Merry is portrayed by [[Richard O'Callaghan]].
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:Matthew Morgan provided the voice of Merry in the two episodes of this series that make up ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Merry was played by [[Dominic Monaghan]]. Some book-readers argue that, like Pippin, he was made far less competent in the movie than he was in the books: instead of a clever "conspirator" who helped orchestrate Frodo's escape from the Shire, he was portrayed as someone who did not know what he was getting himself into. The movie trilogy also shows a blonde Merry as opposed to the brown-haired young hobbit in the novels.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Meriadoc Brandybuck is provided by Miroslav Noga. His full name is never really alluded to, and he is addressed only as Merry. Noga portrays Merry as an intelligent, crafty, and cheerful member of the hobbit quartet.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Quinton Flynn]]. Merry and Pippin are shown as the Conspirators, although the "[[Three is Company|three]]" does not include Sam. Merry meets Frodo in the [[Green Dragon Inn]], and he and Pippin and Sam are not seen again until [[Bamfurlong]].

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Meriadoc Brandybuck|Images of Meriadoc Brandybuck]]

{{References}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=hobbit
| house=[[Brandybuck Family]]
| born={{TA|2982}}
| died=Between {{FoA|63}} and {{FoA|120|n}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]]
| list=[[Master of Buckland|Master]] of [[Buckland]]
| dates={{SR|1432}} - {{SR|1484|n}}
| next=Unknown
}}
{{seq-end}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{masters}}
[[Category:Brandybuck]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Masters of Buckland]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Meriadoc Brandybock]]
[[fi:Meriadoc Rankkibuk]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/brandebouc/meriadoc_brandebouc]]

Meriadoc Brandybuck

2022-03-24T23:38:26Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Fixed clunky "notable for" entry

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Meriadoc Brandybuck
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Merry.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Merry" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Merry, "the Magnificent", [[Kalimac Brandagamba]], [[Holdwine|Holdwine of the Shire]]
| titles=[[Master of Buckland]]
| position=
| location=[[Brandy Hall]], [[Buckland]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=
| birth=Early {{TA|2982}}
| birthlocation=[[Buckland]]
| rule={{FoA|11}} - {{FoA|63|n}}
| death=Between {{FoA|63}} and {{FoA|120|n}}
| deathlocation=[[Gondor]]
| age=103+
| notablefor=Accompanying [[Frodo Baggins]] in the early stages of the Ring-quest Participating in the slaying of the [[Witch-King of Angmar]] Co-leading the [[Battle of Bywater]] with [[Peregrin Took]] Writing ''[[Herblore of the Shire]]''
| family=[[Brandybuck Family|Brandybuck]]
| parentage=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]] and [[Esmeralda Took]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Estella Bolger]]
| children=At least one son
| gender=Male
| height=Taller than average Hobbit
| hair=Brown, curly<ref name="Isengard">{{TT|Road}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]]
| steed=[[Stybba]]
}}
'''Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck''', called '''The Magnificent''', was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], the son of [[Saradoc Brandybuck]].<ref name=tree>{{App|Brandybuck}}</ref> Merry (as he was often called), was the heir of the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]] to [[Brandy Hall]], and, after his participation to the [[War of the Ring]], eventually became the Master there.

==History==
Meriadoc was the son of [[Saradoc Brandybuck|Saradoc]] and [[Esmeralda Took|Esmeralda]]. Claiming descent from [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]], he also had [[Took Family|Tookish]] blood through his mother, and also his father's grandmother, [[Mirabella Took]]. He was also first cousins with Peregrin Took.<ref name=tree/> With him they wandered in the [[Marish]] and were friends of [[Farmer Maggot]].<ref name=mushrooms/>

Around {{TA|3000}} Merry witnessed a strange scene: he saw [[Bilbo Baggins]] becoming invisible in order to avoid a meeting with the [[Sackville-Bagginses]]. Startled, he got through the hedge and walked along the field inside, and watched as Bilbo reappeared, and put a [[The One Ring|glint of gold]] in his pocket. This made teenage Meriadoc very curious and he even looked into Bilbo's [[There and Back Again|private diary]].<ref name="Conspiracy"/>

Merry kept this knowledge private but was always suspicious. He was present with his family at [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]]<ref name=tree/> and [[23 September|the next day]] of Bilbo's disappearance, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] had a hard day keeping his things from unwanted hobbits who came to loot [[Bag End]], and put Merry to keep an eye on them in order to rest; until the [[Sackville-Baggins Family|Sackville-Bagginses]] came to Merry demanding to see Frodo. Later [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia]] left angrily calling Frodo a "Brandybuck", which Merry said was a compliment.<ref>{{FR|Party}}</ref>

Since Bilbo's disappearance, he believed that Frodo would soon follow. He shared his secrets with [[Conspirators|a group of Frodo's friends]], namely [[Samwise Gamgee]], [[Peregrin Took]], [[Fredegar Bolger]]. Especially after [[April]] {{TA|3018}} he noticed how Frodo was saying "farewell" to his favourite places, selling [[Bag End]] to the [[Sackville-Bagginses]], and secretive talks with [[Gandalf]]. All along, Sam Gamgee had been their "chief investigator". He heard Gandalf's instructions to Frodo for his departure<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>, and warned his friends about it.<ref name="Conspiracy"/>
[[File:Abe_Papakhian_-_A_Conspiracy_Unmasked.jpg|thumb|left|Abe Papakhian - ''A Conspiracy Unmasked'']]
The Conspirators, sought to protect Frodo (and [[The One Ring|the Ring]]) without his knowledge. When Frodo sold [[Bag End]] to move to [[Crickhollow]], Merry and Fredegar were told to wait for him and make preparations for his arrival.<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref> However, knowing that Frodo would begin a secret journey, also arranged for provisions and [[ponies]], planning to accompany him. On the [[September 25|appointed day]], Merry was worried that Frodo was late and as the fog was getting thick, he crossed the [[Bucklebury Ferry]] towards [[Stock]] to see if his friends were lost; just as he crossed, he saw [[Farmer Maggot]]'s wagon approaching, bringing Frodo, Sam and Pippin.<ref name=mushrooms>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>

After dinner in Crickhollow, Frodo prepared to reveal to his friends that he was going to have to leave Crickhollow and go to [[Rivendell]]. It was then that the conspirators revealed themselves to Frodo and demanded to be taken along when he left. Because of their preparations, they were able to start right away.<ref name="Conspiracy">{{FR|I5}}</ref>
===Journey with Frodo===
{{quote|You can trust us to stick to you through thick and thin - to the bitter end. And you can trust us to keep any secret of yours - closer than you keep it yourself. But you cannot trust us to let you face trouble alone, and go off without a word. We are your friends, Frodo.|Merry, ''[[A Conspiracy Unmasked]]''}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight'']]
During the following trip to [[Rivendell]], Merry seemed to have a greater knowledge of the [[Old Forest]] than any of the other Hobbits. However, when they encountered [[Old Man Willow]] Merry (and Pippin) were both captured and had to be rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]].<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref> Merry and Pippin were captured again (along with Sam and Frodo) by a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]] upon the [[Barrow-downs]], but Tom again came to their rescue. Before leaving, he told them to keep the [[Daggers of Westernesse]] found in the Barrow Downs, and he advised them to spend the night at the [[The Prancing Pony|Prancing Pony Inn]], inside [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref>
[[File:John Howe - Weathertop on the Horizon.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Weathertop on the Horizon'']]
Upon reaching the inn, Merry was out for a walk and saw a [[Nazgûl|Black Rider]]. He tried to follow it, but it disappeared. Merry was then overtaken by the [[Black Breath]] and fainted. But before any harm could come to him, [[Nob]] came to his aid; he returned to the Prancing Pony and warned his companions who were talking with [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]].<ref name="Strider">{{FR|I10}}</ref> During the trip through the wild with Strider, he often saw the most deeply into the others. After Frodo was wounded on [[Weathertop]], he became the one who consulted most with Strider, and in a way became the spokesman for the Hobbits.

After reaching [[Rivendell]], he, with Pippin, insisted on not being left behind on the [[Quest of the Ring]]. Therefore they were chosen as the eighth and ninth members of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref>

At the gate of [[Moria]], [[Gandalf]] commended Merry for being "''of all people''" on the right track with the riddle (though this was accidental). His impetuosity in Moria was such that he nearly fell into an ancient well while running ahead with Pippin.<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref> When they reached [[Lothlórien]], he was allowed to sleep in a [[telain]] with Frodo, Sam, Pippin and a few elven guards. He, as with the rest of the Company, walked blindfolded into the Woods of Lórien in a show of support for [[Gimli]], who had to be blindfolded due to being a [[Dwarves|dwarf]].<ref>{{FR|II6}}</ref>
[[File:Alan Lee - The Plains of Rohan 2.jpg|thumb|"The Plains of Rohan" by [[Alan Lee]]]]
At the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Merry and Pippin ran straight into a company of [[Orcs]] while they were looking for Frodo. [[Boromir]] attempted to rescue them, but many [[Uruk-hai]] arrived, and they shot him with arrows. Captured with Pippin by Uruk-hai, the two were separated from the rest of the Fellowship. Merry aided Pippin in an attempt to deceive [[Grishnákh]] into thinking that they had the One Ring, and he could have it.<ref>{{TT|III3}}</ref> Because of this, they escaped into [[Fangorn Forest]] during the attack by [[Éomer]] and his [[Rohirrim|Outriders]]. There they met [[Treebeard]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Wellinghall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Wellinghall'']]
[[File:Zina Saunders - Flotsam and Jetsam.jpg|thumb|Zina Saunders - ''Flotsam and Jetsam'']]
Thus they became the first mortals for many centuries to encounter the [[Ents]] of Fangorn. They drank of the [[Ent-draughts|Ent-draught]] which caused Merry and Pippin to become the tallest hobbits in history. Also, they were present at the [[Entmoot]],<ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref> and the resulting destruction of [[Isengard]], after which Treebeard appointed them door-wardens of [[Orthanc]]. It was while they were enjoying [[Saruman]]'s [[pipe-weed]], that they were reunited with some of their former companions, who arrived after the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

===Esquire of Théoden===
While Pippin and Gandalf headed away to [[Minas Tirith]], Merry stayed with Aragorn and the Rohirrim, developing a close friendship with King [[Théoden]]. Out of love for him, Merry offered the King his service, which Théoden warmly accepted. "''As a father you shall be to me''", Merry said at that time, and Théoden responded "''For a little while''".<ref>{{RK|V2}}</ref>

As Théoden's esquire, Merry returned with him to [[Edoras]] and was forbidden - firmly but gently - by the King to ride with them to the aid of Minas Tirith because he could not ride the mighty horses of the Rohirrim so fast and so far. Merry was disappointed until a young rider named [[Dernhelm]] offered to bear him on his horse.<ref>{{RK|V3}}</ref> In this manner he rode to the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], having a secret understanding with [[Elfhelm]] and several others of the Rohirrim.<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref>
[[File:Angus McBride - Eowyn against Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Éowyn against Witch-king'']]
During the charge and the commencement of the battle he was almost useless, hiding behind Dernhelm and shaking with fright and nausea. However, Dernhelm's steed, [[Windfola]], threw them both upon the coming of the [[Witch-king]]. Affected by the Black Breath, Merry lay almost senseless on the ground, hearing the voice of Dernhelm standing over the body of Théoden -- who had been mortally wounded by the Witch-king -- defying the Nazgûl. He was startled as he opened his eyes to find that Dernhelm was really [[Éowyn]], the King's niece. After Éowyn was thrown down, perhaps mortally wounded, Merry rose to attack the Witch-king in order to protect her. He pierced the sinew behind the Witch-king's mighty knee with the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blade]] he still bore, thus breaking the spell of invulnerability surrounding the Wraith. He witnessed Éowyn's destruction of the Witch-king with a thrust into the head, and her subsequent collapse.<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref> After the death of the Witch-king, he begged forgiveness of a dying Théoden for disobeying his command to remain at Edoras, and the king forgave him with the words "''Great heart will not be denied.''" After the death of the king, he walked beside Théoden's pall-bearers, and fell into a stupor induced by the [[Black Breath]] at some point in his journey. <ref name="Houses">{{RK|V8}}</ref>

After the battle, Pippin found him ill and wandering in a daze outside of [[Minas Tirith]] and alerted Aragorn, who brought him into the city. Almost killed by the Black Breath, he and Éowyn were revived by Aragorn in the [[Houses of Healing]]. <ref name="Houses"/> Because of his condition he was unable to take part in the [[Battle of the Morannon]],<ref>{{RK|V10}}</ref> but afterwards attended the burial of [[Théoden]], at which he wept greatly. Upon his departure for the Shire, he was given a special horn by Éomer and Éowyn as a parting gift, which was later used in the [[Battle of Bywater]].<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref>

Upon the return to the Shire, he was, with Pippin, the primary leader of the uprising against [[Sharkey]] and his [[Ruffians]].<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref>

===After the War===
At some time he stayed with Pippin at Crickhollow<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> and he married the sister of his friend Fredegar, [[Estella Brandybuck|Estella]].

He was afterwards known as '''Meriadoc the Magnificent''', and became [[Master of Buckland]] after his father, and received great gifts from his friends King Éomer and Lady Éowyn.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref> He wrote several scholarly works which were probably part of the [[Red Book]]: ''[[Herblore of the Shire]]'', ''The [[Reckoning of Years]]'' and ''[[Old Words and Names in the Shire]]''. At some point he visited Rivendell several times where probably he collected historical information from the remaining Elves there, and probably assisted the assembly of the [[Tale of Years]] in the [[Great Smials]].<ref name=records>{{FR|records}}</ref> In {{FoA|13}} he was made with Pippin and Sam Counsellor of the [[North-kingdom]].<ref name=later/>

In {{FoA|63}}<ref name=records/> Meriadoc was 102 but still hale. That spring he received an invitation from King Éomer. With his friend they resigned from their offices and came down to Rohan<ref name=later/> (presumably after the death of his wife) where he was known as Master Holbytla and [[Holdwine]] of the Shire.

They stayed in Edoras with the King before he died that autumn, then they travelled to [[Gondor]] with Pippin, where he was known as Master [[Perian]], to spend their remaining years. They both were laid in [[Rath Dínen]]. It was said that upon [[Aragorn|King Elessar]]'s death, their bodies were placed beside his.<ref name=later/>

==Character==
He was a good friend of [[Frodo Baggins]], who eventually became the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], and [[Peregrin Took]], a young relative. He was one of the few (if any) who saw [[Bilbo Baggins]], Frodo's uncle, actually use [[the One Ring]]. He also managed to read, at least in part, Bilbo's book: ''[[There and Back Again]]'', where he learned about the Ring.<ref name="Conspiracy"/>

He can easily be recognised as a very sharp Hobbit, and his tone throughout ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' depicts him as practical, loyal, resourceful, and the best able to cope with the sudden happenings that drew him out of his peaceful home. He was also praised by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] as having a 'stout heart'<ref name="Strider"/> and [[Éowyn|Lady Éowyn]] as 'valiant'.<ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref> He was apparently much trusted by Frodo, who sent him along with [[Fredegar Bolger|Fatty Bolger]] to [[Crickhollow]] to prepare his newly-bought home.<ref>{{FR|I3}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the pre-publication manuscript of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Merry's name was originally "Marmaduke Brandybuck".<ref>{{RS|1Iiii}}, p. 33</ref>

==Inspiration==
''Meriadoc'' (also spelled ''Meriadek'') was the legendary leader of a group of Welsh mercenaries who settled Armorica (modern Brittany) in the fourth century and founded the house of [[Rohan]].<ref> [[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[The Hobbitonian Anthology]]'', p. 57</ref>

==Etymology==
The name '''''Meriadoc''''' means "Great Lord" in [[Welsh]] (from ''mawr'' "great" and ''udd'' "lord").<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.namenerds.com/welsh/meaning.html|articlename=Welsh Names|website=[http://www.namenerds.com/ Name Nerds]|accessed=21 February 2016}}</ref>

Merry's full [[Westron]] name was ''Kalimac'', which was abbreviated to ''Kali''. As this latter means "jolly, gay", Tolkien translated it as ''Merry'', from which ''Meriadoc'' was chosen as a plausible full form. This is in contrast to other Hobbit personal names, which were converted into roughly corresponding English forms.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

Tolkien himself comments on the "[[Celtic]] cast" of this and other [[Buckland]] and [[Bree]] names that end in ''–ac'', ''-ic'', or ''-oc''. <ref>{{HM|PM}}, "[[The Appendix on Languages]]"</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Merry.jpg|Merry in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Merry.jpg|Merry in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Meriadoc Brandybuck.jpg|Merry in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]</gallery>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry is provided by Michael Collins.<ref name="RT1672">Radio Times, Volume 129, No. 1672, [[25 November|November 25]], [[1955]]</ref>

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Simon Chandler]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by Pat Franklyn.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Casey Kasem]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:The part of Merry is portrayed by [[Richard O'Callaghan]].
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''
:Matthew Morgan provided the voice of Merry in the two episodes of this series that make up ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Merry was played by [[Dominic Monaghan]]. Some book-readers argue that, like Pippin, he was made far less competent in the movie than he was in the books: instead of a clever "conspirator" who helped orchestrate Frodo's escape from the Shire, he was portrayed as someone who did not know what he was getting himself into. The movie trilogy also shows a blonde Merry as opposed to the brown-haired young hobbit in the novels.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Meriadoc Brandybuck is provided by Miroslav Noga. His full name is never really alluded to, and he is addressed only as Merry. Noga portrays Merry as an intelligent, crafty, and cheerful member of the hobbit quartet.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The voice of Merry was provided by [[Quinton Flynn]]. Merry and Pippin are shown as the Conspirators, although the "[[Three is Company|three]]" does not include Sam. Merry meets Frodo in the [[Green Dragon Inn]], and he and Pippin and Sam are not seen again until [[Bamfurlong]].

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Meriadoc Brandybuck|Images of Meriadoc Brandybuck]]

{{References}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=hobbit
| house=[[Brandybuck Family]]
| born={{TA|2982}}
| died=Between {{FoA|63}} and {{FoA|120|n}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Saradoc Brandybuck]]
| list=[[Master of Buckland|Master]] of [[Buckland]]
| dates={{SR|1432}} - {{SR|1484|n}}
| next=Unknown
}}
{{seq-end}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{masters}}
[[Category:Brandybuck]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Masters of Buckland]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Meriadoc Brandybock]]
[[fi:Meriadoc Rankkibuk]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/brandebouc/meriadoc_brandebouc]]

Tolkien in Oxford

2022-02-06T19:01:01Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Linguistic material */ Updated italics method

'''Tolkien in Oxford''' is the title of a [[BBC]]2 television documentary featuring a [[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien|recorded interview]] with [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] by John Izzard. The documentary was shot from [[5 February|5]]-[[9 February|9]] February [[1968]], and broadcast on [[30 March]] [[1968]].<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Chronology'', p. 716ff.</ref> Tolkien described his feelings for from the shooting in a [[Letter 301|letter to Donald Swann, written on 29 February 1968]].

*'''Later publication/broadcast:''' According to [[Pieter Collier]], a transcription of the interview was released on 7 April 2007 for the Children of Húrin Release. Others parts of the same interview were released by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on April 19, 2007,<ref>[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/814-Tolkien_1968_BBC_Interview.php 1968 BBC interview with J.R.R. Tolkien], as of 21 August 2010</ref> and in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: An Audio Portrait]]''. In August 2010, the BBC Archives released the original, full version of ''Tolkien in Oxford'' on their website (see [[#External Links|External Links]]). In 2018, Stuart D. Lee published a transcript of the full interview in [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 15|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 15]].
== Official synopsis==
John Izzard meets with JRR Tolkien at his home, walking with him through the Oxford locations that he loves while hearing the author's own views about his wildly successful high-fantasy novels. Tolkien shares his love of nature and beer and his admiration for 'trenchermen' in this genial and affectionate programme. The brief interviews with Oxford students that are dotted throughout reveal the full range of opinions elicited by 'The Lord of the Rings', from wild enthusiasm to mild contempt.
== Excerpts ==
===Part one===
Everybody, including divine spirits under God, makes mistakes in this mythology, and of course the gods made a primary error. Instead of leaving Elves and Men to find out their way under the guidance of God, they invited the Elves because the rebel amongst them, the wicked god Melkor, was alive and devastated a large part of the world.

They took them back into their paradise in the west to protect them, and so the whole machinery starts from the rebellion of the Elves, and therefore, in rebellion of the evil they did in their bursting out from paradise.
So what you've got in our period is two lots of Elves: The ones that never started, just didn't want to, never bothered to be anything higher than they were, were the ordinary Woodland Elves of the Far-east.
Those who started to go to divine paradise and never got there, which are the Grey Elves of the West, and those who got and came back as exiled.

The Higher Elves, who sing this song to Elbereth in the beginning of the Lord of the Rings, are exiled Elves who had once known what it was to see the emerging gods in person.

Now Dwarves create a difficulty, don't they, in this particular thing. They have certain grievances against Men and against Elves. They are incarnate in bodies. While they are like ourselves, we don't know much about them, but they apparently are mortal, they are longeval. Where do they come into the scheme? Well of course, a great deal of sort to provide their origin.
I don't think I'll say anything about it at the moment, but they have a rational origin related to their theme, but they are not part of the Children of God. That's all I can really say about this.

Men are just men.
===Linguistic material===

[The time stamps refer to the 2010 BBC release of the video]<ref>[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/topics/1101 Carl F. Hostetter], "BBC post 1968 "Tolkien in Oxford" video online", ([[Lambengolmor]] mailing list message, 19 August 2010)</ref>
*'''17:47''' - "''I first began seriously to invent languages about when I was 13 or 14. I've never stopped really. Languages have a flavor to me which I never understand people saying for instance, it's awfully dry or dull because a new language to me is just like getting a new wine or some new sweetmeat or something.''"
*'''17:54''' - Tolkien is shown writing a ''tengwar'' inscription (Gildor's Quenya greeting, "''Elen síla''..."), comments on making a mistake in it, and recites the greeting.
*'''18:58''' - Regarding speaking Elvish, Tolkien says: "''No. No. No. I wouldn't mind other people knowing it, and enjoying it, but I didn't really want to, like some people who have been equally inventive in languages [? desiring ?] to sort of make cults and have people speaking it all together, no, I don't desire to go and have an afternoon talking Elvish to chaps. For one thing of course Elvish is too complicated. I've never finished making it.''"
*'''20:54''' - Tolkien recites the Ring inscription. Notable here is his pronunciation of final ''-g'' in ''nazg'' as "guh", and of ''-gh'' in ''agh'' as "-kh".
*'''21:18''' - Speaking apparently of the Ring inscription and/or the Black Speech, Tolkien states: "''I invented that in the bath, I remember. Yes, I remember inventing that in one of the baths, inventing it when I was having a bath, in 20 Northmoor Road. I still remember kicking the sponge out of the bath when I got [? the last and] all right that will do and jumped out.''" Tolkien lived at 20 Northmoor Road from 1930 to 1947.

==External Links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/writers/12237.shtml ''Tolkien in Oxford''] (BBC 2 original version)
*[http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/tolkien-oxford-bbc-1968 Dr Stuart Lee and Leslie Megahey on the BBC's 1968 documentary]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/07/watch-leslie-megahey-talks-about-tolkien-in-oxford/ Leslie Megahey talks about “Tolkien in Oxford”] at tolkiensociety.org
{{references}}
[[CATEGORY:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Chrysophylax

2022-02-03T14:31:13Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

{{Dragon infobox
| image=[[File:Alan Lee - Farmer Giles of Ham.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Farmer Giles of Ham" by [[Alan Lee]]
| name=Chrysophylax Dives
| othernames=
| realm=
| hoard=In the mountains, composed of gold, silver, rings, necklaces, jewels, diamonds, and more
| birth=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| slayer=
| type=Fire-breathing
| legs=Four
| wings=Yes
| colour=
}}
'''Chrysophylax Dives''' was the name of the [[dragons#Other fiction|dragon]] who decided to invade the [[Middle Kingdom]] where [[Farmer Giles]] of [[Ham]] lived. Of ancient and imperial lineage, Chrysophylax was rich, cunning, inquisitive, greedy, well-armoured, but not overly bold. He lived in the mountains in a lair with brazen doors set upon great pillars.<ref name="Giles">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''</ref>

==History==
In the cold, hard winter after the pleasant summer when the [[The Giant|giant]] had blundered onto the lands of Farmer Giles and been hit with rubbish from the farmer's [[blunderbuss]], the giant's report of a land stocked with sheep and cattle but no people (or at least no knights, just stinging flies) induced the hungry dragon to invade the [[Middle Kingdom]]. He flew to midland realm a week before Christmas and began smashing and burning, as well as feeding upon sheep, cattle, and horses. When he reached the village of [[Quercetum]] he added two young people and the village parson to his diet.

When Farmer Giles stumbled upon the dragon in the countryside the parson of Quercetum had long been digested, so Chrysophylax attempted to make a meal of Giles. Impressed by the farmer's sword, the dragon desisted in his attack. Emboldened, Giles waved his sword to shoo away the pest and the famous blade [[Caudimordax]] managed to wound Chrysophylax in his right wing joint. This made flight impossible and the farmer chased the injured dragon into Ham. There the people bargained with him and made him promise most faithfully to return with his treasure in return for his life.

The wily and unscrupulous dragon did no such thing; instead he returned to his lair and stayed there. However a month later he saw the approach of a cavalcade of knights sent by the king to get his hoard. Chrysophylax charged down upon them and killed and scattered them all, until suddenly he was confronted by Giles, in armour and with Caudimordax in hand. The dragon led the farmer to his lair and brought forth a great treasure, yet was allowed by Giles to leave behind enough to keep him respectable. Loaded with loot, Chrysophylax then carried this portion of his hoard on his back to Ham.

Later, when King [[Augustus Bonifacius]] came storming up to the bridge of Ham, Giles met him and demanded the king's crown. Before the king's men could seize the farmer, Chrysophylax came out from under the bridge where he had been hidden. Having drunk many gallons of water he produced a great fog, from which he bellowed "Go home, you fools! " to the assembled knights and men-at-arms. The dragon stuck a claw into the king's horse, which caused the king to lead the rout of all his men away from the village.<ref name="Giles"/>

Chrysophylax stayed a long time in Ham, housed in the parson's tithe-barn, and guarded by the twelve likely lads. Finally, after much begging, Giles set the dragon free (partly because of the expense of keeping him fed – dragons growing on and on like trees). They agreed upon a pact of non-aggression and in his bad heart Chrysophylax felt kindly towards Giles, as much as a dragon could feel.

Returning to the mountains, Chrysophylax found an upstart, a young dragon who had moved into his cave. After a noisy battle Chrysophylax ate his opponent, which reduced his feelings of humiliation. He also paid a visit to the [[The Giant|giant]] who had given him the erroneous information that had begun his misadventure. He gave him a piece of his mind that made the poor fellow feel very crushed.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', Envoy</ref>

==Etymology==
''Chrysophylax'' (Χρυσοφύλαξ) is Greek for "gold-guard" and ''[[Wiktionary:dives#Latin|dīves]]'' is Latin for "rich".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:Chrysophylax is voiced by [[Stephen Thorne]].
{{references}}
[[Category:Dragons]]
[[Category:Farmer Giles of Ham]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman names]]
[[de:Chrysophylax]]
[[fi:Chrysophylax]]

Chrysophylax

2022-02-03T14:29:52Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Added TFPR BBC radio series voice actor

{{Dragon infobox
| image=[[File:Alan Lee - Farmer Giles of Ham.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Farmer Giles of Ham" by [[Alan Lee]]
| name=Chrysophylax Dives
| othernames=
| realm=
| hoard=In the mountains, composed of gold, silver, rings, necklaces, jewels, diamonds, and more
| birth=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| slayer=
| type=Fire-breathing
| legs=Four
| wings=Yes
| colour=
}}
'''Chrysophylax Dives''' was the name of the [[dragons#Other fiction|dragon]] who decided to invade the [[Middle Kingdom]] where [[Farmer Giles]] of [[Ham]] lived. Of ancient and imperial lineage, Chrysophylax was rich, cunning, inquisitive, greedy, well-armoured, but not overly bold. He lived in the mountains in a lair with brazen doors set upon great pillars.<ref name="Giles">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''</ref>

==History==
In the cold, hard winter after the pleasant summer when the [[The Giant|giant]] had blundered onto the lands of Farmer Giles and been hit with rubbish from the farmer's [[blunderbuss]], the giant's report of a land stocked with sheep and cattle but no people (or at least no knights, just stinging flies) induced the hungry dragon to invade the [[Middle Kingdom]]. He flew to midland realm a week before Christmas and began smashing and burning, as well as feeding upon sheep, cattle, and horses. When he reached the village of [[Quercetum]] he added two young people and the village parson to his diet.

When Farmer Giles stumbled upon the dragon in the countryside the parson of Quercetum had long been digested, so Chrysophylax attempted to make a meal of Giles. Impressed by the farmer's sword, the dragon desisted in his attack. Emboldened, Giles waved his sword to shoo away the pest and the famous blade [[Caudimordax]] managed to wound Chrysophylax in his right wing joint. This made flight impossible and the farmer chased the injured dragon into Ham. There the people bargained with him and made him promise most faithfully to return with his treasure in return for his life.

The wily and unscrupulous dragon did no such thing; instead he returned to his lair and stayed there. However a month later he saw the approach of a cavalcade of knights sent by the king to get his hoard. Chrysophylax charged down upon them and killed and scattered them all, until suddenly he was confronted by Giles, in armour and with Caudimordax in hand. The dragon led the farmer to his lair and brought forth a great treasure, yet was allowed by Giles to leave behind enough to keep him respectable. Loaded with loot, Chrysophylax then carried this portion of his hoard on his back to Ham.

Later, when King [[Augustus Bonifacius]] came storming up to the bridge of Ham, Giles met him and demanded the king's crown. Before the king's men could seize the farmer, Chrysophylax came out from under the bridge where he had been hidden. Having drunk many gallons of water he produced a great fog, from which he bellowed "Go home, you fools! " to the assembled knights and men-at-arms. The dragon stuck a claw into the king's horse, which caused the king to lead the rout of all his men away from the village.<ref name="Giles"/>

Chrysophylax stayed a long time in Ham, housed in the parson's tithe-barn, and guarded by the twelve likely lads. Finally, after much begging, Giles set the dragon free (partly because of the expense of keeping him fed – dragons growing on and on like trees). They agreed upon a pact of non-aggression and in his bad heart Chrysophylax felt kindly towards Giles, as much as a dragon could feel.

Returning to the mountains, Chrysophylax found an upstart, a young dragon who had moved into his cave. After a noisy battle Chrysophylax ate his opponent, which reduced his feelings of humiliation. He also paid a visit to the [[The Giant|giant]] who had given him the erroneous information that had begun his misadventure. He gave him a piece of his mind that made the poor fellow feel very crushed.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', Envoy</ref>

==Etymology==
''Chrysophylax'' (Χρυσοφύλαξ) is Greek for "gold-guard" and ''[[Wiktionary:dives#Latin|dīves]]'' is Latin for "rich".
{{references}}
[[Category:Dragons]]
[[Category:Farmer Giles of Ham]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman names]]
[[de:Chrysophylax]]
[[fi:Chrysophylax]]

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
:Chrysophylax is voiced by [[Stephen Thorne]].

Talk:Coffee

2022-01-17T16:10:37Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Fan theory about Bilbo's "coffee" (do not include in article !) */

====Fan theory about Bilbo's "coffee" (do not include in article !)====
Not to be included in the article, under any circumstances ! This is just a fun bit of speculation. Given the climate and nature of The Shire, it's improbable the hobbits could produce coffee beans on their own, and it's also rather unlikely they'd bother to trade coffee beans from far, far away, from southern lands unknown. However, let's be mindful of what Tolkien had to say about the Red Book of Westmarch: Some of its "translated" texts might be a looser interpretation, more accessible to a modern reader. I think this is the case with the references to Bilbo serving "coffee" to Thorin and friends. "Coffee" is a straightforward shorthand, but the hot drink Bilbo served was actually... [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory chicory]. Chicory grows all over Europe and in similar mild climates. It would have no problems growing all around The Shire as a common blue field flower, easily forageable by hobbits. Bilbo or his acquaintances might gather chicory roots every now and then, dry them alongide other useful herbs in a storeroom or cellar, then grind the dry chicory roots into a powder usable for hot drinks. This at least explains how a medieval to early modern-ish society like that of The Shire could get ahold of a regular supply of coffee. :-) --[[User:A Hobbit Gentleman|A Hobbit Gentleman]] 21:27, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

:It would be useful to add to this theory that ground dry chicory roots were used as a substitute (Ersatz in german) for real coffee during the great depression in the 1930s and during the second world war in Europe and is called Ersatzkaffee or Zichorienkaffee in german. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 08:19, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

::Actually sounds pretty plausible to me! I highly dislike coffee, so I drink a chicory/dandelion root powder drink that is much nicer, in my opinion. -[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]] 16:10, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc

2022-01-10T00:27:52Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

{{Template:Welcome|realName:|name=Holdwine Meriadoc}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 15:43, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

:Thank you very much! --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

==Greetings!==

Hi, and welcome to my talk page! I'm Holdwine Meriadoc, and I am a huge Tolkien fanatic...even though I'm still in my teens. Feel free to give constructive criticism/advice/tips, etc. to me about my work, since I'm relatively new to this site. ''Hannon le!'' --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

== Move ==

In future, just "moving" the article would be easier. This moves the article to a new title and automatically creates a redirect. The benefit is you don't lose the edit history of the article. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 21:48, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

:OK, thank you. I'll go check the Help page as to how to move an article. :) --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 22:42, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Category talk:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc

2022-01-09T16:52:39Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

==Image Removal==

Hello, would any of the admins mind removing all files here except for [[:File:Holdwine Meriadoc - Maedhros' Captivity.png|Maedhros' Captivity]]? All the other were done before I took it upon myself to learn how to draw well. --[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]] 16:52, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

Category talk:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc

2022-01-09T16:52:26Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Created page with "==Image Removal== Hello, would any of the admins mind removing all files here except for Maedhros' Captivity? All the other ..."

==Image Removal==

Hello, would any of the admins mind removing all files here except for [[:File:Holdwine Meriadoc- Maedhros' Captivity.png|Maedhros' Captivity]]? All the other were done before I took it upon myself to learn how to draw well. --[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]] 16:52, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

File:Holdwine Meriadoc - Maedhros' Captivity.png

2022-01-09T16:49:28Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Added categories

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL-self|Holdwine Meriadoc}}

[[Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc]]
[[Category:Images of Maedhros]]

File:Holdwine Meriadoc - Maedhros' Captivity.png

2022-01-09T16:48:47Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL-self|Holdwine Meriadoc}}

Forums:New Admins?

2021-12-27T21:37:45Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

{{Counciltop}}

Has there been any activity from the admins? I've seen activity from Morgan occasionally, but it seems like they have largely abandoned this wiki. Has anyone here managed to get in contact with them? Should we maybe begin trying to get new ones?[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 18:51, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

:I'm in contact with Mith and he has plans for coming back and solve the pending work. A few days ago I asked him to make me an admin just for blocking spammers and naughty users, but he didn't answer yet. We could make a [[TG:RFA|proper request]], but it is pretty useless if there is no [[Tolkien Gateway:Bureaucrats|bureaucrat]] to give adminship. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 21:17, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

::Ok cool, thanks. Hopefully he can come back soon. [[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 21:22, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

::Glad to hear you've contacted Mith, it will be nice to have a Bureaucrat back, at least to solve the work that has stacked up. I would happily support an official nomination for LorenzoCB, it would be awesome if we could have him as an admin. He has already done so much for this wiki, we wouldn't be where we are without him. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 03:18, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

::I agree with Grace18 to support a nomination of LorenzoCB to the role of an admin. He has acted as an example by active own edits with references, by discussing proposed edits and by patrolling recent changes without excessive micro-management and without excessive editing of other users' edits based on his personal likeing or disliking of the perceived relevance of contents. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 12:37, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

:::I would be more than willing to put in an official nomination for LorenzoCB to become an admin and get the process started, if everyone is alright with that. Is there any further agreement that this is what we'd like to do? --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 21:33, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

::::Not been here long but my few experiences with LorenzoCB have been both friendly and constructive, with Akhorahil's comments holding true too. So sounds good to me. Presumably this would be an "add an admin" rather than "replace an old admin" action? --[[User:GondolinFan|GondolinFan]] 21:52, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

:::::Yes, this would just start the process to allow LorenzoCB to become an admin in addition to the ones we already have. —[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 23:28, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

::::::I agree with everyone about the lack of admins actively online, and I think that one is one of several issues that could be addressed. For example, the version of MediaWiki we are using is very old. On the topic of new admins, I agree that LorenzoCB would be a good choice for a higher role! --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:59, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

:::::::''And my axe!'' [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 09:09, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Okay. Seeing as there seems to be general agreement, I will put in a proper nomination for adminship for LorenzoCB. Hopefully this will begin the process, and when a Bureaucrat returns, they will be able to grant adminship. You can contribute to the voting at [[Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship]]. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:19, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

:Sorry everyone, I missed this post but [[User:Grace18|Grace18]] was kind enough to give me a nudge :) [[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] is now an administrator, thank you for all your help! And thank you to everyone else for all your contributions and feedback, I completely agree with all of the points. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 17:25, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

::Thanks Hyarion and everyone else! I'll do my best as an admin. I'll proceed to close the nomination. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 21:02, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

:::¡Bien merecido tu nuevo cargo, Lorenzo! --[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]] 21:37, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-12-26T03:21:23Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* My Library */

[[Category: American users]]
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==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books, and have taken the example of the late, great Sir [[Christopher Lee]] and committed to reading the entire trilogy at least once every year since I first read it.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the LotR movie trilogy, but I do not at all think they surpass or have the same quality as the real thing. The Hobbit trilogy is decent in my mind, but much less so.

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And, as a Generation Z hardcore Tolkien fan, I also have a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes no one else would get.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''
*''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above do not have a place on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-12-26T03:20:40Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: annual Christmas addition to Tolkien shelf

[[Category: American users]]
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==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books, and have taken the example of the late, great Sir [[Christopher Lee]] and committed to reading the entire trilogy at least once every year since I first read it.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the LotR movie trilogy, but I do not at all think they surpass or have the same quality as the real thing. The Hobbit trilogy is decent in my mind, but much less so.

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And, as a Generation Z hardcore Tolkien fan, I also have a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes no one else would get.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''
*''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above mostly as filler space on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

Milo Burrows

2021-12-25T21:59:48Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* History */

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Milo Burrows
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Milo Burrows.png|250px]]
| caption=Milo Burrows from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[The Shire]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| family=[[Burrows Family|Burrows]]
| parentage=[[Rufus Burrows]] and [[Asphodel Brandybuck]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Peony Baggins]]
| children=[[Mosco Burrows|Mosco]], [[Moro Burrows|Moro]], [[Myrtle Burrows|Myrtle]] and [[Minto Burrows|Minto]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Milo Burrows''' was a hobbit of [[the Shire]].

==History==
Milo was a grandson of [[Gorbadoc Brandybuck]] of [[Buckland]], who married into the [[Baggins Family]] when he wedded [[Peony Baggins|Peony]], and a nephew of both Bilbo and [[Frodo Baggins]]. They had four children - [[Mosco Burrows|Mosco]], [[Moro Burrows|Moro]], [[Myrtle Burrows|Myrtle]] and [[Minto Burrows|Minto]] - and all of the family was present at Bilbo's famous [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|Birthday Party]].<ref>{{App|Baggins}}</ref>

Milo was known for his habit of failing to reply to letters, and because of this he was one of those that found a specially selected gift waiting for him in [[Bag End]], after Bilbo's departure: a golden inkpot and pen.<ref>{{FR|I1}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1990: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Volume 1]]'':'''
:A Hobbit named Milo warns [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] of wolves that are about in the Shire.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Milo Burrows, voiced by an uncredited [[Michael Reisz]], lives at Number 4, [[Bagshot Row]]. He expresses pleasure that Frodo is no longer associating with "Elves and Wizards", causing Frodo to politely make his excuses and leave.

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Burrows]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/fouine/milo_fouine]]

Milo Burrows

2021-12-25T21:59:11Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* History */

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Milo Burrows
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Milo Burrows.png|250px]]
| caption=Milo Burrows from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[The Shire]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| family=[[Burrows Family|Burrows]]
| parentage=[[Rufus Burrows]] and [[Asphodel Brandybuck]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Peony Baggins]]
| children=[[Mosco Burrows|Mosco]], [[Moro Burrows|Moro]], [[Myrtle Burrows|Myrtle]] and [[Minto Burrows|Minto]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Milo Burrows''' was a hobbit of [[the Shire]].

==History==
Milo was a grandson of [[Gorbadoc Brandybuck]] of [[Buckland]], who married into the [[Baggins Family]] when he wedded [[Peony Baggins|Peony]], a nephew of both Bilbo and [[Frodo Baggins]]. They had four children - [[Mosco Burrows|Mosco]], [[Moro Burrows|Moro]], [[Myrtle Burrows|Myrtle]] and [[Minto Burrows|Minto]] - and all of the family was present at Bilbo's famous [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|Birthday Party]].<ref>{{App|Baggins}}</ref>

Milo was known for his habit of failing to reply to letters, and because of this he was one of those that found a specially selected gift waiting for him in [[Bag End]], after Bilbo's departure: a golden inkpot and pen.<ref>{{FR|I1}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1990: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Volume 1]]'':'''
:A Hobbit named Milo warns [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] of wolves that are about in the Shire.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Milo Burrows, voiced by an uncredited [[Michael Reisz]], lives at Number 4, [[Bagshot Row]]. He expresses pleasure that Frodo is no longer associating with "Elves and Wizards", causing Frodo to politely make his excuses and leave.

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Burrows]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/fouine/milo_fouine]]

Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship

2021-12-13T03:14:59Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Support */

{{shortcut|TG:RFA}}{{seealso|Tolkien Gateway: Administrators}}
'''Requests for adminship''' ('''RFA''') is the process by which the [[Tolkien Gateway]] decides which editors will become [[Tolkien Gateway:Administrators|administrators]]. Administrators are users who are trusted to use their own judgement to exercise [[Tolkien Gateway#Administrators' abilities|certain technical abilities]] for the benefit of Tolkien Gateway.

Below are listed the specific requirements for a valid nomination. To view past requests, see the [[Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship/Archive|RFA archive]].

==Requirements==
In order for a nomination to be valid, an editor must meet the following criteria:

#They have an account under a screen-name.
#They have actively contributed for at least six months to the wiki.
#They have demonstrated they are willing to take on additional responsibilities to make the community better.
#They have had at least some major article revisions.
#They have dealings with other users on a regular basis in a fair, restrained, and constructive manner.
#They have demonstrated an understanding of the community's policies and procedures.

Voting lasts for two weeks. To be successful, voting must be '''unanimously''' in favour.

Administrators need to have the trust and confidence of the community so administrators are usually those editors with considerable experience (currently, the five administrators are the five [[Tolkien Gateway:Top Editors|top editors]]). Potential administrators also need to be very well-acquainted with Tolkien Gateway's [[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|policies]], [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|style guide]], and [[Help:Editing|procedures]].

==Nominations==

===[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] (11/12/21)===
Two week deadline from first request: (25/12/21)

====Support====
#I would like to nominate [[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] for adminship on TG. He meets all of the requirements listed above, and has consistently been helpful, considerate, and knowledgeable about the Wiki. Many of our admins have been unavailable recently, and I believe he is fully equipped for this responsibility. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:20, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
#Seconded, LorenzoCB deserves to be admin. --[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 03:38, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#Seconded. --Tik 06:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#Seconded. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 07:30, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#I agree. --[[User:GondolinFan|GondolinFan]] 13:22, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#I agree. LorenzoCB has contributed to the content of articles, is knowledgeable about the wiki, and has been one of its most active users over the last year. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 15:04, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#I agree. I was going to nominate him myself for reasons stated above before he said he'd be leaving temporarily, but as it does not appear that that will happen anytime in the near future I will gladly support his nomination. --[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]] 03:14, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

====Oppose====
====Neutral/comments====
====Nominee's acceptance====

==See also==
*[[Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship/Archive]], for past requests
[[Category:Tolkien Gateway]]

Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship

2021-12-13T03:14:49Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Support */

{{shortcut|TG:RFA}}{{seealso|Tolkien Gateway: Administrators}}
'''Requests for adminship''' ('''RFA''') is the process by which the [[Tolkien Gateway]] decides which editors will become [[Tolkien Gateway:Administrators|administrators]]. Administrators are users who are trusted to use their own judgement to exercise [[Tolkien Gateway#Administrators' abilities|certain technical abilities]] for the benefit of Tolkien Gateway.

Below are listed the specific requirements for a valid nomination. To view past requests, see the [[Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship/Archive|RFA archive]].

==Requirements==
In order for a nomination to be valid, an editor must meet the following criteria:

#They have an account under a screen-name.
#They have actively contributed for at least six months to the wiki.
#They have demonstrated they are willing to take on additional responsibilities to make the community better.
#They have had at least some major article revisions.
#They have dealings with other users on a regular basis in a fair, restrained, and constructive manner.
#They have demonstrated an understanding of the community's policies and procedures.

Voting lasts for two weeks. To be successful, voting must be '''unanimously''' in favour.

Administrators need to have the trust and confidence of the community so administrators are usually those editors with considerable experience (currently, the five administrators are the five [[Tolkien Gateway:Top Editors|top editors]]). Potential administrators also need to be very well-acquainted with Tolkien Gateway's [[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|policies]], [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|style guide]], and [[Help:Editing|procedures]].

==Nominations==

===[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] (11/12/21)===
Two week deadline from first request: (25/12/21)

====Support====
#I would like to nominate [[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] for adminship on TG. He meets all of the requirements listed above, and has consistently been helpful, considerate, and knowledgeable about the Wiki. Many of our admins have been unavailable recently, and I believe he is fully equipped for this responsibility. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:20, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
#Seconded, LorenzoCB deserves to be admin. --[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 03:38, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#Seconded. --Tik 06:39, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#Seconded. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 07:30, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#I agree. --[[User:GondolinFan|GondolinFan]] 13:22, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#I agree. LorenzoCB has contributed to the content of articles, is knowledgeable about the wiki, and has been one of its most active users over the last year. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 15:04, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
#I agree. I was going to nominate him myself for reasons stated above before he said he'd be leaving temporarily, but as it does not appear that that will happen anytime in the near future I will gladly support his nomination. [[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]] 03:14, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

====Oppose====
====Neutral/comments====
====Nominee's acceptance====

==See also==
*[[Tolkien Gateway:Requests for adminship/Archive]], for past requests
[[Category:Tolkien Gateway]]

Christopher Tolkien

2021-12-10T18:19:26Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Early life */

{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien.jpg|250px]]
| name=Christopher Tolkien
| born=[[21 November]], [[1924]]
| died=[[16 January]], [[2020]]
| education=[[Wikipedia:Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[Oxford]]
| occupation=Author, Professor
| location=England France
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com TolkienEstate.com]
}}
{{quote|And you were so special a gift to me, in a time of sorrow and mental suffering, and your love, opening at once almost as soon as you were born, foretold to me, as it were in spoken words, that I am consoled ever by the certainty that there is no end to this.|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>{{L|64}}</ref>}}
'''Christopher John Reuel Tolkien''' ([[21 November]] [[1924]] - [[16 January]] [[2020]]) was the third child and the youngest son of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]. He was the literary executor of the [[Tolkien Estate]] and edited much of his father's work for posthumous publication.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/Non-Fiction/Pages/History-of-Middle-earth.aspx?page=2&sdt=1&sort=pno&objsct=History%20of%20Middle-earth|articlename=History of Middle-earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkien.co.uk Tolkien.co.uk]|accessed=18-11-2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Christopher Tolkien was named after his father's friend, [[Christopher Wiseman]] (he also sometimes used his confirmation name, "John" as seen on his initials of maps of [[The Lord of the Rings]], "CJRT").

Born in [[Leeds]] and raised in [[Oxford]], Christopher went to the Dragon School in Oxford and Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire. Due to a heart ailment, he was forced to stay at home and work with a private tutor. He enjoyed watching stars with a telescope as well as a passion for railways. As early as age four and five, Christopher was concerned with the consistency of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.
{{Blockquote|[O]n one occasion I interrupted: 'Last time, you said Bilbo's front door was blue, and you said Thorin had a golden tassel on his hood, but you've just said that Bilbo's front door was green and that Thorin's hood was silver'; at which point my father muttered 'Damn the boy,' and then 'strode across the room' to his desk to make a note.|Christopher Tolkien, foreword to The Hobbit}}

Christopher proved invaluable in correcting ''The Hobbit'' after its publication and was paid twopence a correction.

==Young adulthood==
In July of [[1943]] he entered the Royal Air Force and in November of that year he went to South Africa to train as a pilot. His absence did not however slow his contributions to his father's works as his father continually sent him parts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' to go over. In [[1945]] he returned to England and was stationed in Shropshire and later that year he returned to Oxford.

On October 9th, [[1945]] his father informed him that the [[Inklings]] wished to consider him a permanent member. The task of reading ''The Lord of the Rings'' to the Inklings was passed on to Christopher and it was generally agreed that he was a better reader than his father.

In 1954-55 Christopher was delegated the re-drawing of his father's ''Lord of the Rings'' maps for publication.

==Adulthood==
In [[1946]] Christopher returned to Trinity College to resume his studies and reading English. For a while his tutor was [[C.S. Lewis]]. His thesis was a translation of ''[[The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise]]'' and he received his B.A. in [[1949]]. Christopher also became a lecturer in Old and Middle English as well as Old Icelandic at Oxford. He worked as an editor on Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales,'' the ''Pardoner's Tale'', and the ''Nun's Priest's Tale''. From [[1963]] to [[1975]] he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford but resigned when he began to devote his time to his father's literary affairs, and soon afterward moved with his family to southern France.

==After his father's death==
After his father's death, Christopher embarked on organizing the masses of his father's notes, some of them written on odd scraps of paper a half-century earlier. Much of the material was handwritten, frequently a fair draft was written over a half-erased first draft, and names of characters routinely changed between the beginning and end of the same draft. Deciphering this was an arduous task, and perhaps only someone with personal experience of J.R.R. and the evolution of his stories could have made any sense of it; even so, Christopher has admitted to having to occasionally guess at what his father intended.

With the help of [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] he managed to compile ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in only four years. During this time he also edited his father's translations of ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', and ''[[Sir Orfeo]]''. He also worked on the ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]'' which was first published in [[1975]] as ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]'' in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''.

Christopher spent the years after continuing to study his father's works and taking the responsibilities of the [[Tolkien Estate]]. He recorded portions of ''The Silmarillion'' in [[1977]] and [[1978]] which was issued by Caedmon Records, New York. In [[1979]] he wrote about his father's illustrations and drawings for their publication in Tolkien calendars and ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Through [[1980]] and [[1983]] Christopher edited ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', ''[[The Monsters and the Critics|The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'', and ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' which was the first volume in his twelve volume series of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', the last of which was published in [[1996]]. In 1998 he edited a new edition of ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' including the poem [[Mythopoeia]]. In [[2007]], he edited ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''. His latest publications have been the editing of ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'' ([[2009]]), ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' ([[2013]]), and ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary ]]'' ([[2014]]).

In 2016, Christopher Tolkien was awarded the [[Wikipedia:Bodley Medal|Bodley Medal]], the [[Wikipedia:Bodleian Libraries|Bodleian Libraries]]' highest honour, for his "''editorial work on his father's manuscripts''" and his "''academic career at the [[University of Oxford]]''".<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2016/nov-03|articlename=Editor and Scholar Christopher Tolkien awarded Bodley Medal|dated=3 November 2016|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=6 November 2016}}</ref>

In August [[2017]], Christopher Tolkien resigned from his appointment as director of the Tolkien Estate.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07842430/officers|articlename=The Tolkien Estate Limited, Officers|dated=|website=[http://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/ Companies House] |accessed=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://tolkienbrasil.com/noticias/sobre-livros/christopher-tolkien-resignou-a-direcao-da-tolkien-estate/|articlename= Christopher Tolkien deixa Tolkien Estate|dated=|website=[http://tolkienbrasil.com/ Tolkien Brasil]|accessed=15 November 2017}}</ref>

Christopher Tolkien died on [[16 January]], [[2020]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Laurent Amalric avec e.e.|articleurl=http://www.varmatin.com/culture/christopher-le-fils-de-jrr-tolkien-sest-eteint-dans-le-var-a-lage-de-95-ans-448318|articlename=Christopher, le fils de J.R.R. Tolkien, s'est éteint dans le Var à l'âge de 95 ans|dated=16 January 2020|website=[http://www.varmatin.com/ Var-martin]|accessed=20 January 2020}}</ref>

==Response to adaptations==
{{Expansion}}
{{Blockquote|...I recognize that this is a debatable and complex question of art, and the suggestions that have been made that I 'disapprove' of the films, whatever their cinematic quality, even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation.|Christopher Tolkien}}

==Family==
Christopher's first wife, [[Faith Tolkien|Faith]] (1928) took an English degree at Oxford and they had one son, [[Simon Tolkien]]. A [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien's bust at Exeter.jpg|bust]] of Tolkien by Faith was exhibited at the Royal Academy: Tolkien paid for its casting in bronze. It is now in the English Library in Oxford.

Christopher's second wife, [[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie]] (1941) is Canadian, and is the daughter of Winnipeg surgeon [[Alan Klass]], and Helen Klass (née Jacob). She has a BA in English from the University of Manitoba and an MA from Oxford. She worked as J.R.R. Tolkien's secretary and was responsible for the section on poetry in the 1965 index to ''The Lord of the Rings''. She later edited ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]''. She and Christopher have two children, [[Adam Tolkien]] and [[Rachel Tolkien]].

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*195?: ''Tolkien Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks Konungs''. C.J.R. Tolkien (Oxford University, Trinity College). B. Litt. thesis. 1953/4. [Year uncertain]
*[[1956]]: ''Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks''. Ed. [E.O.] G. Turville-Petre. London: University College London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1956; introduction by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1958]]: ''The Pardoner's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1958. [29 Oct 58]
*[[1959]]: T''he Nun's Priest's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1959. [28 Feb 60]
*[[1960]]: ''The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise''. Ed. and trans. Christopher Tolkien. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons (Icelandic Texts), 1960. [30 Jun 60]
*[[1969]]: ''The Man of Law's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1969. [Jun 69]
*[[1975]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'' (editor)
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' (editor)
*[[1979]]: ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (editor)
*[[1980]]: ''[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (editor with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'' (editor)
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' (editor)
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' (editor)
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (editor)
*[[1986]]: ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (editor)
*[[1988]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (editor)
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (editor)
*[[1989]]: ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (editor)
*[[1990]]: ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (editor)
*[[1992]]: ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (editor)
*[[1993]]: ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (editor)
*[[1994]]: ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (editor)
*[[1996]]: ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[2007]]: ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' (editor)
*[[2009]]: ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'' (editor)
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' (editor)
*[[2014]]: ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]'' (editor)
*[[2017]]: ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'' (editor)
*[[2018]]: ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'' (editor)

===Articles===
*[[1955]]-[[1956|6]]: ''Saga-Book'' (University College, London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research) 14, part 3 (1955-6), pp. [141]-63.
**"The Battle of the Goths and the Huns"
*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''
**"[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]". J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1975]]: ''[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]''
**[Handwritten note by Christopher Tolkien, dated March 1974, introducing two pages of script by J.R.R. Tolkien]
*[[1980]]: [[Mallorn 14|''Mallorn'' 14]]
** "''The Silmarillion'', by J.R.R. Tolkien: A brief account of the book and its making"
*[[1982]]: [[Quettar 13]], Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9
**"The Tengwar Numerals". Christopher Tolkien ('CRT after JRRT'); rptd. ''Beyond Bree'' Dec. 1984, p. 1. Further, untitled, explanation of Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien ('CRT after JRRT 10 March 1982'), in [[Quettar 14]], May 1982, pp. 6-7.
*[[1983]]: [[Amon Hen 63|''Amon Hen'' 63]], August 1983, p. 4
**"...Future Publishing". Reproduced as 'Statement by Christopher Tolkien' in ''Beyond Bree'', November 1983, p. 2.
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 70|''Amon Hen'' 70]], November 1984, p.3.
**"'Moria Gate' ... Another Look"
*[[1986]]: ''[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]'', pp. 1-3
**"Notes on the Differences in editions of ''The Hobbit'' cited by Mr. David Cofield"
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|The Hobbit]]''. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; fiftieth anniversary edition.
**Foreword
*[[1988]]: ''Beyond Bree'', August 1988, pp. 1-2
**"The BBC Pronunciation Guide to ''The Lord of the Rings''". Nancy Martsch. [About the transcription of Christopher Tolkien's recording of words and names in ''The Lord of the Rings'' for the BBC production by Brian Sibley.]
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', (1994 edition by HarperCollins Publishers, p.1140 of the one-volume edition)
**"A Note on the Maps"
*[[2012]]: ''Le Monde'', 5 July
**"Tolkien, l'anneau de la discorde" by Raphaëlle Rérolle (interview; [http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/my-father-039-s-quot-eviscerated-quot-work-son-of-hobbit-scribe-j.r.r.-tolkien-finally-speaks-out/hobbit-silmarillion-lord-of-rings/c3s10299/ English translation])
*[[2016]]: ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''
**"Note on the text"

===Ephemera===
*[[1976]]: [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1976]]: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford ... Oxford: The Ashmolean Museum, 1976. Introduction by Baillie Tolkien. [?14 Dec 76]
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]'' (pamphlet)
*[[1977]]: [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North [poster]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978. As drawn by Christopher Tolkien for The Silmarillion, with colouring by H.E. Riddett.
*[[1980]]: Letter from Christopher Tolkien to Jared Lobdell, 21 June 1974, reproduced in: Eorclanstanar [Precious Stones] or The Hobbitiana: an offering of rarities by J.R.R. Tolkien [catalogue]. Melissa and Mark Hime [booksellers]. Idyllwild, California: 1980.

===Audio===
*[[1977]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: The Silmarillion: Of Beren and Luthien, read by Christopher Tolkien''. New York: Caedmon Records TC1564, 1977. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)
*[[1978]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: Of the Darkening of Valinor, and Of the Flight of the Noldor, from The Silmarillion, read by Christopher Tolkien''. New York: Caedmon Records TC 1579, 1978. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)
*[[1992]]:''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son'', Read by J.R.R.Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien, HarperCollins Audiobooks.
*[[2007]]: ''The Children of Húrin Audiobook'', Preface and introduction Read by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins Audiobooks.

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
* [[:Category:Images of Christopher Tolkien|Images of Christopher Tolkien]]

==External links==
*[http://www.thehalloffire.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=2250&sid=8cd1494eb408ae53eef603baf6be5ec6 History of the Silmarillion vs. History of Middle-earth] at thehalloffire.net (Quote a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]])

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, Christopher}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Cartographers]]
[[Category:Inklings]]
[[Category:Letter receivers]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]
[[de:Christopher Tolkien]]
[[fi:Christopher Tolkien]]

Battle of the Pelennor Fields

2021-11-23T02:03:12Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Undo revision 338646 by Γιάννης Ευαγγελίου (talk) Unnecessary word

{{disambig-more|Battle of the Pelennor Fields|[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields (disambiguation)]]}}
{{cleanup}}{{sources}}
{{battle
|image=[[File:Per Sjögren - The Battle of the Pelennor Fields.jpg|300px]]
|name=Battle of the Pelennor Fields
|conflict=[[War of the Ring]]
|date=[[15 March]] {{TA|3019}}
|place=[[Minas Tirith]] and [[Pelennor Fields]], [[Gondor]]
|result=Victory of Gondor and Rohan
|side1=[[Gondor]], [[Rohan]]
|side2= [[Mordor]], [[Harad]], [[Rhûn]], [[Khand]]
|commanders1=*[[Denethor]] †
*[[Gandalf]]
*[[Imrahil]]
*[[Hirluin]] †
*[[Théoden]] †
*[[Grimbold]] †
*[[Forlong]] †
*[[Éomer]]
*[[Aragorn]]
| commanders2=*The [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] †
*[[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]
| forces1= ~3,000 defenders of Minas Tirith 6,000 Rohirrim reinforcements Unknown Gondor reinforcements
| forces2=Unknown total strength, but vast numerical superiority to Gondor's forces
*18,000 Haradrim
| casual1=Severe, including [[Théoden|King Théoden]] of [[Rohan]]
| casual2=Near-total, including a chieftain of the [[Haradrim]] and the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]]
}}
{{wotr}}
The '''Battle of the Pelennor Fields''' was the greatest battle of the [[War of the Ring]], and indeed the largest of the entire [[Third Age]].

==History==
===Prelude===
{{seealso|Siege of Gondor}}
After the fall of [[Osgiliath]] there was no longer a barrier against the forces of [[Mordor]], which moved onto the [[Pelennor Fields]] on [[15 March]] {{TA|3019}} as the [[The Darkness|Great Darkness]] blotted out the sun. Almost all of Minas Tirith's civilian population was evacuated prior to the siege, and were sent southward to Gondor's southern fiefdoms.<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref>

===Opposing Forces===

Mordor's troops consisted of some 18,000 [[Haradrim]],<ref name="Rohirrim">{{RK|V5}}</ref> several Haradrim war [[Oliphaunts]], unknown number of [[Easterlings]], and tens of thousands of [[Orcs]]{{fact}}. This army was the largest that had been fielded in over 3,000 years, so massive that "an army [of such size] had never issued from that vale since the days of Isildur’s might; no host so fell and strong in arms had yet assailed the fords of Anduin; and yet it was but one and not the greatest of the hosts that Mordor now sent forth."<ref>{{TT|IV8}}</ref>

The defenders' numbers were considerably less. The city was initially garrisoned by the [[Guards of the Citadel]], who numbered three companies (possibly more),<REf>{{RK|V1}}</ref> totaling probably several hundred men. Less than 3,000 men from southern [[Gondor]] answered their call for aid before the siege commenced, including 200 "well-armed" men from Forlong, 700 men-at-arms plus "a company of knights" from Imrahil, 300 foot from Ringlo Vale, 500 bowmen from Duinhir, 300 men from Pinnath Gelin, "a few grim hillmen without a captain" from Lamedon, "a line" of "hunters and herdsmen and men of little villages, scantily equipped" from Anfalas, and 100 "fisher-folk" from Ethin.<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref> The Rohirrim relief force numbered 6,000.<ref name="Rohirrim"/>

===Battle===
Mordor's hosts set fire to the plains and farms outside of the city and hewed apart anyone they found, living or dead. The Orcs began digging trenches and setting up siege equipment and catapults. These were out of range of the city's defenses, as was the city out of theirs. Some of the defenders laughed and mocked this effort, one even claiming that Sauron himself could not break through Minas Tirith's walls.<ref name="Siege">{{RK|V4}}</ref>

Their laughter turned to peril and fear, however, when Mordor's massive catapults flung their shot extremely high, well over the city's walls and into the first level. Through Sauron's arts many projectiles detonated and burst into flame. Along with these the Orcs also launched the heads of Gondor's fallen soldiers and other men they had slain over the walls, causing despair among the defenders.<ref name="Siege" /> However, these machines still could not inflict serious harm to the immense first wall, so the great battering ram [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] (named after [[Morgoth]]'s [[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|weapon]] from the First Age) was put into action.

At midnight Grond rolled to the face of the city. The [[Witch-king]] cried out evil spells unto it, and it broke the mighty main gate in only three swings. The Witch-king rode into the city unchallenged, save by [[Gandalf]]. Before Gandalf's strength was put to the test, however, the cock crowed and the horns of [[Rohan]] were heard as around 6,000 of their riders joined the battle. Mordor's strategy for keeping Rohan out of the battle had failed twice, both through the defeat at Helm's Deep and the blockade in Anórien. Thus, the Witch-king was forced to ride out and attack them instead of fighting Gandalf and destroying the city.

King [[Théoden]]'s charge drove the Mordor forces from the northern half of the field, charging the Haradrim cavalry. He threw down a chieftain of the Haradrim and cut down his standardbearer who bore a Standard with a [[Black Serpent]].<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref> Mordor's forces counter-attacked, however, and the Witch-king, having ridden out to fight Rohan's charge, set upon them and racked them with fear.
[[File:Laurent Alquier - Éowyn's Stand in the Pelennor Fields.jpg|thumb|left|''Éowyn's Stand in the Pelennor Fields'' by [[:Category:Images by Laurent Alquier|Laurent Alquier]]]]
When the Witch-king's fell flying beast attacked King Théoden of Rohan, the king's horse [[Snowmane]] lost control, and was hit by a black dart. Snowmane fell with the king atop him, and the horse landed on him, mortally wounding him. All around the King were his slain men, and any survivors fled from the Witch-king's terrifying visage. The fell beast raked its claws upon Snowmane's neck and readied to devour Théoden, but the warrior [[Dernhelm]], defending the king's body, stood tearful yet defiant, forbidding the Witch-king to defile the king's corpse. The Witch-king mocked him, telling him that no living man might hinder him. Éowyn threw off her disguise as Dernhelm and revealed herself as "no man at all". The Black Captain remained silent, as if he hesitated slightly due to [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy, but heeded it no longer, ignoring the [[hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] nearby and attacking Éowyn with great malice. She slew his fell beast, but the Witch-king rose from it, towering over her. With a violent cry, he threw his black mace upon her shield, splintering it and shattering her arm. She fell to her knees in bitter pain and he loomed over her, raising his mace to kill her. However, before he could do so, the Witch-king too fell; Merry had wounded him with a sword that had been forged centuries before during the war between [[Arnor]] and [[Angmar]] and which contained spells against the Witch-king. The spells finally found their target, for the Witch-king was distracted and possibly seriously weakened. Éowyn, with her last strength, drove her sword into the Witch-king's crown, her sword shattering and the Black Captain of Mordor slain, his spirit fading into a shrill voice on the wind. The [[Black Breath]] caused both Merry and Éowyn to become gravely ill, and Éowyn's ruined arm kept her from fighting any further that day. They were sent to the [[Houses of Healing]] in the city, and command of the Rohirrim then passed to Théoden's nephew and heir, Third Marshal Éomer. Though a the Witch-king's death was a demoralizing blow to Mordor's forces on the field, they held together, and Gothmog, Lieutenant of Minas Morgul, assumed command.

At the same time, [[Faramir]], son of [[Denethor]], Steward of Gondor, was also gravely wounded. Despairing at the visions of defeat that [[Sauron]] had sent him via his ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'', and believing Faramir to be beyond aid, Denethor prepared to burn himself and his son upon a funeral pyre.<ref>{{RK|V7}}</ref> Only the intervention of [[Peregrin Took]] and Gandalf saved Faramir, although Denethor immolated himself before they could prevent him.

Meanwhile, the battle turned against the Rohirrim. The Southrons charged with their Mûmakil and wherever they went horses went wild with fear or were trampled underfoot, and the forces of Mordor rallied around them like islands of defence that the Rohirrim cavalry could not overtake. Éomer, grim after the death of Théoden but shocked by the unexpected (seeming) death of his sister Éowyn, the last living member of his family, flew into a [[berserker]] rage and charged his cavalry headlong into the larger enemy forces. So great was the wrath of the outnumbered Rohirrim at the death of their King that they broke through the superior Mordor forces, hammering deep wedges into the Mordor legions' front lines. His fury betrayed him, however; the horses panicked at the sight of the towering Mûmakil, and the Haradrim retreated amongst them. Gothmog retaliated against Éomer's advance, sending fierce Variags, elite Haradrim warriors, and monstrous Troll-men against the Rohirrim, and they were set into despair. The cavalry of Rohan were cut off from the rest of their allies. Éomer and his forces retreated to the docks near the Harlond south of the city where he desperately circled up his men on a hill and prepared to fight to the death. When he saw enemy reinforcements sailing up the River [[Anduin]], he sang a solemn and sorrowful dirge, though laughed as he did, preparing to die defiantly as Rohan's final leader.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - The Black Serpent founders.jpg|right|thumb|''The Black Serpent founders'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
One of the visions that Denethor had seen was of a fleet of enemy ships with black sails arriving at the landings to the south of the Pelennor in the Rammas, but what he had not seen was that they were actually manned by [[Aragorn]] and other [[Rangers of the North]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]], [[Elladan]], [[Elrohir]] and many reinforcements from southern fiefdoms of Gondor.<ref name="Debate">{{RK|V9}}</ref> As Aragorn's army drove north, a great part of Mordor's forces were pinned between Aragorn and Éomer's cavalry, and were "caught between the hammer and the anvil". Without the Witch-king's leadership, and with vast numbers encroaching them on all sides, many of Mordor's troops panicked and began to flee. Aragorn's army then linked with Éomer's, and with their aid the tide of battle was finally turned. Despite the Orcs engaging in a cowardly and disorganized retreat, many Easterlings and Haradrim held their ground and fought proudly to the death, delaying the Western host and allowing others to rout. The vicinity of the Rammas Echor was soon empty of Sauron's forces, and a brief respite was won until the [[Battle of the Morannon|final battle]] before the [[Morannon|Black Gate]].

=== Aftermath ===
There is no clearly stated final death toll for the Battle of Pelennor Fields. There is a definite figure for the army of the Rohirrim that came to Gondor's defence; it consisted of 6,000 riders,<ref name="Rohirrim"/> and a full 2,000 were killed in the battle,<ref name="Debate"/> including Théoden. Of the 6 to 7 thousand Gondorian defenders of Minas Tirith, and the large relief force of Gondor's southern provinces led by Aragorn, no definite figure remains. Two days after the battle, Aragorn led an army out to attack the Black Gate that consisted of 7,000 men (reduced to less than 6,000 by the time it reaches the Black Gate): 2,000 Rohirrim and 5,000 Gondorians. The size of Aragorn's relief force may have been over 5,000 or as little as 1,000: it is never stated. Éomer stated that many Rohirrim horses were killed or wounded and that, he could not "hope to lead even two thousands" and that it would be over half of his mounted force in the Last Debate. He sent three thousand riders with Elfhelm to attack the northern army in Anorien before the main army marched to the black gate. Forlong, Grimbold, Théoden, and Hirluin were slain in combat, and the near-defeat of Gondor led Steward Denethor to commit suicide during the siege. Minas Tirith itself suffered heavily in the siege, and its strongest gate was broken.

A grey rain fell over the city and the plains following the battle's end, putting out many fires much to the relief of its inhabitants, though most of the lower level was still a smouldering ruin. Despite their losses, the arrival of reinforcements from the southern fiefs allowed Gondor to maintain a larger garrison in the city after the Siege than it had at the outset. In all, though no exact number was given as to Gondor's casualties, it is said that "No few had fallen, renowned or nameless, captain or soldier; for it was a great battle and the full count of it no tale has told." The sight of so many slain brought the weary Merry to tears.

Although a victory, at the subsequent Last Debate, Gandalf counselled that militarily, Sauron would still defeat them. The Free Peoples had managed to destroy an army outnumbering them as much as 5 to 1, but lost nearly half of their own forces, including some of their greatest lords. Sauron had suffered a defeat, but he still had other legions and the force that attacked Minas Tirith, while substantial, was but a fraction of his total strength. Rohan and Gondor had been able to secure their flanks, eliminating the threat of Isengard and the Corsairs on the southern coasts, but Gandalf counselled that even with all of their forces concentrated in the main front near Minas Tirith, it would simply result in a war of attrition; either defensively or offensively, Sauron's might would prevail. Thus, it was agreed that it was impossible to achieve a conventional military victory through strength of arms, and instead to risk all on a last throw of the dice by Aragorn leading a diversionary attack on the Black Gate to aid Frodo's passage in Mordor.<ref name="Debate"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The Battle was to happen in [[14 March]], but Tolkien decided that Aragorn would need more time to arrive. After briefly considering to put the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]] sooner, and giving also more time to [[Frodo]]/[[Sam]] and the "[[Hornburg]] ride", he decided to move the battle a day later.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. xlv</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:The battle is the major centrepiece of the last film, although some of the events described above are simplified or altered for cinematic purposes. The Gondorian forces from the kingdom's fiefs are absent, replaced only by the [[Rohirrim]]. These are joined by Aragorn leading the "[[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]]" (instead of the Gondorian reinforcements) at the very end of the battle. Importance is given to the charge of the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]], the death of [[Théoden]], and the [[Witch-king]]'s demise at the hands of [[Éowyn]].

:The battle begins with [[Sauron]]'s forces marching on the city and firing a volley of severed [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] heads over the walls (as in the book). Seeing [[Mordor]]'s overwhelming army, [[Denethor]] despairs, and [[Gandalf]] assumes command of the defenders. Both Sauron's army and the defenders of [[Minas Tirith]] exchange fire by way of catapults and trebuchets. Many Orcs and a few dozen Gondorian soldiers were killed, whilst some catapults and siege towers were destroyed. Then the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], mounted on top of their [[fell beasts]], descended from the skies, spreading fear throughout the city and destroying many catapults. Meanwhile, [[Trolls]] bring forth the siege towers and engage the Gondorian troops and Gandalf in combat throughout the night. As the battle continues in the dark, the [[Orcs]] bring forth a giant battering ram named [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] and, with it, the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith]] is shattered, allowing the Orcs, Trolls, and [[Wargs]] to invade the city. In the book, the populace was almost entirely evacuated before the battle. In the movie, the women and children remained, and many were slaughtered in the lower levels.

:By morning, the Gondorian soldiers had taken heavy casualties and retreated to the higher levels of Minas Tirith. There, Gandalf helps them to hold out until Théoden and six thousand Rohirrim arrive, decimating the invading Orcs and routing the Witch-king's right flank; however, [[Sauron]]'s reserves soon arrive with several [[Oliphaunts]], commanded by the [[Haradrim]], who turn the tide against the Rohirrim. Fortunately, [[Aragorn]] arrives later with the Army of the Dead (see [[Paths of the Dead]]), and they crush the remainder of Sauron's forces before entering Minas Tirith.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of the Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Images of the Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]
[[de:Schlacht auf dem Pelennor]]
[[fr:encyclo:evenements:3a:guerres:bataille_des_champs_du_pelennor]]
[[fi:Pelennorin kenttien taistelu]]

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-10-04T12:17:33Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

[[Category: American users]]
{{user infobox| image=| name=Holdwine Meriadoc| othernames=| position=Gatekeeper, [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]| language=American English, Latin, learning Attic Greek, mediocre Spanish, some [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]| location=USA| occupation=Student| birth= 6 Astron (28 March)| birthlocation=| age=| gender=Female| height=Approximately 1.66 [[Rangar]]| hair=Blonde| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
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==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books, and have taken the example of the late, great Sir [[Christopher Lee]] and committed to reading the entire trilogy at least once every year since I first read it.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the LotR movie trilogy, but I do not at all think they surpass or have the same quality as the real thing. The Hobbit trilogy is decent in my mind, but much less so.

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And, as a Generation Z hardcore Tolkien fan, I also have a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes no one else would get.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above mostly as filler space on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-09-16T18:46:31Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

[[Category: American users]]
{{user infobox| image=| name=Holdwine Meriadoc| othernames=| position=Gatekeeper, [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]| language=American English, Latin, learning Attic Greek, mediocre Spanish, some [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]| location=USA| occupation=Student| birth= 6 Astron (28 March)| birthlocation=| age=| gender=Female| height=Approximately 1.66 [[Rangar]]| hair=Blonde| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user en-N}}
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{{User 500e}}
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{{User Elves}}
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{{user aelfwine-yes}}
{{user balrogwings}}
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==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books, and have taken the example of the late, great Sir [[Christopher Lee]] and committed to reading the entire trilogy at least once every year since I first read it.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the LotR movie trilogy, but I do not at all think they surpass or have the same quality as the real thing. The Hobbit trilogy is decent in my mind, but much less so.

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And, as a Generation Z hardcore Tolkien fan, I also have a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes no one else would get.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above mostly as filler space on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

Númenóreans

2021-09-10T00:36:12Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Shadow falls */ Added link to the correct Míriel

{{disambig-two|the inhabitants of Númenor|descendants they had on [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]]|[[Dúnedain]]}}
{{people infobox
| name=Númenóreans
| image=[[File:Liz Danforth - Isildur.png|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Liz Danforth - Isildur.png|Isildur]]" by Liz Danforth
| pronun={{respell|noo|meh|nor|ee-ans}}
| othernames=''Adûnâim'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]), ''[[Dúnedain]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Go-hilleg'' ([[Dunlendish|D]]), [[Tarkil|Tarkildi]] ([[Quenya|Q]]), Kings of Men, Men of Númenor, Men of the Sea, Men of Westernesse, Mighty of the West, Sea-kings, Tall Men
| origin=[[Edain]] of [[Beleriand]] granted a new homeland by the [[Valar]] after the [[War of Wrath]]
| location=[[Númenor]], [[Eriador]], [[Harad]], [[Umbar]], [[Pelargir]], later [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Faithful]], [[King's Men]], [[Realms in Exile]], [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| members=[[Elros]], [[Tar-Aldarion]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]]
| lifespan=Númenóreans - c. 200+ years<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref>[[Kings of Númenor]] - c. 400 years (later diminished)<ref name=Line/> ''[[#Characteristics|See below]]''
| distinctions=The mightiest of [[Men]] in both nobility and body
| height=Tall, typically 7 feet.<ref name=Dwarves>{{PM|X}}</ref>
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Bows<ref name=Description>{{UT|3}}, p. 170</ref>
}}
<center>{{quote|So great was the might and splendour of the Númenóreans that Sauron's own servants deserted him.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]}}</center>
'''Númenóreans''' or '''[[Dúnedain]]''' were the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]], descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who were granted the island of [[Elenna]] as a dwelling place. Eventually, they turned against the [[Valar]], and their island home was destroyed in the last years of the [[Second Age]].

==Origins==
{{seealso|Edain}}
The Númenóreans were descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who proved themselves great allies of the [[Elves]], from whom they gathered knowledge of all things surrounding them. The two races fought together against [[Morgoth]].

During that Age, unions of Elves and Men were made; [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] whose son, [[Dior|Dior Eluchíl]], married [[Nimloth of Doriath]] and [[Elwing]] was born. [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]], the second couple, were parents of [[Eärendil]]. Elwing and Eärendil met at the [[Havens of Sirion]] and from their union twins were born: [[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]. To the two [[Half-elven|half-elves]], the Valar gave a choice: Elros chose to join the race of men, whereas Elrond chose to join the elves.

The Edain fought with the [[Host of Valinor]] in the [[War of Wrath]] and were victorious, the Edain were honoured and blessed by [[Eönwë]] in body and mind for their part in the [[Wars of Beleriand|war]] and the [[Valar]] rewarded the Edain by giving them a place to dwell outside the troubled world of [[Middle-earth]]. [[Ulmo]] raised an island halfway between [[Endor]] and [[Aman]] which the Edain named [[Elenna]], later known as the island of [[Númenor]].<ref name=akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> The first ships of the Edain arrived to their new home in {{SA|32}} by following the [[Star of Eärendil]], Elros became the first [[King of Númenor]] and established the Realm of Númenor.<ref name=Line/> For the next fifty years the majority of the Edain in Middle-earth gradually migrated to Númenor.<ref>{{PM|V}}, §5</ref>

==History==
[[File:Turner Mohan - Númenórean Armor (early Second Age).jpg|thumb|''Númenórean Armor (early Second Age)'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
===Early history===
The Númenóreans built a mighty seafaring civilisation, their lore and craft were advanced and enriched by the knowledge of the [[Eldar]] and their body and mind grew in stature, gaining long life thrice more than the Men in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=Line/> They excelled in 'ship-building and sea-craft' and became skilled mariners.<ref name=akallabeth/>

They held the Eldar in close friendship and the white ships from [[Tol Eressëa]] brought many gifts to Númenor such as birds, flowers, and healing herbs. One notable gift was a seedling of [[Celeborn, White Tree|Celeborn]], the White Tree of Tol Eressëa which grew at the courts of the King in [[Armenelos]] and it was named [[Nimloth (tree)|Nimloth]]<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Return to Middle-earth===
Due to the fact that the [[Ban of the Valar]] restricted them from sailing [[Undying Lands|West]], the Númenóreans began to explore the eastern part of the [[Arda|world]], reaching the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}}.<ref name=APSA>{{App|SA}}</ref> They sailed to [[Lindon]] and established a friendship with [[Gil-galad]] and the [[Elves of Lindon]].<ref name=UTAE3/>

The Men in [[Eriador]] were filled with wonder at their coming for the Men of Middle-earth had long lived under the [[Shadow]], a period known as the [[Dark Years]], and because of this they grown weak and fearful. The Númenóreans began to cultivate their new friends teaching them agriculture, stonemasonry and smithying.<ref name=akallabeth/> They also discovered that while their languages were different, they both had a common origin and were able to converse with each other over simple matters.<ref name=UTAE3>{{UT|4}}, note 3</ref> The Númenóreans never dwelt long in the shores of Middle-earth, but the [[Middle Men|Men]], who populated the western shores, were comforted. They revered the memory of the tall Sea-kings whom they remembered as gods hoping each time for their return.<ref name=akallabeth/>
[[Image:Eric Faure-Brac - Erendis.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''Erendis'' by Eric Faure-Brac]]
In the following decades there was increased activity between Númenór and Middle-earth, mariners returning from their voyages brought with them ore and jewels. In {{SA|750}} the [[Guild of Venturers]] was founded by [[Aldarion]] and many young and eager men joined.<ref name>{{UT|4}}, Notes, Chronology</ref> Their vessels grew greater and larger and were now able to make far and long voyages.

Aldarion established [[Vinyalondë]] at the mouth of the [[Gwathló]], a haven for the purpose of repairs, ship building and collection of timber. The Númenóreans began to escalate their tree felling around the dense forests of [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]], but their enterprise created animosity between them and the [[Pre-Númenóreans|native men]] living there and the forest-dwellers attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could until they were expelled from their forest homes. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, great tracks and roads whom they drove into the forests northwards and southwards from the Gwathló and continued battling and destroying what lied ahead of them, pushing into Minhiriath and Enedwaith.<ref name=UTLD>{{UT|6d}}</ref>

In {{SA|882}} Gil-galad warned [[Tar-Meneldur]] that a new shadow is rising in the East, instigated by a [[Sauron|servant]] of [[Morgoth]], and asked for aid when the time comes to help defend Eriador against this new threat.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>{{rp|199-200}} The Númenóreans began the preparation of force and supplies for war.<ref name=CGC>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

In the early [[Second Age 1200|thirteenth century]] of the Second Age, the Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle-earth.<ref name=APSA/> Later these settlements were under increased pressure from raiders as [[Sauron]] drew closer to the Númenórean sphere of influence. He recruited the natives that had a hatred of Númenór and used them as spies and guides. Though Sauron had not enough force to assault the forts at the Haven or along the banks of the Gwathló his raiders wreaked havoc on the fringes of the forests, burning trees and wood-stores of the Númenóreans.<ref name=UTLD/>

The Númenóreans participated in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], though they arrived late to the conflict in {{SA|1700}}<ref name=APSA/> due to delays<ref name=CGC/> and when most of Eriador was already ruined. [[Tar-Minastir]]'s fleet turned the tide of the war and Sauron was decisively defeated in the [[Battle of the Gwathló]]. Sauron was forced to retreat to [[Mordor]] and vowed vengeance upon the Númenóreans and there was peace in the [[Westlands]].<ref name=CGC/>

===Shadow falls===
[[File:Turner Mohan - Númenórean Armor (late Second Age).jpg|thumb|''Númenórean Armor (late Second Age)'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
The first sign of the Shadow falling upon Númenór was said to have begun in the reign of Tar-Minastir, he loved the Eldar - and aided them in their most desperate hour against Sauron - but he also envied them.<ref name=Line/> Over time, the Númenóreans began questioning the [[Ban of the Valar]] and the [[Gift of Men]], and the fear of death crept into their hearts, so the [[Firstborn]] became envied for their immortality.<ref name=akallabeth/>

About {{SA|1800}}, the Númenóreans began establishing dominions on the coasts of Middle-earth and their attitude towards the Men of Middle-earth changed, where once they were teachers and friends they now subjugated them and levied heavy tribute to the the native populace, desiring wealth and power. This occurred during the reigns of [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and his son [[Tar-Atanamir]].<ref name=APSA/> It was during the reign of Tar-Atanamir that the Shadow upon Númenór was on its noontide. The Númenóreans that followed his lore spoke openly against the [[Valar]] and Eldar<ref name=Line/> though they still feared retaliation from the Valar if they broke the ban.<ref name=akallabeth/>

During the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]], the Númenóreans became divided into two parties; the [[Faithful]] or [[Elf-friends]] and the [[King's Men]].<ref name=Line/> Those that followed the King abandoned the use of the [[Eldarin]] tongues and were estranged from the Eldar and Valar while the Faithful were still friends with the Eldar.<ref name=APNK>{{App|A1i}}</ref> The King's Men explored the coasts of Middle-earth far southward, establishing landing and trading posts that grew into cruel vice-kingdoms which left many rumours in the legends of Men, although the Eldar did not know about them,<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> such as [[Umbar]].<ref group=note>It is unclear when Umbar was founded, in [[Appendix B]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' it is mentioned that it was fortified in {{SA|2280}} which means that it had existed in some form prior to that date.</ref> The Faithful Númenóreans played no part in this and in {{SA|2350}} [[Pelargir]] was built by them and it became their chief haven.<ref name=APSA/>

When [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] ascended to the throne in {{SA|2899}}<ref name=APSA/> he was the first king to choose an [[Adûnaic]] name and began to persecute the Faithful, punishing all those who would speak the Elven tongues openly. In the end, the Eldar came no more to the land of Númenor.<ref name=APNK/> However there was some respite for the Faithful under the rule of [[Tar-Palantir]] who sought to repent the actions of his predecessors and gain back the favour of the Valar.<ref name=Line/>

[[Tar-Palantir]]'s policies were met with opposition by his brother [[Gimilkhâd]] who led the King's party, when he died his son [[Pharazôn]] returned to Númenór and led a rebellion against the king. When Tar-Palantir died his daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]], according to the [[Law of Succession in Númenor|New Law]], had the right to inherit the throne, but Pharazôn forced her into marriage, and usurped the [[Sceptre of Númenor|Sceptre]] for himself, becoming known as Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Sauron's corruption===
In {{SA|3261}}<ref name=APSA/> Ar-Pharazôn returned to Middle-earth with a mighty host to challenge the threat of Sauron. So mighty were the Númenóreans that the servants of Sauron fled even before the battle began and their leader was taken as a prisoner back to the island of Elenna. Through numerous lies he poisoned the mind of the king and became master of his council, changing even the religion of the Númenóreans and turning them into servants of the dark lord [[Morgoth]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Downfall===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Queen Tar-Míriel and the Great Wave.jpg|thumb|left|''Queen Tar-Miriel and the Great Wave'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}
As the shadow of death approached Ar-Pharazôn Sauron now urged the king to take immortality by force and invade Aman. The Númenóreans now began preparations for war with the Valar and this raised the anger of [[Manwë]] who sent his eagle-shaped storm clouds to Númenor. Lightning struck the land, including the temple of Melkor, where human sacrifices were made. Because Sauron himself stood in their path and was not hurt by them, the Númenóreans were deceived even more into thinking he was their rightful god.<ref name=akallabeth/>

Ar-Pharazôn sailed at the head of his fleet known as the [[Great Armament]], led by the flagship [[Alcarondas]], set course towards Valinor and reached Tol Eressëa. His pride fooled him into thinking that the inhabitants of Aman would not stand in his way, because the land was quiet and peaceful, and thus he set camp near the [[Túna]] hill. But Manwë, the Elder King, was aware of what transpired, and the Valar then laid down the Guardianship of Arda. Ilúvatar responded by catastrophically changing the shape of Arda. The Númenóreans present in Valinor were buried under the hills which fell upon them, and on the great island, fire erupted from the top of [[Meneltarma]]. The land crumbled into pieces and a great wave swept over it and buried the island at the bottom of the sea. Its people were taken by the waters, and this tragedy brought an end to the Númenórean realm, in {{SA|3319}}.<ref name=akallabeth/>

===Legacy===
[[File:Turner Mohan - Out Of The Sea I Am Come.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Out Of The Sea I am Come'' by Turner Mohan]]
Few of the remaining Númenóreans in the island survived the Downfall, these were the Elendili led by Elendil and his sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]]. They escaped the [[Akallabêth]] with nine ships, a seedling of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], which Isildur had rescued the night before its destruction and the Seven [[Seeing-stones]]. Cast ashore by the storm on the western lands of Middle-earth, they founded the Númenórean realms in exile: [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name=akallabeth/>

Other Númenóreans survived the Downfall, these were of the King's Men that settled in Middle-earth. They continued to serve Sauron and was later known as the [[Black Númenóreans]]. Their chief haven was [[Umbar]].<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Long after the Fall, there was a belief among those who survived it that the Holy Mountain Meneltarma was not swallowed by the waters but instead raised to be a new island of its own. The heirs of Elendil built great ships once more and set on its search, not only because they yearned for their home, but also because from that point, the top of Meneltarma, Tol Eressëa could be spotted and their hearts still desired to reach the West, against all warnings. But they never found the top of Meneltarma and their voyages served only to discover that Arda was a round world.<ref name=akallabeth/>

==Culture==
===Language===
The Númenóreans spoke [[Adunaic]], a [[Mannish]] language that descended from the Mannish languages spoken in [[Beleriand]]. However, their forefathers, the Edain, had learned [[Sindarin]] which was passed on to Númenor. As a language of lore, it changed only a little with the millennia. Educated Númenóreans also studied [[Quenya]], having a prestige above all other tongues.<ref name=Appendices>{{App|Men}}</ref>

===Religion and tradition===
Towards the middle of Mittalmar stood the Mountain [[Meneltarma]], the sacred place on which [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] was worshipped. Its flattened top was wide enough to contain a great crowd during the three yearly ceremonies ([[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]] and [[Eruhantalë]]). These took place in absolute silence while climbing its slopes. Soon after {{SA|3262}} these religious beliefs were abandoned and the worshipping of [[Morgoth|Melkor]] began. It was done in a cylindrical temple near the city of Armenelos built especially for this, and it involved sacrificing men and women over a great fire, whose first flames were lit from the logs of [[Nimloth the Fair]], white tree of Númenor, when Sauron ordered it felled.

Every autumn they observed the [[Great Bear Dance]].<ref name="NOME">{{NM|P3m}}, p. 494</ref>

Whenever ships sailed from Númenor, the custom of the [[Green Bough of Return]] took place. A branch from the [[Fragrant Trees|Fragrant Tree]] [[Oiolairë]] was set at the prow as a symbol of good fortune by a Númenórean woman, close relative to the captain of the ship. [[Erendis]], wife of Tar-Aldarion, refused to do so in disagreement with her husband's frequent voyages towards Middle-earth, breaking this tradition for the first time.

===Daily life===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean helmet.jpg|thumb|Númenórean helmet by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
Many of the inhabitants of Númenor were fishermen. Along with the grains cultivated in Orrostar, fish was the main food source for the Númenóreans.

The Dúnedain were skilled in riding and loved horses. They could even call them in their thoughts if bound by friendship. Númenor had no paved roads so that the carriages could move on them more easily. From the [[Noldor]] they learned the art of forging swords, axes, spears, knives, but mostly bows; their arrows resembled dark clouds falling upon the enemies.

The Númenóreans, were skilled in the art of husbandry, breeding great horses that roamed across the open plains in Mittalmar.

The greatest love of the Númenóreans was the sea and the building of the largest ships. Most were built at the command of Tar-Aldarion, who also established the [[Guild of Venturers]]. The ship ''[[Eämbar]]'' was their headquarters.

==Characteristics==
[[File:Ivan Ulicny - The Age of Númenor.jpg|thumb|''The Age of Númenor'' by Ivan Ulicny]]
The average Númenórean was taller than two [[Ranga]]r or 6'4". Elendil was the tallest of Men who escaped the Downfall, mentioned to be almost 2.5 [[rangar]] tall, 7'11" or 2.41 m.<ref>{{UT|Linear}}</ref>

[[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that Tolkien developed his thinking on the longevity of Númenóreans: originally he suggested that Númenóreans not of the [[Line of Elros]] lived for 200 years - or three times normal men - with royal kindred living 400 years. However, in later writings this was changed to a smaller difference between royals and non-royals, with Númenóreans living "five times" that of normal men, or 300-350 years. Those of the House of Elros were consistenly at c. 400 years, although this was later diminished due to their rebellion.<ref name=Line/> This longer lifespan resulted in an older age of adulthood: 25 years.<ref name=Aldarion></ref>{{rp|174}}

==Other names==
In their own language, the Númenóreans were named '''''Adûnâim'''''.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 247</ref>

The Númenóreans were also known as '''High Men'''.<ref name=Dwarves>
</ref>{{rp|312, 427}}<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 101</ref> (Cf. [[Middle Men]]). They were also known as "Sea-kings", "Men of the Sea" and "Lords of the Sea".<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 297</ref>

They were known as '''''Go-hilleg''''' by the [[Dunlendings]].<ref>{{HM|PM}}, "Index", entry "Go-hilleg"</ref>

''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is explicit in noting that "Númenoreans" and "Dúnedain" are synonymous terms, meaning the same thing. Nevertheless, it seems more usual to call those born in [[Númenor]] "'''Númenoreans'''" and their descendants living in [[Middle-earth]] post-[[Akallabêth]] "'''Dúnedain'''".

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier drafts of the ''Akallabêth'', it introduced the notion of the Númenóreans using aerial craft.<ref>{{LR|P1II1}}</ref> After the destruction of their island they devise ships that 'sail in the air of breath'.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}, §12</ref> The mechanics is not explored and was discarded in the story later.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}, Commentary on the first version of The Fall of Númenor, §12</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Númenórean soldiers, as well as [[Elendil]] and [[Isildur]], appear in the film's prologue in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings on Prime]]'':'''
:Númenóreans will feature in this series, which is set in the Second Age.

==See also==
*[[King of Númenor]]
*[[Black Númenóreans]]
*[[Dúnedain]]
*[[Akallabêth]]
==External links==
*[http://www.stephenwigmore.com/2016/09/the-population-of-numenor-through-2nd.html The population of Númenor] - A theory about the Númenóreans's population numbers on Númenor and Middle-earth during the Second Age, by Stephen Wigmore
{{references|n}}
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[fi:Númenorilaiset]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/numenoreens]]

Hobbits

2021-08-22T21:32:49Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Undo revision 334612 by 188.114.110.153 (talk)

{{sources}}
{{disambig-more|Hobbits|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}{{people infobox
| name=Hobbits
| image=[[File:Inger Edelfeldt - A Long Expected Party.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Inger Edelfeldt - A Long Expected Party.jpg|A Long Expected Party]]" by [[Inger Edelfeldt]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Banakil, Halflings, Holbytlan, Kuduk, Little People, Periannath
| origin=
| location=[[The Shire]], [[Bree-land]]
| affiliation=[[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Hobbitish]] (a regional dialect of [[Westron]])
| members=[[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], [[Sméagol]], [[Bandobras Took]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]]
| lifespan=c. 96<ref name="LOTRProjectStats">{{webcite|author=Emil Johansson|articleurl=http://lotrproject.com/statistics/#lifeexpectancy|articlename=Lord of the Rings in Statistics|website=[http://lotrproject.com/ Lord of the Rings Project]|accessed=09-September-2012}}</ref>
| distinctions=[[Gift of Men|Mortality]], diminutive stature, furry feet
| height=2-4 ft or 0.6-1.2 m (often less than three feet in later days)
| hair=Typically curly brown, rarely blond (until the [[Fourth Age]]), and white and grey in later years
| skin=Nut-brown to White
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[An Unexpected Party]]"}}
'''Hobbits''' were a small race that typically dwelt underground, believed to be related to [[Men]]. They played little role in history, save during the [[War of the Ring]].

==Description and culture==
{{quote|There is more in you of good than you know, child of the kindly [[Eriador|West]]. Some courage and some wisdom, blended in measure. If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world.|[[Thorin Oakenshield]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[The Return Journey]]"}}

Hobbits were between three to four feet tall, the average height being 3 feet 6 inches (some seldom exceeded 3<ref name=atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>), with short legs, slightly pointed ears<ref>{{L|27}}</ref> and furry feet with leathery soles, resulting in most never wearing shoes. Compared to the [[Dwarves]] they are a bit shorter and less stout or stocky. Early in their recorded history, Hobbits were divided in three kinds with different customs and temperament. The '''[[Stoors]]''' grew facial hair and had an affinity for water, boats and swimming and wore boots; the '''[[Fallohides]]''' were fair, tall and slim, an adventurous people, friendlier and more open to outsiders. Finally, the '''[[Harfoots]]''' were the most numerous and instituted the living in burrows. In later days the Harfoot traits became the "norm".

Hobbits had a life span somewhat longer than Men of non-[[Númenórean]] descent, averaging between 90 and 100 years. The time at which a young hobbit "came of age" was 33.<ref name=FRI1>{{FR|I1}}</ref> The two oldest-living recorded hobbits (except [[Gollum]]) were The [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]] (who reached the age of 130) and [[Bilbo Baggins]] (who surpassed him at 131).

By nature they were of gentle disposition, neither cruel nor vindictive.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #55</ref> Slow to quarrel, they never had been warlike, and never fought among themselves, nor hunted for sport; by the late Third Age the Shire-hobbits knew of weapons only as trophies or useless trinkets. However they were skilled with all kind of tools, as well as arms when there was a need; they were keen-eyed and used the bow well, and also the stones, successfully throwed against trespassing beasts.

Throughout their history Hobbits had showed unparalleled skill, courage and also endurance and resistance in times of danger and terror. During their [[Wandering Days]] Hobbits demonstrated an easiness to adapt to the environments they visited and adopted the customs and languages of the peoples they were in contact with. In the Shire, they had settled with a closed and comfort-loving lifestyle; they were fond of an unadventurous bucolic life of farming, eating, smoking [[pipe-weed]], socializing and talking about genealogies. Hobbits also liked to drink ale in inns, and ate at least six meals a day when they could get them. Every [[Highday]] and after noon, Hobbits celebrated a small holiday with evening feasts. <ref name=cal>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

However, their hidden potentials resurfaced in difficult times; in the [[Long Winter]], [[Gandalf]] admired their uncomplaining courage and pity for one another, thanks to which they survived.<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref> Another example of Hobbitish hardiness and resistant nature, was [[Gollum]], who despite using [[the One Ring]] for years, did not transform into a [[Wraiths|Wraith]] under the Ring's evil power (unlike the [[Nazgûl|nine Mannish Kings]]).<ref>
{{webcite|author=Stan Brown|website=FAQ of the Rings|articleurl=http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q1-GollumWraith |articlename=Why hadn’t Gollum turned into a wraith long ago?}}</ref> These surprising Hobbit traits also were tested and proven during the [[Quest of Erebor]] and, most notably, the [[War of the Ring]].

===Clans and families===
Hobbits were universally monogamous and "[[Wikipedia:Patrilineality|patrilinear]]" (family names descended in the male-line) and normally the titular family head was the eldest male, but his wife had an equal, but separate status. In the large powerful families (such as the [[Took Family|Tooks]]) the head of what we would call a clan was the eldest male of the most direct line of descent. If the master died first his titular headship of the clan was taken by his wife and, only after her death, by their son.

Chieftains and leaders of their clans and tribes were typically of Fallohide kind, as they were by nature more adventurous.

The custom in the "younger" families was that when the head had no male heir, the headship passed to the daughter's eldest son. In such cases the heir took the name of his mother’s family while retaining the father’s family name in second place; this was the case with [[Otho Sackville-Baggins]], who obtained headship of the Sackvilles through his mother [[Camellia Sackville|Camellia]].<ref name=L214/>

===Gift-giving===
The Hobbits generally exchanged gifts as a form of "payment" for services but also of thanksgiving in favors and friendships. According to an ancient custom, a hobbit baby, shortly after birth and its name-announcement, was given a gift by the head of the family, as a token of accepting it into the family (on the rare cases of adoptions, parents gave gifts to their new child). Gifts then became a means of recognizing family membership, and the head of the family ritually gave something, even if only a token ([[mathom]]), to a [[ribadyan|birthday celebrant]].

On its third birthday, a hobbit child gave presents to their parents, that typically was something that was personally found, or produced (made or grown). This may have been extended to other ages and relatives resulting to the celebrant both receiving and giving a gift. Birthdays had considerable social importance, and customs were regulated by fairly strict etiquette, usually reduced to formalities.<ref name=L214>{{L|214}}</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Lidia Postma - Hobbits comparison.jpg|thumb|left|The three kinds of Hobbits. Arty by Lidia Postma]]
Hobbits were considered Men. Nearly all scholars agree that Men were closely related to Hobbits, far more closely than Men were to either [[Elves]] or [[Dwarves]]. It was thus commonly assumed that Hobbits were among the Younger [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and were the result of the same act of creation as Men. This would imply that Hobbits had the [[Gift of Men]] to pass entirely beyond [[Arda]].

It is supposed that Hobbits branched out from Men as a race in the [[Elder Days]], but they don't appear at all in the chronicles of the [[Elves]].<ref name=Concerning>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Their exact origin is unknown but in their early days they could have been primitive and "savage".<ref name=atani/> Apparently they survived in [[Middle-earth]] for millennia far from importance and the knowledge of stronger races; they come into the records not earlier than the early [[Third Age]] where they were living in the [[Vales of Anduin]] in [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]], between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. They have lost the genealogical details of how they are related to the rest of mankind. While they stayed there, the [[Northmen]] knew them. Their descendants, the [[Rohirrim]], had that memory of the ''[[holbytla]]n'' and they remained an object of lore until they contacted them during the War of the Ring. Many old words and names in "[[Hobbitish]]" are cognates of words in [[Rohirric]], so much so that even someone without linguistic training could make out the relation ([[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] would later write an entire book devoted to the relationship, ''[[Old Words and Names in the Shire]]'').

==History==

[[File:Robin Wood - Mathom lore.jpg|thumb|''Mathom lore'' by Robin Wood]]
While situated in the Valley of the Anduin River the Hobbits lived close by the Northmen. Some time near the beginning of the [[Third Age]], they were uneasy because of the growing numbers of [[Easterlings|alien men]] from the [[East]] who passed the [[Greenwood]] and harassed the Northmen and no doubt they also sensed the rising [[Shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=atani/> They took the arduous task of crossing the [[Misty Mountains]], beginning thus their '''[[Wandering Days]]'''. Some of the Stoors, however, returned to that place, and it is from these people that [[Gollum]] would come many years later.

The Hobbits took different routes in their journey westward, and eventually they came to a land between the River [[Baranduin]] (which they renamed ''Brandywine'') and the [[Weather Hills]]. Along the way they founded many settlements (most of them disappeared and were forgotten), and the divisions between the Hobbit-kinds began to blur. Only [[Bree]] and a few surrounding villages lasted to the end of the Third Age.

In the year {{TA|1601}}, two Fallohide brothers decided to cross the River Brandywine and settle on the other side. Large numbers of Hobbits followed them, and most of their former territory was depopulated. The new land that they found on the west bank of the Brandywine is called [[The Shire]].

Hobbits became first famous and a renowned part of the wider history during the [[Quest of Erebor]] ([[Bilbo Baggins]] was the first ever famous Hobbit) and later during the [[War of the Ring]]. In the later [[Ages]] they have dwindled and their numbers have diminished and although they still linger in the North-west of the Old World, they are rarely seen; they avoid the [[Big Folk]] with dismay, using their art of disappearing.<ref name=Concerning/>

==Some well-known Hobbits==
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Frodo and Bilbo.jpg|thumb|''Frodo and Bilbo'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
* [[Bilbo Baggins]]
* [[Frodo Baggins]]
* [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise "Sam" Gamgee]]
* [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck]]
* [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]]
* [[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar "Fatty" Bolger]]
* [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]] and [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]]
* [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]]
* [[Bandobras Took|Bullroarer Took]]
* [[Sméagol]] (who became the creature [[Gollum]])
* [[Déagol]]

Though in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' it is mentioned that [[Gandalf]] "was responsible for so many quiet lads and lasses going off into the Blue for mad adventures," no female Hobbits are depicted in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s stories doing so; however Hobbit women do appear in his works, such as the formidable [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]] and Sam's wife [[Rose Cotton|Rose Cotton]].

== Etymology ==
:''This section explains the fictional etymology of the word in the linguistic context of Middle-earth; for the actual origin of the word see the section [[#Inspiration]] below''.
''Hobbit'' was derived from [[Old English]] ''[[holbytla]]'', "hole-dweller" which represents the [[Rohirric]] language.<ref>{{HM|RW}}, p. 144</ref> In a letter, Tolkien commented on the pronounciation of the word ''hobbit'': "I am sure many hobbits drop their ''h''s like most rural folk in England".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Alina Dadlez (19 September 1962)]]" (letter); quoted in {{CG|RG}}, p. 1036</ref>

The relationship hobbit/holbytla parallels the original [[Westron]] ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit), derived from the actual Rohirric ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (holbytla, hole dweller). This name obviously derives from the times when the hobbits lived at the [[Vales of Anduin]] with the [[Northmen]].<ref name="Road">{{TT|III8}}</ref><ref name="Translation">{{App|F2}}</ref>

Hobbits were also called ''[[Halflings]]'' by the [[Dúnedain]], first when they still measured 2 [[ranga]]r tall; twice as high as a hobbit who would reach only 1 ranga. The word retained even when the later generations of Dúnedain became shorter. However, the term is slightly offensive to Hobbits, as to themselves they are not 'half' of anything, and certainly do not use the term to refer to themselves.{{fact}}

''Halfling'' represents a translation of [[Westron]] ''[[banakil]]''. In [[Quenya]] the word is ''[[perian|Perian(d-)]]'' pl. ''Periandi''<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/856-most_expensive_Tolkien_book_in_the_world.php|articlename=Most expensive Tolkien bok in the world|website=[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/index.php TolkienLibrary.com]}}, dedication to [[Elaine Griffiths]]</ref> and in [[Sindarin]] ''[[Perian]]'' pl. ''Periannath''.<ref>{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>

*''See also: [[Wikipedia:Hobbit (word)]]''

==Inspiration==
{{quote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I smoke a pipe, and like good plain food [...]; I like, and even dare to wear in these dull days, ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of mushrooms (out of a field); have a very simple sense of humour [...]; I go to bed late and get up late [...]. I do not travel much.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|[[Letter 213]]}}

Tolkien's etymology for 'Hobbit' is interesting as well: the word was obviously constructed meaningless as a spontaneous inspiration, without prior intent, but it would have been natural for him to see in it the German prefix ''hob'' meaning ''small'' (e.g. ''[[hobgoblin]]'', ''hobbledehoy'' and ''hobyah''). However this prefix dates back "only" to the 13th century, too late by Tolkien's standards; thence when later he began to work out the language relations further (see: [[Mannish]]) he decided that it could be a derived form of an [[Old English]] word such as ''[[holbytla]]''.

According to Tolkien, the word ''hobbit'' came first, and then he decided to write ''[[The Hobbit]]'' around it. As a university lecturer, he was in the process of correcting reports when he started scribbling on a blank piece of paper and wrote, "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit", and the rest of the story sprang from that.<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', p.172</ref> The idea of a little hole dwelling creature was introduced to Tolkien by one of his students in a story he had written.

It was revealed recently that the word pre-dated Tolkien's usage, though with a different meaning).<ref name="annot">{{HM|AH}}</ref> Tolkien's concept of hobbits, in turn, seems to have been inspired by Edward Wyke Smith's 1927 children's book ''[[Wikipedia:The Marvellous Land of Snergs|The Marvellous Land of Snergs]]'', and by Sinclair Lewis's 1922 novel ''[[Wikipedia:Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]''. Tolkien wrote to [[W.H. Auden]] that ''The Marvellous Land of Snergs'' "was probably an unconscious source-book for the Hobbits"<ref name=annot/> and he told an interviewer that the word ''hobbit'' "might have been associated with Sinclair Lewis's ''Babbitt''" who enjoys the comforts of his home.

The name ''hobbit'' had previously appeared in an obscure "[[Wikipedia:Denham Tracts|list of spirits]]" by Michael Denham, which includes several repetitions. There is no evidence to suggest Tolkien used this as a source — indeed he spent many years trying to find out whether he really did coin the word. Denham's "hobbit spirits" (which are never referenced anywhere except in the long list) have no obvious relation to Tolkien's Hobbits, other than the name (which may possibly imply hob- "small"): Tolkien's Hobbits are small humans, not spirits. Nonetheless, some few people have suggested that the reference in the Denham list should invalidate the trademark.

== In popular usage ==
"Hobbit" is a trademark owned by the [[Middle-earth Enterprises]], as some of names, places and artifacts included in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. For this reason [[Dungeons and Dragons]] and other fantasy tend to refer to Hobbits and Hobbit-like races rather as '''Halflings''' (''hin'' in the Mystara universe, ''hurthlings'' in Ancient Domains of Mystery).

''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensis Homo floresiensis]'', a possible species in the genus Homo (thus, related to humans) discovered in 2004, has been informally dubbed a "hobbit" by its discoverers due to its small size.

[[Tolkien fandom|Fans]] have noted that in depictions and adaptations such as [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]], Hobbits are shown with unusually large feet, a conception probably influenced by the widespread art of [[the Brothers Hildebrandt]]. However, Tolkien himself never mentioned that large feet was a general feature of Hobbits.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi?do=post_view_printable;post=365823;guest=38267446|articlename=Big Feet|dated=|website=[http://newboards.theonering.net/forum/gforum/perl/gforum.cgi?guest=35804230 The One Ring Forums]|accessed=2 September 2012}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbits| ]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hobbits/hobbits]]
[[de:Hobbits]]
[[fi:Hobitit]]

Forums:The exact format/style of an image author's permission ?

2021-06-15T23:37:55Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

{{Counciltop}}



I would like to ask: What exact form should the permission by the author of an image/artwork take, if he or she agrees to contribute their image/artwork to Tolkien Gateway ? I've searched the forums and the policy and help articles, but didn't find a sufficient answer. As an example, let's say I find some excellnt artwork online, contact its author, ask about permission to upload the art to TG, and the author agrees. So far so good. But how should the permission be worded, should it be some template, should it be some attached screenshot of the e-mail or personal message where the author gave his or her permission ? I just want to be sure whether we need some tangible proof about the granting of the permission. Maybe I'm mistaken, but it just seems logical to me, that the permission should be documented in some way. I've never uploaded any images or artwork to TG and I'd prefer to be on the safe side of clearly showing/citing an author's explicit permission. Thanks you for any explanation on the details of this process. --[[User:A Hobbit Gentleman|A Hobbit Gentleman]] 20:57, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

:Hello,
:What you would do is first make a page titled thusly: Tolkien Gateway:Copyrights/artistname. The way you do that is type it in the search bar and click the redlink; it should give you an option to create that page. What you would do next is fill the page with the following:

:*artistname has kindly granted his/her permission to use [:Category:Images by artistname|his/her artwork] on [Tolkien Gateway].
:*Date:Date of permission granted
:*User who sought the permission via site/email/however it was asked: [User:A Hobbit Gentleman|A Hobbit Gentleman]
:{DEFAULTSORT:artistname}
:[Category:Evidence of permission granted by copyright holders]

:(However make sure to double the curly and regular brackets where I did not. I am woefully ignorant of how to do either of those without it creating a link, and I want to show how to format them.)

:What you would do after that is go to [[Template:Copyright-permission]] and fill it out as instructed on the site after uploading an image from the artist.

:I hope this was of assistance.

:--{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}, 23:35, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

Shadowfax

2021-05-28T17:14:07Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Erroneous hair color.

__NOTOC__
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:John Howe - Shadowfax 01.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Shadowfax" by [[John Howe]]
| name=Shadowfax
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Rohan]]; [[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Gandalf]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Horses|Horse]] ([[Mearas]])
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=''grey
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Shadowfax''' was a mighty [[Horses|horse]] of [[Rohan]], the chief of the [[Mearas]], noted for its speed, "like an arrow".<ref name=siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref>

==History==
In [[September]] {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf was in [[Rohan]] and [[Théoden]] reluctantly gave him any horse of his choosing. At first the horse did not allow him to come near, and Gandalf had to follow him far over the fields for two days before he tamed it,<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref> chasing it for over twenty miles.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", p. 251</ref> Shadowfax was said to be much faster than the horses of the [[Nazgûl]], and carried Gandalf for about 620 miles from [[23 September|23]] to [[28 September]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", pp. 252-253</ref> When they reached [[Weathertop]], Gandalf was followed and attacked by the Nazgûl on the night of [[3 October]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 166-8</ref> Shadowfax then carried Gandalf far into the north to distract the Ringwraiths from chasing the Ring-Bearer.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight tipo the Ford", p. 189</ref>

In [[February]] of [[Third Age 3019|the next year]], Shadowfax returned to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

Shadowfax came alone to Gandalf in the outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and he introduced the horse to the [[Three Hunters]]. [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]] recognised it as their chieftain. Shadowfax carried Gandalf and [[Gimli]] to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{TT|White}}</ref> The horse was able to run from Edoras to [[Minas Tirith]] almost without stopping, and his ground speed rivaled the flying speed of the [[fell beasts]] of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref> Shadowfax was at the [[Grey Havens]] with [[Gandalf]] when he sailed on the [[White Ship]].<ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> Shadowfax, as one of the line of [[Nahar]], presumably was with him when sailing for the West.<ref>{{L|268}}, p. 354</ref>

Shadowfax also possessed extraordinary courage. He was the only free horse in the world capable of standing before the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] during the [[Siege of Gondor]] instead of fleeing.<ref name=siege/><ref group=note>This reference excludes horses used by the forces of Sauron such as the horses ridden by the Nine Riders.</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | NAH | | | | |NAH=[[Nahar]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | FEL | | | | |FEL=[[Felaróf]] }}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | SHA | | | | |SHA='''SHADOWFAX''' }}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
It is an anglicized form of [[Old English]] ''Sceadu-fæx'' 'having shadow-grey mane (and coat)'. It does not actually occur in Old English. ''Fax'' is an obsolete English word.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, pp. 762-763</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Shadowfax in adaptations
|width=200
|height=150
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Shadowfax.png|Shadowfax in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Shadowfax.jpg|Shadowfax in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''2012: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Shadowfax accompanies [[Gandalf]] since his return as Gandalf the White.

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[de:Schattenfell]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:animaux:chevaux:gripoil]]
[[fi:Hallavaharja]]

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-05-24T00:38:24Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Finally got there

[[Category: American users]]
{{user infobox| image=| name=Holdwine Meriadoc| othernames=| position=Gatekeeper, [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]| language=American English, Latin, learning Italian, mediocre Spanish, some [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]| location=USA| occupation=Student| birth= 6 Astron (28 March)| birthlocation=| age=| gender=Female| height=Approximately 1.66 [[Rangar]]| hair=Blonde| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
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==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books, and have taken the example of the late, great Sir [[Christopher Lee]] and committed to reading the entire trilogy at least once every year since I first read it.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the LotR movie trilogy, but I do not at all think they surpass or have the same quality as the real thing. The Hobbit trilogy is decent in my mind, but much less so.

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And, as a Generation Z hardcore Tolkien fan, I also have a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes no one else would get.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above mostly as filler space on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

User talk:Turiannerevarine

2021-05-06T01:37:16Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Welcome */ new section

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Turiannerevarine}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 12:41, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

== Welcome ==

Welcome, Turiannerevarine! I'm glad you're excited to help TG! A little tip: if you don't want to clog up your userpage with your sandbox, you can just type "User:Turiannerevarine/Sandbox" in the search bar, enter it, and click the red link that pops up. Then you'll be able to create your sandbox in a subpage if you find that convenient and link it on your userpage. :) You don't have to if you don't wish to, but just in case you might find this helpful. --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 01:35, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-04-29T14:35:30Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* About Me */

[[Category: American users]]
{{user infobox| image=| name=Holdwine Meriadoc| othernames=| position=Gatekeeper, [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]| language=American English, Latin, learning Italian, mediocre Spanish, some [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]| location=USA| occupation=Student| birth= 6 Astron (28 March)| birthlocation=| age=| gender=Female| height=Approximately 1.66 [[Rangar]]| hair=Blonde| eyes=Brown| irc=| email=| facebook=| twitter=| linkedin=| website=| userboxes=
{{user en-N}}
{{user es-2}}
{{user lore-3}}
{{user ref}}
{{user recentchanges}}
{{user firefox}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user safari}}
{{user hobbits}}
{{user rohan}}
{{User Elves}}
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}}
==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books, and have taken the example of the late, great Sir [[Christopher Lee]] and committed to reading the entire trilogy at least once every year since I first read it.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the LotR movie trilogy, but I do not at all think they surpass or have the same quality as the real thing. The Hobbit trilogy is decent in my mind, but much less so.

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And, as a Generation Z hardcore Tolkien fan, I also have a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes no one else would get.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above mostly as filler space on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

Akallabêth

2021-04-27T02:00:26Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Development */ Typo

{{silmarillion-chapters}}
The '''''Akallabêth''''' is the fourth part of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]] from [[Tolkien|his father]]'s later texts.

It tells the story of the destruction of the realm of [[Númenor]] after the [[Númenóreans]], the descendants of those [[Men]] who aided the [[Elves]] in their fight against [[Morgoth]] during the [[First Age]], turned by degrees against the [[Valar]], and were later corrupted by [[Sauron]]. According to the essay "[[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]", the ''Akallabêth'' was written by [[Elendil]] near the end of the [[Second Age]].

==Synopsis==
The ''Akallabêth'' is an account of the history of [[Númenor]] from its foundation to its destruction. At the end of the [[First Age]], the [[Edain]], who alone among the race of [[Men]] were loyal defenders of the [[Elves]] during their war against [[Morgoth]], were given a new land of their own in reward for their efforts, free from the troubles and sadness of [[Middle-earth]]. It was located in the middle of the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between the western shores of Middle-earth and the eastern shores of [[Aman]], where the [[Valar]] lived.<ref name=akallabeth>{{S|IV}}</ref>
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Eagles of Manwë.jpg|left|thumb|''The Eagles of Manwë'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
The Men of Númenor were [[Ban of the Valar|forbidden]] by the Valar to sail westward so far that they could no longer see the island, so the majority of their voyaging was eastward and in time they returned to the shores of Middle-Earth. The Númenóreans established remote colonies in Middle-earth and made contact with the [[Middle Men|Men of Middle-earth]] and taught them many crafts and skills. They made alliance with [[Gil-galad]] and the Elves and aided them in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron|war]] against Sauron where he was defeated by the power of the Númenóreans.

Over time many began to speak openly of their envy of the Eldar's immortality and in defiance of the Ban. The people of Númenor became split between the [[King's Men]], those loyal to the King and prone to oppose the restraints upon Númenor, and the [[Faithful]], those who remained true to their friendship with the Eldar and loyalty to the Valar.<ref name=akallabeth/>

Sauron re-emerged to challenge the power of Númenor in Middle-earth and their colonies along the shores were assailed by him and his armies. The king, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], responded and came with a great host to Middle-earth and bade Sauron to come before him and swear fealty. To the surprise of many, Sauron did as he was asked. But the King was not content with his show of obedience, and brought Sauron back to Númenor as a hostage. Sauron gave the impression that this was against his will, but in truth it was exactly what he wanted. Sauron exploited his power to corrupt the King to his will. Soon he became his adviser, and most of the Númenóreans obeyed his will and turned to the worshipped Morgoth.

Sauron convinced the King, who was now in his twilight years, to assail Aman in order to gain immortality. Thus Ar-Pharazôn led his [[Great Armament]] and landed on Aman. However, as this was done, the Valar appealed to [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]] and he destroyed the Great Armament. Ar-Pharazôn and his host were buried under hills, and the whole of Númenor sank under the Great Sea. [[Arda]] was made spherical and Aman was put beyond it, out of the reach of mortal Men.
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Ships of the Faithful.jpg|thumb|''The Ships of the Faithful'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Just a few people still uncorrupted by Sauron managed to escape the catastrophe; they fled Númenor by ship. This group of Faithful Númenóreans was led by [[Elendil]] the Tall and his two sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]]. They landed in Middle-earth, where the followers of Elendil established two kingdoms which came to be known as the realms of Exile: [[Gondor]] in the south, and [[Arnor]] in the north. Some of the King's Men, enemies of Elendil, who were in Middle-earth at the time of the [[Downfall of Númenor|Downfall]] established other realms in exile to the south; of these the Haven of Umbar was the chief. Sauron, although greatly diminished and bereft of shape, had survived the Downfall and returned to Middle-earth to continue troubling its inhabitants.

==Legacy==
The study of Númenor's history was suppressed in the realms of Exile because it was seen as a vain pursuit, "breeding only useless regret". Only one story from the former home of the Dúnedain remained generally known: the cautionary tale of the pride of Ar-Pharazôn and his "impious armada", which corresponds to the last half of the ''Akallabêth''.

==Etymology==
''Akallabêth'' is an Adûnaic word meaning "She that hath Fallen" or "The Downfallen", from the verb ''[[kalab]]'' ("fall down"). The Quenya translation of this word is ''[[Atalantë]]'', derived from the verbal stem ''[[talat-]]''. The word refers to 'The Downfall of Númenor'.<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>

''Akallabêth''/''Atalantë'' was also a general name for the island of Númenor after its Downfall. The Exiles became reluctant to speak of the land by any other name, or indeed much at all; but at times "they turned towards the West in the desire of their hearts" and remembered Akallabêth, their former home.

==Inspiration==
As the word ''Atalantë'' makes obvious, Númenor is a retelling of the story of [[Atlantis]] in the setting of [[Arda]]. Even so, as Tolkien himself noted, the Quenya root TALÁT ("slope, sliding") dated back to c. [[1918]], well before he invented the legend of Númenor. The similarities of "talat" and "Atlantis" are a convenient coincidence.

==Development==
The ''Akallabêth'' originated with ''[[The Lost Road]]'', a time-travel story that Tolkien wrote due to a conversation with [[C.S. Lewis]] about writing their own science fiction. Lewis produced ''[[Out of the Silent Planet]]'' however Tolkien abandoned ''The Lost Road'', having only written two introductory chapters and two chapters of Númenor in the end, as he was more interested in writing his own version of the Atlantis legend. As Tolkien was writing ''The Lost Road'' he also produced another manuscript, an outline which was closely related to the last two chapters of ''The Lost Road'' about Númenor and its downfall. This was followed by another, more finished, manuscript titled ''[[The Fall of Númenor]]''. These can be said to be the true germ of the ''Akallabêth'' itself, written in the mid-to-late thirties.<ref>{{LR|P1I}}</ref>

Tolkien began to develop the tale of Númenor's Downfall further when writing ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]'' in the 1940s, about a fictional discussion group called the [[Notion Club]] (a reference to the [[Inklings]]) where its members discuss [[Alwin Arundel Lowdham]]'s dreams of Atlantis and Númenor.<ref>{{SD|2a}}</ref> At this time there were major developments to the legend in ''[[The Drowning of Anadûnê]]''. A large amount of the wording, especially in the later versions of the text, is retained in the ''Akallabêth''.<ref>{{SD|3iiiu}}</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] notes in essays, which he named sketches written by his father that he was developing two traditions concerning Númenor's history, each with its own retelling of the Downfall: ''The Fall of Númenor'', a more Elvish version, and a "Mannish" form, ''The Drowning of Anadûnê''.<ref>{{SD|3v}}</ref> These texts can be found in Volume IX of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', ''[[Sauron Defeated]]''.

Tolkien's final revisions of the ''Akallabêth'' were published in the last volume of ''The History of Middle-earth'', ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. It was from this version that Christopher got the document that he published in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. Since the latest version of the ''Akallabêth'' contained references to [[Ælfwine]], Christopher removed all references to him, as he believed that his father abandoned the framing device of Ælfwine and [[Pengolodh]] because there was no suggestion of it in his father's latest writings of ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion|The Quenta Silmarillion]]'' before his death.<ref>{{LT1|Foreword}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Black Númenóreans]]
* [[Dúnedain]]
* [[Faithful]]
* [[Realms in Exile]]

==External links==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/num-intro.htm ''Westernesse''], an attempt by [[Helge Fauskanger]] to show how the ''Akallabêth'' could be adapted as a prequel to [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'' movies.

{{references}}
{{numenor}}
[[Category:Adûnaic names]]
[[Category:Books and documents within the legendarium]]
[[Category:Númenor]]
[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akallabeth}}
[[de:Akallabêth (Schriftstück)]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/akallabeth]]
[[fi:Akallabêth]]

User:Holdwine Meriadoc

2021-04-24T02:31:40Z

Holdwine Meriadoc:

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==Tribute Space==

First off, I’d like to pay tribute to my usernamesake (add that to the list of words I’ve made up), [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], known to the men of [[Rohan]] as [[Holdwine]] of the Mark. He was, in my personal opinion, a very brave and noble [[Hobbit]], good friends with his younger cousin [[Peregrin Took]], and just my favorite character in general. I am very proud to be paying tribute to him, both here and in real life (because apparently I look like him and I have a good friend who is Pippin to my Merry). Now excuse me while I throw this [[Dagger of Westernesse|knife]] at the big freaky [[Witch-King of Angmar|Ringwraith]] bearing down on me for writing this.

==About Me==

Hello there! I'm '''Holdwine Meriadoc''' and I am an avid [[Tolkienists|tolkienist]] from the U.S.A. I first started reading ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when I was nine, and two years later, after I told my dad that I had just finished listening to the audiobook for the fifth time, he decided to let me move on to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. I read the entire trilogy in about three months with breaks between books while Dad had me read other books for school. If I had read them all in a steady stream I would have finished in a week. Since then, I have been collecting a steady stream of Tolkien's works and companion books.

My favorite character in all the [[legendarium]] is, as you can tell from my name, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], not only because the book version of himself and myself are very similar but because I don't want him to be too "overlooked," in his words.

I am a fan of the movie trilogy, but I try not to get that and the real thing confused. I am just really mad that they didn't include [[Tom Bombadil]].

I am an amateur (and slightly immature) digital artist and an intermediate sketcher (is that a word?), and I have some of [[:Category:Images by Holdwine Meriadoc|my digital images]] uploaded to TG.

I usually just fix grammar problems and add source citations, with the occasional major expansion/rewrite/reverting of spam and other issues.

And yes, I am one of those weirdos who has extensive debates about such issues as [[Celegorm]]'s hair color, whether [[Elves]] have pointy ears, and whether [[Amrod]] burned or not. And also has a steadily growing collection of tasteful Silmarillion memes.

==My Library==

Books by Tolkien or edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]:
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Pearl]]''
*''[[Sir Orfeo]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
*''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''
*''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
*''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''

Books by other authors:
*''The Battles of Tolkien'' by [[David Day]]
*''[[A Tolkien Bestiary]]'' by David Day (this and the above mostly as filler space on my Tolkien shelf...not a big fan of David Day and got these books in a weak moment)
*''[[The Tolkien Companion]]'' by [[J.E.A. Tyler]]
*''[[Finding God in The Lord of the Rings]]'' by Kurt Bruner and [[Jim Ware]]
*Two Newsweek special Tolkien editions
*''[[The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook]]'' by [[Alan Lee]]
*''The Lord of the Rings Location Guidebook (revised edition)'' by [[Ian Brodie]]

==Random Other Facts==

* I do think that Balrogs have wings, but that they are nonfunctional or [[Durin's Bane]] had muscular dystrophy from being cooped up in a cave for ages.
* I believe that [[Huorns]] are mostly [[Ents]] that have become tree-ish.
* I'm American but I use Commonwealth spellings.
* How does a giant spider throw a ball? Shelobs it. (That's my dad's joke, not mine)
* I speak a few useful phrases of [[Sindarin]].
* I am a nondenominational Protestant Christian who takes the time to research other branches of Christianity before forming opinions on them. If anyone would like to ask/debate/talk to me about my beliefs, feel free to send me a message on my [[User talk:Holdwine Meriadoc|talk page.]]

==Headcanons==

*[[Amrod]] died in the burning of the ships at [[Alqualondë]].
*[[Celegorm]] the Fair had either silver or strawberry-silver hair, as I cannot seem to find any ancestors of either of his parents with blond hair (assuming the Tolkien-affirmed fact that humans and elves are biologically identical and therefore that their genes would work in the same way).
*"Primitive" Qenya is actually the equivalent of Ecclesiastical Latin; it came after [[Quenya]], changing through the Middle Ages, and was widely used until people decided to start learning the original again.
*[[Saruman]] and [[Sauron]] were close friends when both served as [[Maiar]] of [[Aulë]]. This is one of the reasons [[Saruman]] turned to evil.
*When the Ambarussar were born, [[Fëanor]] named Amrod "Little [[Finwë]]" fully expecting he would be his last child, then [[Amras]] was born, he panicked, and named him "Last Finwë." [[Nerdanel]] was not pleased with him about this, so she named them both "Ambarussa" to spite him, then renamed Amrod "Doomed" when he protested for the same reason. After this, people often forgot which twin was born first, which is why Amrod got nicknamed "Second-russa" even though he was the elder, and the name unfortunately stuck.
*[[Elves]] have pointed ears.

==Favorite Quotes==

''"'Well, here is the strangest riddle that we have yet found!' exclaimed Legolas. 'A bound prisoner escapes both from the Orcs and from the surrounding horsemen. He then stops, while still in the open, and cuts his bonds with an orc-knife. But how and why? For if his legs were tied, how did he walk? And if his arms were tied, how did he use the knife? And if neither were tied, why did he cut the cords at all? Being pleased with his skill, he then sat down and quietly ate some waybread! That is at least enough to show he was a hobbit, without the mallorn-leaf. After that, I suppose, he turned his arms into wings and flew away singing into the trees.'"'' -- [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Two Towers]]''

''"Yes, I am afraid trolls do behave like that, even those with only one head each."'' -- J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Hobbit]]''

''"'I am Gandalf, and Gandalf means me!'"'' -- [[Gandalf]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Do you wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good morning whether I want it or not; or that you feel good this morning; or that it is a morning to be good on?"'' -- Gandalf, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit''

''"Roads go on forever, but I can't without a rest. It's high time for lunch."'' -- [[Peregrin Took]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''

''"Great heart will not be denied."'' -- [[Théoden]], J.R.R. Tolkien, ''[[The Return of the King]]''

''"It is best to love first what you are fitted to love, I suppose: you must start somewhere and have some roots. . .."'' -- Meriadoc Brandybuck, J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Return of the King''

==Signature==

{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

Mr. Bliss

2021-04-21T22:11:57Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Plot */ Typo

{{disambig-more|Mr. Bliss|[[Mr. Bliss (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
| title=Mr. Bliss
| image=[[File:MrBliss.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| illustrator=J.R.R. Tolkien
| publisherUK=[[Allen and Unwin|George Allen and Unwin]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
| dateUK=[[20 September]] [[1982]]
| dateUS=[[17 January]] [[1983]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=104
| isbn=0048232157
| isbn2=0395329361
}}
'''''Mr. Bliss''''' is an illustrated children's story by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], first published posthumously in [[1982]]. The story tells of Mr Bliss's purchase of a car, and the misadventure that follows his poor driving: he encounters several neighbours, three bears, an angry shop-owner, and his own pet the "Girabbit".

The story was likely written down in the early 1930s, is fully illustrated by Tolkien, with his own calligraphic handwriting integral to the design; it was first submitted for publication in [[1936]] but the cost of reproducing the artwork made it prohibitively expensive. Tolkien endeavoured to redraw it, but never got around to it; it was finally published in 1982, and in 2007 it was rescanned and republished to a higher quality.

==From the publisher==
{{blockquote|Tolkien’s illustrated tale about the eccentric Mr Bliss, a man notable for his immensely tall hats and for the girabbit in his garden, whose whimsical decision to buy a motor car quickly becomes a catalogue of disasters.Professor J.R.R. Tolkien invented and illustrated the book of Mr Bliss’s adventures for his own children when they were very young. The book was handwritten with lots of detailed and uproarious colour pictures.This is a complete and highly imaginative tale of eccentricity. Mr Bliss, a man notable for his immensely tall hats and for the girabbit in his garden, takes the whimsical decision to buy a motor car. But his first drive to visit friends quickly becomes a catalogue of disasters. Some of these could be blamed on Mr Bliss’s style of driving, but even he could not anticipate being hijacked by three bears. As for what happened next the readers, whether young or old, will want to discover for themselves..<ref name="AMUK">{{webcite|website=AMUK|articleurl=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Mr-Bliss-J-R-Tolkien/dp/000743619X|articlename=Mr Bliss|accessed=26 December 2018}}</ref> }}

==Plot==
Mr Bliss lives with his pet Girabbit in a white house with red roofs. Girabbit informs Mr Bliss that it will be a "fine day" so he decides to buy a yellow car, with red wheels, from Mr Binks for five shillings and sixpence; forgetting his purse, Mr Bliss leaves his silver bicycle with Mr Binks as collateral. However, on his way to visit the Dorkinses, Mr Bliss proves to be a careless driver, driving into Mr Day and breaking his barrow of carriages, and then round the next corner driving into Mrs Knight and breaking her donkey cart of bananas. He gives a lift to both Mr Day and Mrs Knight, with the donkey tied at the back.

When they reach the wood, they encounter three bears: Archie, Bruno and Teddy. After scaring the group, the three bears use the donkey to carry the cabbages and bananas and hide them in the wood for themselves. When they return, they insist on joining Mr Bliss in visiting the Dorkinses as they "could know them". Rolling down the Hill from the Wood they crash into the Dorkinses' garden wall with Mr Bliss, Mr Day, Mrs Knight and the three bears landing right in the middle of the Dorkinses' picnic, with Archie landing in their soup-terrine; the donkey flew up in the air and landed in the car. The Dorkins brothers - Fattie, Albert, Herbert and Egbert - were angry at their picnic being ruined, but the group stayed for lunch, while the bears went off for a walk and ate all the cabbages, apples and potatoes in the kitchen-garden. Furious, Albert Dorkins set the dogs on the bears.

The bears run off anyway saying they have bananas and cabbages; Mr Day and Mrs Knight want their cabbages and bananas back, but Mr Bliss only agrees to join them if the Dorkinses come with the dogs. Mr Bliss, Mr Day, Mrs Knight, the four Dorkineses and their dogs, travel in the car which is pulled by the donkey and three horses owned by the Dorkinses (Fattie Dorkins was too fat to own a horse). At the Cross Roads they stop at the inn for tea (and the bill for it all goes to Mr Bliss), and they then reach Three Bears Wood at dusk. The dogs track the bears but they have painted themselves to look like "bogies, or ghosts, or [[goblins]], or all three" and Mr Bliss runs off in terror. The bears start laughing and everyone else goes to the Bears' House for supper - eating cold chicken, ham, lettuces, beetroot, trifle, cheese, brown bread, and asparagus - and they all stay the night.

However, Mr Bliss ran away during the night and by the morning he had reached the village. He recovered his bicycle from Mr Binks's shed without paying for the car, so Mr Binks tried to persuade Sergeant Boffin to lock Mr Bliss up as a thief; the bears, the Dorkinses, Mr Day and Mrs Knight all arrive in the village determined to get money from Mr Bliss for the various expenses incurred, so they join Mr Binks and Sergeant Boffin in going to Mr Bliss's house. But, when they arrived at Mr Bliss's houses they were scared away by a Girabbit that was so big its head stuck out from the chimney. After everyone has left, Mr Bliss settled all his debts, and then gave the car to Mr Day as wedding present in his marriage to Mrs Knight; everyone attended the wedding, including the Girabbit. Afterwards, Mr Bliss drives a donkey-cart instead, his only worry is children trespassing in his garden to try to see the Girabbit.

==Characters==
Listed in order of appearance:

* '''Mr Bliss''', a man resident in a white house with red roofs. He owned a large quantity of tall hats and a silver bicycle without pedals for he only rode it downhill. The story follows his misadventures following the purchase of a yellow car taken on a drive to visit the Dorkinses.
* '''Girabbit''', a talking half-rabbit half-giraffe pet that lived in Mr Bliss's garden. Mr Bliss keeps the Girabbit a secret to avoid paying a licence.
* '''Mr Binks''', owner of the shop who sells Mr Bliss the car. When Mr Bliss recovers his bike from Mr Binks, Mr Binks wants Mr Bliss sent to prison.
* '''Mr Day''', a man driven into by Mr Bliss who was carrying cabbages. He ends up receiving the car as a wedding-present.
* '''Mrs Knight''', a woman who owned a donkey and whose cart carrying bananas was smashed by Mr Bliss. She marries Mr Day as her third husband and sets up a green-grocers called "Day and Knight's".
* Three bears '''Archie''', '''Bruno''' and '''Teddy''' who Mr Bliss encounters and who then take Mr Day's cabbages and Mrs Knight's bananas. They insist on joining Mr Bliss on his trip to see the Dorkinses. They live in Bears' House in Three Bears Wood.
* '''The Dorkinses''', also called the Fat Dorkinses, a group of four brothers who live at the bottom of the Hill and all bar Fattie own a horse. Their picnic is interrupted by the group, and their kitchen-garden is ravished by the bears.
** '''Fattie''', the fattest with black curly hair, a white sleeveless shirt with yellow dots, and he wore no coat (for they always split).
** '''Albert''', who had very short legs and the angriest of the Dorkinses.
** '''Herbert''', who swallows a beetle that enters his soup.
** '''Egbert''', who wore a green jacket.
* '''Sergeant Boffin''', the local police officer who, after persuasion from Mr Binks, intends to arrest Mr Bliss.

Other named characters include Sam (Sergeant Boffin's son), Uncle Joe, Mrs Golightly, Mrs Simkins, old [[Gaffer Gamgee]], Alfred, the Innkeeper, and Mr Banks (a builder).

==History==
According to [[Humphrey Carpenter]] in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', the story was inspired by Tolkien's own driving mishaps following the purchase of his first car in [[1932]],<ref name="Bio217">{{HM|Bio}}, pp. 217-8</ref> however Joan Tolkien ([[Michael Tolkien]]'s wife) asserts that it was based on a toy car that was [[Christopher Tolkien]]'s most cherished toy, with the three bears based on three teddy boys owned by Tolkien's own sons.<ref>"Letters" in ''The Times'', [[10 October]] 1982, p. 25</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] suggests from the handwriting it is more likely to be 1930s than 1920s.<ref name="RG788">{{CG|RG}}, p. 788</ref> [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] thought that it was likely to have been produced in a short summer break, and suggest the summers of [[1929]], [[1930]] or [[1931]] as the most likely candidates.<ref>{{HM|AI}}, p. 86</ref> However, in a holiday to Cornwall in 1932 Tolkien named a local character "[[Gaffer Gamgee]]" which Hammond and Scull acknowledge indicates a later date.<ref name="RG788" />

Following the success of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', in 1936 Tolkien submitted ''Mr. Bliss'' to [[Allen and Unwin]] alongside ''[[Roverandom]]'', ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' and "[[The Lost Road]]".<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 244</ref> The publishers seriously and realistically considered publication, but the cost of reproducing the images would be too expensive, so the publishers asked Tolkien to redraw them in a simpler style; although he wasn't sure he could improve it<ref>{{L|31}}</ref> and hoped the publishers could find another artist,<ref>{{L|23}}</ref> Tolkien agreed<ref>{{L|10}}</ref> although he never found the time to do so.<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, pp. 217-8</ref> The original manuscripts - alongside those of ''The Hobbit'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' - were sold to [[Marquette University]] in [[1957]] for £1,250.<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, pp. 299</ref> [[Clyde S. Kilby]] became aware of the ''Mr. Bliss'' in [[1964]] and, once again, Tolkien and [[Rayner Unwin]] considered publication but, again, felt that the artwork needed reproducing in order to be published.<ref name="RG789">{{CG|RG}}, p. 789</ref>

Following Tolkien's death in 1973, [[Christopher Tolkien]] and the [[Tolkien Estate]] worked to release Tolkien's unpublished materials. ''Mr. Bliss'' was published by George Allen and Unwin in 1982 exactly as Tolkien drew, with typeset text opposite Tolkien's original drawings;<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), pp. 5-7</ref> TolkienBooks.net suggested 50,000 copied were printed.<ref>{{webcite|website=TB|articleurl=http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details2.php?id=858|articlename=Mr. Bliss. 1982|accessed=26 December 2018}}</ref> A revised and redesigned edition was published in 2007 for the 25th anniversary with all the images re-scanned and presented in an enlarged format with a slipcase;<ref>{{webcite|website=TL|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/Celebrating-Mr.Bliss.htm|articlename=Mr. Bliss, a tale written and illustrated by Tolkien: 25th anniversary of publication (updated 27.06.07)|dated=27 June 2007|accessed=26 December 2018}}</ref> in 2011 this was followed up with a conventional trade hardback.<ref>{{webcite|website=TL|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/booksbytolkien/mrbliss/description.htm|articlename=Books by J.R.R.Tolkien - Mr. Bliss|accessed=26 December 2018}}</ref>

===Publication history===
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=165
|height=220
|lines=2
|File:MrBliss.jpg|[[George Allen and Unwin]] 1982 hardback
|File:MrBliss (2007).jpg|[[HarperCollins]] 2007 revised edition
|File:MrBliss (2011).jpg|[[HarperCollins]] 2011 hardback
}}
* [[Allen and Unwin|George Allen and Unwin]] hardback, first edition hardback ([[20 September]] [[1982]]), pp. 104 ISBN 0048232157
* [[HarperCollins]] hardback with slipcase, 25th anniversary edition redesigned and rescanned from original images ([[1 October]] [[2007]]), pp. 112. ISBN 0007255330
* [[HarperCollins]] hardback ([[29 September]] [[2011]]), pp. 192. ISBN 000743619X

==Reception==
When Tolkien first submitted ''Mr. Bliss'' for publication, Charles Furth of Allen and Unwin said it was in a class with ''[[wikipedia:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''.<ref name="RG788" /> Tolkien's biographer, ''[[Humphrey Carpenter]]'', said it "owes a little to [[wikipedia:Beatrix Potter|Beatrix Potter]] ''[author-illustrator of ''[[wikipedia:The Tale of Peter Rabbit|The Tale of Peter Rabbit]]'']'' in its ironical humour and to [[wikipedia:Edward Lear|Edward Lear]] in the style of its drawings, though Tolkien's approach is less grotesque and more delicate than Lear's."<ref name="Bio217"/> In a review in [[Amon Hen 59|''Amon Hen'' 59]], Jessica Yates also compares the book to the works of Beatrix Potter: "As a children's picture book it may well be compared to Beatrix Potter's work in presentation, with its high ratio of picture to text, in its rural English setting, and mix of human and animal characters" but the role of the narrator to [[wikipedia:Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]]'s ''[[wikipedia:Just So Stories|Just So Stories]]''.<ref>"Reviews" in [[Amon Hen 59|''Amon Hen'' 59]] (December 1982), p. 6</ref>

[[Tom Shippey]] also remarked on the rural setting of "a vanished England where everybody did - and spoke - exactly as they pleased, and life was consequently a series of amiable anrupt collisions" and compares it to [[wikipedia:Kenneth Grahame|Kenneth Grahame]]'s ''[[wikipedia:The Wind in the Willows|The Wind in the Willows]]''<ref>"Blunt Belligerence" in ''Times Literary Supplement'', 26 November 1982, p. 1306</ref> [[Jared Lobdell]] also compared ''Mr. Bliss'' to both The Wind in the Willows - and Toad's driving a car - and suggested that "Lear's ''[[wikipedia:Book of Nonsense|Book of Nonsense]]'' is among Mr. Bliss's spiritual progenitors".<ref>"Mr. Bliss: Notes on the Manuscript and Story" in ''[[Selections from the Marquette J.R.R. Tolkien Collection]]'', p. 7</ref>

Hammond and Scull describe the work as eccentric which "defies classification" that shows Tolkien's "remarkable originality as an author";<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkienestate.com/en/writing/tales-for-children/mr-bliss.html|articlename=Mr. Bliss|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]|website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com Tolkien Estate]|accessed=26 December 2018}}</ref> "it is unusual among Tolkien works in that it is a picture book for children, in which words and art are equally important, rather than a story with illustrations".<ref name="RG788">{{CG|RG}}, p. 787</ref> Also writing in ''[[Amon Hen (journal)|Amon Hen]]'', Joseph Houghton compared the story with ''[[Letters from Father Christmas|The Father Christmas Letters]]'', particularly the [[North Polar Bear]] and the [[Orcs#Other writings|goblin]] attack.<ref>"Reviews" in [[Amon Hen 59|''Amon Hen'' 59]] (December 1982), p. 7</ref>

Average readers' scores for ''Mr. Bliss'' are fairly consistent in praise. On [http://www.goodreads.com Goodreads] it received an average score of 3.82/5 (7.64),<ref>{{webcite|website=[http://www.goodreads.com Goodreads]|articleurl=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/175203.Mr_Bliss|articlename=Mr. Bliss|accessed=26 December 2018}}</ref> while [http://www.amazon.com Amazon] customers were more positive, giving it a high score of 4.8/5 (9.6/10).<ref name="AMUK" />

==Adaptations==
A group of Russian fans created [[Mr. Bliss (2004)|an animated film of "Mr. Bliss"]] making use of the original drawings by Tolkien. The film was shown at both [[Tolkien Thing]] 2006 and [[Ring*Con 2006]].

As part of [[Tolkien Reading Day]] 2017, [[The Tolkien Society]] hosted a live reading of ''Mr. Bliss'' by the storyteller [http://lucywalters.uk.com/ Lucy Walters] at [[wikipedia:The Story Museum|The Story Museum]].<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/events/tolkien-reading-day-2017/|articlename=Tolkien Reading Day 2017|accessed=27 March 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Roverandom]]''
*''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
*''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
{{references}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Herr Glück]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/bliss]]
[[fi:Herra Bliss]]

Black Gate

2021-04-15T12:34:02Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ Typos

{{sources}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Black Gate
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Black Gates.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Black Gates" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Morannon'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| location=Meeting of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] and [[Dagorlad]], between [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]]
| type=Gate
| description=Iron wall containing arched two-doored entrance<ref name="Closed">{{TT|Gate}}</ref><ref name="Opens">{{RK|Gate}}</ref>
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Originally [[Gondorians]]; later [[orcs]]<ref name="Closed"/>
| created=c. {{SA|1600}}<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>
| destroyed=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| events=
| gallery=the Black Gate
}}
The '''Black Gate''' of [[Mordor]] ([[Sindarin]]: '''Morannon''') was originally a gate built by [[Sauron]], the Dark Lord of [[Mordor]], to prevent invasion through the Pass of [[Cirith Gorgor]], the gap between the [[Ered Lithui]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]].

==History==
It was probably built with the power of the One Ring, like the [[Barad-dûr]]. After Sauron's fall, it became a [[Númenor]]ean garrison. Backed up on the other side by the [[Carach Angren|Isenmouthe]], and protected by the castle of [[Durthang]] to the west, it was redesigned to keep all of Mordor's evil inside, shielding the outside from it - and it from the outside. The reconstruction of [[Minas Ithil]], Tower of the Rising Moon, as well as the construction of [[Cirith Ungol]] were also done for the same purpose.

However, during the aftermath of the [[Kin-strife]] in [[Gondor]] the watchfulness of the guards in these strongholds relaxed. Thus the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] and [[Orcs]] re-entered Mordor, eventually overrunning the garrisons and inhabiting them for themselves. It was at this time that the tower of Minas Ithil was taken by the Nazgûl, having its name changed to [[Minas Morgul]], Tower of Sorcery.

During the [[War of the Ring]], the Army of the West, numbering under 6,000 men,<ref name="Opens"/> arrived at the Black Gate with the intention of drawing the [[Eye of Sauron]] away from [[Mount Doom]], to allow [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] the Ringbearer to cast [[the One Ring]] into the [[Cracks of Doom|Crack of Doom]] within it. This they achieved, and the Ring was destroyed in the fires of Mount Doom, following which the Black Gate and the [[Towers of the Teeth]] immediately collapsed.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=The Black Gate in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Battle of the Morannon.jpg|The Black Gate in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Black Gate.jpg|The Black Gate in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}
'''[[2001]]-[[2003|03]]: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Black Gate is present in the film series. in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|the second film]] is appears as a double gate, operated by Trolls, where [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] attempt to go through the Gate until convinced by [[Gollum]] not to do so. In [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|the third film]] the Black Gate is a focal point of the [[Battle of the Morannon]], and after the destruction of [[the One Ring]] the Black Gate and the [[Towers of the Teeth]] are seen to collapse.

'''[[2017]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Black Gate appears in the game as the location of a number of quests in the lead up to the defeat of [[Sauron]].
{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Mordor]]
[[Category:Doors and gates]]

[[de:Morannon]]
[[fi:Musta Portti]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/mordor/porte_noire]]

User talk:Quentandil

2021-04-10T16:58:03Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* On the Ages headcanon */

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Lorenzo Carrera |name=LorenzoCB}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 18:43, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

==Hello!==
Thanks for your recent contributions, LorenzoCB! When you write at talk pages, please make sure to sign your posts with <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki>, which will automatically show a link to your user name and date/time when writing the post.

--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 22:15, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

== Middle-earτh Shadow of War ==
Hello. Can you upload at least one image related to the videogame [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War|Middle-earth Shadow of War]]?I don't have the ability to upload images on Tolkien Gateway but you do have this ability.
:Hi! I recommend you to make your own account, then you can write all the article about Middle-earth: Shadow of War, as it is almost empty and you seem to be very interested on it. When you get 50 editions you'll be able to upload images. Now please, stop spamming about that. I won't do it, I personally don't like those games.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 14:40, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
Hello. I would like to upload an image on page [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]] but I can't upload images on Tolkien Gateway. Can you upload this image that I have uploaded on the specific page.
:There you have it :) You need 50 edits to upload images, btw. Hope you can get them improving the game articles. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 22:11, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

== Dagor Dagorath ==
Hi LorenzoCB, great job on your rewriting of the [[Dagor Dagorath]] article! Also, thank you for the kind corrections of my woeful ignorance of early names for characters in the Legendarium. Oops. :) --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 18:26, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
:It was just a detail. Thank you for correcting my English, I couldn't imagine I made so many grammatical mistakes! --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 23:03, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
::Your English is a lot better than my Spanish :) And I'm just picky when it comes to grammar! --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

== Help ==
Can you help me fix what I have done on page Isildur because I don't know what to do.
:I didn't see many problems. I fixed the style. Btw, I added the cover of Shadows of War. Last time I confused the games and uploaded the one for Shadows of Mordor :P Remember to sign when you write in a talkpage. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:09, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

== Image categories ==

Hi there. I don't know if you've noticed but there has been a convention (which isn't fully realised but increasingly I have slowly implemented) that for image categories the order has been 1) Artist 2) Where it's from 3) what/who it is depicting and these should be listed in alphabetical order (see [[:File:Alan Lee - The Elvenking's Gate.jpg]] as an example). If you could keep this in mind when changing or adding categories that would be appreciated. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 07:36, 5 September 2019 (UTC)
:Hi! Thanks for explaining that. I was trying to include the categories in alphabetical order, as I didn't relize there was a formal style for that. I'll do as you say. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 11:53, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

:Sure, although [[:File:Mysilvergreen - In a dungeon.jpg|this one]] and [[:File:Ted Nasmith - Tuor and Voronwë See Túrin at the Pool of Ivrin.jpg|this one]] weren't in alphabetical order. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:03, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

== Webcite ==

Hi. Just a note to remind you that, as per the usage information on [[Template:Webcite]], the "accessed" field is not optional; you should use this to show the date you accessed the page. Thanks! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:08, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

:As the date showed up authomatically I wasn't including it the last times, but now I see that it was just some kind of preview. Thanks for pointing it out. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:19, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
==Lost Tales==
Hi Lorenzo, I appreciate much your work on expanding the pages on HoMe.

Sometimes I have been thinking if we should dedicate some virtual "space" of this wiki for the Lost Tales continuity, I mean we already have LT-related articles like [[Gruir]], [[Gilfanon]], [[Noldoli]], [[Inglor]] and so on. However for topics that are covered in published canon, we use the "Other version of the Legendarium" section, see for example [[Tol_Eressea#Other_versions_of_the_Legendarium]] or [[Mandos#Other_versions_of_the_Legendarium]]. But I believe there is much more that deserves to be told about the LT topics. So I had the thought about creating alternate pages dedicated to the "alternate" versions of those topics, something like [[Tol Eressea (Lost Tales)]]. Perhaps we should also include them in categories like "Lost Tales characters" or "Lost Tales locations" and even have some template on the top of each article that notifies we are talking about the "Lost Tales continuity", instead of the generic one about Tolkien's early, unfinished and best thoughts. So we can have a fully functional sub-wiki within the wiki covering the LT topics in a clean way. Similar to how Wookieepedia handles the Canon and the Legends articles.

These are my first thoughts, and I'd like to know your thoughts, before opening a forum topic. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 23:44, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

:Hi Sage! Actually, I hate templates on the top of articles (because of how they look), but yours seems a good idea. It could help to clean the sections of OVOTL, that sometimes are a messy hotchpotch. However, I would wait until we have completed at least all the chapter summaries. The LT are a difficult topic, as there is not really a continuity (for example, I personally think that Christopher should have published the ''Part Two'' first), so I think it would be better to have a good base before clasifying things. And yes, I have planned to make those summaries at some point, don't know when.
:Happy new year. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 00:28, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

Hello again. Please have a look at the article [[Chasm of Ilmen]] and tell me if we can identify which is the particular earlier (1931) and later (1951) Silmarillion CT says about. Obviously he refers to the Quenta Noldorinwa and the Later Quenta? Or perhaps one of them is the Quenta of the Lost Road? I am not very comfortable with the versions and the dates. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:43, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
:Hello. It took me a while to find the page, you should try to include them more often (if you have the book on hand, of course). Yes, "the 'Silmarillion' that followed Q" (1937) is the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)]]'' (he cites LR p.242), while the text used in the 77's ''Silmarillion'' is ''Annals of Aman'' §177 (1951). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:06, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

==Thank you==

Thank you for fixing my error on Christopher’s death date, LorenzoCB! I originally did have it as 16 January, but then I saw it as 15 January and thought it was an incorrect time conversion on my part. Whoops! — {{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 23:15, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

:Don't worry. That error has been giving problems in Wikipedia, as many newspapers were giving it mistakenly, and seems like the own Tolkien Family asked to some Tolkien Societies to clarify it.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 10:36, 21 January 2020 (UTC)
==Foaloke==
The foaloke is a type of dragon distinct from the Uruloke, it shouldn't be discussed in the same article. I think all relevant information should be contained in its distinct article. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:26, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

:''[[Foa]]'' was changed to mean "breath", but it doesn't specify if it is because a foaloke "breathes fire" (being then an uruloke), which is the most obvious deduction, as a dragon that just breathes has nothing in particular. However, I agree with having a separated article, but you should make it starting from ''foa'' as "breath", not "hoard". In OVOTL could be included the description of Glorund as a foaloke. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:04, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

== Sauron ==
Firstly, I am not explaining Sauron's origins, but why he fell. Introductions should never be blunt. The sections expand the content of briefly presented in the introduction.

Secondly, the quote I put is from The Silmarillion - Valaquenta: Of the Enemies. Take a look if you will, I believe it is the last sentence in the paragraph concerning Sauron. --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 12:51, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

:Ah, as you removed all my edit, I didn't see you later put the quote that there was in the first place. If you want to help the wiki, there are many things that need to be improved: [[Tolkien Gateway:To-do]]. But the Sauron article is one of the few that are pretty fine, that's why I'm concerned with it.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:59, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Sorry if I myself am not that receptive or even annoying at times ... I'm having a bad time ... broke up with a girl and all that ... Let's leave the Sauron article as it is for now. I added on the talk page that I changed the image so if someone thinks it doesn't work then we'll change it. I'll try to help out on other articles as well, of course. I appreciate your dedication to the wiki! A nice time till next time! --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 13:07, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

:Sorry for being harsh when I point out the mistakes in your Talkpage. I get nervous when people make many edits for just one article, but I should have been more polite. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:11, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

I would like to point out that I disagree with the choices of the new pics. However I would like to say that some of the recent edits were legit and shouldn't be reverted. When a user makes a lot of edits and another user doesn't agree with stylistic mistakes, they shouldn't revert all the edits, but rather fix the particular points. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:10, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

== Melkor's Messenger ==
I edited out Sauron and Ungoliant of the Servants of Melkor category, the reasons why are faily logical. Leaving these aside, does it say anyway if Melkor's messenger, Langon, in the Book of Lost Tales is an Ainu? I saw he is mentioned as such in the Allies and Servants of Morgoth section and I don't remember J.R.R. saying anything on Langon's nature. This is all I found on this emissary:
"Melko heard him and was in doubt, he would not come, but sent Langon his servant..."--[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 12:34, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

:I disagree with removing that category from Sauron. He was his servant for a whole age. He can also have the category of 'Evil' because he later became independent, but he was a true servant, it doesn't matter if he forsook Morgoth; unlike Ungoliant, who was never under Morgoth's command. I fixed the info of [[Langon]], thanks for pointing that out. But there are better things than caring for the categories.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 13:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

== Lost Tales ==
Can you give me an example about that Gnomes category? For example, we should add this to the articles about Feanor and Beren ? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 18:41, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

:I mean for those characters that didn't have a development beyond the "Gnome" phase, like [[Gilfanon]], [[Littleheart]]... If in the future we make articles for Beren the Gnome and others, that category would be applied. But now those examples are categorized as "Noldor", anachronically. (You can answer me in your talkpage, btw). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:37, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
==Oropher==
Please have a look at [[Talk:Oropher]]. There is a passage that has been overlooked. I think the page about Oropher itself, as well as topics about the Elves of Lindon, the Sindar etc have some mistakes concerning their migrations. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:46, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

:Answered, I hope I helped. Do you take care of the matter? --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 13:39, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

==Eduardo Segura==
Hey why did you remove the information and link from the article without an explanation?

And why do you plan leaving here? That was ''lathspel''. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 18:42, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

:Eduardo did work as a consultant for the movies, but he told me he had no impact, so it was not pertinent to include that info. He also asked me to remove that link, as he lost his web domain. Sorry, I should have indicated that, but as I am the only one involved with that article I didn't bother.

:I'm leaving because the wiki requires time, and I want to focus more on other projects and on my spiritual life. Also, I feel many things are gonna change soon and I don't think I'll be able to edit. But I'm still around here, I want to finish some things before. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:00, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

== Image of Tevildo ==

I was just wondering, where did you get that image (I know it's from "Beren and Lúthien", but where, specifically, did you find it on the internet)?

Also, where did you find the title of the image? --[[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]]

:I found it on the internet, yes, Pinterest or something. I just searched one with a good quality and then I removed the frame following the policy of the wiki. Usually the images of Alan Lee have the title of the chapter from where they come, but there is no rule about that, so I put a more pertinent title. Are you sure we need a gallery for ''Beren and Lúthien''? That imples uploading all its images... --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:17, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

::Well, I'm planning to upload the entirety of Alan Lee's artwork from both "Beren and Lúthien" as well as those from "The Fall of Gondolin", yet I'm not sure on what should the appropriate title for those images should be.

::For example, take a look at this [http://misbehavingmaiarhome.files.wordpress.com/2018/04/tumblr_p615bfVvjf1tlkwg5o4_1280.jpg image] from "Beren and Lúthien". In the list of plates from the aforementioned book, this particular image is named ''"Surely that is a Silmaril that shines now in the West?"''. --[[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]]

:::Oh, if the images are titled in the book, then we should use those titles. I'll change the title of the one with Tevildo when I can check my book. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:11, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

== Grammar on your user page ==
The past tense for the verb to teach in the third paragraph of your user page is wrong. You should write "Tolkien tought me ...". To teach is a verb with an irregular past tense. The past tense of teach is tought. I am not going to write anything in spanish here, but you are welcome to correct my spanish if I ever write anything in spanish. I picked up some spanish by listening to people and by reading the Diario de Cadiz during vacations in Spain (I have to admit that I had latin at school and french at school and at university, so I had some basis in roman languages to start from). My native language is german. I once read an article about books owned by J.R.R. Tolkien and was amazed to see that most of the books o that list were written in german. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 20:19, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

:Much appreciated! You can freely edit my Userpage if you want correct any grammar mistake. I'm searching now about it and the past tense of teach is actually t'''a'''ught: seems that t'''o'''ught is a common mistake, but thanks again for pointing out mine. About Tolkien's German books, Philology had had a strong development in Germany some time before Tolkien began college, so it was imperative for him to have those. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 20:47, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

::You are correct. The past tense of the verb teach is taught. Taught is one of the few words in english that end with aught. More words end with ought and are pronounced in the same way as words ending with aught. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 13:45, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

== Helge Fauskanger Optimal LOTR Prequel Movie ==
Have you ever read Helge's article about the Westernesse Movie? It would be cool, if Amazon Prime would read his article and adapt it like that.{{unsigned|Akhorahil}}

:Yes! I wish that too, it has very good ideas. But it is also too short, as it is only about Númenor, and Númenor only comes into the Second Age scenario after hundred of years. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:24, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

==Clarily==
First off, I just wanted to say thank you for all the work you've done on TG, it's always nice to see your username pop up under recent changes. I did want to mention clarily though, since I'm not entirely sure it's a word. I've seen you use it a few times, especially in etymology sections. It might just be a reoccurring typo; I think the word you're going for is "clearly". Sorry for being nitpicky, and for bugging you, I just wanted to let you know. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 02:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

:Thanks for your words and correction. My English is still on work, so it is a relieve that we can count with users that take care of grammar. Feel free to correct my edits, I'll propably see it and learn from it. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 09:13, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Names of Sauron==
You can find the sources for the names and titles of Sauron that you asked for in the "Summary:" text box of your latest edit to the Sauron page on the Sauron page in the Origin section, in the Second Age section in the second paragraph, in the Black Years section in the last paragraph, in the On Númenor section in the second paragraph, in the The Necromancer section in the first paragraph, in the Etymology section and in the Other names and title section. If you have e-books of The Lord of the Rings and of the Silmarillion you can enter a name or title in the search field and look in which chapter or chapters on in which entry in the index it is included. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:43, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:I know the references of the Elvish names (I included most of them). I meant the names like 'Dark Power' , 'Black One', 'Black Hand', 'Nameless', which do not have any reference through the article or the Names section. I think I'm removing those until somebody provides proper references. The infobox is ridiculously long. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:26, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:Whatever. I'll try to find the references myself. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:29, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

::I can try to help pin some of them down. 'Black Hand' appears a couple pages into the "Of Túrin Turambar" chapter in the ''Silmarillion'', although I can't tell if that refers to Morgoth or Sauron, I would have to reread the chapter. However, in ''The Two Towers'', in The Black Gate is Closed, Gollum uses the name 'Black Hand' twice in reference to Sauron: "But master is going to take it to him, straight the the Black Hand" "He has only four [fingers] on the Black Hand". In ''Return of the King'' under The Pyre of Denethor, Gandalf twice refers to Sauron as the Dark Power, and the term is used later in the book. I'll work on some of the others, and try to add the references once I find them. Do the references just go in the infobox next to each name, and should all the names be references, even those that appear later in the article? --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:06, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:::That's useful, thanks! I'm making a proper list in the Names section, there we can include the references and explanation when necessary. We should avoid including references within the infobox, as it is suppoused to be a summary of the article (at least that's how I see it). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:12, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

::::Sounds good! Is there a list of names still missing their sources that I can work off of? I don't want to end up redoing work someone else has already done. Looking at the article right now, it's hard for me to see what is sourced and unsourced among the names. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:16, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:::::I claimed the article because this is a tough topic, now I'm checking articles about specific names of him. The names of the Valar are quite a mess, but looks like [[Aragorn]] and [[Morgoth]] are more urgent. You'll probably have to deal with names randomly separated in articles, which should be merged with the main article (or not if they are names shared by others). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:06, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

::::::Okay. I will look into the Aragorn and Morgoth articles and see what I can do. By the way, you may already have this, but I did a bit more hunting around for the other names of Sauron you mentioned: 'Black One' is used by Gollum to refer to Sauron in ''The Two Towers'' under The Black Gate is Closed. 'Nameless One' is used by Faramir in ''The Two Towers'' under A Window on the West, and is later used by the men of Gondor in ''Return of the King'' under the Siege of Gondor. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 17:13, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:::::::No, I haven't checked those yet, you saved me time, much appreciated. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:12, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
==First Age==
Hey, which "single reference" are you referring to, and what is the "wiki's policy" concerning the "First Age of the Sun"? I am not aware of any such explicit policy and I think the "Ages of the Sun" is a fanon term (I looked for it in HoMe). [[User:Sage|Sage]] 09:47, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

:As far as I know, the main reference to the "First Age" as the continuation of the Elder Days is the one from the Appendices that says the Exile of the Noldor happened at the end of the First Age. However, Tolkien, the wiki and the fandom use massively the term to refer to the [[Timeline/First Age|dates]] after the rising of the Sun; it is not an explicit policy, but quite implicit. I said "First Age of the Sun" just to point out the difference between the different conceptions, I'm not proposing anything. There is a terminology hole and we should clarify that before mixing things around.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 11:18, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
::There is also a reference in HoMe that says that the First Age is much longer. Tolkien uses FA dates in the Grey Annals I think, but he doesn't equate FA 1 with solar year 1. This is a convention that began with Foster, which he admits is only a convention, and we follow it for better or worse, but no way it is a policy of the wiki, implicit or not, that we should consider everywhere in the articles that the First Age began in what Foster terms FA 1. Perhaps you might find some such references made years ago by other editors but it is not the first nor the last misconception that we detect in hindsight and we try to fix. On the contrary, that's what we should do. And yea, we follow fanon conventions when there is no better alternative, and when it is not contradicting the canon, but I think accepting "FA 1" as the beginning of the First Age within an article, is a mistake that perpetuates the misconception, and we have the option to avoid. I think removing or editing the First Age title in your list would do less "harm" than leaving it there. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:29, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

:::Where in the whole HoMe? I don't deny the facts, tho, but we cannot follow a convention and fix misconceptions at the same time. This is more complex than I thought and I'm just wondering, but I think that if we want to keep consistency in the wiki (which I think is prioritary), we have two options:
:::*To move the dates in [[Timeline/First Age]] to "Years of the Sun ##" or whatever proper term, and be sure that every mention to the "First Age" in the wiki corresponds to the same concept.
:::*To keep Foster's terminology, and explain the problem in the [[First Age]] article (which already does, btw).
:::What we cannot do is saying "the Exile of the Noldor happened at the end of the First Age in the {{FA|1}}". --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:16, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

== Userboxes ==

I noticed that other users have info boxes that seem to be unlisted in the [[userboxes]] page. Things like "whether or not you believe that Tom Bombadil is the father of nature." To be honest, I was a little envious, but I am also wondering if there is some error that might need to be called to attention. I could have asked Mith, but he doesn't respond as actively as I write, but also you have answered some of my other questions, so I am asking you.
Thank you, --[[User:Erónèhire|Erónèhire]] 04:22, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

:I didn't notice that. You can always click on edit a Userpage and copy whatever you want. Here is it: http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Template:User_tom . --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:20, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

::I think they should all be in here: [[:Category:Userbox templates]]. It's the category for the Userbox templates. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 13:57, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

:::OK, thanks!--[[User:Erónèhire|Erónèhire]] 15:15, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

== Arnor ==

Hello. I noticed you made some recent edits on [[Arnor]]. I'd like your opinion on what I wrote on [[Talk:Arnor]]. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 07:18, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

:Hi! I didn't notice what you say when I made those small edits, feel free to undo them. I find kinda rude that Tengwar made a massive edit when it is clear you were revising it slowly; remember claiming the article next time. I also don't know what to do with the article now, I'm not into the Third Age, so I can't add much. Maybe now that it is shorter, it will be easier to revise by adding what is missing (?) --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:25, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

== Edits to Ancalagon, Carn Dum and other pages by a user with various IP addresses ==
Thank you for fixing the text and references of the Ancalagon page after the edits by an Anonymous user that seems to use different IP addresses and that does not seem to know the templates for the references. I fixed the text and the references on the Carn Dum page after the edits by what seems Tonne the same user with his or her references without templates. Some statements in the page were wrong and a lot was about Angmar and not about Carn Dum and were speculative statements. In my opinion, it does not Make Sense to duplicate much from the Angmar page and to speculate that all troops from Angmar came from Carn Dum and that every statement about Angmar also refers to Carn Dum. I focused the page in what is known about Carn Dum. Maybe you can Check the etymology section. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 15:11, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

:Good work! Yep, it is not uncommon to see references given to support assumptions and speculations, instead of giving the specific info of the article. I'll check the Etymology section when I can. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:29, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

== Carn Dûm etymology ==
The statement that Carndoom and Caron-dûn mean Red Valley '''in Noldorin''' is just a theory, because the note in Return of the Shadow only says that it means Red Valley, but it does not say in which language Carndoom and Caron-dûn are. Of course we can make a theory based on components, like carn, caron, doom and dûn. Can we leave the theory that it is Noldorin or Sindarin to Mr. Salo and others and stick to the facts that are available in the reference for the Statement? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 18:24, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

:''Caron-dûm'' has not only known [[Noldorin]] elements which correspond with the given gloss "Red Valley". The name was replaced by ''[[Nanduhirion]]'' (RS:433), which is Sindarin in LOTR, the next phase of the Noldorin language. I don't see any problem explaining what language a name is even if it is not explicitly indicated in the given reference: by sight an Elvish name can be easily identify as Q(u)enya or Sindarin/Noldorin, which is not the case with ''Carn-dûm'', as it casually corresponds with a Gaelic term. Tolkien didn't write every single name indicating "this is Quenya, this is Sindarin", so being that strict we would not be able to categorize most of the articles with Elvish names. Anyway, I'll change the section trying to keep order. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:34, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

== On the Ages headcanon ==

Hola Lorenzo,
Creo que tus creencias sobre las [[Age|Edades]] son muy interesantes. Aunque tengo un pensamiento rápido; en la Carta 211, Tolkien dice que cree que estamos al final de la Sexta Edad/comienzo de la Séptima. ¿Crees que quizás la Octava Edad podría ser aquella en la que Cristo regrese, o crees que la Sexta Edad está teniendo un final bastante largo?

Me disculpo; mi Español no es muy bueno y aprendí Español Latinoamericano.

--{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 22:04, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

:Buenos días Holdwine. Tu español se entiende perfectamente :) Espero que puedas entender mi parrafada.

:No creo que la Sexta Edad sea especialmente larga: en esa carta, Tolkien dice que desde el fin de la [[Third Age|Tercera Edad]] han pasado 6000 años aproximadamente, o sea que la [[Fourth Age|Cuarta Edad]] y la Quinta Edad pueden tener 2000 años cada una. Tampoco significa que nuestra edad actual vaya a acabar enseguida (o sí): Dios tiene el poder de prorrogar la historia todo lo que quiera (2 Pedro 3:8-9). He visto a muchos fans decir que empezamos una nueva edad con el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero Tolkien no parece pensar eso (él escribió la carta en 1958). Además, no hay nada en el mundo que pueda igualar a la victoria de Cristo sobre la muerte. En cualquier caso, mi headcanon se basa más en conectar el legendarium con [[:Wikipedia:Six Ages of the World|las edades del mundo]] en las que Tolkien se inspiró: ¿tal vez el único punto de inflexión entre la ficción y la historia real sea la religión?

:¿Por qué crees que estemos en la Séptima Edad? Creo que la historia se puede medir de diferentes maneras, o sea que no es incompatible. En la Edad Media también se hablaba de que con Cristo empezó un tiempo de Sabbath, y que cuando vuelva comenzará la Octava Edad del Eterno Domingo. Es una idea muy bonita. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:56, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

::Ah, supongo que no entendí completamente esa cita. Eso es lo que sucede cuando saco una cita de contexto sin mirar mi libro para comprobarlo.
::Yo mismo soy un cristiano devoto y estoy fascinado con la Iglesia medieval. Tendré que buscar la creencia de la que hablaste. Ciertamente parece una idea buena y plausible, y creo que sería una buena experiencia.

:: Me alegro de que mi español sea comprensible. Han pasado tres años desde que me detuve para poder concentrarme en el latín, jaja.

::—{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 16:56, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

User talk:Quentandil

2021-04-10T16:57:49Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* On the Ages headcanon */

User talk:Quentandil

2021-04-10T16:57:30Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: /* On the Ages headcanon */

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Lorenzo Carrera |name=LorenzoCB}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 18:43, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

==Hello!==
Thanks for your recent contributions, LorenzoCB! When you write at talk pages, please make sure to sign your posts with <nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki>, which will automatically show a link to your user name and date/time when writing the post.

--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 22:15, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

== Middle-earτh Shadow of War ==
Hello. Can you upload at least one image related to the videogame [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War|Middle-earth Shadow of War]]?I don't have the ability to upload images on Tolkien Gateway but you do have this ability.
:Hi! I recommend you to make your own account, then you can write all the article about Middle-earth: Shadow of War, as it is almost empty and you seem to be very interested on it. When you get 50 editions you'll be able to upload images. Now please, stop spamming about that. I won't do it, I personally don't like those games.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 14:40, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
Hello. I would like to upload an image on page [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]] but I can't upload images on Tolkien Gateway. Can you upload this image that I have uploaded on the specific page.
:There you have it :) You need 50 edits to upload images, btw. Hope you can get them improving the game articles. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 22:11, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

== Dagor Dagorath ==
Hi LorenzoCB, great job on your rewriting of the [[Dagor Dagorath]] article! Also, thank you for the kind corrections of my woeful ignorance of early names for characters in the Legendarium. Oops. :) --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 18:26, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
:It was just a detail. Thank you for correcting my English, I couldn't imagine I made so many grammatical mistakes! --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 23:03, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
::Your English is a lot better than my Spanish :) And I'm just picky when it comes to grammar! --{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}}

== Help ==
Can you help me fix what I have done on page Isildur because I don't know what to do.
:I didn't see many problems. I fixed the style. Btw, I added the cover of Shadows of War. Last time I confused the games and uploaded the one for Shadows of Mordor :P Remember to sign when you write in a talkpage. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:09, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

== Image categories ==

Hi there. I don't know if you've noticed but there has been a convention (which isn't fully realised but increasingly I have slowly implemented) that for image categories the order has been 1) Artist 2) Where it's from 3) what/who it is depicting and these should be listed in alphabetical order (see [[:File:Alan Lee - The Elvenking's Gate.jpg]] as an example). If you could keep this in mind when changing or adding categories that would be appreciated. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 07:36, 5 September 2019 (UTC)
:Hi! Thanks for explaining that. I was trying to include the categories in alphabetical order, as I didn't relize there was a formal style for that. I'll do as you say. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 11:53, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

:Sure, although [[:File:Mysilvergreen - In a dungeon.jpg|this one]] and [[:File:Ted Nasmith - Tuor and Voronwë See Túrin at the Pool of Ivrin.jpg|this one]] weren't in alphabetical order. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:03, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

== Webcite ==

Hi. Just a note to remind you that, as per the usage information on [[Template:Webcite]], the "accessed" field is not optional; you should use this to show the date you accessed the page. Thanks! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:08, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

:As the date showed up authomatically I wasn't including it the last times, but now I see that it was just some kind of preview. Thanks for pointing it out. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:19, 23 September 2019 (UTC)
==Lost Tales==
Hi Lorenzo, I appreciate much your work on expanding the pages on HoMe.

Sometimes I have been thinking if we should dedicate some virtual "space" of this wiki for the Lost Tales continuity, I mean we already have LT-related articles like [[Gruir]], [[Gilfanon]], [[Noldoli]], [[Inglor]] and so on. However for topics that are covered in published canon, we use the "Other version of the Legendarium" section, see for example [[Tol_Eressea#Other_versions_of_the_Legendarium]] or [[Mandos#Other_versions_of_the_Legendarium]]. But I believe there is much more that deserves to be told about the LT topics. So I had the thought about creating alternate pages dedicated to the "alternate" versions of those topics, something like [[Tol Eressea (Lost Tales)]]. Perhaps we should also include them in categories like "Lost Tales characters" or "Lost Tales locations" and even have some template on the top of each article that notifies we are talking about the "Lost Tales continuity", instead of the generic one about Tolkien's early, unfinished and best thoughts. So we can have a fully functional sub-wiki within the wiki covering the LT topics in a clean way. Similar to how Wookieepedia handles the Canon and the Legends articles.

These are my first thoughts, and I'd like to know your thoughts, before opening a forum topic. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 23:44, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

:Hi Sage! Actually, I hate templates on the top of articles (because of how they look), but yours seems a good idea. It could help to clean the sections of OVOTL, that sometimes are a messy hotchpotch. However, I would wait until we have completed at least all the chapter summaries. The LT are a difficult topic, as there is not really a continuity (for example, I personally think that Christopher should have published the ''Part Two'' first), so I think it would be better to have a good base before clasifying things. And yes, I have planned to make those summaries at some point, don't know when.
:Happy new year. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 00:28, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

Hello again. Please have a look at the article [[Chasm of Ilmen]] and tell me if we can identify which is the particular earlier (1931) and later (1951) Silmarillion CT says about. Obviously he refers to the Quenta Noldorinwa and the Later Quenta? Or perhaps one of them is the Quenta of the Lost Road? I am not very comfortable with the versions and the dates. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:43, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
:Hello. It took me a while to find the page, you should try to include them more often (if you have the book on hand, of course). Yes, "the 'Silmarillion' that followed Q" (1937) is the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)]]'' (he cites LR p.242), while the text used in the 77's ''Silmarillion'' is ''Annals of Aman'' §177 (1951). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:06, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

==Thank you==

Thank you for fixing my error on Christopher’s death date, LorenzoCB! I originally did have it as 16 January, but then I saw it as 15 January and thought it was an incorrect time conversion on my part. Whoops! — {{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 23:15, 20 January 2020 (UTC)

:Don't worry. That error has been giving problems in Wikipedia, as many newspapers were giving it mistakenly, and seems like the own Tolkien Family asked to some Tolkien Societies to clarify it.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 10:36, 21 January 2020 (UTC)
==Foaloke==
The foaloke is a type of dragon distinct from the Uruloke, it shouldn't be discussed in the same article. I think all relevant information should be contained in its distinct article. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:26, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

:''[[Foa]]'' was changed to mean "breath", but it doesn't specify if it is because a foaloke "breathes fire" (being then an uruloke), which is the most obvious deduction, as a dragon that just breathes has nothing in particular. However, I agree with having a separated article, but you should make it starting from ''foa'' as "breath", not "hoard". In OVOTL could be included the description of Glorund as a foaloke. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:04, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

== Sauron ==
Firstly, I am not explaining Sauron's origins, but why he fell. Introductions should never be blunt. The sections expand the content of briefly presented in the introduction.

Secondly, the quote I put is from The Silmarillion - Valaquenta: Of the Enemies. Take a look if you will, I believe it is the last sentence in the paragraph concerning Sauron. --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 12:51, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

:Ah, as you removed all my edit, I didn't see you later put the quote that there was in the first place. If you want to help the wiki, there are many things that need to be improved: [[Tolkien Gateway:To-do]]. But the Sauron article is one of the few that are pretty fine, that's why I'm concerned with it.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:59, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Sorry if I myself am not that receptive or even annoying at times ... I'm having a bad time ... broke up with a girl and all that ... Let's leave the Sauron article as it is for now. I added on the talk page that I changed the image so if someone thinks it doesn't work then we'll change it. I'll try to help out on other articles as well, of course. I appreciate your dedication to the wiki! A nice time till next time! --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 13:07, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

:Sorry for being harsh when I point out the mistakes in your Talkpage. I get nervous when people make many edits for just one article, but I should have been more polite. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:11, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

I would like to point out that I disagree with the choices of the new pics. However I would like to say that some of the recent edits were legit and shouldn't be reverted. When a user makes a lot of edits and another user doesn't agree with stylistic mistakes, they shouldn't revert all the edits, but rather fix the particular points. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 17:10, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

== Melkor's Messenger ==
I edited out Sauron and Ungoliant of the Servants of Melkor category, the reasons why are faily logical. Leaving these aside, does it say anyway if Melkor's messenger, Langon, in the Book of Lost Tales is an Ainu? I saw he is mentioned as such in the Allies and Servants of Morgoth section and I don't remember J.R.R. saying anything on Langon's nature. This is all I found on this emissary:
"Melko heard him and was in doubt, he would not come, but sent Langon his servant..."--[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] 12:34, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

:I disagree with removing that category from Sauron. He was his servant for a whole age. He can also have the category of 'Evil' because he later became independent, but he was a true servant, it doesn't matter if he forsook Morgoth; unlike Ungoliant, who was never under Morgoth's command. I fixed the info of [[Langon]], thanks for pointing that out. But there are better things than caring for the categories.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 13:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

== Lost Tales ==
Can you give me an example about that Gnomes category? For example, we should add this to the articles about Feanor and Beren ? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 18:41, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

:I mean for those characters that didn't have a development beyond the "Gnome" phase, like [[Gilfanon]], [[Littleheart]]... If in the future we make articles for Beren the Gnome and others, that category would be applied. But now those examples are categorized as "Noldor", anachronically. (You can answer me in your talkpage, btw). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:37, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
==Oropher==
Please have a look at [[Talk:Oropher]]. There is a passage that has been overlooked. I think the page about Oropher itself, as well as topics about the Elves of Lindon, the Sindar etc have some mistakes concerning their migrations. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 10:46, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

:Answered, I hope I helped. Do you take care of the matter? --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 13:39, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

==Eduardo Segura==
Hey why did you remove the information and link from the article without an explanation?

And why do you plan leaving here? That was ''lathspel''. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 18:42, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

:Eduardo did work as a consultant for the movies, but he told me he had no impact, so it was not pertinent to include that info. He also asked me to remove that link, as he lost his web domain. Sorry, I should have indicated that, but as I am the only one involved with that article I didn't bother.

:I'm leaving because the wiki requires time, and I want to focus more on other projects and on my spiritual life. Also, I feel many things are gonna change soon and I don't think I'll be able to edit. But I'm still around here, I want to finish some things before. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:00, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

== Image of Tevildo ==

I was just wondering, where did you get that image (I know it's from "Beren and Lúthien", but where, specifically, did you find it on the internet)?

Also, where did you find the title of the image? --[[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]]

:I found it on the internet, yes, Pinterest or something. I just searched one with a good quality and then I removed the frame following the policy of the wiki. Usually the images of Alan Lee have the title of the chapter from where they come, but there is no rule about that, so I put a more pertinent title. Are you sure we need a gallery for ''Beren and Lúthien''? That imples uploading all its images... --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:17, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

::Well, I'm planning to upload the entirety of Alan Lee's artwork from both "Beren and Lúthien" as well as those from "The Fall of Gondolin", yet I'm not sure on what should the appropriate title for those images should be.

::For example, take a look at this [http://misbehavingmaiarhome.files.wordpress.com/2018/04/tumblr_p615bfVvjf1tlkwg5o4_1280.jpg image] from "Beren and Lúthien". In the list of plates from the aforementioned book, this particular image is named ''"Surely that is a Silmaril that shines now in the West?"''. --[[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]]

:::Oh, if the images are titled in the book, then we should use those titles. I'll change the title of the one with Tevildo when I can check my book. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:11, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

== Grammar on your user page ==
The past tense for the verb to teach in the third paragraph of your user page is wrong. You should write "Tolkien tought me ...". To teach is a verb with an irregular past tense. The past tense of teach is tought. I am not going to write anything in spanish here, but you are welcome to correct my spanish if I ever write anything in spanish. I picked up some spanish by listening to people and by reading the Diario de Cadiz during vacations in Spain (I have to admit that I had latin at school and french at school and at university, so I had some basis in roman languages to start from). My native language is german. I once read an article about books owned by J.R.R. Tolkien and was amazed to see that most of the books o that list were written in german. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 20:19, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

:Much appreciated! You can freely edit my Userpage if you want correct any grammar mistake. I'm searching now about it and the past tense of teach is actually t'''a'''ught: seems that t'''o'''ught is a common mistake, but thanks again for pointing out mine. About Tolkien's German books, Philology had had a strong development in Germany some time before Tolkien began college, so it was imperative for him to have those. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 20:47, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

::You are correct. The past tense of the verb teach is taught. Taught is one of the few words in english that end with aught. More words end with ought and are pronounced in the same way as words ending with aught. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 13:45, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

== Helge Fauskanger Optimal LOTR Prequel Movie ==
Have you ever read Helge's article about the Westernesse Movie? It would be cool, if Amazon Prime would read his article and adapt it like that.{{unsigned|Akhorahil}}

:Yes! I wish that too, it has very good ideas. But it is also too short, as it is only about Númenor, and Númenor only comes into the Second Age scenario after hundred of years. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:24, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

==Clarily==
First off, I just wanted to say thank you for all the work you've done on TG, it's always nice to see your username pop up under recent changes. I did want to mention clarily though, since I'm not entirely sure it's a word. I've seen you use it a few times, especially in etymology sections. It might just be a reoccurring typo; I think the word you're going for is "clearly". Sorry for being nitpicky, and for bugging you, I just wanted to let you know. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 02:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

:Thanks for your words and correction. My English is still on work, so it is a relieve that we can count with users that take care of grammar. Feel free to correct my edits, I'll propably see it and learn from it. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 09:13, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Names of Sauron==
You can find the sources for the names and titles of Sauron that you asked for in the "Summary:" text box of your latest edit to the Sauron page on the Sauron page in the Origin section, in the Second Age section in the second paragraph, in the Black Years section in the last paragraph, in the On Númenor section in the second paragraph, in the The Necromancer section in the first paragraph, in the Etymology section and in the Other names and title section. If you have e-books of The Lord of the Rings and of the Silmarillion you can enter a name or title in the search field and look in which chapter or chapters on in which entry in the index it is included. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:43, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:I know the references of the Elvish names (I included most of them). I meant the names like 'Dark Power' , 'Black One', 'Black Hand', 'Nameless', which do not have any reference through the article or the Names section. I think I'm removing those until somebody provides proper references. The infobox is ridiculously long. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:26, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:Whatever. I'll try to find the references myself. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:29, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

::I can try to help pin some of them down. 'Black Hand' appears a couple pages into the "Of Túrin Turambar" chapter in the ''Silmarillion'', although I can't tell if that refers to Morgoth or Sauron, I would have to reread the chapter. However, in ''The Two Towers'', in The Black Gate is Closed, Gollum uses the name 'Black Hand' twice in reference to Sauron: "But master is going to take it to him, straight the the Black Hand" "He has only four [fingers] on the Black Hand". In ''Return of the King'' under The Pyre of Denethor, Gandalf twice refers to Sauron as the Dark Power, and the term is used later in the book. I'll work on some of the others, and try to add the references once I find them. Do the references just go in the infobox next to each name, and should all the names be references, even those that appear later in the article? --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:06, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:::That's useful, thanks! I'm making a proper list in the Names section, there we can include the references and explanation when necessary. We should avoid including references within the infobox, as it is suppoused to be a summary of the article (at least that's how I see it). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:12, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

::::Sounds good! Is there a list of names still missing their sources that I can work off of? I don't want to end up redoing work someone else has already done. Looking at the article right now, it's hard for me to see what is sourced and unsourced among the names. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 16:16, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:::::I claimed the article because this is a tough topic, now I'm checking articles about specific names of him. The names of the Valar are quite a mess, but looks like [[Aragorn]] and [[Morgoth]] are more urgent. You'll probably have to deal with names randomly separated in articles, which should be merged with the main article (or not if they are names shared by others). --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:06, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

::::::Okay. I will look into the Aragorn and Morgoth articles and see what I can do. By the way, you may already have this, but I did a bit more hunting around for the other names of Sauron you mentioned: 'Black One' is used by Gollum to refer to Sauron in ''The Two Towers'' under The Black Gate is Closed. 'Nameless One' is used by Faramir in ''The Two Towers'' under A Window on the West, and is later used by the men of Gondor in ''Return of the King'' under the Siege of Gondor. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 17:13, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

:::::::No, I haven't checked those yet, you saved me time, much appreciated. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 18:12, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
==First Age==
Hey, which "single reference" are you referring to, and what is the "wiki's policy" concerning the "First Age of the Sun"? I am not aware of any such explicit policy and I think the "Ages of the Sun" is a fanon term (I looked for it in HoMe). [[User:Sage|Sage]] 09:47, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

:As far as I know, the main reference to the "First Age" as the continuation of the Elder Days is the one from the Appendices that says the Exile of the Noldor happened at the end of the First Age. However, Tolkien, the wiki and the fandom use massively the term to refer to the [[Timeline/First Age|dates]] after the rising of the Sun; it is not an explicit policy, but quite implicit. I said "First Age of the Sun" just to point out the difference between the different conceptions, I'm not proposing anything. There is a terminology hole and we should clarify that before mixing things around.--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 11:18, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
::There is also a reference in HoMe that says that the First Age is much longer. Tolkien uses FA dates in the Grey Annals I think, but he doesn't equate FA 1 with solar year 1. This is a convention that began with Foster, which he admits is only a convention, and we follow it for better or worse, but no way it is a policy of the wiki, implicit or not, that we should consider everywhere in the articles that the First Age began in what Foster terms FA 1. Perhaps you might find some such references made years ago by other editors but it is not the first nor the last misconception that we detect in hindsight and we try to fix. On the contrary, that's what we should do. And yea, we follow fanon conventions when there is no better alternative, and when it is not contradicting the canon, but I think accepting "FA 1" as the beginning of the First Age within an article, is a mistake that perpetuates the misconception, and we have the option to avoid. I think removing or editing the First Age title in your list would do less "harm" than leaving it there. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:29, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

:::Where in the whole HoMe? I don't deny the facts, tho, but we cannot follow a convention and fix misconceptions at the same time. This is more complex than I thought and I'm just wondering, but I think that if we want to keep consistency in the wiki (which I think is prioritary), we have two options:
:::*To move the dates in [[Timeline/First Age]] to "Years of the Sun ##" or whatever proper term, and be sure that every mention to the "First Age" in the wiki corresponds to the same concept.
:::*To keep Foster's terminology, and explain the problem in the [[First Age]] article (which already does, btw).
:::What we cannot do is saying "the Exile of the Noldor happened at the end of the First Age in the {{FA|1}}". --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:16, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

== Userboxes ==

I noticed that other users have info boxes that seem to be unlisted in the [[userboxes]] page. Things like "whether or not you believe that Tom Bombadil is the father of nature." To be honest, I was a little envious, but I am also wondering if there is some error that might need to be called to attention. I could have asked Mith, but he doesn't respond as actively as I write, but also you have answered some of my other questions, so I am asking you.
Thank you, --[[User:Erónèhire|Erónèhire]] 04:22, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

:I didn't notice that. You can always click on edit a Userpage and copy whatever you want. Here is it: http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Template:User_tom . --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:20, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

::I think they should all be in here: [[:Category:Userbox templates]]. It's the category for the Userbox templates. --[[User:Grace18|Grace18]] 13:57, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

:::OK, thanks!--[[User:Erónèhire|Erónèhire]] 15:15, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

== Arnor ==

Hello. I noticed you made some recent edits on [[Arnor]]. I'd like your opinion on what I wrote on [[Talk:Arnor]]. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 07:18, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

:Hi! I didn't notice what you say when I made those small edits, feel free to undo them. I find kinda rude that Tengwar made a massive edit when it is clear you were revising it slowly; remember claiming the article next time. I also don't know what to do with the article now, I'm not into the Third Age, so I can't add much. Maybe now that it is shorter, it will be easier to revise by adding what is missing (?) --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:25, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

== Edits to Ancalagon, Carn Dum and other pages by a user with various IP addresses ==
Thank you for fixing the text and references of the Ancalagon page after the edits by an Anonymous user that seems to use different IP addresses and that does not seem to know the templates for the references. I fixed the text and the references on the Carn Dum page after the edits by what seems Tonne the same user with his or her references without templates. Some statements in the page were wrong and a lot was about Angmar and not about Carn Dum and were speculative statements. In my opinion, it does not Make Sense to duplicate much from the Angmar page and to speculate that all troops from Angmar came from Carn Dum and that every statement about Angmar also refers to Carn Dum. I focused the page in what is known about Carn Dum. Maybe you can Check the etymology section. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 15:11, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

:Good work! Yep, it is not uncommon to see references given to support assumptions and speculations, instead of giving the specific info of the article. I'll check the Etymology section when I can. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:29, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

== Carn Dûm etymology ==
The statement that Carndoom and Caron-dûn mean Red Valley '''in Noldorin''' is just a theory, because the note in Return of the Shadow only says that it means Red Valley, but it does not say in which language Carndoom and Caron-dûn are. Of course we can make a theory based on components, like carn, caron, doom and dûn. Can we leave the theory that it is Noldorin or Sindarin to Mr. Salo and others and stick to the facts that are available in the reference for the Statement? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 18:24, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

:''Caron-dûm'' has not only known [[Noldorin]] elements which correspond with the given gloss "Red Valley". The name was replaced by ''[[Nanduhirion]]'' (RS:433), which is Sindarin in LOTR, the next phase of the Noldorin language. I don't see any problem explaining what language a name is even if it is not explicitly indicated in the given reference: by sight an Elvish name can be easily identify as Q(u)enya or Sindarin/Noldorin, which is not the case with ''Carn-dûm'', as it casually corresponds with a Gaelic term. Tolkien didn't write every single name indicating "this is Quenya, this is Sindarin", so being that strict we would not be able to categorize most of the articles with Elvish names. Anyway, I'll change the section trying to keep order. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:34, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

== On the Ages headcanon ==

Hola Lorenzo,
Creo que tus creencias sobre las [[Age|Edades]] son muy interesantes. Aunque tengo un pensamiento rápido; en la Carta 211, Tolkien dice que cree que estamos al final de la Sexta Edad/comienzo de la Séptima. ¿Crees que quizás la Octava Edad podría ser aquella en la que Cristo regrese, o crees que la Sexta Edad está teniendo un final bastante largo?

Me disculpo; mi Español no es muy bueno y aprendí Español Latinoamericano.

--{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 22:04, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

:Buenos días Holdwine. Tu español se entiende perfectamente :) Espero que puedas entender mi parrafada.

:No creo que la Sexta Edad sea especialmente larga: en esa carta, Tolkien dice que desde el fin de la [[Third Age|Tercera Edad]] han pasado 6000 años aproximadamente, o sea que la [[Fourth Age|Cuarta Edad]] y la Quinta Edad pueden tener 2000 años cada una. Tampoco significa que nuestra edad actual vaya a acabar enseguida (o sí): Dios tiene el poder de prorrogar la historia todo lo que quiera (2 Pedro 3:8-9). He visto a muchos fans decir que empezamos una nueva edad con el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero Tolkien no parece pensar eso (él escribió la carta en 1958). Además, no hay nada en el mundo que pueda igualar a la victoria de Cristo sobre la muerte. En cualquier caso, mi headcanon se basa más en conectar el legendarium con [[:Wikipedia:Six Ages of the World|las edades del mundo]] en las que Tolkien se inspiró: ¿tal vez el único punto de inflexión entre la ficción y la historia real sea la religión?

:¿Por qué crees que estemos en la Séptima Edad? Creo que la historia se puede medir de diferentes maneras, o sea que no es incompatible. En la Edad Media también se hablaba de que con Cristo empezó un tiempo de Sabbath, y que cuando vuelva comenzará la Octava Edad del Eterno Domingo. Es una idea muy bonita. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:56, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

::Ah, supongo que no entendí completamente esa cita. Eso es lo que sucede cuando saco una cita de contexto sin mirar mi libro para comprobarlo.
::Yo mismo soy un cristiano devoto y estoy fascinado con la Iglesia medieval. Tendré que buscar la creencia de la que hablaste. Ciertamente parece una idea buena y plausible, y creo que sería una buena experiencia.

:: Me alegro de que mi español sea comprensible. Han pasado tres años desde que me detuve para poder concentrarme en el latín, jaja.

—{{User:Holdwine Meriadoc/sig}} 16:56, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

2021-01-21T20:12:14Z

Holdwine Meriadoc: Undo revision 326576 by Holdwine Meriadoc (talk) Can't figure this out, can someone who knows how do this please?

{{maiar infobox
| name=Ossë
| image=[[File:Kent Burles - Ossë.png|250px]]
| caption="Ossë" by [[:Category:Images by Kent Burles|Kent Burles]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈosːe]}}
| othernames=''Yssion'', ''Gaerys'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| titles=
| position=
| location=
| affiliation=[[Ulmo]], formerly [[Morgoth|Melkor]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Uinen]]
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Ossë''' was a [[Maiar|Maia]] of the [[Inner Seas]] associated with [[Ulmo]].

==Attributes==
Ossë is a vassal of Ulmo, but he loves the winds and prefers the coasts and isles of [[Middle-earth]]<ref name=s3/> over the deeps of his master. There is some darkness and violence in his spirit, presumably after his seduction by Melkor, and still enjoys raging in storms despite the will of Ulmo; only his spouse, [[Uinen]] can restrain his wild urges. He is friend to mariners, but they don't trust his unpredictable temperament.<ref name=vala>{{S|IIc}}</ref>

==History==
In the early days of [[Arda]], Ossë turned to [[Morgoth|Melkor]] for a time, but Uinen brought him back to the loyalty of Ulmo. However, Ossë's wild and wilful nature was still evident despite remaining loyal to Ulmo.<ref name=vala/>

During the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] to [[Valinor]], Ossë was sent to befriend the [[Lindar]], the clan of the Eldar who lingered by the shores of [[Belegaer]] on their way, and he taught them sea-lore and sea-music. When Ulmo returned with the floating island for them to resume their trip to the west, Ossë (who loved the shores of Middle-earth) did not wish to part with his friends; he persuaded some, like [[Círdan]], to remain there, at the [[Falas]] and the [[Bay of Balar]]. These afterwards became the [[Falathrim]].<ref name=s3/>
[[File:Steamey - Ossë and the Teleri.jpg|thumb|left|Steamey - ''Ossë and the Teleri'']]
As Ulmo ferried the floating island with [[Olwë]] and his Lindar to [[Eldamar]], they heard Ossë's song and begged Ulmo to stop off the shore, which he did. Ossë fastened the island to the bottom, and it became [[Tol Eressëa]], the lonely isle off the [[Bay of Eldamar]]. However soon the [[Falmari]] of the island longed for the splendour and [[Light of Valinor]] and wished to see their kindred there. Grieving, Ossë submitted to the will of the Valar and Ulmo, and taught them ship-building and offered them [[swans]] to draw them to Valinor.<ref name=s3>{{S|Princes}}</ref>

With his master, Ossë often visited [[Nevrast]] and the feet of Mount [[Taras]] in [[Middle-earth]], and many [[Sindar]] were concentrated to that place.<ref>{{S|14}}</ref>

After the [[First Kinslaying]], [[Olwë]] called upon Ossë against the [[Noldor]], but he came not, as the Valar did not wish to hinder the [[Flight of the Noldor]] with violence.<ref>{{S|9}}</ref>

After the [[Valar]] pronounced the [[Doom of the Noldor]], Ossë helped guard the shores of [[Beleriand]] to keep the ships of the Noldor from reaching [[Valinor]]. His storms had a part in wrecking all the ships that they sent, and only one [[Elves|Elf]] from among their crews survived, by the will of Ulmo: [[Voronwë]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

In the [[Second Age]] he raised the island of [[Elenna]] ([[Númenor]]) from the depths of the Sea.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| OSS |~| UIN | |OSS='''OSSË'''|UIN=[[Uinen]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Etymology==
At least two explanations exist for the name ''Ossë''. In ''[[The Etymologies]]'', it is understood as the [[Qenya]] word ''osse'' ("terror"), deriving from the [[Sundocarme|root]] GOS ("dread").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 359</ref>

A later note pertaining to the name instead suggests it is a name of non-Elvish origin, deriving from [[Valarin]] ''Oš(o)šai'' ("spuming, foaming").<ref name=WJ>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 400</ref> The same later note mentions that Ossë's [[Sindarin]] names were '''''Gaerys''''' (also containing the S. element ''gaer'' "dread")<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''gaer''</ref> and '''''Yssion'''''.<ref name=WJ/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In older versions of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' as well as the ''[[Annals of Aman]]'', Ossë and his spouse [[Uinen]] were Valar in their own right, and often opposed the will of Ulmo.

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Ossë is referred to as ''Saefrea'' ("Sea-ruler"),<ref>{{SM|QA1}}</ref> reflecting his status as a Vala (Fréa).

In that conception, Ossë is the source of the name ''Balar'' in place-names such as [[Cape Balar]], [[Isle of Balar]] and [[Bay of Balar]], which he often visited, and from which all [[Beleriand]] was named.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry BAL</ref><ref>{{GA|2}}</ref>

Ossë had a large house in [[Valmar]] made by [[Ónen]] and [[Oarni]] from pearls with a flour from sea water and roof from foam. He lived there during congregations of Valar or when the noise of the sea tired him.<ref>{{LT1|III}}</ref>

''Ossë'' was also the name of a [[Tengwa]] similar to Roman c, which apparently had the value ''o''.<ref>{{VT|45}} p.15</ref> However elsewhere, this letter is named ''[[Elwë]]'' and has the value of ''e''. In the [[Mode of Beleriand]] this letter instead has the value ''a''.

His name ''Falman'' from the root FALA (e.g. ''falma'' "foam") appears in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Falman"</ref>

{{references}}
{{ainur}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Osse}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Qenya names]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[de:Osse]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/osse]]
[[fi:Ossë]]