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27 January/eventcard

2026-01-21T14:48:20Z

JR Snow: Created page with "{{Event card |image = The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Ensemble poster.jpg |day = 27 |month = JAN |year = 2004 |title = Peter Jackson's The Return of the King is nominated for eleven Academy Awards |page = The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King |caption = On Earth }}"

{{Event card
|image = The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Ensemble poster.jpg
|day = 27
|month = JAN
|year = 2004
|title = Peter Jackson's The Return of the King is nominated for eleven Academy Awards
|page = The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
|caption = On Earth
}}

26 January/eventcard

2026-01-21T14:43:53Z

JR Snow: Created page with "{{Event card |image = Rebecca Knudson - Lothlórien.jpg |day = 26 |month = JAN |year = T.A. 3019 |title = The Fellowship rest in Lothlórien |page = Lothlórien }}"

{{Event card
|image = Rebecca Knudson - Lothlórien.jpg
|day = 26
|month = JAN
|year = T.A. 3019
|title = The Fellowship rest in Lothlórien
|page = Lothlórien
}}

J.R.R. Tolkien

2026-01-11T21:08:56Z

JR Snow: /* Family Tree */

{{short description|Architect of Arda}}
{{disambig-more|J.R.R. Tolkien|[[J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{disambig-more|Tolkien|[[Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{author infobox
| image=J.R.R. Tolkien, ca. 1925.jpg
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien
| born=[[3 January]] [[1892]] [[Bloemfontein]], [[Orange Free State]]
| died=[[2 September]] [[1973]] (aged 81 years) [[Bournemouth]], England
| education=[[University of Oxford]]
| occupation=Academic Author Philologist Poet
| location=[[Wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com Tolkien: The official site of the Tolkien Estate]
}}

{{quote|I said, outside Lichfield Cathedral, to a friend of my youth – long since dead of gas-gangrene (God rest his soul: I grieve still) – ‘Why is that cloud so beautiful?’ He said: ‘Because you have begun to write poetry, John Ronald.’ He was wrong. It was because Death was near, and all was intolerably fair, lost ere grasped. That was why I began to write poetry.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], footnote to [[Letter 43]] to [[Michael Tolkien]]}}

'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], ([[3 January]], [[1892]] – [[2 September]], [[1973]]) was a philologist and writer, best known as the author of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He worked as reader and professor in English language at the [[University of Leeds]] from [[1920]] to [[1925]]; as professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] language at the [[University of Oxford]] from [[1925]] to [[1945]]; and of English language and literature from [[1945]] until his retirement in [[1959]]. Tolkien was a close friend of [[C.S. Lewis]], and a member of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group to which both Lewis, [[Owen Barfield]], and various other celebrated authors belonged.

Tolkien created a ''[[legendarium]]'', a fictional mythology about the remote past of Earth, of which [[Middle-earth]] in particular is the main stage. Included in his legendarium are ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' along with ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series (both posthumously published by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]). Tolkien's other published works include philological essays, modern adaptations of medieval literature and other stories not directly related to the legendarium, many of which were originally stories written for his children. Tolkien is often referred to as the "father" of modern fantasy and is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time.

==Biography==
===Family ancestry===
:''See also: [[Tolkien Family]] & [[Suffield Family]]''

Many of Tolkien's paternal ancestors were craftsmen.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183343/http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf|articlename=On J.R.R. Tolkien's Roots in Gdańsk|dated=November 2017|website=|accessed=24 February 2024}}</ref> According to Tolkien's own understanding,<ref group="note">As [[Ryszard Derdziński]] points out, Tolkien's knowledge of his family history came primarily from family legends.</ref> the [[Tolkien Family]] had its roots in Saxony (present-day Germany), but had been living in England since the 18th century, becoming "quickly and intensely English (not British)".<ref name="l165">{{L|165}}</ref> Tolkien believed that the name ''Tolkien'' was the anglicised form of ''Tollkiehn'' (i.e. German: ''[[Wiktionary:tollkühn|tollkühn]]'', "foolhardy", the etymological English calque would be "dull-keen", a literal translation of "oxymoron").<ref name="l324">{{L|324}}</ref> Research by linguist [[Ryszard Derdziński]] suggests that the family is of Low Prussian descent and consequently, the name is of [[Wikipedia:Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] origin and probably means "son/descendant of Tolk".<ref>[[Ryszard Derdziński]], Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena</ref> Tolkien was dismissive of this theory.<ref>{{L|349}}</ref> Tolkien's name was often misspelt ''[[Tolkein]]'', a source of irritation for him.<ref name="l324" /><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>

The [[Suffield Family]] had its origin in the small town of [[Evesham]], Worcestershire and for that reason he considered Worcestershire to be a home to him.<ref name="l44" /> By the time Tolkien was born, most of the family lived in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="BII" /> After [[Arthur Tolkien]]'s death and being raised around the Suffields, he developed a strong affection for them and later wrote "though a Tolkien by name, I am a Suffield by tastes, talents, and upbringing, and any corner of that county [Worcestershire] (however fair or squalid) is in an indefinable way 'home' to me, as no other part of the world is."<ref name="BII" /><ref name="l165" /><ref name="l44" />

===Childhood===
[[File:1984 Commemorative Plaque.JPG|thumb|left|[[Plaques and Memorials|Plaque]] commemorating J.R.R. Tolkien's birthplace on President Steyn Avenue, [[Bloemfontein]].]]

Tolkien was born on [[3 January]] [[1892]], in [[Bloemfontein]] in the [[Orange Free State]] (now the Free State province of South Africa) to [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]] ([[1857]] – [[1896]]), an English bank manager, and his wife [[Mabel Tolkien|Mabel, ''née'' Suffield]] ([[1870]] – [[1904]]). He was addressed by his family as “Ronald” as it had no history of use in the Tolkien family.<ref name="BII" /> He was christened later that month, on [[31 January]] at the [https://bloemcathedral.co.za/cathedral-history/ Cathedral of St. Andrew and St. Michael].<ref name="BII" />

Around the time he was learning to walk, he was bitten by a large tarantula,<ref group="note">Likely a baboon spider as they are the only tarantula species native to South Africa.</ref> which many believe echoes in his stories.<ref name="BII" /><ref>{{webcite|author= Emmet Asher-Perrin|articleurl=https://reactormag.com/we-can-probably-blame-the-tarantula-that-bit-j-r-r-tolkien-for-most-giant-spiders-in-fantasy/|articlename=We Can Probably Blame the Tarantula That Bit J.R.R. Tolkien For Most Giant Spiders in Fantasy|dated=4 November 2016|website=[https://reactormag.com/ Reactor Magazine]|accessed=31 March 2024}}</ref> However, Tolkien insisted that he did not develop a particular fear of spiders after this event, and when he was older, recalled picking small spiders up and putting them outside.<ref name="l163" /> Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary Arthur Reuel]], who was born on [[17 February]] [[1894]] when Tolkien was age two.<ref name="BII" />

Tolkien's health struggled in the South African environment, and as a result, he was forced to remain inside much of the day because of the heat. Believing that cooler air would help, when he was three, Tolkien's mother brought him and Hilary to England on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. During this visit, his father died in South Africa of a severe brain haemorrhage before he could join them. This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in [[Birmingham]], England. Soon after in [[1896]], they moved to Sarehole (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham. Tolkien later described his years in Sarehole as the most formative of his life.<ref name="BII" />

Mabel tutored her two sons, and Tolkien was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of botany, and she awoke in her son the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. But his favourite lessons were those concerning languages. His mother taught him the rudiments of [[Latin]] very early. He could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. The first story Tolkien could remember writing was a story about a [[Dragon]] written at about the age of 7, and later all he could recall of it was being perplexed by the rules regarding English adjective order.<ref name="BII">{{B|II}}</ref><ref name="l163" />

After originally failing the entrance exam in [[1899]], Tolkien was enrolled at [[King Edward's School]] in [[1900]]. Trains were too expensive and the trams did not run to their house so the 8-year-old Tolkien was forced to walk 8 miles to school every day. Shortly after they moved to a house in Moseley, a suburb of Birmingham, nearer to the city centre.<ref name="BII" /> While a student at King Edward's he helped "line the route" for the coronation parade of King George V, being posted just outside the gates of Buckingham Palace.<ref name="l306" />

His mother converted to Roman Catholicism in [[1900]], and afterwards raised her sons Catholic, despite vehement protests by her Anglican family. For the rest of his life, Tolkien felt that she had become a martyr for her faith; this had a profound effect on his own Catholic beliefs.<ref name="l44">{{L|44}}</ref> In [[1902]] she enrolled her sons at St Philip's Grammar School, where they could receive a Catholic education with a lower tuition and they moved to a house next door to the school. Tolkien quickly outpaced his classmates so after receiving a scholarship his mother pulled him out and reenrolled him in King Edward's School.<ref name="BII" />
[[File:Ronald and Hilary Tolkien.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Ronald and Hilary Tolkien in 1905]]
In April of [[1904]], Mabel Tolkien was hospitalized and diagnosed with diabetes and Tolkien went to stay with his Aunt [[Jane Neave|Jane]]. When she was well enough, they moved to a cottage in [[Wikipedia:Rednal|Rednal]] where she could recover in the country air. Unfortunately, his mother's health began to deteriorate again and she died on [[14 November]] after six days in a diabetic coma leaving the 10 and 12 year old, Hilary and Ronald.<ref name="BII" />

During his subsequent orphanhood, he was under the guardianship of [[Francis Xavier Morgan]] of the [[Birmingham Oratory]]. Where they should be raised quickly became an issue; several family members wished to contest Mable Tolkien's will and send them to a protestant boarding school but a few weeks after their mother's death they were sent to live with their aunt [[Beatrice Suffield]]. She was not a very caring guardian, at one point burning their mother's letters, not realizing they would want to keep them. As a result, they would end up spending much of their time at the Oratory which they came to view as their true home. In [[1908]] they moved to [[37 Duchess Road]] where a Mrs Faulkner gave them a room.<ref name="BII" />
===Youth===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - 1911.jpg|left|thumb|150px|J.R.R. Tolkien in 1911]]
While living at 37 Duchess Road, Tolkien met and fell in love with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Mary Bratt]], three years his senior, at the age of sixteen.<ref name="BII" /> After learning of their relationship, Father Francis forbade him from meeting, talking, or even corresponding with her until he was twenty-one.<ref name="l43">{{L|43}}</ref> They only once tried to disobey this rule but after Father Francis found out they didn't see each other aside from accidental sightings for another three years.<ref name="BII" />

In [[1911]], while they were at King Edward's School, Tolkien and three friends, [[Robert Quilter Gilson]], [[Christopher Wiseman]], and later [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]], formed a semi-secret society which they called "the [[T.C.B.S.]]", the initials standing for "Tea Club and Barrovian Society", alluding to their fondness of drinking tea in Barrow's Stores near the school and, illegally, in the school library. After leaving school, the members stayed in touch, and on [[25 December]] [[1914]], they held a "Council" in London, at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to writing poetry.<ref name="BII" />

In the summer of 1911, Tolkien went on holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in [[Letter 306|a 1968 letter]], noting that Bilbo's journey across the [[Misty Mountains]] ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of twelve hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen, and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn ("the Silvertine ([[Celebdil]]) of my dreams"). They went across the Kleine Scheidegg on to Grindelwald and across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen. They continued across the Grimsel Pass and through the upper Valais to Brig, and on to the Aletsch Glacier and Zermatt.<ref name="l306">{{L|306}}</ref>

[[File:Tolkien (1915–9) Colorized.png|thumb|Tolkien wearing his British Army uniform in a photograph from 1916 (colourized)]]

On the evening of his twenty-first birthday ([[1913]]), Tolkien wrote to Edith a declaration of his love and asked her to marry him. She replied saying that she was already engaged, but had done so because she had believed Tolkien had forgotten her. The two met up and beneath a railway viaduct renewed their love, with Edith returning her ring and choosing to marry Tolkien instead. They were engaged in Birmingham, in January [[1913]], and married on [[22 March]] [[1916]].<ref name="BII" /><ref name="l43" />

Tolkien and Edith had four children: [[John Tolkien|John Francis Reuel]] ([[16 November]] [[1917]] - [[22 January]] [[2003]])<ref name="bustle">{{webcite|author=Danielle Burgos|articleurl=https://www.bustle.com/p/what-happened-to-jrr-tolkiens-children-they-all-dealt-with-their-fathers-considerable-legacy-differently-17854171?scrlybrkr=b21a79f2|articlename=How J.R.R. Tolkien’s Children Dealt With Their Legendary Father’s Legacy|dated=9 May 2019|website=[https://www.bustle.com/ Bustle]|accessed=22 March 2024}}</ref>, [[Michael Tolkien|Michael Hilary Reuel]] ([[22 October]] [[1920]] - [[27 February]] [[1984]])<ref name="bustle" />, [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher John Reuel]] ([[21 November]] [[1924]] - [[16 January]], [[2020]])<ref>{{webcite|author= Katharine Q. Seelye; Alan Yuhas|articleurl=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/books/christopher-tolkien-dead.html|articlename=Christopher Tolkien, Keeper of His Father's Legacy, Dies at 95|dated=16 January 2020|website=[https://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times]|accessed=22 March 2024}}</ref> and [[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla Anne Reuel]] ([[18 June]] [[1929]] - [[28 February]] [[2022]])<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2022/03/priscilla-tolkien-has-died/|articlename=Priscilla Tolkien has died|dated=2 March 2022|website=[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society]|accessed=22 March 2024}}</ref>.

By late 1914, his final year at the [[University of Oxford]], he joined the Officer's Training Corps. After his graduation (Exeter College, [[Oxford]]) with a first-class degree in English language in [[1915]], Tolkien joined the British Army effort in [[World War I]]. In late 1915 he received military training at Rugeley Camp in Staffordshire<ref>{{L|3}}</ref> and served as a second lieutenant in the eleventh battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers.<ref name="BII" />

Tolkien's battalion was moved to France on [[4 June]] 1916 where Tolkien served as a communications officer during the [[Battle of the Somme]], until he came down with trench fever on [[27 October]], and was moved back to England on [[8 November]]. Many of his fellow servicemen, as well as many of his closest friends, were killed in the war. During his recovery in a cottage in [[Great Haywood]], Staffordshire, England, he began to work on what he called ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', beginning with ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]''. Throughout [[1917]] and [[1918]], his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps, and was promoted to lieutenant. While he was stationed at Thirtle Bridge, East Yorkshire, he and Edith went on a walk in the woods at nearby Roos, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing thick with hemlock plants in bloom. This incident inspired the account of the meeting of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]].<ref name="BIII" /><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Bill Cater]]|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4726863/We-talked-of-love-death-and-fairy-tales.html|articlename=We talked of love, death and fairy tales|dated=4 December 2001|website=[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph Online]|accessed=13 January 2024}}</ref> Tolkien would later write in [[Letter 340|a letter]] to his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]] that he considered Edith to be his Lúthien.<ref>{{L|340}}</ref>

===Leeds and Oxford===
Tolkien's first civilian job after World War I was at the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.<ref name="gilliver">Peter M. Gilliver, [[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference|''Mythlore'' 80]], "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/ At the Wordface: J.R.R. Tolkien's Work on the Oxford English Dictionary]"</ref> He later said of this, "I learned more in those two years than in any other equal period of my life".<ref name="BIII" /> In [[1920]] he took up a post as Reader in English language at the [[University of Leeds]],<ref name="l7">{{L|7}}</ref> and in [[1924]] was made a professor there.<ref name="BIII">{{B|III}}</ref> The start was rough: though Gordon found Tolkien a room in Leeds,<ref>{{L|46}}</ref> Edith and young John still lived in [[Oxford]]. Not until [[1921]] did Tolkien get full housing for his family, first at [[5 Holly Bank]]<ref name="Chronology1921">{{CG|C}}, "1921"</ref> and then at [[11 St. Mark's Terrace]].<ref name="BIII" /> They later moved to [[2 Darnley Road]].<ref name="BIII" />

Since [[1920]], Tolkien dedicated his time, even vacations, to finding extra work to supplement his family's income, especially for doctor bills<ref group="note">[[Christopher Tolkien]] suffered from a heart ailment.</ref> and to educate his children. He "stole" some free time for himself and his personal hobby of writing his own mythology.<ref name="l17" />

In 1925, [[William Craigie]] resigned from the post of [[Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon]] at Pembroke College, Oxford and Tolkien wrote a letter expressing his desire to return there,<ref name="l7" /> and was offered the position. During this time some of Tolkien's writings were published in local magazines such as [[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3|''The Gryphon'']] and he had several poems published in ''[[Northern Venture]]''.<ref name="BII" />

While at a Pembroke College faculty meeting, Tolkien met fellow professor [[C.S. Lewis]]. While initially wary of each other, the two men would become close friends. Their discussions, which often centred around religion, were an influence on Lewis's conversion to Christianity, though it would upset Tolkien when Lewis converted to Anglicanism rather than Catholicism.<ref name="BIV">{{B|IV}}</ref> After [[Wikipedia:Tangye Lean|Tangye Lean]] graduated Oxford, Tolkien and several friends took over the [[Inklings]] forming it into the group it is known as today. The informal literary discussion group consisted of Tolkien, C.S. and [[Warren Lewis]], [[Owen Barfield]], [[Hugo Dyson]], [[Robert Havard]] and other writers.<ref name="BIV" /> The Inklings were often the first to read Tolkien's manuscripts and their feedback was influential on his writing.
===''The Hobbit''===
It was during his time as Professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] at Pembroke College, in the late 1920s, that he semi-randomly scribbled the words "In a hole in the ground, there lived a hobbit" on the back of a School Certificate paper that he was marking. These words evolved into a story like the ones he was making up for his children. He did not go any further than that at the time, although in the following years, he drew up [[Thrór's Map]].<ref name="l163">{{L|163}}</ref>

The tale itself he wrote in the early 1930s. It was mostly enjoyed by his eldest son [[John Tolkien|John]] (13) than the younger ones.<ref name="l15" /> His peers at Oxford also "forced" him to lend copies to read.<ref name="l15">{{L|15}}</ref> Eventually he lent it to the Reverend Mother Superior of the Cherwell Edge girl's hostel and to his former pupil [[Elaine Griffiths]] who was staying at Cherwell Edge, and it was seen by her student, Susan Dagnall, who worked at [[Allen & Unwin]]. The book was given to 10-year-old [[Rayner Unwin|Rayner]] (son of Sir [[Stanley Unwin]]) who wrote an enthusiastic review of the book, encouraging his father to publish it.<ref name="L294">{{L|294}}</ref>

The [[1936]] lecture "[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]" has had a lasting influence on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' research.<ref>Patrick Ringwalk, ''The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian''</ref>
By [[January]] of [[1937]] Tolkien was corresponding with Allen & Unwin (who also showed interest in ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'').<ref>{{L|9}}</ref> Around the time ''The Hobbit'' was published ([[1937]]) Tolkien suffered from an ailment and had to use crutches, the only time he was free from examining work.<ref name="l105">{{L|105}}</ref>

===''The Lord of the Rings''===
:''See also: [[The Lord of the Rings#Writing process|The Lord of the Rings § Writing process]]''
The success of ''The Hobbit'' and a request by publishers for its sequel, was an opportunity for Tolkien to combine his personal desire for writing and financial needs, and he agreed to write a sequel.<ref name="l17">{{L|17}}</ref>

In the turn of [[1939]], and in the midst of writing ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien faced financial stress and was obliged to do exams and lectures: his son, Michael was preparing for university, and Christopher, being home-schooled for health reasons, wanted to go to school.<ref name="L35" /> In the summer of that year, while gardening, Tolkien fell and suffered a concussion which required stitches.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 21</ref> This, along with his fatigue, worries, obligations, Edith's illness, his loss of his chief assistant and understudy, prevented him from continuing his writing, including a [[Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment|foreword to ''Beowulf'']] as had promised.<ref name="L35" /> At the outbreak of WWII, his academic duties increased.<ref>{{FR|Foreword}}</ref> Juggling between work, "Civil Defence" and writing in intervals, he doubted that, because of the War, completing the book had any use.<ref>{{L|47}}</ref> Failing to progress during Christmas vacations, he resumed only [[1944|two years later]]. It was the enthusiasm of his friends and Christopher (to whom he was sending copies by mail to South Africa) who encouraged him to continue.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 25</ref>

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - TLOTR covers original design.jpg|thumb|[[The Lord of the Rings/Original dust-jacket designs|Cover design]] for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'' designed by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

In [[1945]], he moved to [[Merton College]], Oxford, becoming the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, in which post he remained until his retirement in [[1959]].

Tolkien spent the late summer (August-September) of [[1948]], at the home of Michael at Payables Farm, Woodcote. As Michael and his family were on holiday, Tolkien found the time and quiet he needed to finish ''The Lord of the Rings'', close to a decade after the first sketches.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 27</ref>

After a disagreement with Allen & Unwin concerning "The Silmarillion", and failing to reach an agreement with [[Collins]], he settled the dispute with the Unwins. He reported to [[Rayner Unwin]] that he had been unwell (having recovered from "a terrible bout" of fibrositis and neuritis of the arm) burdened and downhearted. In the prospect of a nearing retirement of poverty, during which he would work as an examiner to survive, and the rising paper costs, he had modified his views ("Better something than nothing!").<ref>{{L|133}}</ref> Tolkien readily agreed to the 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 32</ref> Between [[1953]] and [[1955]] Tolkien worked closely with Allen & Unwin on the production of ''The Lord of the Rings'', agreeing on the division of volumes, their titles, correcting proofs that arrived at intervals, complete and correct artwork, the maps and the dust-jacket designs.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 34</ref>

In 1954 Tolkien was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from both the [[Wikipedia:National University of Ireland|National University of Ireland]] and the [[Wikipedia:University of Liège|University of Liège]] for his work in his field of philology and medieval literature which delayed his work on the [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|appendices]],<ref name="BVI">{{B|VI}}</ref> which then delayed the publication of ''The Return of the King''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Patricia Reynolds]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/app/uploads/2016/11/LOTR-The-Tale-of-a-Text.pdf|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text|dated=|website=[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society]|accessed=12 June 2024}}</ref>
===Later life and recognition===
[[File:Jrrt_1972_tree.jpg|thumb|200px|The last known photograph of Tolkien, taken 9 August 1973, next to one of his favourite trees (a ''Pinus nigra'') in the Botanic Garden, Oxford|300px]]
During the 1950s, Tolkien spent many of his long academic holidays at the home of his son John Francis in Stoke-on-Trent, visiting his brother Hilary while he was there.<ref name="BVII">{{B|VII}}</ref>

In [[1959]] Tolkien went to compulsory retirement, which he found "both distressing, and extremely laborious", especially with his less than desirable pension.<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (December 1959)]]</ref> For him, [[1963]] was a "dreadful year", including the death of C.S. Lewis ([[22 November]]), an illness that prevented Tolkien and Edith from celebrating Christmas, and after that, [[Faith Faulconbridge]] leaving Christopher; Tolkien expressed "fear they have left their allegiance to our Mother [the Church]".<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (20–26 January 1964)]]</ref> In the 1960s he complained about the effects of old age, and other difficulties and anxieties, some of which were caused by his own family.<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letters to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (unknown date)]]</ref>

By the time of his retirement, Tolkien increasingly turned into a figure of public attention and literary fame. While at first, he wrote enthusiastic answers to reader inquiries, he became more and more suspicious of emerging [[fandom]]. In a [[1965]] letter, he warned [[W.H. Auden]] not to join the New York Tolkien Society, believing them to be "real lunatics",<ref>{{L|275}}</ref> and shortly after declined to join the [[Tolkien Society of America]] but wrote that he was complimented and would be happy to help them in an informal capacity.<ref>{{L|276}}</ref>

Fan attention became so intense that he and Edith moved to [[Woodridings]] in Branksome, Poole near [[Bournemouth]] to escape his fame in [[Oxford]] in June [[1968]],<ref name="TL838" /> and got two phone numbers, one a private number only given out to friends and family.<ref>{{L|332}}</ref> While preparing to move house, Tolkien fell down a set of stairs and had to stay in an [[Oxford]] hospital, leaving behind his obligations. He was expected to use crutches all summer.<ref>{{L|305}}</ref>

Queen Elizabeth II appointed [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the New Year Honours of [[1 January]] [[1972]] "For services to English Literature".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45554/supplement/9|articlename=Supplement to the London Gazette, p. 9|website=The London Gazette|dated=1 January 1 1972}}</ref> Tolkien received the insignia of the Order at Buckingham Palace on [[28 March]].<ref>{{L|334}}</ref> Later that year, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from Oxford University for his contributions to the field of philology.<ref name="BVII" />

The Tolkiens lived in Poole until Edith's death on [[November]] [[1971]].<ref name="TL838">{{webcite|author=Pieter Collier|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/838-Own_a_Piece_of_Tolkien_History.php|articlename=Here is your chance to own a piece of Tolkien history|dated=9 July 2008|website=[[TolkienLibrary.com]]|accessed=}}</ref> The widowed professor moved back to 21 Merton Street, Oxford in March 1972.<ref>{{webcite|author=Rodney Legg|articleurl=http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2009/11/tolkien-in-bournemouth-and-dorset/|articlename=Tolkien in Bournemouth and Dorset|dated=November 2009|website=Dorset Life|accessed=}}</ref><ref>{{L|333}}</ref> Tolkien had the name ''Luthien'' engraved on the stone at [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later of pneumonia on [[2 September]] [[1973]], at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with ''Beren'' added to his name,<ref>{{B|VIII}}</ref> so that the engraving now reads:
:''Edith Mary Tolkien, Luthien, 1889 – 1971''
:''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Beren, 1892 – 1973''
==Appearance==
{{blockquote|It has beautiful hands and ears (very long fingers) very light hair, ‘Tolkien’ eyes and very distinctly a ‘Suffield’ mouth. In general effect immensely like a very fair edition of its Aunt Mabel Mitton.|Arthur Tolkien in a letter written the day after Tolkien's birth<ref name=BII/>}}

The early images of J.R.R. Tolkien in school and university show a serious young man, average height, slender, clean-shaven, and with his hair parted in the middle. At school he was considered too light for the rugby team, and in order to join he tried to make it up with ferocity during the game, and eventually he was accepted.<ref>{{L|16}}</ref> During Tolkien's time at King Edward's School he was noted for his choice in coloured socks.<ref>{{L|58}}</ref> By [[1916]] Tolkien had joined the army he had changed to a more conventional haircut, as well as a moustache for a short period of time.<ref name="BIII" />

[[Clyde S. Kilby]], who spent some time with Tolkien in the summer of [[1966]], noted that he "was always neatly dressed from necktie to shoes. One of his favourite suits was a herringbone with which he wore a green corduroy vest [waistcoat]. Always there was a vest, and nearly always a sports coat. He did not mind wearing a very broad necktie which in those days was out of style".<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and the Silmarillion]]'' ([[1976]]), p. 24</ref> [[Dick Plotz|Richard Plotz]], who visited Tolkien that same year, described him as
{{blockquote|...a medium-sized man ... [who] looks much younger than his seventy-four years. Like one of his creations, the Hobbits, he is a bit fat in the stomach ...|"J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish", ''[[Seventeen]]'' (January [[1967]]), p. 92}}

In a letter on [[8 February]] [[1967]], to interviewers Charlotte & Denis Plimmer, Tolkien stated that he was not "tall, or strongly built. I now measure 5 ft 8 1/2, and am slightly built, with notably small hands. For most of my life I have been very thin and underweight. Since my early sixties I have become 'tubby'. Not unusual in men who took their exercise in games and swimming, when opportunities for these things cease".<ref name="L294" /> In "[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]", the Plimmers also noted that Tolkien had 'grey eyes, firm tanned skin, silvery hair and quick decisive speech'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Charlotte and Denis Plimmer|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/19/jrr-tolkien-film-my-books-its-easier-to-film-the-odyssey/|articlename=JRR Tolkien: 'Film my books? It's easier to film The Odyssey'|dated=19 April 2016|website=Telegraph|accessed=26 January 2020}}</ref>

Tolkien had a particular liking for decorative waistcoats: he told one correspondent that he had "one or two choice embroidered specimens, which I sometimes wear when required to make a speech, as I find they so fascinate the eyes of the audience that they do not notice if my dentures become a little loose with excitements of rhetoric"<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Nancy Smith (Christmas 1963)]]</ref>

Interviewers have noted that Tolkien almost clung to his smoking pipe, cradling it in his hand, or speaking with it in his mouth, sometimes making him difficult to understand. One of these, Richard Plotz, wrote that Tolkien "took out a pipe as he entered his study, and all during the interview he held it clenched in his teeth, lighting and relighting it, talking through it; he never removed it from his mouth for more than five seconds".<ref>{{CG|II}}</ref>

==Character, personality, views==
Tolkien attempted to describe himself for [[Deborah Rogers]]:
{{blockquote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I [[smoking|smoke]] a pipe, and like good plain food (unrefrigerated), but detest French cooking; I like, and even dare to wear in these dull days, ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of [[mushrooms]] (out of a field); have a very simple sense of humour (which even my appreciative critics find tiresome); I go to bed late and get up late (when possible). I do not travel much. I love Wales (what is left of it, when mines, and the even more ghastly sea-side reasons, have done their worst), and especially the [[Welsh]] language. But I have not in fact been in W. for a long time (except for crossing it on the way to Ireland). I go frequently to Ireland (Eire: Southern Ireland) being fond of it and of (most of) its people; but the Irish language I find wholly unattractive.|[[Letter 213]]}}

Tolkien was a devout [[Christianity|Roman Catholic]]. While his parents were both raised [[Wikipedia:Anglican|Anglican]], his mother converted to Catholicism when Tolkien was 8 years old. His mother's death had a profound impact on his religious beliefs and he came to view her as a martyr, citing stress from persecution (in large part from her intolerant family) as a root of her health issues.<ref name="BII" /><ref>{{L|267}}</ref> While his writings were not an allegory for Christianity, they contained religious elements.<ref>{{L|211}}</ref>

Tolkien had a great love for nature. He was especially fond of plants, and trees most of all,<ref name="l165" /> which may have been inspired by his father's garden and tree grove which Tolkien spent much time in as a child along with his mother's teaching of botany. He was saddened to learn that others didn't share his love for trees, one event that stuck with him was when as a child, a willow tree he enjoyed climbing was cut down only for the log to remain there unused.<ref name="BII" /> Tolkien had an intense dislike for the side effects of industrialization, which he considered a devouring of the English countryside. For most of his adult life, aside from a short period in which he owned a car (in which his driving was described as terrible, to the point that Edith refused to be in the car with him), he eschewed automobiles, preferring to ride a bicycle.<ref name="BIV" /> This attitude is perceptible in some parts of his work, such as the forced industrialization of [[The Shire]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

In retrospect, Tolkien claimed that from the age of seven or eight, two interests dominated his subsequent perception of everything: [[elves]] and [[orcs]].<ref group="note">It is not clear what he meant by this; possibly he understood the world as a struggle between people and elements who create beauty and do good; and those people or forces who defile and destroy nature or the "elves'" works.</ref> Throughout his life he collected every detail related to it, which, along with the "[[Atlantis-haunting|Atlantis complex]]" dream, was the embryo of his [[legendarium]].<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Maria Mroczkowska]]</ref>

Jesting on the name of [[Puffin Books]], Tolkien said he disliked penguins and puffins for eating other birds's eggs.<ref>{{L|225}}</ref> He considered that Siamese [[cats]] "belong to the fauna of Mordor"<ref>{{L|219}}</ref> He also disliked [[spiders]]<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Richard Lupoff]]</ref> although not that much as to kill them. He refused that this has anything to do with being bitten by a tarantula as a toddler.<ref name="l163" />

Tolkien was insecure and lacked confidence in his own work, even when he was assured that it had value for others.<ref>{{L|282}}</ref> Father [[Robert Murray]], Tolkien's personal friend, considered the professor "a complex and depressed man" and his work "projects his very depressed view of the universe".<ref>[[Richard C. West]], "A Letter from Father Murray", [[Tolkien Studies 16]], pp. 135-6</ref>

Tolkien boasted of himself to be "a world-class [[wiktionary:niggler|niggler]]".<ref name="rc43" /> He wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' laboriously, preoccupied with detail, consistency and careful consideration of every word.<ref>{{L|199}}</ref><ref name="L35">{{L|35}}</ref> In his lecture ''On Fairy-Stories'', he discussed the importance of “the inner consistency of reality” in creating realistic [[secondary world]]s.<ref name="fairy">{{MC|Fairy}}</ref> Christopher Tolkien said of his father's perfectionist tendencies, "However much my father desired to achieve consistency at every level of his work, from capital letters to the dates of dynasties, he was bound to fail. [...] His life was a perpetual battle against time (& tiredness) [...] But he 'niggled' on a grand and noble conception, & indeed its coherence in fine detail is a part of its power."<ref name="rc43">{{HM|RC}}, p. 43, quoting a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]]</ref>

Tolkien often overestimated the knowledge of those he was speaking to, to the extent that he was often described as talking more to himself than anyone else. He was also often difficult to understand due to his fast way of speaking, and unclear articulation. He was prone to long, parenthetical sentences which only grew more extreme with age. Despite this, he was described as a good listener and conversationalist. He was liked like by his students who felt he gave more regard to his audience than other lecturers and appreciated his sense of humor. Humphrey Carpenter commented on his ability to make others feel valued in conversations, making interesting conversation out of what Carpenter had felt were trivial comments.<ref name="BI">{{B|I}}</ref><ref name="BIV" /><ref name="BVII" />

Defining his own political opinions, Tolkien stated that leaned more towards anarchy or 'unconstitutional' monarchy without the existence of a State.<ref>{{L|52}}</ref> He disliked leftist ideas<ref name="bru">{{webcite|author=[[José Manuel Ferrández Bru]]|articleurl=https://www.josemanuelferrandez.com/vieja/ENguerra.html|articlename=Tolkien and the Spanish Civil War|dated=2011|website=[https://www.josemanuelferrandez.com josemanuelferrandez.com]|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref> and Communism<ref name="l83">{{L|83}}</ref> and considered Joseph Stalin "a bloodthirsty old murderer".<ref>{{L|53}}</ref> He accused Nazism of perverting and staining the noble northern spirit through its "Nordic propaganda"<ref>,{{L|49}}</ref> and called Adolf Hitler a "ruddy little ignoramus" while in the same time he criticised anti-German propaganda.<ref>{{L|45}}</ref> He also rejected socialism, as "the ‘planners’, when they acquire power, become so bad".<ref>{{L|181}}</ref> He retained an interest in South Africa, his birthplace, and as a child heard about apartheid from his mother<ref>{{L|61}}</ref> which he hated profoundly.<ref>[[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]]</ref> Due to his emotional connection with Fr. Francis Xavier Morgan, he was affected by the Spanish Civil War, and like many British Catholics,<ref name="bru" /> he supported the Franco movement; although this support was based on religious grounds, due to the persecution during that time caused by the republicans.<ref name="bru" /><ref>{{L|83}}</ref>
==Writing==
===Legendarium===
{{main|Legendarium}}
In a 1951 letter to [[Milton Waldman]], Tolkien wrote of his intention to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which:
{{Blockquote|The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama.|[[Letter 131]]}}

Tolkien's legendarium is the entirety of his works concerning his imagined world of Arda. Much of Tolkien's life was spent developing the legendarium.

Beginning with ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', written while recuperating from illness during World War I, Tolkien devised several themes that were reused in successive drafts of his legendarium. The two most prominent stories, the tales of [[Beren and Lúthien]] and that of [[Túrin]], were carried forward into long narrative poems (published in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''). Tolkien wrote a brief summary of the mythology these poems were intended to represent, and that summary eventually evolved into "[[The Silmarillion]]", an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. From around [[1936]], he began to extend this framework to include the tale of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]'', which was inspired by the legend of [[Atlantis]].<ref name="BII" />

Tolkien never expected his fictional stories to become popular, but he was persuaded by a former student to publish a book he had written for his own children called ''The Hobbit'' in 1937.<ref name="l163" /> However, the book attracted adult readers as well, and it became popular enough for the publisher, George Allen & Unwin, to ask Tolkien to work on a sequel.

This request prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic three-volume novel ''The Lord of the Rings'' (published 1954–55). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|appendices]] for ''The Lord of the Rings'', during which time he received the constant support of the [[Inklings]], in particular his closest friend C.S. Lewis, the author of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''. Both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are set against the background of "The Silmarillion", but in a later [[Ages|age]]. The book was originally intended to be published in a single volume but due to the cost of paper during war paper rationing and the length of the story, it was divided into three volumes, each containing two books.<ref>{{webcite|author=Robert T. Tally Jr.|articleurl=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809264|articlename=Three Rings for the Elven-kings: Trilogizing Tolkien in Print and Film|dated=2017|website=|accessed=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref group="note">As a result, ''The Lord of the Rings'' is often referred to as a "trilogy", but Tolkien always considered it to be one novel.</ref>

Tolkien at first intended ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a children's tale like ''The Hobbit'', but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing.<ref>{{L|34}}</ref> Though a direct sequel to ''The Hobbit'', it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense back story of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in ''The Silmarillion'' and other volumes. Tolkien originally felt uninspired, feeling he had used all his good ideas in ''The Hobbit'',<ref>{{L|23}}</ref> which had not been written with a sequel in mind,<ref>{{L|24}}</ref> and struggled to account for the discrepancies between ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', specifically in the role of the [[One Ring]].<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> This led to the publication of a revised edition of ''The Hobbit'' with changes made to the chapter "[[Riddles in the Dark]]".<ref>{{L|128}}</ref>

Tolkien continued to work on the history of his legendarium until his death. His son Christopher, with some assistance from fantasy writer [[Guy Gavriel Kay]], organised some of this material into one volume, published as ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in [[1977]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/29/guy-gavriel-kay-jrr-tolkien-interview-fionovar-tapesty-the-summer-tree|articlename=Guy Gavriel Kay: I learned a lot about false starts from JRR Tolkien|dated=29 October 2014|website=[https://www.theguardian.com/international The Guardian]|accessed=12 June 2024}}</ref> In [[1980]], Christopher Tolkien followed this with a collection of more fragmentary material under the title ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', and in subsequent years he published a massive amount of background material on the creation of Middle-earth in the twelve volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. All these posthumous works contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress, and Tolkien only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not even complete consistency to be found between ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', the two most closely related works, because Tolkien was never able to fully integrate all their traditions into each other. To account for some of these inconsistencies he portrayed himself as a "translator" of texts and that any mistakes could be translation errors or errors made by characters while documenting events.<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>
===Other writings===
In addition to his [[Mythopoeia|mythological compositions]], Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from [[Father Christmas]] for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as ''[[Letters from Father Christmas|The Father Christmas Letters]]''). Other stories included ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', ''[[Roverandom]]'', ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''. ''Roverandom'' and ''Smith of Wootton Major'', like ''The Hobbit'', borrowed ideas from his legendarium.
===Unpublished materials and manuscripts===
The John P. Raynor, S.J. Library at [[Marquette University]] in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, preserves many of Tolkien's original manuscripts, notes and letters; other original material survives at Oxford's [[Bodleian Library]]. Marquette has the manuscripts and proofs of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', and other manuscripts, including ''Farmer Giles of Ham'', while the Bodleian holds much of Tolkien's art, "The Silmarillion" papers and Tolkien's academic work.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/tolkien.php|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien collection|dated=|website=[https://www.marquette.edu/library/ Marquette University]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/english-faculty-library/collections-and-resources/special-collections|articlename=Special collections at the English Faculty Library|dated=|website=[https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Bodleian Library]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref> Much of Tolkien's work remains [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]] and can be viewed only by Tolkien scholars and researchers.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.tolkienestate.com/frequently-asked-questions-and-links/|articlename=Frequently Asked Questions and Links|dated=|website=[https://www.tolkienestate.com/ The Tolkien Estate]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref>
===Influences===
Tolkien was strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon literature, Germanic and [[Norse mythology|Norse mythologies]], Finnish mythology, the Bible, and Greek mythology. The works most often cited as sources for Tolkien's stories include ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'', the ''[[Kalevala]]'', the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', the ''[[Wikipedia:Völsunga saga|Völsunga saga]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks|Hervarar saga]]''. Tolkien himself acknowledged Homer,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref> Oedipus,<ref name="l131">{{L|131}}</ref> and the ''Kalevala'',<ref name="l163" /> as influences or sources for some of his stories and ideas. His borrowings also came from numerous [[Middle English]] works and poems. It has been suggested that a major philosophical influence on his writing is King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of ''Boethius''' ''Consolation of Philosophy'' known as the ''Lays of Boethius''. Characters in ''The Lord of the Rings'', such as [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Treebeard]] and [[Elrond]] make noticeably Boethian remarks.<ref>[[Kathleen E. Dubs]], ''Twentieth Century Literature 27, no. 1'' “Providence, Fate, and Chance: Boethian Philosophy in The Lord of the Rings.”</ref>

It is commonly accepted that Tolkien was influenced by World War I.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John Garth]]|articleurl=https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-world-war-i-is-at-the-heart-of-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Why World War I Is at the Heart of ‘Lord of the Rings’|dated=29 July 2014|website=[https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-world-war-i-is-at-the-heart-of-lord-of-the-rings The Daily Beast]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref> Despite denying this in [[Letter 226|one letter]],<ref>{{L|226}}</ref> in an earlier letter to his son Christopher, he revealed that his experience in the war had influenced him to write about [[Morgoth]] and the history of the [[Gnomes]]. Connections have also been drawn between [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Wikipedia:Batman (military)|batmen]].<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''</ref>

Tolkien acknowledged the interest many would have in his influences and the difficulty there would be in analyzing it, writing in 1971:
{{Blockquote|I fear you may be right that the search for the sources of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is going to occupy academics for a generation or two. I wish this need not be so. To my mind it is the particular use in a particular situation of any motive, whether invented, deliberately borrowed, or unconsciously remembered that is the most interesting thing to consider|[[Letter 337]]}}

==Languages==
{{Seealso|Languages}}
Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology. Aside from English (Modern, [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English|Middle]]), Tolkien knew (with varying levels of fluency) [[Hebrew]], [[Finnish]], French, [[Gothic]], Greek, Icelandic (Including Old Icelandic), [[Latin]], Spanish, [[Welsh]] (including medieval Welsh).<ref name="BII" /><ref name="l7" /><ref name="l163" /><ref>{{LE|196a}}</ref>

He could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. His mother taught him the rudiments of [[Latin]] very early. He took to this quickly, especially enjoying Latin phonetics. His mother, realizing his aptitude for languages then taught him French which he enjoyed much less. While living in Moseley he discovered [[Welsh]] which would become one of his favourite languages.<ref name="BII" />

In the early 1900s, he was introduced to a secret "code" created by his Incledon cousins, called [[Animalic]] replacing words with animal names. Soon after, with [[Mary Incledon|Mary]] they created [[Nevbosh]], a more sophisticated language, with Tolkien contributing to the vocabulary and influencing the spelling.<ref>{{MC|6}}</ref>

In [[1909]] he wrote the ''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'' in a notebook, with notes in Esperanto,<ref name="Seven">[[Arden R. Smith]], [[Patrick H. Wynne|Patrick Wynne]], "Tolkien and Esperanto", in [[SEVEN 17|''SEVEN'', Volume 17]], p. 29</ref> describing ''[[Privata Kodo Skauta]]'' ("Private Scout Code").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Arden R. Smith]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/arden-smith-writing-systems/|articlename=Writing Systems|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com/ tolkienestate.com]|accessed=27 December 2016}}</ref> "''consisting of a [[runes|rune]]-like phonetic alphabet and a sizable number of ideographic symbols''".<ref name="Seven" /> In the 1910s he composed [[Naffarin]], a private language,<ref>{{HM|MC}}, p. 141</ref>

Heavy emphasis was put on Latin and Greek at King Edward's School. It was here that Tolkien was introduced to Old English though he disliked Shakespeare's works and begrudged the usage of them to teach English.<ref name="BII" /> He specialised in Greek philology in college, and in 1915 graduated Exeter College with a first-class degree in English language with Old Icelandic as a special subject.<ref name="l7" /> While at Exter he discovered a Finnish grammar and focused intensely on learning the language. By the time of his military training in [[1915]] he was working on a "mad hobby": a "[[Qenya|nonsense fairy language]]"<ref>{{L|4}}</ref> which would become his "[[Quenya|elvenlatin]]",<ref name="l144">{{L|144}}</ref> the first seed of his legendarium.<ref name="BII" />

He worked for the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' from 1918 specifically on entries beginning with the letter W.<ref name="gilliver" /> In 1920, he went to Leeds as Reader in English Language, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty and even formed a "[[Viking Club]]". He gave courses in [[Old English]] heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory [[North Germanic languages|Germanic]] philology, [[Gothic]], Old Icelandic, and Medieval [[Welsh]]. In [[1925]], aged 33, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon.<ref name="l7" />

In the 1960s, while working on ''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'' as a translator, Tolkien prepared himself by learning a great amount of Hebrew.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "4. Tolkien as a Christian writer", p. 54</ref> He explained to his grandson [[Michael George Tolkien|Michael George]]: "I am at present immersed in Hebrew. If you want a beautiful but idiotic alphabet, and a language so difficult that it makes [[Latin]] (or even Greek) seem footling but also glimpses into a past that makes Homer seem recent - that is the stuff! (I am hoping when I retire to get included in a new Bible-translation team that is brewing. I have passed the test: with a version of the Book of Jonah. Not from Hebrew direct!)".<ref>{{LE|196a}}</ref>

Privately, Tolkien was attracted to "things of racial and linguistic significance",<ref>{{L|95}}</ref> and he entertained notions of an inherited taste of language, which he termed the "native tongue" as opposed to "cradle tongue" in his 1955 lecture ''[[English and Welsh]]'', which was crucial to his understanding of race and language.<ref>{{MC|5}}</ref> He considered west-midland Middle English his own "native tongue", and as he wrote to W.H. Auden in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)".<ref name="l163" />

Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for the construction of artificial languages. The best developed of these are [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], the etymological connection between which is at the core of much of Tolkien's legendarium. Language and grammar for Tolkien were a matter of aesthetics and [[Wikipedia: Phonaesthetics#Euphony and cacophony|euphony]], and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonæsthetic" considerations. It was intended as an "Elvenlatin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish and Greek.<ref name="l144" /> A notable addition came in late 1945 with [[Adûnaic]], a language of a "faintly Semitic flavour",<ref>{{SD|2cn}}</ref> connected with Tolkien's Atlantis myth, which by ''The Notion Club Papers'' ties directly into his ideas about inheritability of language, and via the "[[Second Age]]" and the [[Eärendil]] myth was grounded in the legendarium, thereby providing a link of Tolkien's 20th-century "real [[Primary World]]" with the mythical past of his Middle-earth.

Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages. In [[1930]] a congress of Esperantists was told as much by him, in his lecture ''[[A Secret Vice]]'', "Your language construction will breed a mythology",<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; ''[[A Secret Vice]]''</ref> but by 1956 he concluded that "Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c &c are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".<ref>{{L|180}}</ref>

Tolkien's often unusual and archaic way of writing led to frequent erroneous corrections from editors, most famously ''dwarfs'' to ''dwarves'' and ''elvish'' to ''elfish''.<ref>{{L|183}}</ref>. Tolkien's linguistic influence can be seen in the once rare spellings being now the most prevalent.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://roguish.wordpress.com/2023/11/20/how-tolkien-invented-dwarves-it-used-to-be-dwarfs/|articlename=How Tolkien Invented Dwarves (it Used to be “Dwarfs”)|dated=|website=[https://roguish.wordpress.com/ Roguish]|accessed=24 March 2024}}</ref>
==Art==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Taniquetil.jpg|300px|thumb|''[[Taniquetil]]'' by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
From as young as the age of three, Tolkien enjoyed creating art. He was taught to draw and paint by his mother. He in particular enjoyed drawing landscapes and trees.<ref name="BII" /> Tolkien was quite modest about his artwork, at one point telling his publisher that he "cannot draw".<ref>{{L|10}}</ref>

The first British edition of ''The Hobbit'' included ten drawings by Tolkien and the American edition had 4 watercolour paintings.<ref name="Holmes">John H. Holmes, "Art and Illustrations by Tolkien" in [[Michael D.C. Drout]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''</ref>

Tolkien often provided sketches to help artists illustrating his works.<ref>{{L|12}}</ref><ref>{{L|14}}</ref> He was often critical of the artists chosen by Allen & Unwin to design covers for his books.<ref>{{L|277}}</ref><ref>{{L|116}}</ref> Many illustrations for his books were done by [[Pauline Baynes]] whose artwork Tolkien was quite fond of.<ref>{{L|120}}</ref>

Tolkien (helped at times by his son Christopher) created several maps of Middle-earth and Arda, two of which were published in ''The Hobbit'', two in ''The Silmarillion'' and three in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Many of the [[Letters from Father Christmas]] featured art "made" by [[Father Christmas]] and the [[North Polar Bear]], depicting landscapes and happenings in the North Pole. Tolkien was also the illustrator of ''Mr. Bliss''.

From [[1973]] to [[1979]] (except for [[1975]]), Allen & Unwin released calendars featuring art by Tolkien. Many of these, along with previously unpublished art were published in ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. In [[1976]] the Ashmolean Museum had an exhibit featuring Tolkien's art. [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have published 3 books about Tolkien's art, ''[[The Art of The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ([[2011]]), ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ([[2015]]) and ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]] ([[2018]])''. Tolkien's art was also published in ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'' by [[Catherine McIlwaine]], whose 2018 publication coincided with an art exhibit of the same name, also curated by McIlwaine.<ref>{{webcite|author=Denis Bridoux|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/738152|articlename=Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth by Catherine McIlwaine, and: Tolkien Treasures by Catherine McIlwaine (review)|dated=|website=|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Holmes" />

Christopher Tolkien has stated that Tolkien research is incomplete without the study of Tolkien's artwork but despite this, early Tolkien scholarship focused on his writings with little attention given to his art. John R. Holmes writes in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'' that "Tolkien’s pictures and designs are nearly as important a window into his imagination as is his fiction."<ref name="Holmes" />
==Influence on fantasy==
Tolkien is often referred to as the "father" of modern fantasy,<ref>{{webcite|author=Felix Schlagwein|articleurl=https://www.dw.com/en/how-j-r-r-tolkien-became-the-father-of-fantasy/a-60316037|articlename=How Tolkien became the father of fantasy|dated=1 March 2022|website=[https://www.dw.com/en/top-stories/s-9097 Deutsche Welle]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Catherine Dent|articleurl=https://www.thecollector.com/jrr-tolkien-father-of-fantasy/|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien: The Beloved Father of Fantasy|dated=17 March 2023|website=[https://www.thecollector.com/ The Collector]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref> specifically high fantasy.<ref>{{webcite|author=Debadrita Sur|articleurl=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/how-jrr-tolkien-lord-of-the-rings-changed-fantasy-genre/|articlename=How J.R.R. Tolkien’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ changed the high fantasy genre|dated=2 December 2021|website=[https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ Far Out Magazine]|accessed=25 March 2024}}</ref> Tolkien's influence on the fantasy genre was described in ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'' as "the greatest influence within the fantasy genre".<ref>Paul Harvey, ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', "Fantasy Fiction"</ref>

Tolkien has been credited with cementing fantasy as a respected genre. Prior to the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', fantasy was viewed by publishers as light reading or for children, and as a result, fantasy and science fiction stories were rarely longer than 130,000 words (around 130 pages). The popularity and commercial success of ''The Hobbit'' and especially ''The Lord of the Rings'' proved to readers and publishers that fantasy could have fully fleshed out stories and explore ethics in the same depths as any other genre.<ref name="tradition">Diana Paxson, ''[[Mythlore 39]]'', "[https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol11/iss1/19/ The Tolkien Tradition]"</ref>

Tolkien's lecture ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'', in which he discusses the fantasy genre (fairy-stories) has been described as one of the most influential explorations of fantasy. Many of the ideas he put forth have since become common fantasy elements. This includes the concepts of [[primary World|primary]] and [[Secondary world]]s, [[Subcreation]] and [[eucatastrophe]]. One element heavily touched on in this lecture was the concept of secondary belief. In Tolkien's words, "the story-maker's success depends on his ability to make a consistent Secondary World which your mind can enter. Inside it, what he relates is 'true', it accords with the laws of that world. You therefore believe it, while you are, as it were, inside".<ref name="fairy" /> For Tolkien, this meant complex languages, geographies and general world-building which have since become synonymous with the fantasy genre.<ref name="tradition" />

The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's revival of the spellings ''dwarves'' and ''elvish'' (instead of ''dwarfs'' and ''elfish''), which had not been in use since the mid-1800s and earlier.
====Adaptations and inspired works====
The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were [[Pauline Baynes]] (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'') and [[Donald Swann]] (who set the music to ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]''). Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] created illustrations for ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity to the style of his own drawings.

There have been many adaptations of Tolkien's works into films, tv shows and video games. The first film adaptation of ''The Hobbit'', was the short film, [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'']] which was released by [[William Lawrence Snyder]] in order to retain film rights for ''The Hobbit''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Gene Deitch]]|articleurl=http://www.awn.com/articles/profiles/hobbit-alized-first-attempt-animating-hobbit|articlename=Hobbit-alized: The First Attempt At Animating The Hobbit|dated=11 December 2001|website=awn.com|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'']]'' (1978) was the first film adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The screenplay was written by the fantasy writer [[Peter S. Beagle]]. This first adaptation, however, only contained the first half of the story.

Other well-known adaptations include ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[Rankin/Bass]], [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'']] and [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'']] film trilogies, and [[Amazon MGM Studios|Amazon]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Russell Holly|articleurl=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-everything-you-need-to-know-before-watching/|articlename='The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power': Everything You Need to Know Before Watching|dated=1 September 2022|website=[https://www.cnet.com/ CNET]|accessed=1 June 2024}}</ref>

==Names and pseudonyms==
:''For an explanation of the name 'Tolkien' see [[Tolkien Family]].''
[[File:JRRT.jpeg|thumb|JRRT monogram]]
It was tradition in Tolkien's family to name the first-born son John. His father Arthur Tolkien wanted to name him John Benjamin Reuel and his mother, confident he would be a girl, liked the name Rosalind.<ref name="L309">{{L|309}}</ref> In a letter written by Arthur Tolkien to his family, he describes the thoughts for their baby's christening after his birth:

{{Blockquote|The boy’s first name will be ‘John’ after its grandfather,<ref group=note>Both of Tolkien's grandfathers were named John ([[John Tolkien]] & [[John Suffield]]). He was named after John Tolkien as it was custom in the Tolkien family for the oldest son to be named John.</ref> probably John Ronald Reuel altogether. Mab wants to call it Ronald and I want to keep up John and Reuel.|}}
Ronald had no familial precedent but Reuel was Arthur's middle name.<ref name="BII" />

Philip was Tolkien's [[Wikipedia:Confirmation#Confirmation name|confirmed name]], after Saint [[Wikipedia:Philip Neri|Philip Neri]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 99</ref>

He went by the name Ronald only with close family and others referred to him as John or John Ronald.<ref name="L309" />
===Pseudonyms===
*''[[Arcastar]]'' - [[Quenya]] rendition of ''Tolkien'' used in ''[[Tolkien in Oxford]]'', possibly meaning ''translator''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2017/06/arcastar-means-translator.html|articlename=''Arcastar'' means 'Translator'?|dated=16 June 2017|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/ tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=22 March 2022}}</ref>
*''Vectigalius Acer, Portorius Acer Germanicus, Eisphorides Acribus Polyglotteus' - Tag name in the annual Latin debates during studies at Oxford.<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]], "Part One: The immortal four", p. 19''</ref>
*''Fisiologus'' - From ''Physiologus'', signature of [[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus|a poem]] published in ''[[Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1927).<ref>{{AB|Comm}}, pp. 224</ref>
*''J.'' - Signature of [[Valedictory|a poem]] published in ''[[Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1913).<ref>{{CG|II}}, "From the Many-Willow’d Margin of the Immemorial Thames"</ref>
*''John Ronald Philip Reuel'' - Tolkien used this full name in an Elvish script written in 1931.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Holly Ordway]]|articleurl=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/fellows/whats-in-a-name-tolkiens-st-philip-neri-connection/|articlename=What’s in a Name? Tolkien and St. Philip Neri|dated=26 May 2023|website=[https://www.wordonfire.org/ Word on Fire]|accessed=27 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 70</ref>
*''JRRT'' or ''J.R.R.T'' - Abbreviation of ''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien'' frequently used by Tolkien.{{fact}}
*''J. Rsquared'' - Name given to him by friends.<ref name="L309" />
*''Kingston Bagpuize''- Signature of [[Progress in Bimble Town|a poem]] published in the ''[[Oxford Magazine]]'' (1931).<ref>[[David Bratman]], ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' "Tolkien and the Counties of England"</ref>
*''Luttro'' - [[Esperanto]] word for "otter", possibly referring to himself, in his private ''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'' ([[1909]]); possibly an allusion to [[Animalic]]<ref>{{HM|SV}}, p. 40-1 [note 19];</ref>
*''Rægnold Hrædmóding'' - [[Old English]] rendition of "Ronald Tolkien", used to sign the poem ''[[For W.H.A.]]'' (1967).
*''Ruginwaldus Dwalakôneis'' - "Gothicizied" version of "Ronald Tolkien".<ref>{{L|272}}</ref>
*''Tollers'' - Nickname used by intimate friends.<ref>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 624-627</ref>
*''N.N.'' - Signature of a [[The Clerkes Compleinte|poem]] published in ''[[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3|The Gryphon]]'' (1922), an abbreviation of ''[[wikipedia:Nomen Nescio|Nomen Nescio]]''.<ref>{{CG|RG}}</ref>
*''Oxymore'' - Signature of the poem ''[[The Mewlips|Knocking at the Door]]'', written c. 1927 and published in ''The Oxford Magazine'' (1937).<ref>{{CG|C}}, "1937"</ref>

==Family Tree==
{{Main|Tolkien Family}}
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | MS |y| ART | | | | | | | | | | | |MS=[[Mabel Suffield]]|ART=[[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | HART |~| MM | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]|HART=[[Hilary Tolkien]]|MM=[[Magdalen Matthews]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | JOT | | MIT | |CHT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Bibliography==
:''For a complete list of all of Tolkien's published writings, see '''[[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''.''
===Fictional and poetic works===
*[[1936]]: ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]] (very few copies now exist)
*[[1937]]: ''[[The Hobbit|The Hobbit, or There and Back Again]]''
*[[1945]]: ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
*[[1945]]: ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'' (published in [[The Welsh Review (Vol.IV, No.4)|''Welsh Review'']])
*[[1949]]: ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
*[[1953]]: ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]'' (published with the essay ''[[Ofermod]]'')
*[[1954]]-[[1955]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (1954)</li><li>''[[The Two Towers]]'' (1954) </li><li>''[[The Return of the King]]'' (1955)</li></ol>
*[[1962]]: ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil|The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book]]''
*[[1964]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay)
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]'' (a collection of writings, published only in the US)
*[[1967]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
*[[1967]]: ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]'', with [[Donald Swann]]
**[[Bilbo's Last Song (at the Grey Havens)|Bilbo's Last Song]] (included in 1978 edition)

===Academic works===
*[[1922]]:' '[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]
*[[1925]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (edition)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]]
*[[1925]]: ''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]''
*[[1925]]: ''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''
*[[1929]]: ''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]''
*[[1932]]: ''[[The Name 'Nodens']]'' (published in ''[[Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire]]'')
*[[1932]]-[[1934]]: ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'' parts I and II
*[[1934]]: ''[[Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale]]''
*[[1936]]: ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'' (lecture on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' criticism)
*[[1939]]: ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay on Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy)
*[[1939]]: ''[[The Reeve's Tale (version)|The Reeve's Tale: Version Prepared for Recitation at the 'Summer Diversions'<nowiki/>]]''
*[[1944]]: ''[[Sir Orfeo (booklet)|Sir Orfeo]]'' (translation of a Middle English poem)
*[[1953]]: ''[[Ofermod]]'' (published with the poem ''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth'')
*[[1953]]: ''[[Middle English 'Losenger' (essay)|Middle English 'Losenger'<nowiki/>]]''
*[[1962]]: ''[[Ancrene Wisse]]''
*[[1963]]: ''[[English and Welsh]]''
*[[1966]]: ''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'' (contributing translator and lexicographer)

===Posthumous publications===
====1975—1990====
*[[1975]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo]]'', ed. [[Christopher Tolkien]]
*[[1976]]: ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'', ed. [[Baillie Tolkien]]
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1980]]: ''[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1980]]: ''[[Poems and Stories]]'' (a collection of stories)
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
**''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]''
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', eds. Christopher Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]]
*[[1982]]: ''[[The Old English Exodus]]'' (translation of an Old English poem, only limited copies were printed)
*[[1982]]: ''[[Finn and Hengest|Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode]]'', ed. [[Alan Bliss]]
*[[1982]]: ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien (a collection of linguistic essays and lectures)
**''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]''
**''[[On Translating Beowulf]]''
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''
**''[[A Secret Vice]]''
**''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (lecture)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
**''[[English and Welsh]]''
**''[[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]]''
*[[1983]]–[[1996]] ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part One]]'' (1983)</li><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales: Part Two]]'' (1984)</li><li>''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (1985)</li><li>''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (1986)</li><li>''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (1987)</li><li>''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' vol. 1) (1988)</li><li>''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 2) (1989) </li><li>''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 3) (1990) </li><li>''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' vol. 4) (1992)</li><li>''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (1993)</li><li>''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (1994)</li><li>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (1996)</li></ol>
**''[[The History of Middle-earth Index|Index]]'' (2002)
*[[1985]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'' (limited copies were printed)

====1990—today====
*[[1990]]: ''[[Bilbo's Last Song (at the Grey Havens)|Bilbo's Last Song]]''
*[[1997]]: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' (a collection of stories and poems)
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''
**''[[Roverandom]]'' (included in 2008 edition)
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (included in 2008 edition)
*[[1998]]: ''[[Roverandom]]'', eds. [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]
*[[1999]]: ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2001]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''
**''[[Mythopoeia]]'' (included in 1988 edition)
**''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]'' (newly included)
*[[2002]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'', ed. [[Michael D.C. Drout]] (a lecture series)
*[[2003]]: ''[[The Annotated Hobbit|The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'', ed. [[Douglas A. Anderson]]
**containing ''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'', among other writings (newly included)
*[[2005]]: ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ed. [[Verlyn Flieger]]
*[[2007]]: ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'', ed. [[John D. Rateliff]]
*[[2007]]: ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]]'', eds. Verlyn Flieger, Douglas A. Anderson (an extended edition of the ''[[On Fairy-stories|essay]]'')
*[[2009]]: ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2014]]: ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]], together with [[Sellic Spell]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2014]]: ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
**containing ''[[Once upon a Time]]'', among other writings (newly included)
*[[2015]]: ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger
*[[2016]]: ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'', eds. [[Dimitra Fimi]], [[Andrew Higgins]] (an extended edition of the ''[[A Secret Vice|lecture]]'')
*[[2016]]: ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger
*[[2017]]: ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2018]]: ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[2021]]: ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', ed. [[Carl F. Hostetter]]
*[[2022]]: ''[[The Fall of Númenor]]'', ed. [[Brian Sibley]]
*[[2023]]: ''[[The Battle of Maldon: together with The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]'', ed. [[Peter Grybauskas]]

===Artwork===
*[[1979]]: ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1992]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend]]'' ed. Judith Priestman
*[[1995]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2011]]: ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2015]]: ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull
*[[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine
*[[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Treasures]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine
*[[2022]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Art of the Manuscript]]'', eds. William M. Fliss, Sarah C. Schaefer

===Audio recordings===
''Note: for a detailed listing of all recordings of Tolkien, see [[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien|Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
*[[1967]]: ''[[Poems and Songs of Middle Earth]]'', Caedmon TC 1231
*[[1975]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his ''The Hobbit'' & ''The Lord of the Rings'', Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an [[1952 tape recording|August, 1952 recording]] by [[George Sayer]])''
==See also==
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[:Category:Images of J.R.R. Tolkien|Images of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[:Category:Audio of J.R.R. Tolkien|Audio of J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien/Quotations|J.R.R. Tolkien Quotes]]
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien Timeline]]
*[[Chronology of Tolkien's writings]]
*[[Legendarium]]
*[[Plaques and Memorials]]
*[[Index:Unpublished material|Unpublished material]]

==Further reading==
A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works:
*Anderson, Douglas A., Michael D. C. Drout and Verlyn Flieger (founder eds.). ''[[Tolkien Studies (journal)|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review]]''
*Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends]]'' ISBN 0395276284
*Chance, Jane (ed.) (2003). ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]'', London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28944-0
*Chance, Jane (ed.) (2004). ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth]], a Reader'', Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-813-12301-1
*Duriez, Colin and Porter, David (2001). ''[[The Inklings Handbook]]: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends''. ISBN 1902694139
*Duriez, Colin (2003). ''[[Tolkien and C.S. Lewis]]: The Gift of Friendship''. , ISBN 1587680262
*Flieger, Verlyn and Carl F. Hostetter (eds.) (2000). [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's'' Legendarium'': Essays on'' The History of Middle Earth]], Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30530-7. DDC 823.912. LC PR6039.
*O'Neill, Timothy R. (1979). ''[[The Individuated Hobbit]]: Jung, Tolkien and the Archetypes of Middle-earth'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-28208-X
*Pearce, Joseph (1999). ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-628120-6
*Pearce, Joseph (1998). ''[[Tolkien: Man and Myth]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-274018-4
*Shippey, T. A. (2000). ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'', Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12764-X, ISBN 0-618-25759-4 (pbk)
*Shippey, T. A. (2004). '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Tolkien, John & Priscilla (1992). ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'', London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-26-110239-7
*White, Michael (2003). ''Tolkien: A Biography'', New American Library. ISBN 0451212428

==External links==
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/author/biography/ J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch] by [[The Tolkien Society]]
*{{WP|J.R.R. Tolkien}}

{{references|notes}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=Position created
| list=President of [[The Tolkien Society]]
| dates=[[27 June]] [[1972]] - ''In perpetuo''
| next=None; perpetual title
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}
{{Inklings}}
{{tolkiensociety}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, J.R.R.}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Cartographers]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Inklings]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:T.C.B.S.]]
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]
[[de:J. R. R. Tolkien]]
[[fr:tolkien:bio]]
[[fi:J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Tolkien Family

2026-01-11T21:03:10Z

JR Snow: Fixed stlye

{{Expansion}}

The '''Tolkien Family''' is a family of Saxon descent, arriving in England six generations before [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
==Etymology==
The name “Tolkien” (pron.: Tol-keen; equal stress on both syllables) is believed to be of German origin; Toll-kühn: foolishly brave, or stupidly clever; a cognate in [[Modern English]] would be "dull-keen".<ref>{{L|324}}</ref>

Tolkien tranlated his name in [[Gothic]] as ''Ruginwaldus '''Dwalakōneis'''''<ref>{{L|272}}</ref> and in [[Old English]] as ''Rægnold '''Hrædmóding'''''<ref>[[For W.H.A.]]</ref> (''[https://bosworthtoller.com/53089 hræd-mód]'' "hasty, quick tempered"). One time he signed [[Knocking at the Door|a poem]] under the pseudonym '''Oxymore''' (''[[wiktionary:oxymoron|oxymoron]]'' being greek for "sharp-dull", "keen-stupid"). He also created the character [[Professor Rashbold|Professor '''Rashbold''']], loosely translating the meaning of his surname.<ref>{{SD|2a}}</ref><ref>{{L|165}}</ref> He possibly translated it in [[Quenya]] as '''[[Arcastar]]'''.

Research conducted by [[Ryszard Derdziński]] suggests another etymology of the Tolkien family name, deriving it from [[Wikipedia:Baltic languages|Baltic]] ''Tolk-īn'', "a descendant of Tolk", ''tolk'' being a Baltic term for "translator, interpreter".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2017/11/elvish-with-balto-slavic-sound.html|articlename=Elvish with Balto-Slavic sound and the matter of ''Laūmas'' 'Elves'|dated=19 November 2017|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/ tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=22 November 2017}}</ref> Tolkien himself had always been dismissive of this connection.<ref>{{L|349}}</ref>

==Origins==
Research conducted by [[Ryszard Derdziński]] shows that the Tolkien family actually had its roots in [[Wikipedia:Gdańsk|Gdańsk]] (German form ''Danzig'') in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and earlier in [[Wikipedia:Slavskoye, Russia|Kreuzburg, East Prussia]], but had been living in England since 1770.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-tolkien-paternal-line-of-jrr-tolkien.html|articlename=Paternal line of J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=7 November 2017|website=[http://tolkniety.blogspot.com/ tolkniety.blogspot.com]|accessed=22 November 2017}}</ref> The Tolkien name is attested there since the 16th century.

The verified paternal line of J. R. R. Tolkien starts with '''Michel Tolkien''', who was born around [[1620]] in Kreuzburg. Michel's son '''Christianus Tolkien''' ([[1663]]-[[1746]]) was a wealthy miller in Kreuzburg. His son '''Christian Tolkien''' ([[1706]]-[[1791]]) moved from Kreuzburg to nearby [[wikipedia:Gdańsk|Danzig]], and his two sons Daniel Gottlieb Tolkien ([[1747]]-[[1813]]) and '''[[John Benjamin Tolkien (George's father)|Johann (later known as John) Benjamin Tolkien]]''' ([[1752]]-[[1819]]) emigrated to London in the 1770s, and became the ancestors of the English family. The family first appears in English records in 1777. In 1792 John Benjamin Tolkien and William Gravell took over the Erdley Norton manufacture in London, which from then on sold clocks and watches under the name ''Gravell & Tolkien''. Daniel Gottlieb obtained British citizenship in 1794, but John Benjamin apparently never became a British citizen. Their German nephew Daniel Gottlieb Bergmann also joined them in London. Johann (John) Benjamin Tolkien, who died in London in 1819, had a son named '''[[George Tolkien]]''', who was the grandfather of '''[[Arthur Tolkien]]''', J. R. R. Tolkien's own father.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JOS |y| EMI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JOB |y| MAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JOS=John Suffield Jr ''1833-1930''|EMI=Emily Jane Sparrow|JOB=[[John Benjamin Tolkien]] ''1807-1896''|MAR=Mary Jane Stowe}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | |}}{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WAL |y| EDI | | JAN | | WIL |~| BEA | | MAB |y| ART | | FLO |~| TOH | | GRA |~| WIM | | MAT |~| TOM | | WIT | | LAU | |WAL=Walter Incledon|EDI=Edith Mary (''May'') Suffield ''1865-1936''|JAN=[[Jane Neave|Jane Suffield]] ''1872-1963''|WIL=William Suffield ''1874-1904''|BEA=Beatrice Bartlett|MAB=[[Mabel Suffield]] ''1870-1904''|ART=[[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]] ''1857-1896''|FLO=Florence Mary Tolkien ''1863-1944''|TOH=Tom Hadley|GRA=Grace Bindley Tolkien ''1861-1947''|WIM=William Mountain|MAT=Mabel Tolkien ''1858-1937''|TOM=Thomas Mitton|WIT=Wilfred Tolkien ''1870-1938''|LAU=Laurence George H. Tolkien ''1873-''}}{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MAJ | | MAR | | | | | | | EDI |y| JOH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HIL |y| MAG | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MAJ=Marjorie Incledon ''1891-1973''|MAR=Mary Incledon ''1895-1940''|EDI=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]] ''1889-1971''|JOH='''[[J.R.R. Tolkien|John Ronald Reuel Tolkien]]''' ''1892-1973''|HIL=[[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien]] ''1894-1976''|MAG=Magdalen Matthews}}{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | JOH | | | | JOA |y| MIC | | | | | | | | FAI |y| CHR |y| BAI | | PRI | | | JUN |y| GAB | | | | | | JUL |y| GLY | | PAU |y| ANN | | |JOA=Joan Griffiths ''1916-1982''|MIC=[[Michael Tolkien|Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien]] ''1920-1984''|JOH=[[John Tolkien|John Francis Reuel Tolkien]] ''1917-2003''|PRI=[[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla Anne Reuel Tolkien]] ''1929-2022''|FAI=[[Faith Faulconbridge]] ''1928-2017''|CHR='''[[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher John Reuel Tolkien]]''' ''1924-2020''|BAI=[[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie Klass]] ''1941-''|JUN=Lilian June Icke|GAB=Gabriel Tolkien ''1931-''|JUL=[[Julian Tolkien]] ''1935-''|GLY=Glynis Read|PAU=Paul Tolkien ''1938-''|ANN=Annie May McConnell}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| |}}{{familytree| | | | | MIC | | | | | | HUG |y| JOA | | JUD |y| ALA | | TRA |y| SIM | | ADA | | RAC | | | | ANG | | CHR | | SUE |~| TIM | | NIC | | STE | | DOM | | ZOE |MIC=[[Michael George Tolkien|Michael Tolkien]] ''1943-''|HUG=Hugh Baker|JOA=Joan Anne Tolkien ''1945-2023''|JUD=Judith Tolkien ''1951-''|ALA=Alan Crombleholme|TRA=Tracy Sternberg|SIM=[[Simon Tolkien]] ''1959-''|ADA=[[Adam Tolkien|Adam Reuel Tolkien]] ''1969-''|RAC=[[Rachel Tolkien|Rachel Clare Reuel Tolkien]] ''1971-''|ANG=Angela Tolkien ''1954-''|CHR=Christopher Tolkien ''1961-''|SUE=Susan Goodger|TIM=[[Tim Tolkien|Timothy Tolkien]] ''1962-''|NIC=Nicholas Tolkien ''1964-''|STE=Stephen Tolkien ''1966-''|DOM=Dominic Tolkien ''1974-''|ZOE=Zoë Tolkien ''1977-''}}
{{familytree| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | CAT | | RUT | | MAN | | ROY | | MIC | | FRE | | PIE | | NIC || ANA | | DIM | | SAM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |CAT=Catherine Tolkien ''1969-''|RUT=Ruth Tolkien ''1982-''|MAN=Mandy ''1967-''|ROY=[[Royd Tolkien|Royd]] ''1969-''|MIC=Michael ''1975-2015''|FRE=Freya Crombleholme ''1976-''|PIE=Piers Crombleholme ''1979-''|NIC=Nicholas Tolkien ''1990-''|ANA=Anna Tolkien ''2005-''|DIM=Dimitri Tolkien-Paillet ''2005-''|SAM=Samuel ''2006-''}}{{familytree/end}}

==See also==
*[http://lingwe.blogspot.com.br/2007/11/new-thoughts-on-etymology-of-tolkien.html Etymology of 'Tolkien']
*[[The Tolkien Family Album]]
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/Tolkien%20family%20trees%20rev%200310.pdf Tolkien Family Trees]
*[http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf On J.R.R. Tolkien's roots in Gdańsk], by [[Ryszard Derdziński]]
{{references}}

[[Category:Tolkien Family| ]]
[[de:Familie Tolkien]]
[[fr:tolkien/bio/famille tolkien]]
[[fi:Tolkien]]

Windbeam

2026-01-10T11:09:17Z

JR Snow: Disambig not needed but linked to Horns in infobox and tidied up some wording

{{short description|Horn of Elendil}}
{{object infobox
| name=Windbeam
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Horn of Elendil, Great Horn
| location=[[Gondor]]
| owner=[[King of Gondor]]
| type=[[Horn]]
| appearance=Possibly [[gold]]en<ref name="first"/>
| creator=Presumably [[Elendil]]
| created=Presumably the [[Second Age]]
| createdlocation=[[Númenor]] or [[Middle-earth]]
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=Being blown during the [[Battle of the Morannon]]<ref name="chronology">''[[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]]'', V. A Published Chronology: Appendix B, 1. "Here at the end of all things", pp. 149 (entry for March 25 in Table 14 ''continued'')</ref> in early drafts
| audio=
| audiocaption=
}}

'''Windbeam''' was the name of the great '''Horn of [[Elendil]]''' blown only in extreme circumstances, according to one of the outlines of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' as published in ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.<ref name="Wind">{{TI|XVI}}, Alternative account., p. 344</ref> Other than this outline, the horn is not mentioned in any other writing on [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="note">{{TI|XVI}}, Notes, p. 349 (note 43)</ref> It was, however, mentioned in the ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''<ref name="note"/>, stating that [[Father Christmas]] had not had to blow it for over four hundred years.<ref name="first">{{LFC|1933}}</ref>

==History==
When Windbeam was blown in the [[Battle of the Morannon]]<ref name="chronology"/>, even [[Frodo Baggins]] faintly heard its sound and looked "North-west"<ref name="Wind"/> at "the dust of battle"<ref name="Wind"/> as he climbed [[Mount Doom]] alongside [[Samwise Gamgee]] towards the [[Sammath Naur]]<ref>{{RK|Doom}}, p. 942</ref>.<ref name=sauron>{{SD|I}}, (I), p. 4</ref>

==Other writings==
In the ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'', Windbeam, the great "[[gold]]en trumpet"<ref name="first"/> or '''Horn''', hung "over the fireplace in the hall" of [[Father Christmas]]'s [[Cliff House]], where it was gathering dust<ref name="third">{{LFC|1942}}</ref> due to not having been used for over four hundred years. The sound of Windbeam was apparently capable of traveling "as far as the North Wind" blew.<ref name="second">{{LFC|1941}}</ref>

In early [[October]] in the autumn of [[1941]], the [[Goblins]], taking advantage of the [[Wikipedia:World War II|war]], sought to take over the [[North Pole]].<ref name="first"/> By [[November]], they even besieged, and had nearly taken, the Cliff House.<ref name="second"/> As a consequence, Father Christmas blew "three blasts on" Windbeam to summon reinforcements from [[Snow-men|snowboys]], polar bears, and [[Elves]], who all arrived three days later.<ref name="second"/> A year after the battle, the Goblins were still recovering from their defeat and Windbeam was gathering dust again "over the mantlepiece" of Father Christmas's Cliff House.<ref name="third"/>

In his commentary, [[Christopher Tolkien]] notes that in both the ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'' and the [[legendarium]], Windbeam, called the '''Great Horn''' in the note, is only blown in extreme scenarios and can be heard at a great distance.<ref name="note"/> He also notes that "beam" in Windbeam is related to ''bēam'' in [[Old English]], which is derived from ''bēme'' ("trumpet").<ref name="note"/>

{{references}}

{{WLFC}}

[[Category:Letters from Father Christmas]]
[[Category:Musical instruments]]

User:JR Snow/sandbox

2026-01-10T10:38:54Z

JR Snow:

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2026-01-09T17:49:52Z

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|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to structure it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should not be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

==Edit an existing article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article requires amending'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is the article claimed by a User? ● 
An example here ● 
Some advice here ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How you can improve the article'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is this article tagged for specific maintenance? ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How and when to use talk pages'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to use wiki markup source code'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Checking for errors and recording changes'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here 
● 
An example here 
● 
Some other advice 
● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

User:JR Snow/sandbox

2026-01-09T17:20:12Z

JR Snow:

Community Portal list of 'Policy' articles:
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Blocking policy|Blocking policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Canon policy|Canon policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|Chat]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Image policy|Image policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Naming policy|Naming policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Notability policy|Notability policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Original research|Original research]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Reliable Sources|Reliable Sources]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Vandalism|Vandalism]]
==Test of what a community portal could look like==
{{Portal/Tabs}}
{{Section divider|'''What are you searching for?'''}}
{{Flexbox
|columns = 2
|content1 = {{Flexbox
|rows = 2

|content1 ={{Cards
|header1 =
|content1 = <center>'''[[TG:CHAT|Contact other editors]]'''
|column1 =
}}
|content2 ={{Cards
|header1 =
|content1 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Amend or add an article]]'''
|column1 =
}}
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|content2 = {{Flexbox
|rows = 2

|content1 ={{Cards
|header1 =
|content1 = <center>'''[[TG:TODO|Search for existing 'To-Do' tasks]]'''
|column1 =
}}
|content2 = {{Cards
|header1 =
|content1 = <center>'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Understanding our wiki policies]]'''
|column1 =
}}
}}
}}
{{Section divider|}}
{{Card
|title = Welcome to [[Tolkien Gateway]]'s Community Portal
|caption = A one-stop shop for editors old and new
|content = <nowiki/>
{{shortcut|TG:PORTAL}}
Tolkien Gateway is an encyclopedia about [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] that [[Help:Editing|anyone can edit]]. Since our launch on [[3 June]] [[2005]], we have grown to include [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles and [[Special:Newimages|{{NUMBEROFFILES}}]] images on a range of Tolkien-related topics.

This Community Portal is designed to help editors find something to work on. It covers a range of ways you can share your Tolkien knowledge with the world including [[Special:WantedPages|creating wanted pages]], expanding [[:Category:Stubs|stub articles]], [[:Category:Cleanup|cleaning up poorly-written pages]] and added references to [[:Category:Articles needing citation|articles in need of citations]]. Some of the work might be a little tedious, but a little goes a long way in continuing to build the world's largest Tolkien encyclopedia.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask in our [[Chat]]. You can also ask a specific [[Tolkien Gateway:Administrators|staff member]] on their talk page - they're happy to help you out.
}}

==Amend or add an article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Test of what a community portal could look like|Return to the Community Portal]]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Create a new article|Create a new article]]'''
|content1 = <div>
# Determining if an article is required
# What to name it
# How to structure it
# What content should be included
# What content should not be included
</div>
|header2 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Create a new article|Edit an existing article]]'''
|content2 = <div>
# Determining if an article requires amending
# How you can improve the article
# How and when to use talk pages
# How to use wiki markup source code
# Checking for errors and recording changes
</div>
|header3 = <center>'''Upload an image'''
|content3 = <div>
# Relevancy and suitability
# Permission and copyrights
# Using the upload wizard
</div>
}}

 
 
 

==Create a new article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article is required'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What to name it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to structure it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should not be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

==Edit an existing article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article requires amending'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is the article claimed by a User? ● 
An example here ● 
Some advice here ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How you can improve the article'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is this article tagged for specific maintenance? ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How and when to use talk pages'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to use wiki markup source code'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Checking for errors and recording changes'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here 
● 
An example here 
● 
Some other advice 
● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

User:JR Snow/sandbox

2026-01-09T16:56:57Z

JR Snow:

Community Portal list of 'Policy' articles:
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Blocking policy|Blocking policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Canon policy|Canon policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|Chat]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Image policy|Image policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Naming policy|Naming policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Notability policy|Notability policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Original research|Original research]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Reliable Sources|Reliable Sources]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Vandalism|Vandalism]]
==Test of what a community portal could look like==
{{Portal/Tabs}}
{{Section divider|'''What are you searching for?'''}}
{{Cards
|header1 =
|content1 = <center>'''[[TG:CHAT|Contact other editors]]'''
|column1 =
|header2 =
|content2 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Amend or add an article]]'''
|column2 =
|header3 =
|content3 = <center>'''[[TG:TODO|Search for existing 'To-Do' tasks]]'''
|column3 =
|header4 =
|content4 = <center>'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Understanding our wiki policies]]'''
|column4 =
}}
{{Section divider|}}
{{Card
|title = Welcome to [[Tolkien Gateway]]'s Community Portal
|caption = A one-stop shop for editors old and new
|content = <nowiki/>
{{shortcut|TG:PORTAL}}
Tolkien Gateway is an encyclopedia about [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] that [[Help:Editing|anyone can edit]]. Since our launch on [[3 June]] [[2005]], we have grown to include [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles and [[Special:Newimages|{{NUMBEROFFILES}}]] images on a range of Tolkien-related topics.

This Community Portal is designed to help editors find something to work on. It covers a range of ways you can share your Tolkien knowledge with the world including [[Special:WantedPages|creating wanted pages]], expanding [[:Category:Stubs|stub articles]], [[:Category:Cleanup|cleaning up poorly-written pages]] and added references to [[:Category:Articles needing citation|articles in need of citations]]. Some of the work might be a little tedious, but a little goes a long way in continuing to build the world's largest Tolkien encyclopedia.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask in our [[Chat]]. You can also ask a specific [[Tolkien Gateway:Administrators|staff member]] on their talk page - they're happy to help you out.
}}

==Amend or add an article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Test of what a community portal could look like|Return to the Community Portal]]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Create a new article|Create a new article]]'''
|content1 = <div>
# Determining if an article is required
# What to name it
# How to structure it
# What content should be included
# What content should not be included
</div>
|header2 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Create a new article|Edit an existing article]]'''
|content2 = <div>
# Determining if an article requires amending
# How you can improve the article
# How and when to use talk pages
# How to use wiki markup source code
# Checking for errors and recording changes
</div>
|header3 = <center>'''Upload an image'''
|content3 = <div>
# Relevancy and suitability
# Permission and copyrights
# Using the upload wizard
</div>
}}

 
 
 

==Create a new article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article is required'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What to name it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to structure it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should not be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

==Edit an existing article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article requires amending'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is the article claimed by a User? ● 
An example here ● 
Some advice here ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How you can improve the article'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is this article tagged for specific maintenance? ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How and when to use talk pages'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to use wiki markup source code'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Checking for errors and recording changes'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here 
● 
An example here 
● 
Some other advice 
● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

User:JR Snow/sandbox

2026-01-09T16:54:56Z

JR Snow:

Community Portal list of 'Policy' articles:
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Blocking policy|Blocking policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Canon policy|Canon policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|Chat]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Image policy|Image policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Naming policy|Naming policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Notability policy|Notability policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Original research|Original research]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Reliable Sources|Reliable Sources]]
# [[Tolkien Gateway:Vandalism|Vandalism]]
==Test of what a community portal could look like==
{{Portal/Tabs}}
{{Section divider|'''What are you searching for?'''}}
{{Cards
|header1 =
|content1 = <center>'''[[TG:CHAT|Contact other editors]]'''
|column1 =
|header2 =
|content2 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Amend or add an article]]'''
|column2 =
|header3 =
|content3 = <center>'''[[TG:TODO|Search for existing 'To-Do' tasks]]'''
|column3 =
|header4 =
|content4 = <center>'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Understanding our wiki policies]]'''
|column4 =
}}
{{Card
|title = Welcome to [[Tolkien Gateway]]'s Community Portal
|caption = A one-stop shop for editors old and new
|content = <nowiki/>
{{shortcut|TG:PORTAL}}
Tolkien Gateway is an encyclopedia about [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] that [[Help:Editing|anyone can edit]]. Since our launch on [[3 June]] [[2005]], we have grown to include [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles and [[Special:Newimages|{{NUMBEROFFILES}}]] images on a range of Tolkien-related topics.

This Community Portal is designed to help editors find something to work on. It covers a range of ways you can share your Tolkien knowledge with the world including [[Special:WantedPages|creating wanted pages]], expanding [[:Category:Stubs|stub articles]], [[:Category:Cleanup|cleaning up poorly-written pages]] and added references to [[:Category:Articles needing citation|articles in need of citations]]. Some of the work might be a little tedious, but a little goes a long way in continuing to build the world's largest Tolkien encyclopedia.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask in our [[Chat]]. You can also ask a specific [[Tolkien Gateway:Administrators|staff member]] on their talk page - they're happy to help you out.
}}

==Amend or add an article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Test of what a community portal could look like|Return to the Community Portal]]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Create a new article|Create a new article]]'''
|content1 = <div>
# Determining if an article is required
# What to name it
# How to structure it
# What content should be included
# What content should not be included
</div>
|header2 = <center>'''[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Create a new article|Edit an existing article]]'''
|content2 = <div>
# Determining if an article requires amending
# How you can improve the article
# How and when to use talk pages
# How to use wiki markup source code
# Checking for errors and recording changes
</div>
|header3 = <center>'''Upload an image'''
|content3 = <div>
# Relevancy and suitability
# Permission and copyrights
# Using the upload wizard
</div>
}}

 
 
 

==Create a new article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article is required'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What to name it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to structure it'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''What content should not be included'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

==Edit an existing article==
{{Section divider|[[User:JR_Snow/sandbox#Amend or add an article|Return to 'Amend or add an article']]}}
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Determining if an article requires amending'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is the article claimed by a User? ● 
An example here ● 
Some advice here ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How you can improve the article'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Is this article tagged for specific maintenance? ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How and when to use talk pages'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''How to use wiki markup source code'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here ● 
An example here ● 
Some other advice ● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
<center>'''↓'''
{{Cards
|header1 = <center>'''Checking for errors and recording changes'''
|content1 = <center><div>
Some key policy points here 
● 
An example here 
● 
Some other advice 
● 
[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style|Link to whole policy here]]
</div>
}}
{{Section divider|'''[[Tolkien Gateway:Policy|Frequently Asked Questions]]'''}}

Amroth

2026-01-08T22:07:55Z

JR Snow: Fixed ref error

{{disambig-more|Amroth|[[Amroth (disambiguation)]]}}
{{short description|Lost king of Lórien, lover of Nimrodel}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Sindar|Sinda]]
| name=Amroth
| image=Olga Kukhtenkova - Amroth.jpg
| caption="Amroth" by [[:Category:Images by Olga Kukhtenkova|Olga Kukhtenkova]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[King of Lórien]]
| position=
| location=[[Lothlórien]], [[Edhellond]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Silvan Elvish]]
| birth=Before c. {{SA|730}}<ref name=Note>{{UT|4a}}, note 6</ref>
| birthlocation=
| rule={{SA|3434}} - {{TA|1981}}
| death={{TA|1981}}
| deathlocation=[[Bay of Belfalas]]
| age=4,685+
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Amdír]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Nimrodel]] (betrothed)
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Bright<ref name=amroth/>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}

'''Amroth''', was an [[Elves|Elf]], and king of [[Lórien]].

He was lost in the waters of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] when his ship, waiting for the arrival of his beloved [[Nimrodel]], was blown to sea by a great storm and he attempted to swim back in order to not be parted from her.<ref name=lorien>{{FR|II6}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early history ===
Amroth was [[Sinda]], the son of [[Amdír]].<ref name=amroth>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref>

In {{SA|1697}}, after the fall of [[Eregion]] during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], Amroth led a force of Elves from [[Lórinand]], joined by [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin III|Durin]], against [[Sauron]]. Sauron's forces were engaged with those of [[Elrond]], and would have overwhelmed them, but the intervention of Amroth and Durin enabled Elrond to extricate himself and withdraw north. Sauron then turned upon the Elves of Lórinand and the Dwarves and drove them back, but did not pursue them as his more immediate purpose was to capture [[Lindon]], the capital of [[Gil-galad]], where he believed one or more of the [[Three Rings]] were kept. Eventually, with the arrival of the [[Númenóreans]] Sauron was beaten and retreated to [[Mordor]].<ref name=concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

Amroth became King of Lórien in {{SA|3434}} after Amdír was slain in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]].<ref name=amroth/>

Around {{TA|1050}}, the shadow started to grow in [[Mirkwood]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> The establishment of [[Dol Guldur]] especially caused Amroth to dwell in growing disquiet, and made his home in a high [[flet]] so that a watch over it might be kept.<ref name=amroth/> Galadriel too felt this foreboding and, with Celeborn, journeyed to Lórien and stayed there a long time with Amroth. He was valiant and wise, and his people were content with him, so after many long journeys of enquiry throughout [[Rhovanion]], Galadriel and Celeborn eventually returned west to dwell in [[Imladris]].<ref name=amroth />

Around {{TA|1409}}, Elves from Lórien passed over the [[Misty Mountains]] to join forces with the [[Elves of Rivendell]] under [[Elrond]] against [[Angmar]]; along with assistance from the [[Elves of Lindon]], they were successful in subduing the [[Witch-king]] and [[Angmar]] for some time.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entry for king Arveleg</ref>

=== With Nimrodel ===
For many years Amroth loved [[Nimrodel]], a [[Silvan]] Elf and for her he lived in their manner, housed in the tall trees of the great green mount of [[Cerin Amroth]]. Though she returned his love, she would not wed him. She regretted the coming of Elves from the West as she believed that they brought wars and destroyed the peace.<ref name=amroth/>

In {{TA|1981}} the [[Balrog]] emerged in [[Moria]], drove out the Dwarves, and Moria became filled with the servants of Sauron. Nimrodel and many other Silvan folk fled away south and Amroth departed to seek for her, never to return to Lórien.<ref name=silvan>{{NM|Silvan}}</ref>{{rp|fn. 9}}

Amroth eventually found her near [[Fangorn]], which she would not enter as she felt the trees had menaced her and blocked her path. There they spoke, and plighted their troth, but Nimrodel insisted that they would only be wed once Amroth had brought her to a land of peace. Amroth agreed to this, even though it meant abandoning his people in their time of need, and told her of the [[Edhellond|Elf-haven in the south]] from where many of his own people had sailed into the West and there still remained a remnant who built ships and offered passage for those of the [[Eldar]] who had grown weary of [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=amroth/>

As they travelled they became separated, and seeking for her Amroth came to the Elf-haven. There he found few other Elves still lingering, less than a ship-load, and but one remaining seaworthy ship, which was already preparing to depart. He was welcomed, but the others were unwilling to wait for Nimrodel as their was little hope she would actually come: if she had come by [[Gondor]] she would have been untroubled, and maybe even received aid; but if she came through the [[White Mountains|mountains]], there were many unfriendly Men and other evil things. The year was already waning to autumn, and soon great winds wold be expected which would make travel dangerous, even to Elven-ships. However, for the grief of Amroth, they relented and waited many weeks, living aboard the ship as their houses had already been stripped and made empty.<ref name=amroth/>

Eventually a great storm blew down from the north, sweeping away many ships of Men and tearing the light Elven-ship from its moorings. Amroth awoke to find the ship already far from land and in despair leapt into the sea in an attempt to swim back to shore. He battled for a long time against the waves, but was never seen again in Middle-earth.<ref name=amroth/>

With the disaster in Moria, and the loss of Amroth, Lórien was in great peril and its people began to flee, risking it being left deserted to be occupied by Orcs. Galadriel and Celeborn then returned to Lórien where they were welcomed by its people and took up rule of the realm.<ref name=amroth/>

In {{TA|3019}} the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] entered Lórien and [[Legolas]] sung to them the [[Lay of Nimrodel]] which detailed the tale of Amroth and Nimrodel. Legolas further declared that in spring, when the winds were in the South, the voice of Amroth came up from the sea.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref>

== Characteristics==
Amroth was said to be beautiful even for one of the Eldar, and valiant and wise. His hair was 'bright' and the sun gleaming off it was like a spark of gold.<ref name=amroth />

== Namesakes ==
Several places are named in honour of Amroth. Asides from Cerin Amroth, there were also [[Dol Amroth]], a princedom of Gondor,<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 39</ref> and Edhellond was otherwise known as "Amroth's haven".<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==

=== Separate characters ===
The name ''Amroth'' first appears as the leader of the Númenóreans who survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the character that would become [[Elendil]].<ref>{{LR|P1II1}}</ref>

=== Drafts of Lord of the Rings ===
Before settling on ''Amroth'' for the lost king of Lórien, Tolkien considered the names '''''Ammalas''''' and '''''Amaldor'''''.<ref>{{TI|XII}}</ref>

=== Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn ===
In the earliest versions of Amroth's origin, he was the son of [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]], and brother of [[Celebrían]].

His birth was first given as between {{SA|350}} and {{SA|400}} while his parents dwelt at [[Nenuial]]. He travelled with his parents and came to dwell at [[Eregion]]. Galadriel entered friendship with the [[Longbeards|Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]], and with their assistance further came into contact with the realm of [[Lórinand]] which was peopled by [[Nandorin]] Elves who had no princes or rulers and led lives free of care. At some point between {{SA|1350}} and {{SA|1400}} strife between Galadriel & Celeborn the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] resulted in the Mírdain seizing power. Galadriel, Amroth, and Celebrían then passed through [[Khazad-dûm]] to Lórinand, though Celeborn remained behind as he would not enter the mansions of the Dwarves.<ref name=concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

In {{SA|1695}} Amroth provided his aid by leading the Elves of Lórinand in the War of the Elves and Sauron.<ref name=concerning/>

Shortly after the war Galadriel, along with Celebrían, departed Lórinand, and committed it to Amroth. She reunited with Celeborn in [[Imladris]] and they remained there a long time before departing and settling in the [[Belfalas]] as the place that would afterwards be called Dol Amroth. There, Amroth would come at times to visit them, and their company was swelled by Elves from Lórinand. Galadriel and Celeborn remained there until Amroth was eventually lost in {{TA|1981}}.<ref name=concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

While dating of this text is not certain, [[Christopher Tolkien]] noted this lineage must have been later than the writing of the [[Lord of the Rings]], otherwise "had [Amroth] been supposed to be their son when it was written, the fact would surely have been mentioned."<ref name=concerning />

=== Other accounts ===
In a note concerning the House of Dol Amroth, Amroth is described as the brother of Celeborn. This was struck out however, and replaced with "was a Sinda from Beleriand".<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref>

While working out Elf aging, Tolkien considered the following for Amroth: born in {{SA|33}}, full-grown by {{SA|105}}, (apparent age of) 29 by the founding of Eregion in {{SA|750}}, 35 at the sack of Eregion in {{SA|1697}}, 47⅙ at the end of the Second Age, and 60-61 by {{TA|1981}} at the time of the disaster in Moria. He was thus nearing the end of his youth, but (in mortal years) was about 45.<ref name=ages>{{NM|Ages}}</ref>

Tolkien also considered, but rejected, that Amroth might be the son of Celeborn, but not Galadriel. In this thought Celeborn's wife stole away, leaving him with their son Amroth. Tolkien considered that Elves, after the judgement of [[Míriel]] were permitted to lawfully remarry if one partner deserted the other. It would have been a very seldom occurrence, but could happen in such as time as the divided feelings of the end of the [[First Age]].<ref name=ages />{{rp|fn. 6}}

As son of Galadriel and Celeborn, Tolkien considered Amroth remaining in Eregion with Celeborn. With the onset of Sauron, Celeborn sent Amroth to Lórien, bearing one of the Three Rings for Galadriel.<ref>{{NM|Galadriel}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Amroth'' means "upclimber, high climber".<ref name=amroth/> It was probably of [[Silvan Elvish|Silvan]] origin, but adapted to [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{App|Elves}}, footnote relating to the first paragraph</ref> It was actually a nickname derived from his residing in a high [[talan]] or [[flet]], as living in such lofty houses was no doubt at first thought remarkable, and Amroth was probably the first to do so.<ref name=amroth/>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| AMD | | | | |AMD=[[Amdír]] ''d. {{SA|3434}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| AMR |~| NIM |AMR='''AMROTH''' ''d. {{TA|1981}}''|NIM=[[Nimrodel]] ''fl. {{TA|1981}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Amroth.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Amroth in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2019: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Amroth appears during an extended flashback set during the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] in the year [[Second Age 3440|S.A. 3440]].

{{references|notes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amroth}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=sindar
| house=
| born=Before {{SA|730}}
| died={{TA|1981}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Amdír]]
| list=2nd [[King of Lórien|King]] of [[Lothlórien|Lórien]]
| dates={{SA|3434}} - {{TA|1981}}
| nvac=None
| next=''[[Celeborn]] & [[Galadriel]], as [[Lord and Lady of Lórien|Lord and Lady]]''
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Moriquendi]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Amroth]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/teleri/sindar/amroth]]
[[fi:Amroth]]

User:JR Snow/sandbox

2026-01-08T21:58:22Z

JR Snow:

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User:JR Snow

2026-01-08T21:15:13Z

JR Snow: /* To Do */

{{user infobox
| name=JR Snow
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==To Do==
{{#ifexpr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Cleanup}} > 0|*There {{#ifexpr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Cleanup}} > 1|are|is}} {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Cleanup}} [[:Category:Cleanup|page{{#ifexpr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Cleanup}} > 1|s}} marked for "cleanup"]]}}
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{{#ifexpr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Incomplete Articles}} > 0|*There {{#ifexpr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Incomplete Articles}} > 1|are|is}} {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Incomplete Articles}} [[:Category:Incomplete Articles|page{{#ifexpr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Incomplete Articles}} > 1|s}} marked as "incomplete"]]}}
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** [[T.C.B.S.]]
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*[[Special:WantedPages|Needed articles]]
** [[Susan Dagnall]]
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*Improve the quality of [[:Category:Conferences|Conferences]] articles

==Sandbox==
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!!!'''Longest living men'''!!
|-
! '''#''' !! '''Name''' !! '''Age'''
|-
| 1. || [[Elros Tar-Minyatur|'''Elros Tar-Minyatur''']] || 500
|-
| 2. || [[Tar-Atanamir]] || 421
|-
| 3. || [[Tar-Ancalimë]] || 412
|-
| 4. || [[Tar-Amandil]] || 411
|-
| 5. || [[Tar-Telperiën]] || 411
|-
| 6. || [[Tar-Vardamir]] || 410
|-
| 7. || [[Tar-Elendil]] || 401
|-
| 8. || [[Tar-Anárion]] || 401
|-
| 9. || [[Tar-Ciryatan]] || 401
|-
| 10. || [[Tar-Súrion]] || 400
|-
| 11. || [[Tar-Ancalimon]] || 400
|-
| 12. || [[Tar-Meneldur]] || 399
|-
| 13. || [[Tar-Minastir]] || 399
|-
| 14. || [[Tar-Aldarion]] || 398
|-
| 15. || [[Tar-Telemmaitë]] || 390
|-
| 16. || [[Tar-Anducal]] || 371
|-
| 17. || [[Tar-Anducal]] || 371
|-
| 18. || [[Tar-Vanimeldë]] || 360
|-
| 19. || [[Tar-Alcarin]] || 331
|-
| 20. || '''[[Elendil]]'''|| 322
|-
| 21. || [[Tar-Calmacil]] || 309
|-
| 22. || [[Meneldil]] || 281
|-
| 23. || [[Tar-Ardamin]] || 281
|-
| 24. || [[Cemendur]] || 280
|-
| 25. || [[Vëantur]] || 276
|-
| 26. || [[Eärendil (King of Gondor)|Eärendil]]|| 276
|-
| 27. || [[Anardil]] || 275
|-
| 28. || [[Ostoher]] || 270
|-
| 29. || [[Turambar]] || 270
|-
| 30. || [[Atanatar I]] || 268
|-
| 31. || [[Siriondil]] || 260
|-
| 32. || [[Tarannon Falastur]] || 259
|-
| 33. || [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] || 253
|-
| 34. || [[Hyarmendacil I]] || 250
|-
| 35. || [[Atanatar II Alcarin]] || 249
|-
| 36. || [[Calmacil]] || 246
|-
| 37. || [[Narmacil I]] || 245
|-
| 38. || [[Rómendacil II]] || 240
|-
| 39. || [[Valacar]] || 238
|-
| 40. || [[Ar-Zimrathôn]] || 235
|-
| 41. || [[Eldacar]] || 235
|-
| 42. || '''[[Isildur]]'''|| 234
|-
| 43. || [[Rómendacil I]] || 231
|-
| 44. || [[Hyarmendacil II]] || 230
|-
| 45. || [[Ar-Sakalthôr]] || 226
|-
| 46. || '''[[Anárion]]'''|| 221
|-
| 47. || [[Tarondor]] || 221
|-
| 48. || [[Tar-Palantir]] || 220
|-
| 49. || '''[[Eldarion]]'''|| 219+
|-
| 50. || [[Telumehtar Umbardacil]] || 218
|-
| 51. || [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] || 217
|-
| 52. || [[Erendis]] || 214
|-
| 53. || [[Aldamir]] || 210
|-
| 54. || '''[[Elessar]]'''|| 210
|-
| 55. || [[Tar-Míriel]] || 202
|-
| 56. || [[Ar-Pharazôn]] || 201
|-
| 57. || [[Almarian]] || 200
|-
| 58. || [[Eärnil I]] || 200
|-
| 59. || [[Calimehtar]] || 200
|-
| 60. || [[Amandil]] || 197
|-
| 61. || [[Ciryandil]] || 195
|-
| 62. || [[Castamir]] || 188
|-
| 63. || [[Minardil]] || 180
|-
| 64. || [[Narmacil II]] || 172
|-
| 65. || [[Eärnil II]] || 160
|-
| 66. || [[Ondoher]] || 157
|-
| 67. || [[Eärnur]] || 122
|-
| 68. || [[Telemnar]] || 120
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
!!!'''Tallest Characters'''<ref group="note">I have not yet compiled any sources for these measurements and as such they should be considered hearsay; if anyone has a reference please let me know or edit it in.</ref>!!
|-
! '''#''' !! '''Name''' !! '''Height'''
|-
| 1. || [[Thingol]] || 250 cm
|-
| 2. || [[Elendil]] || 241 cm
|-
| 3. || [[Galadriel]] || 193 cm
|-
| 4. || [[Númenóreans]] || 193 cm
|-
| 5. || [[Noldor]] || 185 cm
|-
| 6. || [[Men]] || 180 cm
|-
|}
{{notes}}

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T19:59:01Z

JR Snow:

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed silmarillion-chapters" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:var(--tg-border-base); background-color:var(--tg-color-surface-2); border-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<templatestyles src="Template:Silmarillion-chapters/styles.css" />
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T19:57:34Z

JR Snow: css

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! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
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Template:Silmarillion-chapters/styles.css

2026-01-08T19:55:50Z

JR Snow: Created page with "/* Desktop default */ table.silmarillion-chapters { float: right; clear: right; width: 320px; max-width: 320px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; } /* Mobile */ @media (max-width: 720px) { table.silmarillion-chapters { float: none; clear: both; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; /* centered */ } }"

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Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T15:55:01Z

JR Snow:

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed silmarillion-infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:var(--tg-border-base); background-color:var(--tg-color-surface-2); border-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T15:43:29Z

JR Snow:

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="tg-infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T15:42:40Z

JR Snow:

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="tg-infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-small); border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-small); padding:0px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T15:42:22Z

JR Snow:

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="tg-infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-small); border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-small); padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T15:41:26Z

JR Snow: still testing

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="tg-infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5); border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large); padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
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## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Of the Beginning of Days

2026-01-08T14:50:23Z

JR Snow: {{Silmarillion-chapters}} to go directly under infobox or at start of page

{{chapter
| image=Ted Nasmith - Illuin, Lamp of the Valar.jpg
| caption=''Illuin, Lamp of the Valar'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| title=Of the Beginning of Days
| book=The Silmarillion
| number=Section 3, Chapter 1
| length=
| written=
| map=
| event=
| date=[[Days before days]]
| location=
| perspective=
| previous=Quenta Silmarillion
| next=Of Aulë and Yavanna
| audio=
| audiocaption=
}}
{{Silmarillion-chapters}}
'''Of the Beginning of Days''' is the first chapter of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' section within ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

==Synopsis==
Following the entrance of the [[Ainur]] as the [[Valar]], Arda was still lifeless and had no distinct geographical features. During this time, the [[First War]] was fought between [[Melkor]] and the rest of the Valar, and Melkor had the upper hand. But [[Tulkas]], a great spirit of strength, was sent to [[Arda]], and Melkor fled before him. Thus there was peace for a time.

The initial shape of Arda, chosen by the Valar, was of a symmetrical continent lit by two lamps wrought by [[Aulë]] the Smith, filled with light by [[Varda]], and hallowed by [[Manwë]]: [[Illuin]] in the north, and [[Ormal]] in the south. Seeds of growth were planted by [[Yavanna]] which grew to fruition over Arda as greenery, grasses, and trees. The lamps illuminated all the Earth, with both lights mixing in the centre at the dwelling of the Valar: the isle [[Almaren]] in the middle of the [[Great Lake]].

But as the Valar rested from their toils, [[Morgoth|Melkor]] delved, in secret, the fortress of [[Utumno]] beneath the mountains in the north. He came forth suddenly, taking the Valar at unawares, and destroyed the lamps. Thus the symmetry of Arda was marred, and Almaren was laid to ruin. Melkor fled to Utumno before the wrath of Manwë and Tulkas, and the Earth groaned in their wake. The might of the Valar was then put towards saving their labour, and they feared to put forth their power like so again, for they knew not where or when the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] would awake.

The [[Spring of Arda]] ended; the world was darkened, and split into two main continents: [[Aman]] in the far West, and [[Middle-earth]] to the East, separated by the [[Great Sea]]. It was in Aman where the Valar made their new abode, and they raised up the [[Pelóri]] mountains as a fortification against Melkor, across the Sea of [[Belegaer]], in [[Middle-earth]]. Manwë, chief of the Valar, set his throne upon the highest peak of the Pelóri: [[Taniquetil]]. Thus the Valar made for themselves a home in the utmost West, in [[Aman]], which is called [[Valinor]], and established the city of [[Valmar]].

Melkor hid himself from the Valar in [[Utumno]], which, after the marring, was in the north of [[Middle-earth]]. He surrounded himself with beasts of terror, many of them [[Maiar]] in the form of [[Balrogs]]. These were to remain some of his most faithful, and dreadful, servants.

At this time, all was dark. So, upon the mound of [[Ezellohar]] in Valinor, [[Yavanna]], with the aid of [[Nienna]], brought forth the [[Two Trees]]: the elder [[Telperion]], with fluttering leaves of shining silver, and the younger [[Laurelin]], from which shone forth a radiant, golden light. Thus began the [[Days of Bliss]] of Valinor, and the [[Time|Count of Time]].

==External links==
* [http://forum.barrowdowns.com/showthread.php?t=13301 Chapter discussion at BarrowDowns.com]

[[fr:tolkien/resumes/silm/qs1]]
[[fi:Aikojen alku (Silmarillion)]]
[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T14:48:59Z

JR Snow: fixing width to match infoboxes

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! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5);border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Silmarillion-chapters

2026-01-08T14:42:35Z

JR Snow: test - change to 'float' and 'right' so it does not impact page style so much

{| align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:var(--tg-border-base); background-color:var(--tg-color-surface-2); border-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5);border-top-left-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);border-top-right-radius:var(--tg-border-radius-large);padding:10px;" | ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' chapters 
|-
|
# [[Ainulindalë]]
# [[Valaquenta]]
# [[Quenta Silmarillion]]
## [[Of the Beginning of Days]]
## [[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]
## [[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor|Of the Coming of the Elves]]
## [[Of Thingol and Melian]]
## [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Of Eldamar]]
## [[Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor|Of Fëanor]]
## [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|Of the Silmarils]]
## [[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]
## [[Of the Flight of the Noldor]]
## [[Of the Sindar]]
## [[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor|Of the Sun and Moon]]
## [[Of Men]]
## [[Of the Return of the Noldor]]
## [[Of Beleriand and its Realms]]
## [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand]]
## [[Of Maeglin]]
## [[Of the Coming of Men into the West|Of the Coming of Men]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin|Of the Ruin of Beleriand]]
## [[Of Beren and Lúthien]]
## [[Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Of the Fifth Battle]]
## [[Of Túrin Turambar]]
## [[Of the Ruin of Doriath]]
## [[Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin|Of the Fall of Gondolin]]
## [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|Of the Voyage of Eärendil]]
# [[Akallabêth]]
# [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age|Of the Rings of Power]]
|}
<includeonly>[[Category:The Silmarillion chapters]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Portal:Images

2026-01-08T14:10:18Z

JR Snow: Changed 4th main option to :Category:Images by artist as it was not linked anywhere on this index.

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|page2 = :Category:Images by Alan Lee
|title2 = Images by Alan Lee
|image3 = Ted Nasmith - Icon.png
|page3 = :Category:Images by Ted Nasmith
|title3 = Images by Ted Nasmith
|image4 = Anke_Eißmann.jpg
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[[Category:Portals]]

Help:References

2026-01-08T13:19:02Z

JR Snow: /* Preferred template */

'''References''' are the cornerstone of any serious encyclopedia, and [[Tolkien Gateway]] wishes to properly credit its statements. Much of our old content remains without [[:Category:Sourceless|sources]] or [[:Category:Articles needing citation|inline references]], and fixing this is an ongoing project. In the meantime, references are required for all new information that is added to articles. This way, [[fanon]] and overinterpretation can be properly identified and omitted, and valid statements can be properly attributed to reliable sources.

==Why references are needed==

All statements about Tolkien's world and its people, places, events, etc., should be referenced from Tolkien's works. Statements need references even if they seem like common knowledge or common sense. [[Misconceptions]] about Tolkien are very common, and your memory is fallible: you may think you read something in Tolkien's books, but actually picked it up somewhere else.

One way to think of it is this: Tolkien Gateway isn't about what you ''know'', it's about what you can ''prove''. The way you prove your statements is by referring to one of Tolkien's works.

Statements about the real world or real people also need reliable sources. If you have questions about sources, you can ask in the [[Forums:Council|Tolkien Gateway forums]] or in the [[TG:Chat|chat server]].

==Referencing==
===How to===
Tolkien Gateway, like most [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki]-based encyclopedias (including [[Wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]]), uses the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Cite Cite extension]. A short how-to:

With this method, sources are cited ''within'' the text. The full list of citations appear wherever you type <code><nowiki>{{references}}</nowiki></code>, which should generally be at the bottom of the page just above the categories. This only needs to appear once per page, so you don't need to add it if it's already there.

Individual citations are added using the <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag. This works the same way as in [https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_intro.asp HTML]: there's an opening tag <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, a closing tag <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> (note the forward slash), and the content of the citation in between.

<pre><nowiki>This is the text you type.<ref>And this is the source</ref></nowiki></pre>

The text in between the <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags appears in the References section as a footnote.

===Shortcuts===
:''See also [[:Category:Citation templates]]''
The most common sources have [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Templates templates] that can be used to write out references automatically. Generally, the format to use them is:
<pre><ref>{{T|chapter#}}</ref></pre>
But there will sometimes be additional options for sources with more complex structures. For detailed instructions on how to use an individual template, click on that template's link below.

====Preferred template====
[[:Template:Cite DTP|<nowiki>{{Cite DTP}}</nowiki>]] utilises the [https://search.digitaltolkien.com/?terms= Digital Tolkien Project] to link to citations and is the preferred template for the following works:
* ''[[The Hobbit]]''
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
** ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** ''[[The Two Towers]]''
** ''[[The Return of the King]]''
** <s>''[[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* <s>''[[Unfinished Tales]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''
* <s>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''

====Other templates====
* [[:Template:H|<nowiki>{{H}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Hobbit]]''

* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
** [[:Template:FR|<nowiki>{{FR}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** [[:Template:TT|<nowiki>{{TT}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Two Towers]]''
** [[:Template:RK|<nowiki>{{RK}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Return of the King]]''
** [[:Template:App|<nowiki>{{App}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]''

* [[:Template:AB|<nowiki>{{AB}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil|The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book]]''

* [[:Template:RGEO|<nowiki>{{RGEO}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]''

* [[:Template:S|<nowiki>{{S}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Silmarillion]]''

* [[:Template:UT|<nowiki>{{UT}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''

* [[:Template:CH|<nowiki>{{CH}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''

* [[:Template:BL|<nowiki>{{BL}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]''

* [[:Template:FG|<nowiki>{{FG}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]''

* '''''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'''''
** [[:Template:LT1|<nowiki>{{LT1}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''
** [[:Template:LT2|<nowiki>{{LT2}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''
** [[:Template:LB|<nowiki>{{LB}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''
** [[:Template:SM|<nowiki>{{SM}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]''
** [[:Template:LR|<nowiki>{{LR}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Lost Road|The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''
** [[:Template:RS|<nowiki>{{RS}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]''
** [[:Template:TI|<nowiki>{{TI}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''
** [[:Template:WR|<nowiki>{{WR}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The War of the Ring]]''
** [[:Template:SD|<nowiki>{{SD}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Sauron Defeated]]''
** [[:Template:MR|<nowiki>{{MR}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]''
*** [[:Template:AA|<nowiki>{{AA}}</nowiki>]] = "[[The Annals of Aman]]"
** [[:Template:WJ|<nowiki>{{WJ}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The War of the Jewels]]''
*** [[:Template:GA|<nowiki>{{GA}}</nowiki>]] = "[[The Grey Annals]]"
** [[:Template:PM|<nowiki>{{PM}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''

* [[:Template:NM|<nowiki>{{NM}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]''

* [[:Template:HH|<nowiki>{{HH}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]''

* [[:Template:L|<nowiki>{{L}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
* [[:Template:LE|<nowiki>{{LE}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien#Revised and Expanded edition|The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded edition]]''

* [[:Template:B|<nowiki>{{B}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''

* [[:Template:CG|<nowiki>{{CG}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]''

* [[:Template:CP|<nowiki>{{CP}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''

* [[:Template:Arthur|<nowiki>{{Arthur}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''
* [[:Template:Beowulf|<nowiki>{{Beowulf}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''
* [[:Template:Corrigan|<nowiki>{{Corrigan}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]''
* [[:Template:HB|<nowiki>{{HB}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]''
* [[:Template:SOWM|<nowiki>{{SOWM}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Smith of Wootton Major#Extended edition|Smith of Wootton Major: Extended edition]]''
* [[:Template:TBF|<nowiki>{{TBF}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium]]''
* [[:Template:Rover|<nowiki>{{Rover}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Roverandom]]''
* [[:Template:LFC|<nowiki>{{LFC}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''
* [[:Template:MC|<nowiki>{{MC}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays]]''
* [[:Template:ASV|<nowiki>{{ASV}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]''
* [[:Template:SG|<nowiki>{{SG}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''

* [[:Template:PE|<nowiki>{{PE}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''
* [[:Template:VT|<nowiki>{{VT}}</nowiki>]] = ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''

''Note:'' [[:Template:HM|<nowiki>{{HM}}</nowiki>]] is the old 'general-purpose' template, but it has been mostly superseded by the above templates, which offer more flexibility. You may still find it useful for citing some works that do not appear in the list above.

===Reusing references===

References can be named for reuse:

<pre>
<nowiki>This is the text you type.<ref name=One>And this is source number one</ref>

Then, you use something with another source,<ref>Like this one</ref>, before returning to the first one.<ref name=One /></nowiki>
</pre>

Note that when you reuse a named reference, you don't need to write out the <code><nowiki></ref></nowiki></code> closing tag. However, you still need to close the tag with a slash at the end. For example, if you have a reference named One: 
<code>Hobbits have hairy feet.<ref name=One></code> will not work. Instead, write: <code>Hobbits have hairy feet.<ref name=One /></code>

===Internet sources===
The [[:Template:Webcite|<nowiki>{{Webcite}}</nowiki>]] template can be used to cite web sources. See the template page for instructions on how to use it.

===Page numbers===
The purpose of a citation is to direct a reader to the source of a statement made in an article. Tolkien Gateway encourages editors to make the most precise citations possible, but we recognize that there are many editions of Tolkien's works available throughout the world. Many editors and readers do not have access to any given edition of a work.

For editors who do not have access to the specific editions listed below, Tolkien Gateway accepts citations to the most specific available subdivision within the text, be it chapter or other type of heading. For the most part, the shortcut templates linked to above represent the minimum necessary precision for a good citation (e.g. "<nowiki>{{App|A1iii}}</nowiki>").

We encourage editors who have access to the following editions of the following works to include page numbers in their citations:
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' - Include page numbers in citations from [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] (which is the edition favoured for citations in scholarly works).
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' - Include page numbers in citations from [[Unfinished Tales/Publication history and gallery|editions published]] by George Allen & Unwin, Unwin Paperbacks or Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, that follow the same pagination as the first edition (472 pages). Editions published after 1992 do not usually follow this pagination.
* ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series - Include page numbers in citations from editions published by HarperCollins or Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (all of which have the same pagination).
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' - Include page numbers in citations from editions published by HarperCollins or Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
* ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'' - Include page numbers in citations from editions published by HarperCollins or Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

The following works should not have page numbers included in citations because Tolkien Gateway does not endorse any specific edition due to the many editions:
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' - Do not include page numbers in citations.
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' - Do not include page numbers in citations.

===Standards===
The following standards should be applied when writing references using <code><nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki></code>:

*Avoid adding a period/full stop at the end of the tag line ''(Example: ''<code><nowiki><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 20</ref></nowiki></code>'')''
*Place the tag line ''after'' the [[Wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation mark]]. However, an exception could be if you want to give a reference for a certain linguistic form of a word (or something similar).
*Use "p." instead of "page" and "pp." instead of "pages" ''(Example: "pp. 20-2")''
*Leave a space between "p." (or "pp.") and the page number ''(Example: "p. 20")''

===Usage examples===

The following example uses [[Template:FR]] to cite ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', Book 1, Chapter 1:

<pre><nowiki>Bilbo Baggins celebrated his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence.<ref>{{FR|Party}}</ref></nowiki></pre>

That will come out looking like this:

:Bilbo Baggins celebrated his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence.<ref>{{FR|Party}}</ref>

The following example has three citations and demonstrates reused (named) references as well as page numbers.

<pre><nowiki>Bilbo Baggins celebrated his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence.<ref>{{FR|Party}}, p. 21</ref> The following year, Frodo, now living alone at Bag End,<ref name=Chapter2>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> gave a party in honor of Bilbo's 112th birthday.<ref name=Chapter2 /></nowiki></pre>

The result is:

:Bilbo Baggins celebrated his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence.<ref>{{FR|Party}}, p. 21</ref> The following year, Frodo, now living alone at Bag End,<ref name=Chapter2>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> gave a party in honor of Bilbo's 112th birthday.<ref name=Chapter2 />

Note that the two named references share the same number, allowing the article to have a shorter list of notes at the bottom. (Also, note that in a real article you probably don't need multiple references to the same chapter in a sentence.)

==Explanatory notes==
An explanatory footnote (i.e., a footnote used for some reason other than purely to provide a citation, such as to provide additional information or clarification) can be added to an article by using a <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tag with the "note" parameter:

<pre><nowiki>This is the text.<ref group=note>This is the explanatory footnote. See citation.</ref></nowiki></pre>

When placing the <nowiki>{{references}}</nowiki> template near the bottom of the article, it must include a "notes" parameter for these footnotes to appear on the page; to do so, use the code <code><nowiki>{{references|notes}}</nowiki></code> (instead of the usual <code><nowiki>{{references}}</nowiki></code>).

Note that <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags cannot be nested, meaning that you cannot include an inline citation within an explanatory footnote itself. In other words, placing <code><nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki></code> ''inside'' of <code><nowiki><ref group=note> ...</ref></nowiki></code> will ''not'' work. Therefore, to include a citation in an explanatory footnote, provide the citation in the text of the footnote itself (following whichever part of the footnote text that the citation supports), as indicated in the example above.

==Questionable statements==
Questionable statements can be challenged with the [[:Template:fact|<nowiki>{{fact}}</nowiki>]] template. [[Fanon]], conjecture, and overinterpretation that is unreferenced can be deleted on sight.

Do not use this tag simply to label statements which you suspect to be false; instead use the articles talk page and ask for evidence.

==See also==
*[[Tolkien Gateway:Manual of Style]]
*[[Tolkien Gateway:Canon policy]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Help]]

There and Back Again

2026-01-08T11:59:47Z

JR Snow:

{{short description|Memoirs of Bilbo Baggins}}
{{stub}}
{{disambig-more|There and Back Again|[[There and Back Again (disambiguation)]]}}
{{quote|Bilbo was not assiduous, nor an orderly narrator, and his account is involved and discursive, and sometimes confused: faults that still appear in the Red Book, since the copiers were pious and careful, and altered very little.|{{HM|FR}}, "Foreword" (first edition only)}}
'''''There and Back Again''''' was a book written by [[Bilbo Baggins]] recounting his adventures with [[Thorin and Company]] and the quest to reclaim the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]-realm of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. At one time Bilbo thought of subtitling the book "a Hobbit's Holiday". <ref>{{cite DTP|H 19.038}}</ref> Conceived as his memoirs, the book was begun by Bilbo upon his return to [[Bag End]] but not completed until his retirement in [[Rivendell]].

The diary contained the story of Bilbo's finding of the [[One Ring]] as he originally told it: thus, Gollum willingly gives the Ring to Bilbo, and there is no trace of the Ring's hold over Gollum, something that he never corrected, even when the truth was known.<ref name=ring>{{FR|Finding}}</ref>

Only to [[Frodo Baggins]] had he shown his journal, as much as he had written (and only he knew about his secret magic ring)<ref name=ring/> and also [[Merry Brandybuck]] who took a peek secretly.<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref>

Bilbo kept the diary, along with a bundle of notes and papers wrapped in old cloths, in a strongbox in his study. He took these with him to [[Rivendell]] in {{TA|3001}}.<ref>{{FR|Party}}</ref> In {{TA|3019}} Frodo brought it back to [[the Shire]] (along with [[Translations from the Elvish|three volumes]] bound in red leather, a parting gift from Bilbo). During {{TA|3020}}-{{TA|3021|n}} he nearly filled the diary's pages adding his own memoirs of the War: ''[[The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings and the Return of the King]]''.<ref name=records>{{FR|Records}}</ref>

The additional three large volumes containing the ''[[Translations from the Elvish]]'' and [[legendarium|historical and cultural writings]] were annexed to the diary, and bound together in a red case with a fifth volume added later. The volumes became known as the [[Red Book of Westmarch]], the primary source for the [[War of the Ring]] and other matters of the late [[Third Age]]. The first volume containing Bilbo's journals however was copied most by the record-keepers,<ref name=records/> who avoided making corrections out of respect.<ref name=ring/>
==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In the [[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword]] of the first edition, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] poses as the "translator", explaining that a version of ''There and Back Again'' (being the first chapters of the Red Book), was translated from its native language of [[Westron]] and was the basis for the modern novel published as ''[[The Hobbit]]''. The quote above is an "explanation" from Tolkien for the difference in tone between the two books.

The Foreword, including the reference to Bilbo's journal, was removed for the [[1965]] American [[Ballantine Books]] edition, and the [[1966]] British second edition, replaced by a new Foreword ever since.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxx</ref> However the concept that the two books are "translations" persiste throughout, especially in [[Appendix F]].

{{references|notes}}

[[Category:Books and documents within the legendarium]]

Poisoned weapons

2026-01-08T11:50:48Z

JR Snow: Cite DTP corrections

'''Poisoned weapons''' were used by different races throughout the history of [[Middle-earth]].

==Orcs==
[[Orcs]] frequently used poisoned blades<ref>{{Cite DTP|LR 2.06.026}}</ref> and arrows. [[Huor]] of [[Dor-lómin]] was slain by a poisoned Orc-arrow that hit him in the eye.<ref>{{Cite DTP|S QS.20.026}}</ref> [[Andróg]] was wounded by poisoned Orc-arrow, but healed by [[Beleg]].<ref>{{CH|8}}</ref> Later [[Isildur]] was killed by several poisoned Orc-arrows that pierced his throat and his heart.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}</ref> [[Celebrían]], wife of [[Elrond]], received a poisoned wound from the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and, although Elrond healed her body, she lost all joy in Middle-earth and departed over the sea.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about Chieftain Arahad I, p. 1043</ref>

==Elves==
It is said that [[Eldar]] never used any poison against their enemies.<ref>{{WJ|Maeglin}}</ref> However, there are some examples of [[Elves]] who used poisoned weapons. [[Eöl]] the Dark Elf had a poisoned javelin, which he threw at [[Maeglin]], but hit [[Aredhel]], who died from that wound shortly after.<ref>{{Cite DTP|S QS.16.035}}</ref> [[Elves of Nargothrond]] also used poisoned darts to protect their kingdom after the departure of [[Finrod]] and before the coming of [[Túrin]].<ref>{{Cite DTP|S QS.19.039}}</ref>

==Dwarves==
The chieftain of the [[Petty-dwarves]],<ref name="foundnargo">{{NM|P3vii}}, p. 305</ref> [[Mîm]], possessed a secret "long knife" that had "runes of venom" on it.<ref>{{CP|185}}</ref>

==Men==
[[Drúedain]] were famous for their use of poisoned arrows<ref>{{Cite DTP|LR 5.05.009}}</ref> and darts,<ref>{{UT|12b}}</ref> although they used poisoned weapons only when fighting against the Orcs<ref>{{UT|12c}}, Note 9</ref>.

==External links==
* [https://imgur.com/gallery/poisoned-weapons-middle-earth-g96USQ4 Poisoned weapons in Middle-earth] by Ngugi

{{References}}

[[Category:Weapons]]

Of the Voyage of Eärendil

2026-01-08T11:49:32Z

JR Snow: chapter title redirect

#REDIRECT [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath]]

He chanted a song of wizardry,

2026-01-08T11:48:13Z

JR Snow: Correcting section order

{{Incomplete}}
{{Unnamed}}
[[File:KuraiGeijutsu - And Finrod fell before the Throne.jpg|thumb|''And Finrod fell before the Throne'' by [[:Category:Images by KuraiGeijutsu|Kurai Geijutsu]]]]

'''He chanted a song of wizardry,'''<ref>{{Cite DTP|id=S QS.19.045}}</ref> is the first line of the first out of two poems in the Silmarillion, and is an excerpt for the [[Lay of Leithian]] according to the last line before the poem. It is the battle between Sauron and Finrod Felagund.

[[Clamavi De Profundis]] made a song out of it. and added some elvish in-between some of the lines. They titled the song: '''The Battle of Sauron and Finrod Felagund'''.

==Poem excerpt==
[[File:Christopher Tolkien - He chanted a song of wizardry,.wav|thumb|left|[[Christopher Tolkien]] reads ''He chanted a song of wizardry,'']] 
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
He chanted a song of wizardry,
Of piercing, opening, of treachery,
Revealing, uncovering, betraying.
Then sudden Felagund there swaying,
Sang in a song of staying,
Resisting, battling against power,
Of secrets kept, strength like a tower,
And trust unbroken, freedom, escape;
Of changing and shifting shape,
Of snares eluded, broken traps,
The prison opening, the chain that snaps.</poem>

==External Links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eWZCYuYR6s | Clamavi De Profundis's cover The Battle of Sauron and Finrod Felagund]

{{references}}
[[Category:Poems in The Lays of Beleriand]]

Template:Cite DTP/doc

2026-01-08T11:22:12Z

JR Snow:

==Key==
<pre>
<ref>{{Cite DTP|}}</ref>
</pre>

==Usage==
[[:Template:Cite DTP|<nowiki>{{Cite DTP}}</nowiki>]] utilises the [https://search.digitaltolkien.com/?terms= Digital Tolkien Project] to link to citations and is the preferred template for the following works:
* ''[[The Hobbit]]''
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
** ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** ''[[The Two Towers]]''
** ''[[The Return of the King]]''
** <s>''[[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:App]] for content from [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices]] until further notice.</ref>
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* <s>''[[Unfinished Tales]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:UT]] for content from [[Unfinished Tales]] until further notice.</ref>
* <s>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:LE]] for any content from [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] until further notice.</ref>

The identifier can be found from https://search.digitaltolkien.com and is typically formatted as follows:
<pre>BOOK volume.chapter.paragraph</pre>

==Examples==
{{Cite DTP|H 07.010}}
<pre>H 07.010</pre>
{{Cite DTP|LR 5.08.092}}
<pre>LR 5.08.092</pre>
{{Cite DTP|S QS.09.024}}
<pre>S QS.09.024</pre>

==TemplateData==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"id": {
"aliases": [
"1"
],
"label": "Identifier",
"description": "Digital Tolkien Project identifier. It can be found from: https://search.digitaltolkien.com",
"example": "H 01.108",
"type": "string",
"required": true
}
},
"description": "",
"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>

==See also==
* [[Help:References]]
* Module: [[Module:Cite DTP]]
* Data: [[Module:Cite DTP/data.json]]
* Styles: [[Module:Cite DTP/styles.css]]

{{notes}}

<includeonly>[[Category:Citation templates]]</includeonly>

Module:Cite DTP

2026-01-08T11:21:43Z

JR Snow: adding in Paragraph numbers to Cite DTP

local mArguments -- initialize lazily
local mCommon = require( 'Module:Common' )
local floatingui = require( 'Module:FloatingUI' )
local data = mw.loadJsonData( 'Module:Cite DTP/data.json' )
local p = {}

-- Detect and strip a trailing -fn marker for parsing,
-- while returning a flag to allow special display / URL behaviour.
local function parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpId )
if not dtpId then
return dtpId, false
end

dtpId = mw.text.trim( dtpId )

if mw.ustring.match( dtpId, '%-fn$' ) then
return mw.ustring.gsub( dtpId, '%-fn$', '' ), true
end

return dtpId, false
end

--- Split DTP ID into a table of string
---
--- @param dtpId string - ID used for DTP
--- @return table
local function splitDTP( dtpId )
local temp = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( dtpId, ' ' )
if not temp[2] then
return temp
end
local parts = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( temp[2], '.' )
table.insert( parts, 1, temp[1] )
mw.logObject( parts, '[Cite DTP] DTP is segemented into' )
return parts
end

--- Return URL to Cite Tolkien
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return string
local function getDTPUrl( dtpParts )
local path = string.format(
'/%s/%s',
dtpParts[1],
string.sub( table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ), #dtpParts[1] + 2 )
)
-- Always include trailing slash so suffix logic is reliable
return 'https://cite.digitaltolkien.com' .. path .. '/'
end

--- Get the matching type table from the DTP part
---
--- @param part string - The current part of the DTP
--- @param schema table - The schema field of the current part
--- @return table|nil
local function getTypeData( part, schema )
if type( schema ) == 'table' then
for _, v in ipairs( schema ) do
local currType = data['types'][v]
local typePattern = '^' .. currType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, typePattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( currType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = v
return copy
end
end
error( string.format( 'No matching type found for %s', part ) )
end

local matchedType = data['types'][schema]
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( 'No matching type definition for %s', schema ) )
end

local pattern = '^' .. matchedType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, pattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( matchedType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = schema
return copy
end
end

--- Build a table of citation info from the DTP ID
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return table|nil
function p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
local cite = {}

local matchedWork
local n = 1 -- schema index (schema are ordered by i - 1)

for i, part in pairs( dtpParts ) do
if i == 1 then
matchedWork = mCommon.tableContainsKey( data['works'], part )
if not matchedWork then
error( string.format( 'No matching work for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['author'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing author for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['label'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing label for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['schema'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema for %s', part ) )
end

local authors = {}
for _, author in pairs( matchedWork['author'] ) do
table.insert( authors, string.format( '[[%s]]', author ) )
end

cite['author'] = table.concat( authors, ', ' )
cite['work'] = string.format( '[[%s]]', matchedWork['label'] )
cite['order'] = { 'author', 'work' }
else
if not matchedWork['schema'][n] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema #%s for %s', n, matchedWork['label'] ) )
end

local matchedType = getTypeData( part, matchedWork['schema'][n] )
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( '%s is not a valid input for field %d', part, n ) )
end

local typeKey = matchedType['key']
local key = part
local numKey = tonumber( part ) -- strips leading zeros

-- Default label from type (may be blank for paragraph in data.json)
local label = string.gsub( matchedType['label'] or '', '%$1', numKey or key )

-- SPECIAL CASE: paragraphs must render as "Paragraph N"
if typeKey == 'paragraph' then
label = string.format( 'Paragraph %s', tostring( numKey or key ) )
end

-- Custom labels from work data (chapters/books/etc.)
if matchedWork[typeKey] then
local match
local partKey = dtpParts[n]
if tonumber( dtpParts[n] ) then
partKey = tonumber( dtpParts[n] )
end

if type( matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string' then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key]
elseif
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey] and
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] and
type( matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string'
then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key]
end

if match then
label = match
label = string.format( '"[[%s]]"', label )
end
end

-- If label is empty (and not a paragraph, which we force), do not add it
if label and mw.text.trim( label ) ~= '' then
cite[typeKey] = label
table.insert( cite['order'], typeKey )
end

n = n + 1
end
end

mw.logObject( cite, string.format( '[Cite DTP] Citation data of [%s]', table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ) ) )
return cite
end

--- Get the HTML for the DTP identifier in the citation
---
--- @param dtpUrl string - URL to the DTP site
--- @param dtpId string - DTP ID
--- @return mw.html
local function getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpId )
local html = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]', dtpUrl, dtpId ) )

local tooltipHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier-tooltip' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]',
'https://digitaltolkien.com/citation-systems',
'Digital Tolkien Project Citation Systems'
) )

return floatingui.render( {
reference = html,
content = tooltipHtml
} )
end

-- Only insert a cite part if it has visible content
local function insertCitePart( cite, key, value )
if not value then
return
end
local trimmed = mw.text.trim( tostring( value ) )
if trimmed == '' then
return
end

local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-' .. key )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', key )
spanHtml:wikitext( value )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

-- Implements {{Cite DTP}} from the frame
function p.citeDTP( frame )
mArguments = require( 'Module:Arguments' )
return p._citeDTP( mArguments.getArgs( frame ), frame )
end

function p._citeDTP( args, frame )
if not args then
return 'Missing arguments'
end

local dtpIdRaw = args['id'] or args[1]
local dtpIdBase, isFootnote = parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpIdRaw )

local dtpParts = splitDTP( dtpIdBase )
local dtpUrl = getDTPUrl( dtpParts )

-- If -fn used, make the link include it: .../LR/6.08.219-fn/
if isFootnote then
dtpUrl = mw.ustring.gsub( dtpUrl, '/$', '-fn/' )
end

local cite = {}
local citeData = p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )

for _, key in ipairs( citeData['order'] ) do
insertCitePart( cite, key, citeData[key] )
end

-- Append "footnote" at the end (after paragraph etc.)
if isFootnote then
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-footnote' )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', 'footnote' )
spanHtml:wikitext( 'footnote' )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

local wikitext = table.concat( cite, ', ' )
local html = mw.html.create( 'cite' ):addClass( 'citation cite-dtp' )
html:node( getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpIdRaw ) )
html:wikitext( wikitext )

return table.concat( {
frame:extensionTag {
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Cite DTP/styles.css' }
},
floatingui.load(),
tostring( html )
} )
end

return p

Template:Cite DTP/doc

2026-01-08T11:07:03Z

JR Snow: Correction: sentances > paragraphs

==Key==
<pre>
<ref>{{Cite DTP|}}</ref>
</pre>

==Usage==
[[:Template:Cite DTP|<nowiki>{{Cite DTP}}</nowiki>]] utilises the [https://search.digitaltolkien.com/?terms= Digital Tolkien Project] to link to citations and is the preferred template for the following works:
* ''[[The Hobbit]]''
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
** ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** ''[[The Two Towers]]''
** ''[[The Return of the King]]''
** <s>''[[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:App]] for content from [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices]] until further notice.</ref>
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* <s>''[[Unfinished Tales]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:UT]] for content from [[Unfinished Tales]] until further notice.</ref>
* <s>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:LE]] for any content from [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] until further notice.</ref>

The identifier can be found from https://search.digitaltolkien.com and is typically formatted as follows:
<pre>BOOK volume.chapter.paragraph</pre>

==Examples==
{{Cite DTP|H 07.010}}, Paragraph 10
<pre>H 07.010</pre>
{{Cite DTP|LR 5.08.092}}, Paragraph 92
<pre>LR 5.08.092</pre>
{{Cite DTP|S QS.09.024}}, Paragraph 24
<pre>S QS.09.024</pre>

==TemplateData==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"id": {
"aliases": [
"1"
],
"label": "Identifier",
"description": "Digital Tolkien Project identifier. It can be found from: https://search.digitaltolkien.com",
"example": "H 01.108",
"type": "string",
"required": true
}
},
"description": "",
"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>

==See also==
* [[Help:References]]
* Module: [[Module:Cite DTP]]
* Data: [[Module:Cite DTP/data.json]]
* Styles: [[Module:Cite DTP/styles.css]]

{{notes}}

<includeonly>[[Category:Citation templates]]</includeonly>

Template:Cite DTP/doc

2026-01-08T10:49:49Z

JR Snow:

==Key==
<pre>
<ref>{{Cite DTP|}}</ref>
</pre>

==Usage==
[[:Template:Cite DTP|<nowiki>{{Cite DTP}}</nowiki>]] utilises the [https://search.digitaltolkien.com/?terms= Digital Tolkien Project] to link to citations and is the preferred template for the following works:
* ''[[The Hobbit]]''
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
** ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** ''[[The Two Towers]]''
** ''[[The Return of the King]]''
** <s>''[[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:App]] for content from [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices]] until further notice.</ref>
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* <s>''[[Unfinished Tales]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:UT]] for content from [[Unfinished Tales]] until further notice.</ref>
* <s>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''</s> ''(coming soon)''<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:LE]] for any content from [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] until further notice.</ref>

The identifier can be found from https://search.digitaltolkien.com and is typically formatted as follows:
<pre>BOOK volume.chapter.sentence</pre>

==Examples==
{{Cite DTP|H 07.010}}, Sentence 10
<pre>H 07.010</pre>
{{Cite DTP|LR 5.08.092}}, Sentence 92
<pre>LR 5.08.092</pre>
{{Cite DTP|S QS.09.024}}, Sentence 24
<pre>S QS.09.024</pre>

==TemplateData==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"id": {
"aliases": [
"1"
],
"label": "Identifier",
"description": "Digital Tolkien Project identifier. It can be found from: https://search.digitaltolkien.com",
"example": "H 01.108",
"type": "string",
"required": true
}
},
"description": "",
"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>

==See also==
* [[Help:References]]
* Module: [[Module:Cite DTP]]
* Data: [[Module:Cite DTP/data.json]]
* Styles: [[Module:Cite DTP/styles.css]]

{{notes}}

<includeonly>[[Category:Citation templates]]</includeonly>

Template:Cite DTP/doc

2026-01-08T10:45:28Z

JR Snow: Clarified examples on usage and which books are currently active for citation on DTP

==Key==
<pre>
<ref>{{Cite DTP|}}</ref>
</pre>

==Usage==
[[:Template:Cite DTP|<nowiki>{{Cite DTP}}</nowiki>]] utilises the [https://search.digitaltolkien.com/?terms= Digital Tolkien Project] to link to citations and is the preferred template for the following works:
* ''[[The Hobbit]]''
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'''''
** ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** ''[[The Two Towers]]''
** ''[[The Return of the King]]''
** <s>''[[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]]''</s> ''(coming soon<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:App]] for content from [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices]] until further notice.</ref>)''
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* <s>''[[Unfinished Tales]]''</s>''(coming soon<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:UT]] for content from [[Unfinished Tales]] until further notice.</ref>)''
* <s>''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''</s>''(coming soon<ref group=note>Use [[:Template:LE]] for any content from [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]] until further notice.</ref>)''

The identifier can be found from https://search.digitaltolkien.com and is typically formatted as follows:
<pre>BOOK volume.chapter.sentence</pre>

==Examples==
{{Cite DTP|H 07.010}}, Sentence 10
<pre>H 07.010</pre>
{{Cite DTP|LR 5.08.092}}, Sentence 92
<pre>LR 5.08.092</pre>
{{Cite DTP|S QS.09.024}}, Sentence 24
<pre>S QS.09.024</pre>

==TemplateData==
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"id": {
"aliases": [
"1"
],
"label": "Identifier",
"description": "Digital Tolkien Project identifier. It can be found from: https://search.digitaltolkien.com",
"example": "H 01.108",
"type": "string",
"required": true
}
},
"description": "",
"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>

==See also==
* [[Help:References]]
* Module: [[Module:Cite DTP]]
* Data: [[Module:Cite DTP/data.json]]
* Styles: [[Module:Cite DTP/styles.css]]

{{notes}}

<includeonly>[[Category:Citation templates]]</includeonly>

Module:Cite DTP

2026-01-06T17:08:15Z

JR Snow:

local mArguments -- initialize lazily
local mCommon = require( 'Module:Common' )
local floatingui = require( 'Module:FloatingUI' )
local data = mw.loadJsonData( 'Module:Cite DTP/data.json' )
local p = {}

-- Detect and strip a trailing -fn marker for parsing,
-- while returning a flag to allow special display / URL behaviour.
local function parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpId )
if not dtpId then
return dtpId, false
end

dtpId = mw.text.trim( dtpId )

if mw.ustring.match( dtpId, '%-fn$' ) then
-- return base id and isFootnote=true
return mw.ustring.gsub( dtpId, '%-fn$', '' ), true
end

return dtpId, false
end

--- Split DTP ID into a table of string
---
--- @param dtpId string - ID used for DTP
--- @return table
local function splitDTP( dtpId )
local temp = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( dtpId, ' ' )
if not temp[2] then
return temp
end
local parts = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( temp[2], '.' )
table.insert( parts, 1, temp[1] )
mw.logObject( parts, '[Cite DTP] DTP is segemented into' )
return parts
end

--- Return URL to Cite Tolkien
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return string
local function getDTPUrl( dtpParts )
local path = string.format(
'/%s/%s',
dtpParts[1],
string.sub( table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ), #dtpParts[1] + 2 )
)
-- IMPORTANT: always include trailing slash so suffix logic is reliable
return 'https://cite.digitaltolkien.com' .. path .. '/'
end

--- Get the matching type table from the DTP part
---
--- @param part string - The current part of the DTP
--- @param schema table - The schema field of the current part
--- @return table|nil
local function getTypeData( part, schema )
-- If the schema is a table (e.g. part 2 of the DTP can contain multiple types),
-- loop through all the possible values and find a match
if type( schema ) == 'table' then
for _, v in ipairs( schema ) do
local currType = data['types'][v]
local typePattern = '^' .. currType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, typePattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( currType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = v
return copy
end
end
error( string.format( 'No matching type found for %s', part ) )
end

local matchedType = data['types'][schema]
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( 'No matching type definition for %s', schema ) )
end

local pattern = '^' .. matchedType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, pattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( matchedType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = schema
return copy
end
end

--- Build a table of citation info from the DTP ID
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return table|nil
function p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
local cite = {}

local matchedWork
-- We need a separate count because schema are ordered by i - 1
local n = 1
for i, part in pairs( dtpParts ) do
-- Process Work (e.g. H for The Hobbit)
if i == 1 then
matchedWork = mCommon.tableContainsKey( data['works'], part )
-- Check for possible errors in the work definition in the first run
if not matchedWork then
error( string.format( 'No matching work for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['author'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing author for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['label'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing label for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['schema'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema for %s', part ) )
end

-- Format authors into a comma-separated list of wikilinks
local authors = {}
for _, author in pairs( matchedWork['author'] ) do
table.insert( authors, string.format( '[[%s]]', author ) )
end

cite['author'] = table.concat( authors, ', ' )
cite['work'] = string.format( '[[%s]]', matchedWork['label'] )
cite['order'] = { 'author', 'work' }
else
if not matchedWork['schema'][n] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema #%s for %s', n, matchedWork['label'] ) )
end

local matchedType = getTypeData( part, matchedWork['schema'][n] )
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( '%s is not a valid input for field %d', part, n ) )
end

local label
local key = part
local typeKey = matchedType['key']
-- Remove zero-padded number
local numKey = tonumber( part )

-- Default to label defined in type
label = string.gsub( matchedType['label'], '%$1', numKey or key )

-- Has custom labels defined in the work data (e.g. chapter)
if matchedWork[typeKey] then
local match
local partKey = dtpParts[n]
if tonumber( dtpParts[n] ) then
partKey = tonumber( dtpParts[n] )
end

if type( matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string' then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key]
elseif
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey] and
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] and
type( matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string'
then
-- If it is a nested array, it is likely using the previous part (e.g. books for LoTR) as array keys
match = matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key]
end

if match then
label = match
-- If we have a custom label, very likely that it is a wiki page so we should link it
label = string.format( '"[[%s]]"', label )
end
end

if label then
cite[typeKey] = label
table.insert( cite['order'], typeKey )
end
n = n + 1
end
end

mw.logObject( cite, string.format( '[Cite DTP] Citation data of [%s]', table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ) ) )
return cite
end

--- Get the HTML for the DTP part in the citation
---
--- @param dtpUrl string - URL to the DTP site
--- @param dtpId string - DTP ID
--- @return mw.html
local function getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpId )
local html = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]', dtpUrl, dtpId ) )

local tooltipHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier-tooltip' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]',
'https://digitaltolkien.com/citation-systems',
'Digital Tolkien Project Citation Systems'
) )

return floatingui.render( {
reference = html,
content = tooltipHtml
} )
end

-- Only insert a cite part if it actually has visible content
local function insertCitePart( cite, key, value )
if not value then
return
end
local trimmed = mw.text.trim( tostring( value ) )
if trimmed == '' then
return
end

local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-' .. key )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', key )
spanHtml:wikitext( value )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

--Implements {{Cite DTP}} from the frame
function p.citeDTP( frame )
mArguments = require( 'Module:Arguments' )
return p._citeDTP( mArguments.getArgs( frame ), frame )
end

function p._citeDTP( args, frame )
if not args then
return 'Missing arguments'
end

local dtpIdRaw = args['id'] or args[1]
local dtpIdBase, isFootnote = parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpIdRaw )

local dtpParts = splitDTP( dtpIdBase )
local dtpUrl = getDTPUrl( dtpParts )

-- If -fn used, we want the link to include it: .../LR/6.08.219-fn/
if isFootnote then
-- dtpUrl ends with "/" due to getDTPUrl
dtpUrl = mw.ustring.gsub( dtpUrl, '/$', '-fn/' )
end

local cite = {}
local citeData = p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )

-- Build cite parts safely (no empty spans)
for _, key in ipairs( citeData['order'] ) do
insertCitePart( cite, key, citeData[key] )
end

-- Append "footnote" at the end (after chapter, etc.)
if isFootnote then
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-footnote' )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', 'footnote' )
spanHtml:wikitext( 'footnote' )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

local wikitext = table.concat( cite, ', ' )
local html = mw.html.create( 'cite' ):addClass( 'citation cite-dtp' )
html:node( getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpIdRaw ) )
html:wikitext( wikitext )

return table.concat( {
frame:extensionTag {
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Cite DTP/styles.css' }
},
floatingui.load(),
tostring( html )
} )
end

return p

Module:Cite DTP

2026-01-06T16:54:43Z

JR Snow: Undo revision 430093 by JR Snow (talk)

local mArguments -- initialize lazily
local mCommon = require( 'Module:Common' )
local floatingui = require( 'Module:FloatingUI' )
local data = mw.loadJsonData( 'Module:Cite DTP/data.json' )
local p = {}

local function parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpId )
if not dtpId then
return dtpId, false
end

dtpId = mw.text.trim( dtpId )

if mw.ustring.match( dtpId, '%-fn$' ) then
return mw.ustring.gsub( dtpId, '%-fn$', '' ), true
end

return dtpId, false
end

local function cleanCiteParts(t)
-- Removes empty / whitespace-only strings so table.concat doesn't produce ", ,"
local out = {}
for _, v in ipairs(t) do
if type(v) == 'string' then
local trimmed = mw.text.trim(v)
if trimmed ~= '' then
table.insert(out, v)
end
elseif v ~= nil then
-- just in case something non-string gets inserted
table.insert(out, v)
end
end
return out
end

--- Split DTP ID into a table of string
---
--- @param dtpId string - ID used for DTP
--- @return table
local function splitDTP( dtpId )
local temp = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( dtpId, ' ' )
if not temp[2] then
return temp
end
local parts = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( temp[2], '.' )
table.insert( parts, 1, temp[1] )
mw.logObject( parts, '[Cite DTP] DTP is segemented into' )
return parts
end

--- Return URL to Cite Tolkien
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return string
local function getDTPUrl( dtpParts )
local path = string.format(
'/%s/%s',
dtpParts[1],
string.sub( table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ), #dtpParts[1] + 2 )
)
return 'https://cite.digitaltolkien.com' .. path
end

--- Get the matching type table from the DTP part
---
--- @param part string - The current part of the DTP
--- @param schema table - The schema field of the current part
--- @return table|nil
local function getTypeData( part, schema )
-- If the schema is a table (e.g. part 2 of the DTP can contain multiple types),
-- loop through all the possible values and find a match
if type( schema ) == 'table' then
for _, v in ipairs( schema ) do
local currType = data['types'][v]
local typePattern = '^' .. currType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, typePattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( currType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = v
return copy
end
end
error( string.format( 'No matching type found for %s', part ) )
end

local matchedType = data['types'][schema]
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( 'No matching type definition for %s', schema ) )
end

local pattern = '^' .. matchedType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, pattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( matchedType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = schema
return copy
end
end

--- Build a table of citation info from the DTP ID
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return table|nil
function p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
local cite = {}

local matchedWork
-- We need a separate count because schema are ordered by i - 1
local n = 1
for i, part in pairs( dtpParts ) do
-- Process Work (e.g. H for The Hobbit)
if i == 1 then
matchedWork = mCommon.tableContainsKey( data['works'], part )
-- Check for possible errors in the work definition in the first run
if not matchedWork then
error( string.format( 'No matching work for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['author'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing author for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['label'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing label for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['schema'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema for %s', part ) )
end

-- Format authors into a comma-separated list of wikilinks
local authors = {}
for _, author in pairs( matchedWork['author'] ) do
table.insert( authors, string.format( '[[%s]]', author ) )
end

cite['author'] = table.concat( authors, ', ' )
cite['work'] = string.format( '[[%s]]', matchedWork['label'] )
cite['order'] = { 'author', 'work' }
else
if not matchedWork['schema'][n] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema #%s for %s', n, matchedWork['label'] ) )
end

local matchedType = getTypeData( part, matchedWork['schema'][n] )
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( '%s is not a valid input for field %d', part, n ) )
end

local label
local key = part
local typeKey = matchedType['key']
-- Remove zero-padded number
local numKey = tonumber( part )

-- Default to label defined in type
label = string.gsub( matchedType['label'], '%$1', numKey or key )

-- Has custom labels defined in the work data (e.g. chapter)
if matchedWork[typeKey] then
local match
local partKey = dtpParts[n]
if tonumber( dtpParts[n] ) then
partKey = tonumber( dtpParts[n] )
end

if type( matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string' then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key]
elseif
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey] and
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] and
type( matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string'
then
-- If it is a nested array, it is likely using the previous part (e.g. books for LoTR) as array keys
match = matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key]
end

if match then
label = match
-- If we have a custom label, very likely that it is a wiki page so we should link it
label = string.format( '"[[%s]]"', label )
end
end

if label then
cite[typeKey] = label
table.insert( cite['order'], typeKey )
end
n = n + 1
end
end

mw.logObject( cite, string.format( '[Cite DTP] Citation data of [%s]', table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ) ) )
return cite
end

--- Get the HTML for the DTP part in the citation
---
--- @param dtpUrl string - URL to the DTP site
--- @param dtpId string - DTP ID
--- @return mw.html
local function getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpId )
local html = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]', dtpUrl, dtpId ) )

local tooltipHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier-tooltip' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]',
'https://digitaltolkien.com/citation-systems',
'Digital Tolkien Project Citation Systems'
) )

return floatingui.render( {
reference = html,
content = tooltipHtml
} )
end

--Implements {{Cite DTP}} from the frame
function p.citeDTP( frame )
mArguments = require( 'Module:Arguments' )
return p._citeDTP( mArguments.getArgs( frame ), frame )
end

function p._citeDTP( args, frame )
if not args then
return 'Missing arguments'
end

local dtpIdRaw = args['id'] or args[1]
local dtpIdBase, isFootnote = parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpIdRaw )

local dtpParts = splitDTP( dtpIdBase )
local dtpUrl = getDTPUrl( dtpParts )

if isFootnote then
-- getDTPUrl returns .../LR/6.08.219/ so convert to .../LR/6.08.219-fn/
dtpUrl = mw.ustring.gsub(dtpUrl, '/$', '-fn/')
end

local cite = {}
local citeData = p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
for _, key in ipairs( citeData['order'] ) do
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-' .. key )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', key )
spanHtml:wikitext( citeData[key] )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

if isFootnote then
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-footnote' )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', 'footnote' )
spanHtml:wikitext( 'footnote' )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

cite = cleanCiteParts(cite)
local wikitext = table.concat( cite, ', ' )
local html = mw.html.create( 'cite' ):addClass( 'citation cite-dtp' )
html:node( getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpIdRaw ) )
html:wikitext( wikitext )

return table.concat( {
frame:extensionTag {
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Cite DTP/styles.css' }
},
floatingui.load(),
tostring( html )
} )
end

return p

Module:Cite DTP

2026-01-06T16:54:17Z

JR Snow:

local mArguments -- initialize lazily
local mCommon = require( 'Module:Common' )
local floatingui = require( 'Module:FloatingUI' )
local data = mw.loadJsonData( 'Module:Cite DTP/data.json' )
local p = {}

local function parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpId )
if not dtpId then
return dtpId, false
end

dtpId = mw.text.trim( dtpId )

if mw.ustring.match( dtpId, '%-fn$' ) then
return mw.ustring.gsub( dtpId, '%-fn$', '' ), true
end

return dtpId, false
end

local function cleanCiteParts(t)
-- Removes empty / whitespace-only strings so table.concat doesn't produce ", ,"
local out = {}
for _, v in ipairs(t) do
if type(v) == 'string' then
local trimmed = mw.text.trim(v)
if trimmed ~= '' then
table.insert(out, v)
end
elseif v ~= nil then
-- just in case something non-string gets inserted
table.insert(out, v)
end
end
return out
end

--- Split DTP ID into a table of string
---
--- @param dtpId string - ID used for DTP
--- @return table
local function splitDTP( dtpId )
local temp = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( dtpId, ' ' )
if not temp[2] then
return temp
end
local parts = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( temp[2], '.' )
table.insert( parts, 1, temp[1] )
mw.logObject( parts, '[Cite DTP] DTP is segemented into' )
return parts
end

--- Return URL to Cite Tolkien
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return string
local function getDTPUrl( dtpParts )
local path = string.format(
'/%s/%s',
dtpParts[1],
string.sub( table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ), #dtpParts[1] + 2 )
)
return 'https://cite.digitaltolkien.com' .. path
end

--- Get the matching type table from the DTP part
---
--- @param part string - The current part of the DTP
--- @param schema table - The schema field of the current part
--- @return table|nil
local function getTypeData( part, schema )
-- If the schema is a table (e.g. part 2 of the DTP can contain multiple types),
-- loop through all the possible values and find a match
if type( schema ) == 'table' then
for _, v in ipairs( schema ) do
local currType = data['types'][v]
local typePattern = '^' .. currType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, typePattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( currType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = v
return copy
end
end
error( string.format( 'No matching type found for %s', part ) )
end

local matchedType = data['types'][schema]
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( 'No matching type definition for %s', schema ) )
end

local pattern = '^' .. matchedType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, pattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( matchedType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = schema
return copy
end
end

--- Build a table of citation info from the DTP ID
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return table|nil
function p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
local cite = {}

local matchedWork
-- We need a separate count because schema are ordered by i - 1
local n = 1
for i, part in pairs( dtpParts ) do
-- Process Work (e.g. H for The Hobbit)
if i == 1 then
matchedWork = mCommon.tableContainsKey( data['works'], part )
-- Check for possible errors in the work definition in the first run
if not matchedWork then
error( string.format( 'No matching work for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['author'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing author for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['label'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing label for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['schema'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema for %s', part ) )
end

-- Format authors into a comma-separated list of wikilinks
local authors = {}
for _, author in pairs( matchedWork['author'] ) do
table.insert( authors, string.format( '[[%s]]', author ) )
end

cite['author'] = table.concat( authors, ', ' )
cite['work'] = string.format( '[[%s]]', matchedWork['label'] )
cite['order'] = { 'author', 'work' }
else
if not matchedWork['schema'][n] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema #%s for %s', n, matchedWork['label'] ) )
end

local matchedType = getTypeData( part, matchedWork['schema'][n] )
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( '%s is not a valid input for field %d', part, n ) )
end

local label
local key = part
local typeKey = matchedType['key']
-- Remove zero-padded number
local numKey = tonumber( part )

-- Default to label defined in type
label = string.gsub( matchedType['label'], '%$1', numKey or key )

-- Has custom labels defined in the work data (e.g. chapter)
if matchedWork[typeKey] then
local match
local partKey = dtpParts[n]
if tonumber( dtpParts[n] ) then
partKey = tonumber( dtpParts[n] )
end

if type( matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string' then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key]
elseif
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey] and
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] and
type( matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string'
then
-- If it is a nested array, it is likely using the previous part (e.g. books for LoTR) as array keys
match = matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key]
end

if match then
label = match
-- If we have a custom label, very likely that it is a wiki page so we should link it
label = string.format( '"[[%s]]"', label )
end
end

if label then
cite[typeKey] = label
table.insert( cite['order'], typeKey )
end
n = n + 1
end
end

mw.logObject( cite, string.format( '[Cite DTP] Citation data of [%s]', table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ) ) )
return cite
end

--- Get the HTML for the DTP part in the citation
---
--- @param dtpUrl string - URL to the DTP site
--- @param dtpId string - DTP ID
--- @return mw.html
local function getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpId )
local html = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]', dtpUrl, dtpId ) )

local tooltipHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier-tooltip' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]',
'https://digitaltolkien.com/citation-systems',
'Digital Tolkien Project Citation Systems'
) )

return floatingui.render( {
reference = html,
content = tooltipHtml
} )
end

--Implements {{Cite DTP}} from the frame
function p.citeDTP( frame )
mArguments = require( 'Module:Arguments' )
return p._citeDTP( mArguments.getArgs( frame ), frame )
end

function p._citeDTP( args, frame )
if not args then
return 'Missing arguments'
end

local dtpIdRaw = args['id'] or args[1]
local dtpIdBase, isFootnote = parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpIdRaw )

local dtpParts = splitDTP( dtpIdBase )
local dtpUrl = getDTPUrl( dtpParts )

if isFootnote then
-- getDTPUrl returns .../LR/6.08.219/ so convert to .../LR/6.08.219-fn/
dtpUrl = mw.ustring.gsub(dtpUrl, '/$', '-fn/')
end

local cite = {}
local citeData = p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
for _, key in ipairs( citeData['order'] ) do
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-' .. key )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', key )
spanHtml:wikitext( citeData[key] )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

if isFootnote then
table.insert( cite, 'footnote' )
end

if isFootnote then
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-footnote' )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', 'footnote' )
spanHtml:wikitext( 'footnote' )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

cite = cleanCiteParts(cite)
local wikitext = table.concat( cite, ', ' )
local html = mw.html.create( 'cite' ):addClass( 'citation cite-dtp' )
html:node( getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpIdRaw ) )
html:wikitext( wikitext )

return table.concat( {
frame:extensionTag {
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Cite DTP/styles.css' }
},
floatingui.load(),
tostring( html )
} )
end

return p

Module:Cite DTP

2026-01-06T16:51:38Z

JR Snow:

local mArguments -- initialize lazily
local mCommon = require( 'Module:Common' )
local floatingui = require( 'Module:FloatingUI' )
local data = mw.loadJsonData( 'Module:Cite DTP/data.json' )
local p = {}

local function parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpId )
if not dtpId then
return dtpId, false
end

dtpId = mw.text.trim( dtpId )

if mw.ustring.match( dtpId, '%-fn$' ) then
return mw.ustring.gsub( dtpId, '%-fn$', '' ), true
end

return dtpId, false
end

local function cleanCiteParts(t)
-- Removes empty / whitespace-only strings so table.concat doesn't produce ", ,"
local out = {}
for _, v in ipairs(t) do
if type(v) == 'string' then
local trimmed = mw.text.trim(v)
if trimmed ~= '' then
table.insert(out, v)
end
elseif v ~= nil then
-- just in case something non-string gets inserted
table.insert(out, v)
end
end
return out
end

--- Split DTP ID into a table of string
---
--- @param dtpId string - ID used for DTP
--- @return table
local function splitDTP( dtpId )
local temp = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( dtpId, ' ' )
if not temp[2] then
return temp
end
local parts = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( temp[2], '.' )
table.insert( parts, 1, temp[1] )
mw.logObject( parts, '[Cite DTP] DTP is segemented into' )
return parts
end

--- Return URL to Cite Tolkien
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return string
local function getDTPUrl( dtpParts )
local path = string.format(
'/%s/%s',
dtpParts[1],
string.sub( table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ), #dtpParts[1] + 2 )
)
return 'https://cite.digitaltolkien.com' .. path
end

--- Get the matching type table from the DTP part
---
--- @param part string - The current part of the DTP
--- @param schema table - The schema field of the current part
--- @return table|nil
local function getTypeData( part, schema )
-- If the schema is a table (e.g. part 2 of the DTP can contain multiple types),
-- loop through all the possible values and find a match
if type( schema ) == 'table' then
for _, v in ipairs( schema ) do
local currType = data['types'][v]
local typePattern = '^' .. currType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, typePattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( currType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = v
return copy
end
end
error( string.format( 'No matching type found for %s', part ) )
end

local matchedType = data['types'][schema]
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( 'No matching type definition for %s', schema ) )
end

local pattern = '^' .. matchedType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, pattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( matchedType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = schema
return copy
end
end

--- Build a table of citation info from the DTP ID
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return table|nil
function p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
local cite = {}

local matchedWork
-- We need a separate count because schema are ordered by i - 1
local n = 1
for i, part in pairs( dtpParts ) do
-- Process Work (e.g. H for The Hobbit)
if i == 1 then
matchedWork = mCommon.tableContainsKey( data['works'], part )
-- Check for possible errors in the work definition in the first run
if not matchedWork then
error( string.format( 'No matching work for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['author'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing author for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['label'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing label for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['schema'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema for %s', part ) )
end

-- Format authors into a comma-separated list of wikilinks
local authors = {}
for _, author in pairs( matchedWork['author'] ) do
table.insert( authors, string.format( '[[%s]]', author ) )
end

cite['author'] = table.concat( authors, ', ' )
cite['work'] = string.format( '[[%s]]', matchedWork['label'] )
cite['order'] = { 'author', 'work' }
else
if not matchedWork['schema'][n] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema #%s for %s', n, matchedWork['label'] ) )
end

local matchedType = getTypeData( part, matchedWork['schema'][n] )
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( '%s is not a valid input for field %d', part, n ) )
end

local label
local key = part
local typeKey = matchedType['key']
-- Remove zero-padded number
local numKey = tonumber( part )

-- Default to label defined in type
label = string.gsub( matchedType['label'], '%$1', numKey or key )

-- Has custom labels defined in the work data (e.g. chapter)
if matchedWork[typeKey] then
local match
local partKey = dtpParts[n]
if tonumber( dtpParts[n] ) then
partKey = tonumber( dtpParts[n] )
end

if type( matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string' then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key]
elseif
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey] and
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] and
type( matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string'
then
-- If it is a nested array, it is likely using the previous part (e.g. books for LoTR) as array keys
match = matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key]
end

if match then
label = match
-- If we have a custom label, very likely that it is a wiki page so we should link it
label = string.format( '"[[%s]]"', label )
end
end

if label then
cite[typeKey] = label
table.insert( cite['order'], typeKey )
end
n = n + 1
end
end

mw.logObject( cite, string.format( '[Cite DTP] Citation data of [%s]', table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ) ) )
return cite
end

--- Get the HTML for the DTP part in the citation
---
--- @param dtpUrl string - URL to the DTP site
--- @param dtpId string - DTP ID
--- @return mw.html
local function getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpId )
local html = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]', dtpUrl, dtpId ) )

local tooltipHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier-tooltip' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]',
'https://digitaltolkien.com/citation-systems',
'Digital Tolkien Project Citation Systems'
) )

return floatingui.render( {
reference = html,
content = tooltipHtml
} )
end

--Implements {{Cite DTP}} from the frame
function p.citeDTP( frame )
mArguments = require( 'Module:Arguments' )
return p._citeDTP( mArguments.getArgs( frame ), frame )
end

function p._citeDTP( args, frame )
if not args then
return 'Missing arguments'
end

local dtpIdRaw = args['id'] or args[1]
local dtpIdBase, isFootnote = parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpIdRaw )

local dtpParts = splitDTP( dtpIdBase )
local dtpUrl = getDTPUrl( dtpParts )

if isFootnote then
-- getDTPUrl returns .../LR/6.08.219/ so convert to .../LR/6.08.219-fn/
dtpUrl = mw.ustring.gsub(dtpUrl, '/$', '-fn/')
end

local cite = {}
local citeData = p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
for _, key in ipairs( citeData['order'] ) do
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-' .. key )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', key )
spanHtml:wikitext( citeData[key] )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

if isFootnote then
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-footnote' )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', 'footnote' )
spanHtml:wikitext( 'footnote' )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

cite = cleanCiteParts(cite)
local wikitext = table.concat( cite, ', ' )
local html = mw.html.create( 'cite' ):addClass( 'citation cite-dtp' )
html:node( getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpIdRaw ) )
html:wikitext( wikitext )

return table.concat( {
frame:extensionTag {
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Cite DTP/styles.css' }
},
floatingui.load(),
tostring( html )
} )
end

return p

Module:Cite DTP

2026-01-06T16:35:37Z

JR Snow: adding footnote option

local mArguments -- initialize lazily
local mCommon = require( 'Module:Common' )
local floatingui = require( 'Module:FloatingUI' )
local data = mw.loadJsonData( 'Module:Cite DTP/data.json' )
local p = {}

local function parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpId )
if not dtpId then
return dtpId, false
end

dtpId = mw.text.trim( dtpId )

if mw.ustring.match( dtpId, '%-fn$' ) then
return mw.ustring.gsub( dtpId, '%-fn$', '' ), true
end

return dtpId, false
end

--- Split DTP ID into a table of string
---
--- @param dtpId string - ID used for DTP
--- @return table
local function splitDTP( dtpId )
local temp = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( dtpId, ' ' )
if not temp[2] then
return temp
end
local parts = mCommon.splitStringIntoTable( temp[2], '.' )
table.insert( parts, 1, temp[1] )
mw.logObject( parts, '[Cite DTP] DTP is segemented into' )
return parts
end

--- Return URL to Cite Tolkien
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return string
local function getDTPUrl( dtpParts )
local path = string.format(
'/%s/%s',
dtpParts[1],
string.sub( table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ), #dtpParts[1] + 2 )
)
return 'https://cite.digitaltolkien.com' .. path
end

--- Get the matching type table from the DTP part
---
--- @param part string - The current part of the DTP
--- @param schema table - The schema field of the current part
--- @return table|nil
local function getTypeData( part, schema )
-- If the schema is a table (e.g. part 2 of the DTP can contain multiple types),
-- loop through all the possible values and find a match
if type( schema ) == 'table' then
for _, v in ipairs( schema ) do
local currType = data['types'][v]
local typePattern = '^' .. currType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, typePattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( currType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = v
return copy
end
end
error( string.format( 'No matching type found for %s', part ) )
end

local matchedType = data['types'][schema]
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( 'No matching type definition for %s', schema ) )
end

local pattern = '^' .. matchedType['pattern'] .. '$'
if string.match( part, pattern ) then
local copy = {}
for j, x in pairs( matchedType ) do copy[j] = x end
copy['key'] = schema
return copy
end
end

--- Build a table of citation info from the DTP ID
---
--- @param dtpParts table - Table of DTP ID parts
--- @return table|nil
function p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
local cite = {}

local matchedWork
-- We need a separate count because schema are ordered by i - 1
local n = 1
for i, part in pairs( dtpParts ) do
-- Process Work (e.g. H for The Hobbit)
if i == 1 then
matchedWork = mCommon.tableContainsKey( data['works'], part )
-- Check for possible errors in the work definition in the first run
if not matchedWork then
error( string.format( 'No matching work for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['author'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing author for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['label'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing label for %s', part ) )
elseif not matchedWork['schema'] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema for %s', part ) )
end

-- Format authors into a comma-separated list of wikilinks
local authors = {}
for _, author in pairs( matchedWork['author'] ) do
table.insert( authors, string.format( '[[%s]]', author ) )
end

cite['author'] = table.concat( authors, ', ' )
cite['work'] = string.format( '[[%s]]', matchedWork['label'] )
cite['order'] = { 'author', 'work' }
else
if not matchedWork['schema'][n] then
error( string.format( 'Missing schema #%s for %s', n, matchedWork['label'] ) )
end

local matchedType = getTypeData( part, matchedWork['schema'][n] )
if not matchedType then
error( string.format( '%s is not a valid input for field %d', part, n ) )
end

local label
local key = part
local typeKey = matchedType['key']
-- Remove zero-padded number
local numKey = tonumber( part )

-- Default to label defined in type
label = string.gsub( matchedType['label'], '%$1', numKey or key )

-- Has custom labels defined in the work data (e.g. chapter)
if matchedWork[typeKey] then
local match
local partKey = dtpParts[n]
if tonumber( dtpParts[n] ) then
partKey = tonumber( dtpParts[n] )
end

if type( matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string' then
match = matchedWork[typeKey][numKey or key]
elseif
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey] and
matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] and
type( matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key] ) == 'string'
then
-- If it is a nested array, it is likely using the previous part (e.g. books for LoTR) as array keys
match = matchedWork[typeKey][partKey][numKey or key]
end

if match then
label = match
-- If we have a custom label, very likely that it is a wiki page so we should link it
label = string.format( '"[[%s]]"', label )
end
end

if label then
cite[typeKey] = label
table.insert( cite['order'], typeKey )
end
n = n + 1
end
end

mw.logObject( cite, string.format( '[Cite DTP] Citation data of [%s]', table.concat( dtpParts, '.' ) ) )
return cite
end

--- Get the HTML for the DTP part in the citation
---
--- @param dtpUrl string - URL to the DTP site
--- @param dtpId string - DTP ID
--- @return mw.html
local function getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpId )
local html = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]', dtpUrl, dtpId ) )

local tooltipHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
:addClass( 'cite-dtp-identifier-tooltip' )
:wikitext( string.format( '[%s %s]',
'https://digitaltolkien.com/citation-systems',
'Digital Tolkien Project Citation Systems'
) )

return floatingui.render( {
reference = html,
content = tooltipHtml
} )
end

--Implements {{Cite DTP}} from the frame
function p.citeDTP( frame )
mArguments = require( 'Module:Arguments' )
return p._citeDTP( mArguments.getArgs( frame ), frame )
end

function p._citeDTP( args, frame )
if not args then
return 'Missing arguments'
end

local dtpIdRaw = args['id'] or args[1]
local dtpIdBase, isFootnote = parseFootnoteSuffix( dtpIdRaw )

local dtpParts = splitDTP( dtpIdBase )
local dtpUrl = getDTPUrl( dtpParts )

local cite = {}
local citeData = p.buildCiteData( dtpParts )
for _, key in ipairs( citeData['order'] ) do
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-' .. key )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', key )
spanHtml:wikitext( citeData[key] )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

if isFootnote then
local spanHtml = mw.html.create( 'span' )
spanHtml:addClass( 'cite-dtp-footnote' )
spanHtml:attr( 'title', 'footnote' )
spanHtml:wikitext( 'footnote' )
table.insert( cite, tostring( spanHtml ) )
end

local wikitext = table.concat( cite, ', ' )
local html = mw.html.create( 'cite' ):addClass( 'citation cite-dtp' )
html:node( getIdentifierHTML( dtpUrl, dtpIdRaw ) )
html:wikitext( wikitext )

return table.concat( {
frame:extensionTag {
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Cite DTP/styles.css' }
},
floatingui.load(),
tostring( html )
} )
end

return p

Der Berggeist

2026-01-06T07:40:05Z

JR Snow: Removed duplicate quotation marks

[[File:Josef Madlener - Der Berggeist.jpg|thumb|''Der Berggeist'' by [[Josef Madlener]]]]
'''Der Berggeist''' ("The Mountain-spirit") is the title of the painting by [[Josef Madlener]] which was the inspiration for [[Gandalf]]. [[Humphrey Carpenter]] describes how [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] stumbled upon the postcard during a [[1911]] (see below), holiday in Switzerland.
{{Blockquote|Before setting off on the return journey to England, Tolkien bought some picture postcards. Among them was a reproduction of a painting by a German artist, J. Madelener [sic]. It is called Der Berggeist, the mountain spirit, and it shows an old man sitting on a rock under a pine tree. He has a white beard and wears a wide-brimmed round hat and a long cloak. He is talking to a white fawn that is nuzzling his upturned hands, and he has a humorous but compassionate expression; there is a glimpse of rocky mountains in the distance. Tolkien preserved this postcard carefully, and long afterwards he wrote on the paper cover in which he kept it: 'Origin of Gandalf'.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}

While Carpenter stated Tolkien received the postcard in [[1911]], the artist's daughter was interviewed and stated the painting was most likely created in the mid to late 1920s. Carpenter notes that his statement was based on dated notes which accompanied the postcard, therefore it is generally assumed the postcard was acquired sometime around the mid 1920s.

The owner of the original had met the artist twice and remembers Madlener as being tall (around six foot), and enjoyed cooking. When the man returned to visit Madlener in [[1946]] or [[1947]], he mentioned how much he loved the painting and Madlener sold the painting to him as he wanted the painting to have a good home.

The painting was then sold at Sotheby's lot 423 on July 12, [[2005]]. The estimated value was between £20,000 - 30,000.

==References==
* [[Mythlore]] 34, "The Origin of Gandalf and Josef Madlener"

[[Category:Art]]

Middle-earth Enterprises/Copyrights

2025-12-31T01:12:54Z

JR Snow: Removing unnecessary cleanup tag from 2009

'''Middle-earth Enterprises''' (formerly '''Tolkien Enterprises''') is a company which has the world-wide adaptation and merchandising rights to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.middleearth.com/about.html|articlename=About|accessed=21 June 2014|website=[http://www.middleearth.com/about.html Middle-earth Enterpises]}}</ref>

On the website was formerly listed the '''names, characters, locations, events, and objects from Tolkien's over which Middle-earth Enterprises claimed copyright'''. Below is the list from [[2003]].<ref>{{webcite|accessed=21 June 2014|dated=2 October 2003|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20031002233005/http://tolkien-ent.com/new/names.html|articlename=Tolkien Fanciful Names - Characters|website=[http://web.archive.org/web/20031001223313/http://www.tolkien-ent.com/new/index.html Tolkien Enterprises] (via [http://www.archive.org Archive.org])}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|accessed=21 June 2014|dated=2 October 2003|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20031002233358/http://tolkien-ent.com/new/places.html|articlename=Tolkien Fanciful Names - Places|website=[http://web.archive.org/web/20031001223313/http://www.tolkien-ent.com/new/index.html Tolkien Enterprises] (via [http://www.archive.org Archive.org])}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|accessed=21 June 2014|dated=2 October 2003|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20031002025241/http://tolkien-ent.com/new/things.html|articlename=Tolkien Fanciful Names - Things & Events|website=[http://web.archive.org/web/20031001223313/http://www.tolkien-ent.com/new/index.html Tolkien Enterprises] (via [http://www.archive.org Archive.org])}}</ref>

==Names/characters==
<poem>
* Appledore
* Aragorn/Strider (also Elessar, Estel, Elfstone)
* Arwen (also Evenstar, Undómiel, Lady of Rivendell)
* Asfaloth
* Baggins, Bilbo
* Baggins, Frodo
* Balin
* Balrog (also Durin’s Bane)
* Bard
* Barrow-wights
* Beechbone
* Beorn
* Beornings
* Bifur
* Black Riders (also Nazgûl, The Nine, Ringwraiths)
* Bofur
* Bolger, Fredegar (Fatty)
* Bombadil, Tom (also Iarwain Ben-adar, Forn, Orald)
* Bombur
* Boromir
* Bracegirdle
* Brandybuck, Meriadoc (Merry)
* Bregalad (Quickbeam)
* Butterbur, Barliman
* Carc
* Celeborn
* Círdan
* Cotton, (Farmer & family: Jolly, Mrs., Nibs, Nick, Rosie, Young Tom)
* Crebain
* Dain (II) Ironfoot
* Déagol
* Denethor
* Dernhelm
* Dori
* Dúnadan, pl. Dúnedain
* Dunlendings
* Dwalin
* Elrond (also Elrond Halfelven)
* Ents, Entwives, Entmaidens, Entings
* Éomer
* Éomund
* Éowyn
* Evenstar
* Fallohides
* Faramir
* Fatty Lumpkin
* Ferny, Bill
* Fili
* Galadriel
* Galadhrim
* Gamgee, Hamfast (also Gaffer)
* Gamgee, Samwise (also Sam)
* Gandalf (also Mithrandir, Stormcrow, Greyhame, Olórin)
* Ghân-buri-Ghân
* Gildor Inglorion
* Gimli
* Glóin
* Glorfindel
* Goldberry
* Gollum/Sméagol (also Trahald)
* Gorbag
* Gothmog
* Greyhame
* Gríma (also Wormtongue)
* Grishnákh
* Gwaihir
* Halflings
* Haradrim (also Southrons, Swertings)
* Harfoots
* Hobbits (also Periannath, Halflings)
* Iarwain Ben-adar
* Imrahil
* Ioreth
* Istari
* Kili
* Landroval Legolas
* Lord of the Nazgûl (also Witch King of Angmar)
* Lugdush
* Maggot, Farmer & Mrs.
* Mûmak, mûmakil (also oliphaunt)
* Nazgûl
* Noldor (also High-elves)
* Nori
* Oakenshield, Thorin
* Oin
* Oliphaunt
* Orald
* Orcs (various species)
* Ori
* Proudfoot
* Puddifoot
* Pûkel-men
* Quickbeam (also Bregalad)
* Radagast the Brown
* Ringwraiths
* Roäc
* Rohirrim
* Sackville-Baggins (Lobelia, Lotho, Otho)
* Saruman (also Sharkey)
* Sauron (also the Dark Lord, Lord of the Rings, Lord of Barad-dûr)
* Scatha
* Shadowfax
* Shagrat
* Sharkey
* Shelob
* Shirriffs
* Silvan Elves (also Wood-elves)
* Smaug
* Sméagol
* Snowmane
* Stoors
* Strider
* Théoden
* Thranduil
* Took (Belladonna, The Old, Peregrin aka Pippin)
* Treebeard (also Fangorn)
* Uglúk
* Underhill
* Wandlimb (also Fimbrethil)
* Wargs
* Wormtongue/Gríma
* Woses</poem>

==Places==
<poem>
* Aglarond
* Amon Hen
* Amon Lhaw
* Amon Sûl (also Weathertop)
* Anduin
* Angmar
* Anórien
* Archet
* Arnor
* Bag End
* Bagshot Row
* Barad-dûr
* Baranduin (also Brandywine)
* Barrow-Downs
* Belfalas, Bay of Belfalas
* Brandy Hall
* Brandywine River
* Brandywine Bridge (also Bridge of Stonebows)
* Bree
* Bridge of Mitheithel (also the Last Bridge)
* Bruinen (River), Ford of Bruinen
* Buck Hill, Buckland, Bucklebury
* Bywater
* Caradhras (also Redhorn, Barazinbar)
* Caras Galadon
* Carn Dûm
* Carrock
* Celebdil the White (also Silvertine, Zirak-zigil)
* Celebrant (River), (also Silverlode, Field of Celebrant)
* Cerin Amroth
* Chamber of Mazarbul
* Chetwood
* Cirith Gorgor
* Cirith Ungol
* Combe
* Cormallen, Field of
* Cracks of Doom
* Crickhollow
* Dagorlad
* Dale
* Dead Marshes
* Derndingle
* Dimholt
* Dimrill Dale (also Azanulbizar, Dimrill Gate, Dimrill Stair)
* Dol Amroth
* Dol Baran
* Dol Guldur
* Dorwinion
* Druadan Forest
* Dunharrow
* Dunland
* Dwarrowdelf (also Khazad-dûm, Moria)
* Dwimorberg
* Eastemnet
* Eastfarthing
* Edoras
* Eldamar
* Emyn Muil
* Enedwaith
* Entwade, Entwash (River), Entwood
* Ephel Dúath
* Erebor (also the Lonely Mountain)
* Erech
* Ered Lithui
* Ered Luin
* Ered Mithrin
* Ered Nimrais
* Eregion (also Hollin)
* Eriador
* Esgaroth (also Lake Town)
* Fangorn Forest (also Entwood)
* Fanuidhol the Grey (also Cloudyhead,vBundushathur)
* Forlindon
* Forodwaith
* Frogmorton
* Gladden Fields
* Gondor
* Gorgoroth, Plateau of
* Great Smials
* Green Dragon Inn
* Grey Havens
* Gulf of Lune
* Harad, Far Harad, Haradwaith
* Hardbottle
* Harlindon
* Harrowdale
* Helm’s Deep
* Hobbiton
* Hollin (also Eregion)
* Hornburg
* Imladris (also Rivendell)
* Isen (River), Fords of Isen
* Isengard
* Ithilien
* Khand
* Khazad-dûm (also Moria, Dwarrowdelf)
* Last Homely House
* Limlight (River)
* Longbottom
* Lórien
* Lothlórien
* Lune: Mountains of, Gulf of
* Marish
* Mathom-house
* Mering Stream
* Methedras
* Michel Delving
* Middle-earth
* Midgewater Marshes
* Minas Anor
* Minas Ithil
* Minas Morgul
* Minas Tirith
* Mindolluin
* Mirkwood (also Greenwood the Great, Eryn Lasgalen)
* Mirrormerev(also Kheled-zâram)
* Misty Mountains
* Morannon
* Mordor
* Morgul Pass, Morgul Vale
* Moria (also Khazad-dûm, Dwarrowdelf)
* Mount Doom (also Orodruin)
* Nan Curunír (also Wizard’s Vale)
* Nimrodel
* Nindalf (also the Wetwang)
* Northfarthing
* Nurn
* Nurnen, Sea of
* Orodruin (also Mount Doom)
* Orthanc
* Osgiliath
* Parth Galen
* Pelargir
* Pelennor, Pelennor Fields
* Prancing Pony, The (Inn)
* Rammas Echor
* Rath Celerdain
* Rath Dínen
* Rauros
* Ravenhill
* Rhosgobel
* Rhovanion
* Rhudaur
* Rhûn, Sea of Rhûn
* Rivendell (also Imladris)
* Rohan (also Riddermark)
* Sarn Ford
* Scary
* Shire, The
* Shirebourn (River)
* Silverlode (also Celebrant)
* Snowbourn (River)
* Southfarthing
* Staddle
* Stonewain Valley
* Stoning-land
* Tarlang’s Neck
* Tharbad
* Three-farthing Stone
* Trollshaws
* Tuckborough
* Umbar
* Weathertop (also Amon Sûl)
* Wellinghall
* Westemnet
* Westfarthing
* Westfold, Westfold Vale
* Westmarch
* Wetwang (also Nindalf)
* Wilderland (also Rhovanion)
* Withywindle (River)</poem>

==Things & Events==
<poem>
* Andúril (also Flame of the West)
* Angerthas
* Arkenstone
* athelas (also kingsfoil)
* Book of Mazarbul
* Cirth (also Certar)
* cram
* elanor
* Entmoot
* galenas
* Glamdring (also Foe-hammer)
* Isildur’s Bane (The One Ring)
* Ithil-stone
* kingsfoil
* Khuzdul
* lembas (also waybread)
* Elanor, pl. mellyrn
* mathom
* miruvor
* mithril
* Narsil (also Sword of Elendil)
* Narya, the Ring of Fire
* Nenya, the Ring of Adamant
* Nimloth (also the White Tree)
* Orcrist (also Goblin-cleaver)
* Orthanc-stone (also palantír)
* palantír, pl. palantíri
* Phial of Galadriel
* Quenya
* Red Book of Westmarch
* Rohirric
* Sindarin
* Smials
* Sting
* Stone of Erech
* talan (also flet)
* Tengwar
* Vilya, the Rings of the Firmament
* Westron
</poem>

==See also==
* [[Middle-earth Enterprises]]
* [[Licensing]]
{{references}}

[[Category:Copyright]]

Legolas

2025-12-31T01:07:20Z

JR Snow: Removal of rewrite & sources tags; there were added 29 January 2009 by Ederchil, and are no longer necessary

{{short description|Member of the Fellowship}}
{{disambig-two|the Elf of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]|Elf in ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]''|[[Legolas (elf of Gondolin)]]}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Sindar|Sinda]]
| name=Legolas
| image=Līga Kļaviņa - Legolas (cropped).jpg
| caption="Legolas" by [[:Category:Images by Līga Kļaviņa|Līga Kļaviņa]]
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|['lɛgolas]}}
| othernames=''Laicolassë'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) Greenleaf
| titles=Prince of [[Woodland Realm]]
| position=
| location=[[Woodland Realm]] [[Ithilien]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=[[Sindarin]] and [[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| sailedwest={{FoA|120}}
| sailedfrom=[[Ithilien]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Thranduil]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Over 6 feet (1.83 m)<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, "Heights", p. 195</ref>
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Green and brown garb
| weapons=[[Bow of the Galadhrim]] and "long white knife"
| steed=[[Arod]]
}}
{{Quote|There was also a strange Elf clad in green and brown, Legolas, a messenger from his father...|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Council of Elrond]]"}}

'''Legolas''' was a [[Silvan Elves|Silvan Elf]] of [[Sindar|Sindar]]in origin, the prince of the [[Woodland Realm]] of [[Mirkwood]]. His grandfather [[Oropher]] was of the [[Sindar]] of [[Doriath]], and his father [[Thranduil]] was king of Mirkwood ([[Greenwood the Great]]). His birthdate is unknown, as are his earliest exploits. His most notable role is the part he played in the [[War of the Ring]], during which he represented the [[Elves|Elven]] in the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. His Elven abilities, such as superior sight and hearing, lightness of foot, and skilled archery, were invaluable to his eight companions.

Legolas' unlikely friendship with the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]], [[Gimli]] son of [[Glóin]] was considered odd. As such a friendship was rare between the two races, due to the long-standing grievances between [[Dwarves]] and [[Elves]] dating back to the [[Elder Days]]. And, unlikely because of the grudge between their two particular houses for the rough treatment Glóin and the rest of [[Thorin Oakenshield]]'s company was given by Thranduil on an earlier occasion.<ref>{{H|8}}; {{H|9}}</ref>

==History==
There are nothing to say about Legolas’s birthdate and early upbringing, except for the very few things he himself has said on the matter.

During the [[War of the Ring]], the creature [[Gollum]] was captured by [[Aragorn]], and put under lock and key by the [[Elves of Mirkwood]]. Through their over-kindliness to him, however, Gollum managed an escape with the help of [[Sauron]]'s [[Orcs]]. Legolas was dispatched to [[Rivendell]] to deliver this ill news to [[Elrond]] and [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref>

Legolas was present at the [[Council of Elrond]] and related the news of Gollum's escape, quickly adding that it was not through lack of vigilance that he slipped their grasp, and provided a detailed account of the whole affair to the Council.<ref name="Council" /> He spoke little if at all after his report, but was later chosen to represent the Elves in the [[Nine Walkers]] of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to participate in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. His skills would prove invaluable to the Fellowship.

===Fellowship of the Ring===
For the early part of the quest, the nine companions walked single file, Gandalf leading, Legolas, with his keen eyes, providing the rearguard. When the Company came to [[Hollin]], Legolas was very deeply moved: the wholesome air yet spoke of the Elves that dwelt there long ago, and his sharp ears heard the very stones crying out for grief at their departure and memory of their ways.<ref name="South" />

[[File:Peter Xavier Price - 'I go to find the Sun!'.jpg|thumb|''I go to find the Sun!'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
As they ascended [[Caradhras]], Legolas in his light shoes could walk on top of the snow, whereas the others were forced to trudge and wade their way forward. But snow or no snow, nothing could dampen his buoyant Elven spirit, and he joked lightly with Gandalf even at the darkest moments. He scouted ahead and behind the company, dancing over the snow with great ease, and brought news that the storm was, as they had been fearing, put out to stop them by some Power greater than they. When this report arrived, Gandalf reluctantly decided to abandon the idea of crossing by the [[Redhorn Gate]]. Legolas stayed near the [[Hobbits]] on the dangerous descent.<ref name="South">{{FR|South}}</ref>

At the bottom of the mountain, the company took a vote on attempting passage through [[Moria]]. Legolas was silent until asked for his opinion, and then said simply and seemingly reluctantly, "I do not wish to go to Moria." His loyalty and respectful deference to the decisions of the two leaders, Aragorn and Gandalf, extended even to following them through darkness and unknown horror; of all the Company, he was arguably the most loyal to leadership. When the voices of the [[Wargs]] were heard and the attack began, Legolas did perhaps more than anyone save Gandalf, shooting numerous Wargs and even collecting his spent arrows to fire again, retrieving them, like a responsible bowman, after the fight ended.<ref>{{FR|Journey}}</ref>

The Fellowship reached the West Gate of Moria, and were halted by the doors fast shut. At last gaining entrance, the Company, following Gandalf's staff, began their march through Moria, a pit so profoundly dark that even Legolas' eyes could see nothing. He served his turn, like the others, in lookout duty through the night on the march. When they came to the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] and were attacked by the Orcs, Legolas dispatched at least two before following the others out the east door, having to drag Gimli away from [[Balin]]'s tomb. When [[Durin's Bane]] made its frightful appearance, Legolas was the first to spot it when he turned to shoot an arrow towards the Orcs. He recognized it immediately as a [[Balrog]], and it is the only recorded time he was ever truly afraid: a Balrog held far more terror for an Elf than for any other, for only they remembered where the Demons of Fire had come from and whom they had first served.<ref name="Bridge">{{FR|Bridge}}</ref>
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Crossing Nimrodel.jpg|thumb|''Crossing Nimrodel'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
After the fall of Gandalf, Aragorn led the Fellowship eastwards to the borders of the forest of Lórien. Legolas was seized with a deep excitement, for none of his kindred had been into the wood for many years, and he himself had only heard of it from tales. He was grieved, though, that it was winter, and the full glory of the ''[[Mellyrn]]'' was departed. The Fellowship splashed across the [[Nimrodel]] river, feeling their weariness drained away by its cool waters. As they rested on the shore, Legolas told the tales of [[Lothlórien]] still remembered by the Mirkwood Elves and sang to them part of the [[Lay of Nimrodel]]. At last, the Company turned aside from the path in order to shelter in the trees for the night, not caring to be caught on the ground by the Orcs pursuing them from Moria. Upon being surprised and questioned by the Elves of Lórien who were watching from a tree, Legolas responded cautiously in their own tongue. When [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] queried as to what they were saying, Legolas slyly responded, "They say that you breathe so loud they could shoot you in the dark." He hastened to add that they need not fear the Elves.

Legolas was called up to meet with the [[Galadhrim]], bringing Frodo, though Sam followed, as always. The Galadhrim had heard Legolas' singing and knew him for one of their northern kindred. They had had tidings from the sons of Elrond as to the Quest upon which the Company was embarked, and readily accepted all of the fellowship save Gimli, who was only grudgingly allowed, for the suspicion of the Elves of Lórien towards the Dwarves was especially acute. Legolas was forced to answer for the company, with the reminder to keep an eye on "that dwarf". The next morning, when the Elves took the company across the river [[Celebrant]] on their way to [[Caras Galadhon]], they told Gimli he would have to be blindfolded, but he was outraged and refused. When Aragorn offered for all of the Company to wear blindfolds, Gimli said if only Legolas would wear one, he would. Legolas was outraged in turn, but Aragorn settled the dispute by asking to blindfold the whole of the Company. In the end, Legolas had no choice but to agree.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref>

[[Image:Michael Kaluta - Legolas Draws the Bow of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Legolas Draws the Bow of Galadriel'' by [[Michael Kaluta]]]]
In Lothlórien, many Elves sang of Gandalf, and their language was such that only Legolas could understand. Legolas would not translate the lamentations for the rest of the Company, saying that he had neither the skill nor the heart. During their time in Lórien, however, with the influence of the Lady [[Galadriel]] permeating the air, he became fast friends with Gimli, a friendship that would never be broken.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}}</ref> He was one of the Company that could handle boats, and when the Fellowship prepared to leave Lórien, he was assigned to paddle one with Gimli. From the lady Galadriel, he received an Elven cloak and brooch, like the others, and a long, stout bow and quiver of arrows, such as the Galadhrim used.<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}</ref>

When the Company was ambushed by orc-archers on the [[Anduin]], Legolas quickly leaped out onto dry ground and up the riverbank with his bow, searching in the darkness for any sign of the Orcs. From Frodo's low position in the boats, he appeared to be crowned with white stars as he stood tall upon the bank. Suddenly, the south wind chased the clouds away, and a chilling dread fell on the Company. Legolas looked up, and sighed, "[[Elbereth Gilthoniel]]!" as if to draw strength to face the terror riding high in the wind. As the Shadow approached, he bent the great bow of Lórien and shot the descending [[Fell beasts|Fell beast]] from the sky, one of his most masterful deeds. He was praised by the rest of the Company for this, especially Gimli.<ref>{{FR|River}}</ref>

===Three Hunters===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Awaiting the Riders of Rohan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Awaiting the Riders of Rohan'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
When the company was ambushed on [[Amon Hen]], Legolas shot many Orcs until his arrows ran out, and then used his knife.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref> Upon the [[breaking of the Fellowship]], when he learned that Boromir had fallen, he sang a lament with Aragorn, taking the part of the South Wind, which came from the Sea.<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref> Legolas was of great aid to Aragorn in the days following, as he helped to track the [[Uruk-hai]] across [[Rohan]]. His eyes could see many leagues, and for a while he could see their quarry far ahead of them.<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

When accosted by the [[Riders of Rohan]] led by [[Éomer]], Legolas stood by his friend Gimli when confronted by the haughty Marchwarden, threatening him with death if he attempted to harm the dwarf. When Éomer lent them horses to speed them on their way, Legolas was given [[Arod]], a very high-spirited horse. But Legolas had the Elvish way with beasts, and after he had leaped lightly upon Arod, the horse was docile beneath him. Legolas let Gimli ride behind him on the way to [[Fangorn Forest]] in their search for [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. When they arrived by the smoking pile of Orc ashes, they combed the battlefield for any sign of the Hobbits for several hours, but gave up as night approached. Camping under the eaves of the forest, Legolas noticed how the tree beneath which they sat seemed glad of the fire they lit, stretching out its limbs and leaves to the heat. Though the night was very dark, he was also the first to notice the absence of the horses. Later he asserted to Aragorn that the beasts sounded joyful, confirming Aragorn’s own guess.<ref name="White">{{TT|White}}</ref>

Upon entering Fangorn, Legolas declared that he almost felt young again beside those trees. He commented that in earlier days he could have been happy there. Gimli snorted, saying, “''I dare say you could. You are a Wood-elf, anyway, though Elves of any kind are strange folk.''” Legolas would later reverse this declaration at the [[Hornburg]]. When the [[Three Hunters]] met with the apparition of an old man, whom they believed to be [[Saruman]], despite Gimli’s encouragement Legolas did not shoot him. The old man declared, "''Put away that bow, Master Elf.''" Legolas dropped his bow, but later picked it up again, and was about to shoot when it was seen that beneath the old man’s robes there was white. Yet he recognised that it was [[Gandalf]] just in time, and shot his arrow high in the air to be consumed by fire. Gandalf coolly added, "''Well met, I say to you again, Legolas!''"<ref name="White" />

===With the Rohirrim===
Legolas was the first to ask Gandalf about Merry and Pippin, and Gandalf’s apparently miraculous escape. After the story, Gandalf delivered [[Galadriel's messages]] to each of them, Legolas' being:

{{blockquote|Legolas Greenleaf long under tree 
In joy thou hast lived. Beware of the Sea! 
If thou hearest the cry of the gull on the shore, 
Thy heart shall then rest in the forest no more.<ref name=White/>}}

Later, Legolas again used his eyes for the help of the company, as he spied both of [[Isengard]] and [[Edoras]] from afar. He played only a passive role in the healing of [[Théoden|Théoden King]], and later was arrayed in shining mail beside Aragorn. Gimli would not ride on Éomer's horse unless Legolas rode beside them, which he did gladly. Éomer declared, "''Legolas upon my left, and Aragorn upon my right, and none will dare to stand before us!''"<ref>{{TT|King}}</ref>

[[Image:John Howe - Legolas and Gimli at Helm's Deep.jpg|thumb|right|''Legolas and Gimli at Helm's Deep'' [[John Howe]]]]
As Legolas stood at the [[Hornburg]] at the eve of battle, he said that he did not like the place. Gimli comforted him, and he was glad that the dwarf stood by his side. He also wished that a hundred archers of [[Mirkwood]] were there, noting the small number of bowmen among the [[Rohirrim]]. At the opening of the battle, Legolas shot twenty at least, this figure being taken as precise by Gimli. When Gimli returned to the elf for the second time to declare that he slew twenty-one, Legolas counted his kills as twenty-four. By the time the [[Fire of Orthanc]] blew out a piece of the wall, his quiver was nearly empty. With the last arrow the elf saved Aragorn’s life when he stumbled while pursued. At the end of the battle, Legolas had shot a total of forty-one, though Gimli surpassed his count by one.<ref name="Road">{{TT|Road}}</ref>

Legolas showed great interest in the [[Huorns]] on the way to [[Isengard]], discussing them with Gandalf and a less willing Gimli. Legolas promised Gimli that he would go to [[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]] after the war upon hearing the dwarf’s eloquence, if only Gimli would accompany him on a return to Fangorn. At Isengard he enjoyed a meal in the company of Gimli, Aragorn, and the [[Hobbits]], Merry and Pippin.<ref>{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>

===Return of the King===
When Aragorn made clear his purpose as to the taking of the [[Paths of the Dead]], Legolas and Gimli willingly volunteered to go with him. Legolas predicted, when Gimli suggested that Galadriel might have sent them soldiers from their own lands, that they need not ride away to find war.

Amidst the Paths of the Dead, riding with the [[Grey Company]], Legolas alone, save for [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], [[Elrond|Elrond's]] sons, felt no fear of the [[Oathbreakers]],<ref>{{RK|Company}}</ref> and it may be remembered that the High Elves had power both in the worlds of the seen and unseen. Yet his turn came to be struck to the heart in the opposite sense – when he heard the gulls at [[Pelargir]], fulfilling Galadriel’s prediction and warning. While telling this story later, he stopped there, while Gimli promptly said, "''For my part I heeded them not''". Legolas saw as Aragorn led the Dead Men what a mighty lord he might have been if he had taken the [[One Ring]].<ref name="Debate">{{RK|Debate}}</ref>

Legolas came with Aragorn from the ships during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]], and fought there beside his comrades. He survived the battle, and afterward commented on the longevity and eventual domination of [[Men]] to the dubious Gimli.<ref name="Debate" />

===Battle of the Morannon and aftermath===
Legolas rode for the last time into battle beside his friends to the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. He witnessed the Fall of the Dark Tower, and after the battle attended the ceremonies of the [[Field of Cormallen]] in honour of Frodo and Samwise and their victory. That night Legolas would not go to bed, but instead went away to walk in the woods, singing of the Sea.<ref>{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>

At the urging of Aragorn, Legolas remained in [[Minas Tirith]] for a time, after attending the coronation of [[Aragorn|Elessar]]. During the parting of the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]], Legolas went with Gimli to [[Aglarond]]. After that, he rode off with Gimli to return to [[Fangorn Forest]].<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===After the War of the Ring===
[[File:Turner Mohan - Legolas and Gimli depart.jpg|thumb|''Legolas and Gimli depart'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
In the early Fourth Age Legolas brought south [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves out of Greenwood]], and they dwelt in Ithilien, which became once again the fairest country in all the westlands.<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>{{rp|1080}} During his stay in Ithilien, Legolas devised the renowned gardens of Prince Faramir's new home in the Hills of [[Emyn Arnen]].<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, Commentary on ''The Stewards of Gondor'' ("Faramir"), p. 220</ref>

Legolas and the [[Silvan Elves|Wood-Elves]] later worked together with Gimli and the Dwarves to rebuild and improve [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="Durin" />{{rp|1080}} After King Elessar died in {{FoA|120}}, Legolas built a grey ship in Ithilien and sailed down the Anduin and onwards into the [[Aman|West]],<ref name="AppB">{{App|Later}}, entry '''1541''', p. 1098</ref> reportedly taking Gimli with him.<ref name="Durin" />{{rp|1081}}<ref name="AppB" />

==Characteristics==
===Appearance and equipment===
[[Christopher Tolkien]] recounts that his father wrote the following "wrathful" comment protesting against a "pretty" or "ladylike" depiction of Legolas:
{{blockquote|He was tall as a young tree, lithe, immensely strong, able swiftly to draw a great war-bow and shoot down a Nazgûl, endowed with the tremendous vitality of Elvish bodies, so hard and resistant to hurt that he went only in light shoes over rock or through snow, the most tireless of all the Fellowship.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', p. 327}}

At Rivendell, Legolas was dressed in green and brown garb,<ref name="Council" /> and he was probably dressed similarly for the duration of the quest.
He bore a bow from Mirkwood, and later a [[Bow of the Galadhrim]]. He also had a long white knife.<ref name="South" /> He was a master archer, unmatched by any other during his time, capable of shooting adversaries from afar, and on occasion kill more than one with a single arrow, as shown when he nailed two orcs through the throat in Moria.<ref name="Bridge" /> His skill with a bow was even more formidable due to his keen eyesight. At the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], he also proved skilled at knife-fighting in close quarters.<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref>

===Personality===
Legolas showed almost irrepressible cheerfulness throughout the journey, passing through Caradhras and even the Paths of the Dead without hesitation or complaint. His youthful nature can be seen from the mocking way he spoke of the "strong men" on Caradhras, who Boromir (meaning himself and Aragorn) had said could forge a way out through the snow.<ref name="South" /> He is perhaps most remembered for his friendship with Gimli the Dwarf, and it was during this friendship that we see his faithfulness, and also his love of beauty. Gimli's words moved him when the dwarf spoke of the [[Glittering Caves]].<ref name="Road" />

==Etymology==
The name ''Legolas'' is a [[Silvan Elvish|Silvan]] dialect form of pure [[Sindarin]] ''Laegolas'', which means "Greenleaf". At one point he is called "Legolas '''Greenleaf'''" by Gandalf, coupling his name and its translation like an epithet.<ref group="note">''Greenleaf'' is not his surname, as is sometimes erroneously believed; nor is it an epithet (like ''[[Oakenshield]]'').</ref>

''Legolas'' consists of the [[Sindarin]] words ''laeg'', a very rare, archaic word for "green" (cf. ''Laegrim, Laegel(d)rim'', the [[Green Elves]]), which is normally replaced by ''calen'' (cf. ''[[Calenhad]], [[Parth Galen]]'' and ''[[Pinnath Gelin]]''); and ''golas'', a collection of leaves, foliage (being a prefixed collective form of ''[[lass|las(s)]]'', "leaf").<ref>{{L|211}}</ref><ref name="pe17">{{PE|17}}</ref>{{rp|84}}

In one note, [[Tolkien]] considered ''Legolas'' to be a non-Sindarin name, instead being [[Ossiriand]]ish in which ''laiquā'' > ''lēgo'' (shortened in trisyllabic names to ''lěgo'').<ref name="pe17" />{{rp|153}}

The [[Quenya]] cognate of ''Laegolas'' was '''''Laicolasse'''''.<ref name="pe17" />{{rp|56}}

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| ORO |ORO=[[Oropher]] ''d. {{SA|3434}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| THR |THR=[[Thranduil]] ''Unknown''}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| LEG |LEG='''LEGOLAS''' ''Sailed West {{FoA|120}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The name "''[[Legolas (elf of Gondolin)|Legolas Greenleaf]]''" appeared first in "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]" in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', applied to a character who guided some survivors of the sack of the city to safety.<ref>{{LT2|IIIn}}, ''Entries in the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin'', p. 217</ref> However, this character had no further development in the [[Legendarium]] and is unrelated to the Legolas of the Fellowship of the Ring.

While writing ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien first considered [[Glorfindel]] to be the Elven character of the Fellowship, however he dropped the idea, and Legolas was created to replace him. Perhaps this is the reason why Legolas is considered the most underdeveloped character of the Fellowship, playing only a minor role in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com/post/53965333513/why-is-legolass-character-so-underdeveloped|articlename=Why is Legolas so underdeveloped?|website=[http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com Ask About Middle-Earth]}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=300 heights=200>
File:Sagan om Ringen - Legolas.png|''[[Sagan om Ringen (1971 film)|Sagan om Ringen]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Legolas 2.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Legolas at Amon Hen.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Legolas.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Legolas.png|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''
File:Lego Legolas poster.png|Legolas as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Legolas.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Frank Duncan]] was the voice of Legolas.

'''1971: [[Sagan om Ringen (1971 film)|''Sagan om Ringen'' (1971 film)]]:'''
:Legolas is chosen as the elf representative of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. Legolas walks behind the other members of the Fellowship, as his eyesight is superior.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Legolas was voiced by [[Anthony Daniels]]. In the film, he takes [[Glorfindel]]'s place in the Flight to the Ford sequence; he meets Strider and the hobbits on their way to [[Rivendell]], and sets Frodo on his horse before he is chased by the Nazgûl to the ford of [[Bruinen]]. Here, he is apparently from Rivendell, because he answers to Elrond; he is not identified as a Wood-elf.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:[[John Vickery]] provided the voice of Legolas.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:Neither Legolas nor Gimli appeared in this film, as they were essentially followers irrelevant to the plot.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[David Collings]] provided the voice of Legolas. In an interesting deviation, he is the one to defend Gimli to [[Haldir]].

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Michael Reisz]] provided the voice of Legolas.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Legolas was portrayed by [[Orlando Bloom]].

:In the "official movie guide" for ''The Lord of the Rings'', a birthdate for Legolas is set to 87 of the [[Third Age]]. This would make him 2931 years old at the time of the [[War of the Ring]]. This date for Legolas' birth was made up by the movie writers. Curiously, the year 2931 was the year Aragorn was born; the writers may have picked the number at random from the ''Tale of Years'' in the [[Appendix B|Appendices]].

:He is presented as an unstoppable fighter, arguably to the point of stealing the show; he performs show-stopping yet implausible stunts in battle scenes. For example, in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], he slides down a staircase using a shield, shooting arrows all the while, and in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], he takes down an [[Oliphaunts|Oliphaunt]] all by himself. However, in the books, Legolas's exploits in battle are not presented in great detail. Aside from shooting the fell beast, he undertakes no major actions other than to make peace with Gimli, overcoming their longstanding mutual racial animosity — he and Gimli are followers, rather than leaders. The film-makers later stated that the entire scene of Legolas killing the Oliphaunt and its entire crew was filmed during pick-ups (months after original filming) to insert a major action scene showcasing him, because at that point they realized that he simply doesn't get to do much in the third part of the trilogy.

:Legolas bears two long knives, while in the book he bears only one. Another, more trivial change, was the number of Orcs he and Gimli kill at [[Helm's Deep]]: 42 and 43, respectively. It is not clear whether this was an intentional change on the part of the filmmakers, though it seems likely that it was, since the original numbers were so clear in Tolkien's own text.

:Playing Legolas in the trilogy was Orlando Bloom's breakout route to superstardom. His handsome features and Legolas's "coolness", so to speak, as depicted in the film, have led to the character becoming an unprecedented fan favourite with both fangirls and fanboys, not to mention other Tolkien fans. Many debaters on the Internet during earlier stages of production were worried that a film portrayal of Legolas might render him as far too effeminate for popular consumption. Later, many felt that Bloom was able to avoid this entirely.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Legolas is provided by Richard Stanke.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Legolas is a non-playable character, accompanying the Ring-bearer since Rivendell.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Legolas is one of the three playable characters.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Legolas is a playable character, skilled in both ranged and melee. He and Gimli accompany Aragorn through Paths of the Dead, later he fights on Pelennor fields and at the Black Gate.

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]'''
:Legolas makes a cameo as one of the Wood-elves that Bilbo must avoid in the "Barrels Out of Bond" level. He is recognizable due to his resemblance to Thranduil. While he is unnamed in-game, his identity is confirmed in the game files. No voice actor is specified for the character.<ref>''The Hobbit (2003 video game)'', "Barrels Out of Bond"</ref>

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:[[Grant George]] provides the voice of Legolas.<ref>http://www.dynamicduovo.com/aboutgrant.html</ref> The game depicts Legolas's hunt for [[Gollum]] in northern Mirkwood, which is interrupted by the orcs.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Legolas is a Hero Unit for the Rohan faction in skirmishes, and accompanies the Fellowship in the storyline mode. He specializes in powerful ranged attacks.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Legolas is now the Hero for the Elven faction.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Legolas is first met in [[Rivendell]], where before the Fellowship's departure he helps the player in the search for the missing Nazgul. Later, the player catches up with Legolas at several points during the Fellowship's journey such as [[Cerin Amroth]], [[Meduseld]], [[Hornburg]] and the [[Pelennor Fields]]. After [[Sauron]]'s defeat, Legolas and [[Gimli]] accompany soldiers of [[Gondor]] who on the orders of King Elessar begin exploring and securing the Land of Shadow; Legolas assists the player in their exploration of the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]]. Afterwards, Legolas for a brief time returns home to his father's halls in [[Eryn Lasgalen]], where he introduces the player to [[Grimbeorn]]. He soon returns back to [[Minas Tirith]] for the wedding of Aragorn and [[Arwen]], after which he continues the exploration of the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], eventually discovering the entrance to [[Shelob's Lair]].

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:[[Crispin Freeman]] plays Legolas, who is available as a Hero in several missions.<ref>http://groups.yahoo.com/group/crispin_freeman_fansite/message/9438</ref>
:In the game's Evil Campaign, Legolas makes a final stand at Rivendell when it is invaded by the armies of Sauron.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Legolas can be found and talked to in Rivendell, he retains the appearance from the movies. While he provides insight into many events, interactions with him do not affect the main plot.

'''2012: ''[[Lego|LEGO The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit]]'':'''
:A mini figure of Legolas based on his appearance in ''The Lord of the Rings'' films is included in the [[Lego#Sets|set]] The Mines of Moria
<ref name="2012 sets">{{webcite|author=Calisuri|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/02/12/53563-more-lord-of-the-rings-lego-details-from-toy-fare-2012/|articlename=More Lord of the Rings LEGO Details from Toy Fare 2012|dated=12 February 2012|website=TORN|accessed=18 February 2012}}</ref>, as well as in the set Pirate Ship Ambush and a fun pack for ''[[Lego Dimensions]]''. In the ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'' in 2012, Legolas plays largely the same role as in the films, though with additional comedic elements. He also joins the members of the Fellowship at the Grey Havens to witness the departure of Frodo and Gandalf.
:A second Legolas figure based on his appearance in ''The Hobbit'' films appears in the sets Legolas Greenleaf, Escape from Mirkwood Spiders, and The Battle of Five Armies. Legolas also appears in ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]''.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Orlando Bloom reprised his role as Legolas in [[Peter Jackson]]'s adaptation of the Hobbit.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ/posts/10150265634081558|articlename=Ten years ago,...|dated=27-May-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> Bloom was [[Wikipedia:de-aging in film|digitally de-aged]] to match his appearance as Legolas in ''Lord of the Rings'' 13 years ago.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mat Bradley-Tschirgi|articleurl=http://www.gamesradar.com/7-movie-actors-made-impossibly-young-by-cgi/|articlename=7 movie actors made impossibly young by CGI|website=[http://www.gamesradar.com/ GamesRadar]|accessed=30-May-2017}}</ref> He is one of the Elves who capture [[Thorin and Company]] who traverse Mirkwood. His company, including [[Tauriel]], were ordered by Thranduil to clean up the [[spider]] nests. As he examines [[Glóin]], he finds a locket with a picture of Gimli, his future friend, and comments on his ugliness. His father notices Legolas's affection for [[Tauriel]], which he doesn't approve because she is a pure Silvan-elf. However he joins her in pursuit of the pack of Orcs (led by [[Bolg]]) who are after [[Thorin]]. Thranduil and Legolas later interrogate [[Narzug]], a captured Orc. Alarmed by the news, Thranduil orders his Realm to be sealed from the outside world, but when Legolas hears that Tauriel has run after Kili, he leaves to find her.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:Legolas appears after the destruction of [[Lake-town]]. With Tauriel he goes to investigate the Orcs' armies in [[Gundabad]] where his mother was killed during an old battle, something about which his father never talks. He returns to the ruins of [[Dale]] where the [[Lake-men]] are regrouping. He participates in the [[Battle of Five Armies]] and goes with Tauriel to the [[Ravenhill]] to support [[Thorin]]. In order to save Tauriel from Bolg, he uses a mutilated [[Trolls|Troll]] to demolish an ancient tower and duels with Bolg. Bitter with his father's treatment towards Tauriel, he says that he won't return to Mirkwood; Thranduil advises him to go to [[Eriador|the North]] and find the [[Rangers of the North|Dúnedain]] and a young ranger called "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]." Before parting, Thranduil assures him that his mother loved him more than anything else.

==See also==
*[[Legolas/Disputes]]

{{references|n}}
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}
{{hobbitfilms}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Mariners]]
[[Category:Moriquendi]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Silvan Elvish names]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Legolas (Thranduils Sohn)]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/teleri/standard/legolas]]
[[fi:Legolas]]

Laurelin

2025-12-31T00:51:14Z

JR Snow: Other names

{{disambig-two|the Golden Tree of [[Valinor]]|[[mellyrn]] planted by [[Samwise Gamgee]]|[[Golden Tree]]}}
{{object infobox
| name=Laurelin
| image = Ralph Damiani - Laurelin.jpg
| caption="Laurelin" by Ralph Damiani
| pronun={{respell|low|re-lin}}
| othernames=''Tulukhedelgorūs'' ([[Valarin|V]]) ''Culúrien'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''Galadlóriel'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) See [[Laurelin#Other names|Other names]]
| location=[[Ezellohar]]
| owner=
| type=Tree/source of light
| appearance=Gold-trimmed leaves
| creator=[[Yavanna]]
| created=V.Y. 3450–3500
| createdlocation=
| destroyer=[[Morgoth|Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]]
| destroyed={{YT|1495}}
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
'''Laurelin''' was the '''Golden Tree''' of [[Aman]], the female mate of [[Telperion]], and the younger of the [[Two Trees of Valinor]]. Laurelin had gold-trimmed leaves and her dew was collected by [[Varda]] in [[Wells of Varda|her Wells]].<ref name="BegDays" />

==History==
Laurelin was created by the [[Valar|Valier]] [[Yavanna]] and [[Nienna]] on the hill of [[Ezellohar]], where the Tree shed her light on the realm of [[Valinor]] in the long years before the making of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]]. Laurelin, the younger of the Two Trees, flowered second after [[Telperion]], and bloomed during the latter part of each Valian day.<ref name="BegDays">{{S|1}}</ref>
[[File:Álvaro Fernández González - The Twilight of Laurelin.jpg|thumb|left|"The Twilight of Laurelin" by [[:Category:Images by Álvaro Fernández González|Álvaro Fernández González]]]]

Laurelin was destroyed by [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who used the giant spider spirit [[Ungoliant]] to his evil purpose during the theft of the [[Silmarils]], which caused the [[Darkening of Valinor]].<ref>{{S|8}}</ref> However, through the power of Nienna and Yavanna, Laurelin produced a single fiery fruit before she died. This golden fire was set in a vessel made by [[Aulë]] and his people, and was steered through [[Ilmen]] by the [[Maiar|Maia]] [[Arien]], making the [[Sun]].<ref name="OfSun">{{S|11}}</ref>

In the [[First Age]], [[Turgon]] made images of the Two Trees that stood in his court of [[Gondolin]], and the one made in memory of Laurelin was called [[Glingal]].<ref>{{S|15}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Laurelin'' is said to mean "Song of Gold".<ref name="SI" /> The name ''Laurelin'' appears to be [[Quenya]] and contains ''[[laurë]]'' ("gold") and ''[[lind]]ë'' ("song").<ref name="SI" /><ref name="Ety">{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 358, 368</ref>

==Other names==
'''''Culúrien''''', likely containing the [[Quenya]] elements ''[[KUL|cul-]]'' ("golden-red")<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''cul-''</ref> and ''riende'' ("garland").<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2409511645.html?neo|articlename=Culúrien|author=Paul Strack|accessed=27 Nov 2024}}</ref> Robert Ireland suggests it might rather contain ''úr'' ("fire, heat"), while the suffix is uncertain.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/SILM/SILM_CE.html|articlename=Silmarillion Dictionary C-E|author=Robert Ireland|website=[http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/Tolkien_Dictionary.html A Tolkien Dictionary]|accessed=20 August 2020}}</ref>

'''''Malinalda''''' ("Tree of Gold"),<ref name="SI">{{S|Index}}</ref> composed of the words ''malina'' ("yellow, of golden colour") + ''[[alda]]'' ("tree").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''alda'', ''[[mal-]]''</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3600949199.html|articlename=Q. ''Malinalda'' pn.|website=Eldamo|accessed=30 June 2020}}</ref>

In [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion|The Later ''Quenta Silmarillion'']] manuscript, the Sindarin name of Laurelin is '''''Galadlóriel'''''. In a footnote to the same page three other Sindarin names of Laurelin are given: '''''Glewellin''''' ("song of gold", the same as Laurelin), '''''Lasgalen''''' ("green of leaf"<ref>Cf. also ''[[Eryn Lasgalen]]'', "Wood of Greenleaves".</ref>), '''''Melthinorn''''' ("tree of gold").<ref>{{MR|P3I2}}, p. 155</ref>

The [[Valarin]] name of Laurelin was '''''Tulukhedelgorūs'''''.<ref>{{WJ|AD1}}, p. 401</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
{{expansion}}
[[Vána]] named the tree '''''Lindeloksë''''' ("singing cluster").<ref>{{LT1|III}}, p. 72</ref>

Among the early names of Laurelin was ''Glingal'' ([[Noldorin]], emmended from ''Glingol''), which was later used for the [[Glingal|golden tree of Gondolin]].<ref>{{LB|1d}}, pp. 80-81</ref>

==Inspiration==
On a note referred to Laurelin's ''spilth'', [[Tolkien]] explains it is meant to indicate that the tree is founded on the [[:Wikipedia:Laburnum|laburnum]] as described by [[Francis Thompson]] in a poem:<ref>{{MR|P3I2}}, p. 157-158</ref>
{{blockquote|Mark yonder, how the long laburnum drips its jocund spilth of fire, its honey of wild flame!|''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1731/1731-h/1731-h.htm Sister Songs]'', "The Proem"}}

{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Valinor]]
[[de:Laurelin]]
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/flore/laurelin]]
[[fi:Laurelin]]

White Gems of Lasgalen

2025-12-31T00:39:33Z

JR Snow: Redirected page to Necklace of Girion

#REDIRECT [[Necklace of Girion]]

Necklace of Girion

2025-12-31T00:37:20Z

JR Snow: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ White Gems of Lasgalen

{{Unnamed}}
[[File:Audrey Corman - Necklace of Girion.png| thumb|250px|The ''Necklace of Girion'' by [[Audrey Corman]]]]

The '''necklace of Girion''' was a marvelous piece of jewelry originally owned by [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]]. The necklace was studded with five hundred emeralds as green as grass.

== History ==
Prior to the coming of the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]], Girion had traded the necklace to the Dwarves of [[Erebor]] in exchange for a coat of dwarf-linked rings wrought of pure silver that was three times as strong as steel. The coat was given to Girion's son.<ref name="Inside">{{H|Inside}}</ref> In {{TA|2770}} Smaug attacked both [[Dale]] and the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]],<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> and the necklace became part of Smaug's hoard after the dragon occupied the [[Lonely Mountain]].<ref name="Inside"/>

After the death of the dragon, the [[Battle of Five Armies]], and the death of [[Thorin]], [[Dáin II]] became [[King under the Mountain]] and dealt the treasure wisely. [[Bard]], the heir of Girion, returned the [[Arkenstone]] to the Dwarves and in the one-fourteenth share given to Bard came the necklace of Girion. Bard then gave the emeralds to the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]], who was most fond of such gems, in thanks for the aid the [[Elves]] had rendered to the [[Lake-men]] of [[Esgaroth]].<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
Originally [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] had created the '''Gem of Girion''' for ''[[The Hobbit]]'' so as to provide an easily transportable part of the hoard of Smaug for [[Bilbo Baggins]] to carry home. Changing his mind about having Bilbo slay Smaug, Tolkien introduced Bard into the plot. The Gem of Girion turned into the [[Arkenstone]] and was made the most coveted part of the treasure for [[Thorin]], and the necklace of Girion was invented to replace its role in the story.<ref>{{HH|While}}, (ii) ''The Arkenstone as Silmaril'', p. 603</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:Thranduil describes them as "White gems of pure starlight" and later Thorin Oakenshield finds them among the hoard of the Lonely Mountain, naming them as the "White Gems of [[Lasgalen]]" and gloats about how much an elf lord would pay for it. Thranduil claims the necklace is an Elven heirloom, however the fate of the necklace is not given in the film. A line from [[Gandalf]] not present in either the Theatrical or the Extended edition but found in the Appendices on the Blu-Ray reveals that the necklace belonged to Thranduil's wife, the last memento in the world left of her.

'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The game's storyline establishes the Necklace of Girion to be the same as the [[Necklace of the Dwarves]]. Unable to use the name "[[Nauglamír]]" due to licensing restrictions, the necklace is named "Gweriamir", the "Jewel of Betrayal" instead. Its history is kept purposely vague to avoid directly referencing ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', but it is said to have been crafted by dwarves for [[Thingol]] and lost upon his death.

:A series of pages from an elven account of history tell that the necklace of Girion was initially been crafted by the dwarves and given to the elves in friendship. The men recovered it from a troll-hoard, which is presumably how Girion came to have it. When the elves discovered that it has been given to the dwarves, it became a source of conflict. Following the Battle of Five Armies, it was given to Bard when the treasure of Smaug was divided up. Bard, seeing that the necklace was a point of contention between the elves and dwarves, broke it apart, giving the gold to the dwarves and the emeralds to the elves.

{{references}}

[[Category:Rings and jewels]]

[[de:Halsschmuck von Girion]]
[[fi:Girionin kaulakäädyt]]

Dol Guldur

2025-12-30T22:53:56Z

JR Snow:

{{disambig-two|the stronghold in [[Mirkwood]]|[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] supplement|[[Dol Guldur (book)]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Dol Guldur
| image=Matěj Čadil - Dol Guldur.jpg
| caption="Dol Guldur" by Matěj Čadil
| pronun=
| othernames=[[Amon Lanc]]
| location=Southern [[Mirkwood]]
| typeFortified stronghold/outpost
| description=Barren hilltop later occupied by [[Sauron]] and [[Nazgûl]]
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Orcs]], [[Spiders]],<ref>{{TT|Lair}}, p. 723</ref> and other creatures formerly: [[Silvan Elves]]
| created=Around {{TA|1100}}
| destroyed={{TA|3019}}
| events=[[Attack on Dol Guldur]], [[Fall of Dol Guldur]]
}}

'''Dol Guldur''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] "''Hill of Sorcery''"),<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> was a stronghold<ref name="Stronghold">{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c. '' 1100, p. 1085</ref> of [[Sauron]]<ref name="Sauron">{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2850, p. 1088</ref> at the highest point in a highland in the southwest of [[Mirkwood]].<ref name="Note12">{{UT|7a}}, note 12, p. 280</ref><ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

==History==
Dol Guldur was originally called '''[[Amon Lanc]]''' ("Naked Hill"), because trees did not grow on its summit.<ref name="Note12" /> The [[Silvan Elves]] of King [[Oropher]] had ancient dwellings near Amon Lanc, but left them and migrated northwards when they received disturbing rumours about the rising power of Sauron long before the [[War of the Last Alliance]].<ref>{{UT|7a}}, note 14, p. 280</ref>

Somewhere after {{TA|1000}}, an evil presence took over Amon Lanc. It was in {{TA|1050|n}} that a [[shadow]] fell upon Greenwood and it began to be called [[Mirkwood]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1050, p. 1085</ref> The hostile entity was known as "the [[Necromancer]]" by the peoples. The Silvan Elves of King [[Thranduil]], the son of Oropher who had died in the War of the Last Alliance retreated from the spreading shadow further north to the north-east of Mirkwood.<ref>{{UT|6b}}, p. 259</ref>
[[File:John Howe - Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur'']]

Around {{TA|1100}} the Wise consisting of the [[Wizards|Istari]] and the chief [[Eldar]] found out that an evil power had made a stronghold at Dol Guldur and thought that it was one of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name="Stronghold" />

The [[White Council|Council of the Wise]] long feared the Necromancer might be none other than [[Sauron]] himself who secretly regained his powers after his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. In {{TA|2063|n}} [[Gandalf]] went to Dol Guldur, and the "Necromancer", not yet powerful, fled to the [[East]] so as not to be identified.

After [[Watchful Peace|four centuries]] in {{TA|2460|n}}, just as [[the One Ring]] was found by [[Sméagol]] the [[Stoors|Stoor]], the "Necromancer" returned there.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2460, p. 1087</ref>

In {{TA|2510}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2510, p. 1087</ref> a dark [[shadow]] and cloud flowed from Dol Guldur whereas a white mist that came from [[Lothlórien]] to the west contended with the darkness coming from Mirkwood when [[Eorl]] the Young was leading his riders to the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]]. In reaction Eorl steered his force westward to avoid the phenomenon of the shadow, and they entered the white mist.<ref>{{UT|Ride}}, p. 298</ref>

In {{TA|2845|n}} [[Thráin|Thráin II]], [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]-in-exile and holder of the [[Ring of Thrór|last]] of the [[Seven Rings]] of the [[Dwarves]], was on his way to the [[Lonely Mountain]]. He was captured near the eaves of Mirkwood, imprisoned and tortured in Dol Guldur's dungeons, and his Ring taken from him. In {{TA|2850|n}} Gandalf again entered Dol Guldur, found the dying Thráin, and was entrusted with the [[Thrór's Map|map]] and key to give to [[Thorin]], although Thráin could not tell him his own or his son's name before he died. Gandalf confirmed that the Necromancer, the master of Dol Guldur at that time, was Sauron.<ref name="Sauron" />
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|Angus McBride - ''Dol Guldur'']]
In {{TA|2851|n}} Gandalf returned to the [[White Council]] and urged an attack on Dol Guldur, but was overruled by [[Saruman]], who secretly had begun searching for the One Ring in the area by then.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2851, p. 1088</ref>

Gandalf was concerned that Sauron planned to attack Lórien and Rivendell from Dol Guldur and that he might use the dragon [[Smaug]] at [[Erebor]] against the [[Dwarves]] of the [[Iron Hills]] who could resist an attack by the forces of Sauron on the northern passes in the Misty Mountains. Gandalf wanted to find a way to deal with Smaug, but thought that a direct attack against Dol Guldur was needed even more to disturb Sauron's plans and wanted to convince the White Council.<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref> In {{TA|2941|n}} Saruman finally agreed to an attack, which occurred at the same time as the [[Quest of Erebor]] and Sauron fled from Dol Guldur to the East.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2941, p. 1089</ref>

In {{TA|2951|n}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2951, p. 1089</ref> Sauron came to [[Mordor]], his plans now ready, and sent [[Khamûl]], the second chief,<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}, note 1, p. 352</ref> and two other [[Nazgûl]] back to Dol Guldur.

In the following decades Dol Guldur must have rebuilt some of its power until the [[War of the Ring]], during which its forces (most likely [[Orcs]]) made an [[Battle under the trees|attack]] upon the [[Woodland Realm]] on [[March 15]] {{TA|3019|n}}<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for the year 3019, March 25, p. 1094</ref> and three assaults on [[Lothlórien|Lórien]] on March 11, 15 and 22 of {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entries for the year 3019, March 11, 15 and 22, pp. 1093-94</ref> causing grievous damage to the outlying woodlands of Lórien.<ref name="Final">{{App|Great}}, paragraph after the entry for the year 3019, March 25, p. 1094</ref> However each time they were driven back by [[Thranduil]], [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]] who held the power of [[Nenya]]; which only Sauron himself could have overcome.<ref name="Final" />

On [[March 28]] of {{TA|3019|n}}<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for the year 3019, March 28, p. 1095</ref> Dol Guldur was finally destroyed and cleansed by the [[Elves]] of Lórien, led by [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]], after Sauron's fall.<ref name="Final" />

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Dol Guldur.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Dol Guldur'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which means "Hill of Sorcery".<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Dol Guldur''</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Dol Guldur''</ref> It is a combination of the elements ''[[dol]]'' ("head", "hill"<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, entry S '''Fanuidol''', p. 36</ref>) and ''[[guldur]]'' ("black arts", "sorcery").<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, entry S ''Dol Guldur'', p. 32</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' the name ''Dol Guldur'' does not appear, but a "dark tower"<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref> or "dark hold" of the Necromancer in the south of Mirkwood<ref>{{H|Stage}}</ref> are mentioned.

On [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s [[The First Map of The Lord of the Rings|First Map of The Lord of the Rings]] the original name of Dol Guldur was Dol Dúgol and was later changed to ''Dol Dúghul''.<ref>{{TI|First}}, p. 296</ref> It was originally located much farther east than its later location (in square M-15 of Map II).<ref name="Map II">{{TI|MII}}, p. 305</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] explained that Map II had faint traces of green which suggested that Mirkwood originally extended farther to the east too.<ref>{{TI|First}}, p. 298</ref> The name Dol Dúgol was stricken out and the hill was moved to its later location on this map, but its name became Dol Dúghul.<ref name="Map II" /> In a manuscript for a chapter titled The Mines of Moria (i)<ref>{{TI|IX}}, p. 178</ref> and in a manuscript for the chapter Lothlórien<ref>{{TI|XII}}, p. 234</ref> the name of Sauron's dwelling the south of Mirkwood is ''Dol-Dúgol''. In the latter manuscript the name was later changed to ''Dol Dûghul''.<ref>{{TI|XII}}, Notes, note 40, p. 244</ref> In a manuscript of the chapter The Black Gate is Closed the name of the stronghold of Sauron was ''Dol Dúghol''. It was changed to ''Dol Guldur'' at a very late stage.<ref>{{WR|2|III}}, p. 122</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Dol Guldur in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="165px" heights="140px">
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Dol Guldur.jpg|Dol Guldur in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
File:Galadriel dol guldur bfmeII.JPG|The [[Fall of Dol Guldur]] from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II|The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Dol Guldur.png|Dol Guldur in [[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit film trilogy]]
</gallery>

===Films===
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Dol Guldur is depicted as a ruined and abandoned fortress of unknown origin. It features statues of the Nazgûl. [[Radagast]], not [[Gandalf]], enters Dol Guldur. He is attacked by the [[Witch-king]], obtains a [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]], and finds that Dol Guldur is occupied by a [[Sauron|Necromancer]]. He then travels to Gandalf to tell him the news and gives him the sword as proof. (According to the concept artists [[Alan Lee]] and [[John Howe]], the film's version of Dol Guldur was designed to look like an old structure built by the [[Númenóreans]] during the [[Second Age]] that had subsequently fallen into disrepair.)<ref>[[Brian Sibley]], [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug: Official Movie Guide]] 2013, p. 72-78</ref>

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Gandalf enters Dol Guldur to investigate its ruins. There he meets [[Azog]] and his army. He tries to escape, but is trapped by [[Sauron|the Necromancer]], who reveals to Gandalf his true identity. Gandalf is later seen trapped in one of the cages.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:[[Galadriel]] enters Dol Guldur in order to rescue Gandalf. Accompanied by [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]] they encounter Sauron and [[Nazgûl|the Nine]]. The [[Attack on Dol Guldur|Attack]] begins and Sauron flees to [[Mordor|the East]].

===Games===
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Dol Guldur makes appearance during both "Good" and "Evil" campaigns as a site of a major battleground.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Dol Guldur is commanded by the [[Mouth of Sauron]], not [[Khamûl]]. Dol Guldur (or Mordor itself) sent a huge army of Orcs, Haradrim, and Trolls to assault [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. The attack fails, and the Mouth of Sauron is killed along with all the attacking force. Dol Guldur is then itself attacked by a combined army of Elves and Dwarves led by [[Elrond]], [[Arwen]], [[Glorfindel]], [[Glóin]], and [[Dáin Ironfoot]]. After a long and hard struggle, the Elves and Dwarves finally overrun Dol Guldur and lay waste to the evil that dwelled there, ending Sauron's war campaign in the North once and for all.

:In the Evil Campaign, the Goblins from Dol Guldur eliminate the Elves and the Ents that guard the Forest Road in Mirkwood.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Dol Guldur is a central point in the game's second expansion, ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]''. In its storyline, Celeborn and Galadriel organize a military campaign against Dol Guldur while the Fellowship still resides in Lothlórien (not to be confused with the later battle during the War of the Ring). The announced goal is to sow chaos into Orc forces by destroying as many of their troops, weapons and supplies as possible, to delay an inevitable assault upon Lothlórien. The true purpose, however, is to distract the Eye of Sauron from the company departing down the shores of Anduin.

:An assault by the "Golden Host" of the Galadhrim is successful despite minor losses and after establishing multiple camps throughout southern Mirkwood arrives at the walls of the fortress itself. However, without the White Lady they do not have the means of bringing down the walls, so the Elves prepare to swiftly fall back beyond Anduin before the main forces of the Enemy arrive. The players can also explore multiple locations within the fortress, among them the "Necromancer's Gate", the baileys of Dol Guldur, the "Sword-hall of Dol Guldur", the Dungeons of Dol Guldur, the chief tower "Barad Guldur", and "Sammath Gul" - the chambers once occupied by the Dark Lord himself.

:Much later, after the [[War of the Ring]], the Galadhrim and [[Elves of Mirkwood]] lead a great assault on Dol Guldur, where Galadriel casts down the walls of the stronghold, and renames the hill ''Dol Dhannen'', "The Hill of Ruin". In the process of assisting the Lady in this players discover another location, "Gostador", the secret dungeon in which Sauron let his physical form recover from his defeat at the end of the Second Age, and where he held audiences with agents carrying out his plans in other parts of Middle-earth.

==See also==
*[[Attack on Dol Guldur]]
*[[Fall of Dol Guldur]]
*[[Sauron|Necromancer]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Buildings]]
[[Category:Fortresses]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Dol Guldur]]
[[fi:Dol Guldur]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes tours et forteresses:rhovanion:dol guldur]]

Oxonmoot 2025

2025-12-30T13:28:09Z

JR Snow: Typo

{{convention
| image=
| title=Oxonmoot 2025
| location=[[wikipedia:St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and Online
| organizer=[[The Tolkien Society]]
| dates=[[4 September]] - [[7 September]] [[2024]]
}}
'''Oxonmoot 2025''', the 52nd annual [[Oxonmoot]] hosted by [[The Tolkien Society]] celebrating the life and works of J.R.R. Tolkien. The event took place from the afternoon of Thursday [[4 September|4]] until the afternoon of Sunday [[7 September]] [[2025]] at St Ann's College, [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. As in the previous years, it was a hybrid event both in-person and online participation.

===Overview===
Oxonmoot is a long-standing tradition that brings together Tolkien enthusiasts, scholars, students, and fans from around the world. The 2025 edition continued this legacy with a rich programme of academic and creative activities, social events, and commemorations.

Online participation was facilitated via Zoom webinars, meetings and themed breakout rooms, as well as dedicated channels in the Tolkien Society Discord server for chat and voice and video discussion.

===Programme===
The event featured:

*'''Lectures and Papers''': Covering a wide range of Tolkien-related topics. Speakers include [[Douglas A. Anderson]], [[David T. Wenzel]], [[Sara Brown]], [[Dimitra Fimi]], and [[Brian Sibley]].
*'''Workshops and Discussions''': Including crafts, costuming, and themed sessions
*'''Art Show''': A hybrid exhibition hosted both on-site and via the Kunstmatrix platform
*'''Entertainment''': Quizzes, performances, and evening events
*'''Enyalië Ceremony''': A traditional visit to Tolkien’s grave on Sunday afternoon

==External links==
*[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/events/oxonmoot-2025/ Oxonmoot 2025 website]
*[https://artspaces.kunstmatrix.com/en/exhibition/14626334/oxonmoot-2025 Oxonmoot 2025 Art Show] on the Kunstmatrix platform
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society website]
{{oxonmoot|2024|2026}}
[[Category:Oxonmoot]]

Oxonmoot

2025-12-30T11:09:11Z

JR Snow:

'''Oxonmoot''' is an annual convention organised by [[The Tolkien Society]]. It is usually held at a college of the [[University of Oxford]] in [[Oxford]], England, and was formerly conducted on the weekend closest to [[22 September]], the shared birthday of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]]. In recent years, however, it has instead been organised over the first weekend of September.<ref name="OM1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/oxon/|articlename=Oxonmoot index page|website=[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society]|accessed=07-August-2012}}</ref>

The moot usually includes talks, a quiz, an art show, a masquerade and other entertainments, a visit to [[Wolvercote Cemetery|Tolkien's grave]] in north Oxford, and last, but not least, the chance to spend a weekend in the company of other fans of Tolkien's work. Most of the event is held in an Oxford college.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Oxonmoot|List of Oxonmoots]]
*[[Westmoot]]

==External links==
* '''[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/events/oxonmoot/ Oxonmoot website]'''
* [http://www.facebook.com/Oxonmoot Oxonmoot Facebook page]
* [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society website]

{{references}}
{{tolkiensociety}}
[[Category:Oxonmoot| ]]
[[Category:The Tolkien Society]]
[[de:Oxonmoot]]
[[fi:Oxonmoot]]

Oxonmoot

2025-12-30T11:06:09Z

JR Snow: Oxonmoot dates have changed in recent years

'''Oxonmoot''' is an annual convention organised by [[The Tolkien Society]]. It is usually held at a college of the [[University of Oxford]] in [[Oxford]], England, and was formerly conducted on the weekend closest to [[22 September]], the shared birthday of [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]]. In recent years, however, it has instead been organised over the first weekend of September.<ref name="OM1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/oxon/|articlename=Oxonmoot index page|website=[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society]|accessed=07-August-2012}}</ref>

The moot usually includes talks, a quiz, an art show, a masquerade and other entertainments, a visit to Tolkien's grave in north Oxford, and last, but not least, the chance to spend a weekend in the company of other fans of Tolkien's work. Most of the event is held in an Oxford college.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Oxonmoot|List of Oxonmoots]]
*[[Westmoot]]

==External links==
* '''[https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/events/oxonmoot/ Oxonmoot website]'''
* [http://www.facebook.com/Oxonmoot Oxonmoot Facebook page]
* [http://www.tolkiensociety.org/ The Tolkien Society website]

{{references}}
{{tolkiensociety}}
[[Category:Oxonmoot| ]]
[[Category:The Tolkien Society]]
[[de:Oxonmoot]]
[[fi:Oxonmoot]]