Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

User:Jteuber

2024-06-23T19:41:43Z

Jteuber: try-out tg template

{{user infobox
| name=Gilruin
| location=[[wikipedia:Munich|Munich]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
| age=20
| gender=Male
| email={{nospam|jteuber|gmx.net}}
| userboxes=
{{user en-3}} 
{{user de-N}} 
{{user Germany}} 
{{user ref}} 
{{user firefox}} 
{{user elves noldor}} 
| userboxheight=300px
}}

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size: 1.5rem;">
'''''[[Lambengolmor|Lambengolmo]] [[Elvish|Eldarinwa]]''''' 
'''{{tg| |font=Tengwar Telcontar}}'''
</div>

{{quote|Let us go! yea go / from the [[Valar|Gods]] for ever on [[Morgoth]]s trail / o’er the mountains of the world to vengeance and victory! Your [[Oath of Feanor|vows]] are ours!|[[The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor]] in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''}}

== Subpages & Sandbox ==
* [[/Sindarin Phonology]]

Talk:Telerin

2023-10-10T10:20:13Z

Jteuber: /* Pronunciation */

Should Lindarin redirect to Telerin? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:44, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

:What is Lindarin? --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 09:14, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

::It's the name of one of Tolkien's invented languages.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 10:14, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

:::So it's a different language then Telerin? --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 10:39, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

::::I guess the answer is both yes and no(!). I haven't investigated the issue much yet, but I was hoping Sage was able to shed some light. If Lindarin and Telerin are as different as Noldorin and Sindarin, I guess we should have different articles.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 10:42, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

:I say "no" on the basis that in ''[[The Lhammas]]'' Lindarin and Telerin are treated as entirely separate entities (but I'm easily open to persuasion on this). --{{User:Mith/sig}} 16:03, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

== Pronunciation ==

I removed this text:

The coexistence with the Teleri made the Noldor want to differentiate themselves from the [[Vanyarin|speech of the Vanyar]]. For example the Vanyar pronounced /f/ very soft, almost like /hw/, but the Noldor resisted this change through influence from the Teleri.<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}</ref>

I went through Shibboleth and found no mention of this. [[User:Oberiko|Oberiko]] ([[User talk:Oberiko|talk]]) 16:47, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

:I think whoever wrote this, drew from ''Vinyar Tengwar 41, From The Shibboleth Of Feanor, p. 7-8'', or rather from some secondary source saying it’s from “The Shibboleth”:
::The shift from dental and labial ''þ'' and ''f'' to interdental ''þ'' and labio-dental ''f'' occurred first in Telerin. The labio-dental ''f'' soon spread to Ñoldorin. Probably because it helped to make ''f'' and the voiceless ''w'' (transcribed ''hw'') of Quenya more clearly distinguished.¹
::...
::Footnote 1: The Noldor, before they made the change, accused the Vanyar of confusing the two sounds. In fact if left to unheeded change they would probably have merged in Quenya ''hw''. Their near approach (by slackening the spirantal friction of ''f'') before the separation of Vanyar and Ñoldor is seen in the development of ''phu-'' > ''*hwu-'' > ''hu-'', as in Quenya ''huine'' ‘gloom’, unrelieved darkness (as a night without stars or moon), Telerin ''fuine'' of same sense, Sindarin ''fuin'' ‘night’. Later when the merging had been checked in Ñoldorin it was one of Fëanor’s jests to declare that the Vanyar called his father ''Hwinwe'' and himself ''Hwëanáro''.
:So it’s not from the ''Shibboleth'' as published in the ''Peoples of Middle-earth'' but from an appendix to it published in ''VT'', and the statement from the article was a bit to generalised for my taste to begin with, but this is a concept that does exist. --[[User:Jteuber|Jteuber]] ([[User talk:Jteuber|talk]]) 10:19, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Talk:Telerin

2023-10-10T10:19:22Z

Jteuber: /* Pronunciation */ Reply

Should Lindarin redirect to Telerin? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:44, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

:What is Lindarin? --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 09:14, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

::It's the name of one of Tolkien's invented languages.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 10:14, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

:::So it's a different language then Telerin? --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 10:39, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

::::I guess the answer is both yes and no(!). I haven't investigated the issue much yet, but I was hoping Sage was able to shed some light. If Lindarin and Telerin are as different as Noldorin and Sindarin, I guess we should have different articles.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 10:42, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

:I say "no" on the basis that in ''[[The Lhammas]]'' Lindarin and Telerin are treated as entirely separate entities (but I'm easily open to persuasion on this). --{{User:Mith/sig}} 16:03, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

== Pronunciation ==

I removed this text:

The coexistence with the Teleri made the Noldor want to differentiate themselves from the [[Vanyarin|speech of the Vanyar]]. For example the Vanyar pronounced /f/ very soft, almost like /hw/, but the Noldor resisted this change through influence from the Teleri.<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}</ref>

I went through Shibboleth and found no mention of this. [[User:Oberiko|Oberiko]] ([[User talk:Oberiko|talk]]) 16:47, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

:I think whoever wrote this, drew from ''Vinyar Tengwar 41, From The Shibboleth Of Feanor, p. 7-8'', or rather from some secondary source saying it’s from “The Shibboleth”:
::The shift from dental and labial ''þ'' and ''f'' to interdental ''þ'' and labio-dental ''f'' occurred first in Telerin. The labio-dental ''f'' soon spread to Ñoldorin. Probably because it helped to make ''f'' and the voiceless ''w'' (transcribed ''hw'') of Quenya more clearly distinguished.¹
::...
::Footnote 1: The Noldor, before they made the change, accused the Vanyar of confusing the two sounds. In fact if left to unheeded change they would probably have merged in Quenya ''hw''. Their near approach (by slackening the spirantal friction of ''f'') before the separation of Vanyar and Ñoldor is seen in the development of ''phu-'' > ''*hwu-'' > ''hu-'', as in Quenya ''huine'' ‘gloom’, unrelieved darkness (as a night without stars or moon), Telerin ''fuine'' of same sense, Sindarin ''fuin'' ‘night’. Later when the merging had been checked in Ñoldorin it was one of Fëanor’s jests to declare that the Vanyar called his father ''Hwinwe'' and himself ''Hweanaro''.
:So it’s not from the ''Shibboleth'' as published in the ''Peoples of Middle-earth'' but from an appendix to it published in ''VT'', and the statement from the article was a bit to generalised for my taste to begin with, but this is a concept that does exist. --[[User:Jteuber|Jteuber]] ([[User talk:Jteuber|talk]]) 10:19, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Quendi

2023-07-28T18:29:35Z

Jteuber: clean up, more details on etymology, removed more dubious phrasings

{{main|Elves}}
'''Quendi''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈkʷendi]}}, singular '''Quendë''', pron. {{IPA|[ˈkʷende]}}, though the plural form was more common), was the name given by the [[Elves]] to their own kind while they still dwelt at [[Cuiviénen]]. It is commonly said to mean "speakers; those who speak with voices", being from a time when the Elves had not yet encountered other beings capable of speech.<ref>{{S|Captivity}}.</ref><ref name="qe-d">{{WJ|AD}}, p. 391 f.</ref>

''Quendë'' is the [[Quenya]] form of the word, in [[Primitive Quendian]] the word had been ''kwendē̆''. There it derives from the root ''KWENED-'', an elaboration of ''KWEN-'', a root for “person”.<ref>{{WJ|A}}, p. 360ff.</ref>
Although this root has no direct derivatives that are connected to language, it is probable related to the root ''KWE-'' "vocal speech".<ref name="qe-d"></ref>

After the [[Sundering of the Elves]], the Quenya word had been replaced by ''[[Elda]]'' in common usage but it remained in use as a technical term distinguishing the Elves from the [[Ainur]] and in the context of lore.<ref>{{WJ|A}}, p. 372.</ref>
In [[Telerin]] and [[Sindarin]] the word fell out of use after the sound change ''kw > p'' due to collisions with the roots ''PEN-'' "to lack" and ''PED-'' "slope, slant down".<ref>{{WJ|P3}}, p. 375f., 408 (Note 6).</ref> In Quenya it became

{{references}}

{{elves}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Quende}}
[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/elfes/quendi]]
[[fi:Quendi]]

Quenya

2023-07-28T17:37:40Z

Jteuber: Add Etymology

{{Pronounce|Quenya - Quenya.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''Quenya''' (Q, pron. [ˈkʷwɛɲa])<ref>[[John D. Rateliff]], [[Jason Fisher]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]], et al. (mailing list discussion), "a quick question" (#[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/24071 24071] and related messages; dated 29 January 2013), [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ Mytsoc mailing list] (accessed 30 January 2012)</ref> was one of the languages spoken by the [[Elves]]. It was the tongue that developed among those non-[[Teleri|Telerin]] [[Elves]] who reached [[Aman]] (the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]]) from an earlier language called [[Common Eldarin]]. Quenya was typically written with the [[Tengwar]] of [[Fëanor]]. An older script, [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]'s [[Sarati]], was used also.

==History==
Of the three clans of Elves in Aman, the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]] spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (''[[Valinorean Quenya]]'' and ''[[Vanyarin|Vanyarin Quenya]]'' respectively). Following the [[Exile of the Noldor]] in the [[First Age]], a third dialect, [[Exilic Quenya]] or ''Noldorin Quenya'', developed among the Noldor who had journeyed to [[Middle-earth]]. In general practice, the word ''Quenya'' usually refers to Noldorin Quenya, since it was the only Quenya dialect spoken in Middle-earth.

The language was also adopted by the [[Valar]] who made some new introductions into it from their [[Valarin|own language]], though these loanwords are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. The third clan in Aman, the [[Teleri]], spoke a different, closely related language: [[Telerin]]. This was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya which was untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages did not share a common history but were very much alike.

The Noldor who fled to Middle-earth following the [[Darkening of Valinor]] spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu [[Thingol]] of Doriath, who was the king of the [[Sindar]] (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in [[Beleriand]] instead of journeying to Valinor) learnt about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in all his realm. The Sindar had been slow to learn Quenya anyway, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin.

Noldorin Quenya (Exilic) differed somewhat from Valinorean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile, and it underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the [[Third Age]] had come to be a scholarly pursuit; it was not typically used in conversation. It was preserved as a formal language and for writing; [[Sindarin]] was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly and were delighted when other wanderers knew anything from the "Ancient Speech"; for example, [[Gildor]] and his party appreciated [[Frodo Baggins]]'s greeting ''[[Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo]]'' ("A star shines on the hour of our meeting"). [[Galadriel]] was perhaps the only known High Elf in Middle-earth during that time who (having being born in Valinor) had learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue.

The poem ''[[Namárië]]'' is the longest piece of Quenya found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is also known as ''Galadriel's Lament''.

==Grammar==
{{main|Quenya Grammar}}

==Texts==
{{main|:Category:Quenya texts}}

==Inspiration==
{{quote|The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out in a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know.|Tolkien in a [[Letter to W.R. Matthews]]}}
Quenya's phonology and grammar are most strongly influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also comes from Latin and Greek. The phonology is also based on Finnish, and to a lesser extent Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending -nt), a word may not end in a non-dental consonant, and voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants. The first two of these phonotactic rules also exist in Finnish.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinating language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical function. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one could say "I have found it" in Quenya in a single verb, namely ''utúvienyes''.

Tolkien intended Quenya to be an archaic, ancient and august language for the peoples of Middle-earth of the Third Age, being the cultural analogue of Latin in Europe<ref>{{app|F1i}}</ref><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. For that reason, he decided to make Quenya look like Latin ocularly<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and substituted ''K'' for ''C'' and ''Q'' for ''QU''.

Tolkien wrote much more material about Quenya and his other languages than he published in his lifetime. In fact, Tolkien, a professor of linguistics, originally invented Middle-earth and its inhabitants as a means of imposing upon his artificial languages a history of war, migration and suffering. The famous novels might be considered incidental to his further and more passionately developed linguistic hobby. The journals ''Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

==Etymology==
The word ''Quenya'' is in origin an adjective meaning “belonging to the [[Quendi]]”, but despite this unspecific derivation is only ever used as a name of the language. It descends from an older form ''kwendjā'', with the ''d'' surviving only in the [[Vanyarin]] dialect, where the name is still ''Quendya''.<ref>{{WJ|P3}} p. 360, 361, 393.</ref>

In [[Sindarin]] and [[Telerin]], the descendants of the word ''kwendjā'' became too unrecognisable after the sound shift ''kw > p''. There the language is instead called “speech of the [[Ñoldor]]” (because both groups did not frequently interact with the [[Vanyar]]), that is ''Goldórin'' or ''Goldolambe''<ref>{{WJ|P3}}, p. 375.</ref> and ''Golodhbaeth'' or ''Paeth e Ngolodhrim''<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 126.</ref> respectively.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Quenya is possibly one of the very first creations of Tolkien's [[legendarium]], as he started constructing it (see: [[Qenya Lexicon]]) around [[1915]], at the age of 23 years old; as he said various times, the languages came first, and stories followed out of the names.

In those early times, the language was called '''[[Qenya]]''' (although pronounced the same as ''Quenya''), and it was spoken mainly by the "Teleri" (an early name for the High Elves that would be renamed '''Vanyar'''). The language underwent countless minor revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. The spelling "Qenya" is used by the [[fandom]] to refer to the earlier concepts of the language as distinct from the LotR-style Quenya. However, the fluid nature of the revisions makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

==See also==
*[[Languages]] of [[Middle-earth]]
*''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''
*[[Sindarin]]
*[[Tengwar]]
*[[Sarati]]
*[[Arktik|Arctic Quenya]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion: The Tongues of Arda, Lessons, etc.]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qcourse.htm Quenya Course]
***[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/lessons.rtf Beta Course]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/wordlists.htm Wordlists] ([http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm in html])
*[https://middangeard.org.uk/aglardh/atanquesta Atanquesta — a Neo Quenya Course for beginners].
*[[Eldamo]] — [http://eldamo.org/index.html?neo a Tolkien language lexicon]
*[http://www.elfdict.com Parf Edhellen — a dictionary website for Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://bit.ly/2sglBcm Vinyë Lambengolmor — a Discord server about Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/quenya.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finn_que.htm Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finnquelinks.htm Quenya's relation to Finnish]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Quenya| ]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Quenya]]
[[fi:Quenya]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/quenya]]

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-06-04T12:28:57Z

Jteuber: /* Phonology */

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="centered toptextcells" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; width: 100%"
! bgcolor="lightgrey" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;" colspan="15"| Sindarin Consonant Inventory
|-
|style="text-align:right; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid;"| [[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Koronal]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:26%;"| [[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Glottal stop|Glottal]]
|- style="border-bottom:2px solid;"
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| ↓ [[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]
|colspan="2" style="width:13%;"| [[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
|style="border-right:1px solid;"| m ⟨m, mm⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| n
|rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| ŋ ⟨ng, ñ⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| p
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| b
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| t
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| d
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| k ⟨c⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ɡ
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Frikative|Frikative]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| f ⟨f, ph⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| v ⟨v, f⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| θ ⟨th⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ð ⟨dh⟩
| s
|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| x ⟨ch⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"| h
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|rowspan="3" colspan="6" style="border-right:0;"|
|colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| (j)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|Vibrant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| r̥ ⟨rh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| r
|colspan="6" style="border-right:1px solid; border-left:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral Approximant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| l̥ ⟨lh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| l
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| (lʲ)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right: 1px solid"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid; border-top:0; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Labial approximant|Labial Approximant]]
|style="border-bottom:1px solid;" colspan="10"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| ʍ ⟨hw⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| w
|style="border:1px solid; border-top:0;" colspan="2"|
|-
|colspan="15" style="font-size: 90%;"| ''Where signs occur in pairs, the left ones are [[wikipedia:|voiceless]] and the right ones are [[wikipedia:|voiced]] sound. Where the usual romanisation differs from the IPA sign, it is given between angle brackets ⟨…⟩. Sign in parentheses (…) are allophones of other phonems listed.''
|}

==== Gemination ====
Five of those consonants can occur doubled and are then intended to be pronounced for a longer duration.

* ''s'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''lossen'' {{IPA|/ˈlɔsːɛn/}} ‘snowy’, ''lass'' {{IPA|/ˈlasː/}} ‘leaf’
* ''l'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''callon'' {{IPA|/ˈkalːɔn/}} ‘hero’, ''sell'' {{IPA|/ˈsɛlː/}} ‘daughter’
* ''n'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''annon'' {{IPA|/ˈanːɔn/}} ‘gate’, ''ann'' {{IPA|/ˈanː/}} ‘gift’
* ''r'' only in the middle of words: ''Rochirrim'' {{IPA|/rɔˈxirːim/}} ‘[[Rohirrim|Horse-lords]]’
* ''f'' only in the middle of words: ''aphadon'' {{IPA|/ˈafːadɔn/}} ‘follower’

Sindarin used to have {{IPA|/mː/}} as well, but this combination has shortened in pronunciation. Still ''mm'' occurs sometimes in the romanisation, where it is either a reminder that ''m'' still attracts [[#Stress|stress]], or as a purely aesthetic choice.<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html|articlename=S. [mm] shortened|website=Eldamo|accessed=2032-05-27}}</ref>

==== Vowels ====

{| class="wikitable centered float-right" style="text-align:center;
|+ Sindarin vowel system
|-
!   !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! Close
|style="border:none;"| i · y
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| u
|-
! Mid
|style="border:none;"| ɛ
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| ɔ
|-
! Open
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| a ~ ɑ
|style="border:none;"|
|}

Sindarin distinguishes three different vowel lengths: short vowels, which are left unmarked in the romanisation (''i, y, e, a, o, u''), long vowels, marked by an acute accent (''í, ý, ó, ú'') and specially prolonged ones, that usually (but not exclusively) occur in monosyllables and are marked with a circumflex (''î, ŷ, ê, â, ô, û''). All vowels can occur in both short and over-long form, but only some exist as long vowels: ancient long ''ē, ā'' and ''ō'' had shifted to ''í, ó/au, ú'', leaving ''é, á'' absent in Sindarin.

Those vowels can form six diphthongs: three ending in ''-i'' (''ei, ai, ui''), two in ''-e'' (''ae, oe'') and one in ''-u'' (''au''). Other combinations of vowels are not diphthongal, but occupy two separate syllables (e. g. [[Elbereth|''Gilthoniel'']] is ''Gil·tho·ni·el'' with four syllables). The only exception to this is ''i'' followed by another vowel occurring at the beginning of a word, there it represents ''j'' (the ''y'' sound in English ''you''), e. g. ''iant'' {{IPA|/jant/}}.

==== Stress ====
The position of stress is predictable from the shape of the word:

* In words with one or two syllables, the stress falls on the first syllable: ''d'''û'''n'' ‘west’, '''''a'''dan'' ‘human’.
* In words with three or more syllables a distinction is made:
** If the second-to-last syllable contains a vowel that is either long or followed by two or more consonants (or by an ''m''), it is stressed: ''Pel'''a'''rgir''.
** If the second-to-last syllable is not heavy, the third-to-last syllable receives the stress instead: ''C'''e'''leborn.

Notice that digraphs count only as a single spoken consonant: ''Denethor'' is stressed on the first ''e'', because ''th'' represents the single sound {{IPA|/θ/}}.

==== Pronunciation guide ====

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|t'''â'''d]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|aɛ̯}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|ai̯}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|au̯}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is the preferred spelling at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl|'''ê'''l]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛi̯}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''f''' || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>). Notice that ''[[Gandalf]]'' is an Old Norse name, not Sindarin, so the rule does not apply here.
|-
| '''g''' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| '''h''' || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''hw''' || {{IPA|ʍ}} || [[chwind|'''hw'''ind]] || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| '''i''' || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| '''í''' || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| '''î''' || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''l''' || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]], if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| '''lh''' || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English, but it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless alveolar lateral]], like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| '''m''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| '''mh''' || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' later, but the spelling ''mh'' for mutated ''m'' still occurs occasionally,<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 129: “''e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în''”</ref>. However, in later spelling ''mh'' inside of words is usually means separate ''m'' + ''h'' (e. g. in ''[[Glamhoth|glamhoth]]'')<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 39: “S ''hoth'' [...] ''glam·hoth''”.</ref>.
|-
| '''n''' || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| '''nc''' || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| '''ng''' || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]], [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} (like ''ng'' in English ''finger'') between two vowels and in the combination ''-ngl-, -ngr-''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 36: “[ŋg] has since remained before ''r, l'', but became [ŋ] before other consonants”.</ref>, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''sing''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| '''o''' || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips, similar the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. It should not have a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| '''ó''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ô''' || {{IPA|ɔːː}} || [[Dôr|d'''ô'''r]] || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''oe''' || {{IPA|ɔɛ̯}} || [[Nen Hithoel|Nen Hith'''oe'''l]] || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''œ''' || {{IPA|œ}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it has become ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Wethrin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœid Wethrin''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 41: “œrœid-wethion”.</ref>. Notice that ''œ'' and ''oe'' are not always distinguished in printing, in most cases the reading as a diphthong is the correct one.
|-
| '''p''' || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| '''ph''' || {{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[fː]}} between, {{IPA|f}} everywhere else. It is used there instead of ''f'' to notate the mutation result of ''p'' and to distinguish it from ''f'' = {{IPA|[v]}} when word-final.
|-
| '''r''' || {{IPA|r}} || [[Beren|Be'''r'''en]] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English.
|-
| '''rh''' || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English, but it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| '''s''' || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| '''t''' || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''th''' || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is represented by ''dh'' in Sindarin.
|-
| '''u''' || {{IPA|u}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| '''ú''' || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', but otherwise sounds the same.
|-
| '''û''' || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| '''ui''' || {{IPA|ui̯}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable.
|-
| '''v''' || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| '''w''' || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwathló|G'''w'''athló]] ||  
|-
| '''y''' || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. You can produce this sound by pronouncing an ''i'' and then rounding your lips as if you were pronouncing an ''u''. In [[Gondor]] it became ''i''.
|-
| '''ý''' || {{IPA|yː}} || [[Moon#Other names|c'''ý'''ron]] || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ŷ''' || {{IPA|yːː}} || c'''ŷ'''r || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-06-04T11:47:38Z

Jteuber: /* Vowels */

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="centered toptextcells" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; width: 100%"
! bgcolor="lightgrey" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;" colspan="15"| Sindarin Consonant Inventory
|-
|style="text-align:right; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid;"| [[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Koronal]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:26%;"| [[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Glottal stop|Glottal]]
|- style="border-bottom:2px solid;"
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| ↓ [[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]
|colspan="2" style="width:13%;"| [[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
|style="border-right:1px solid;"| m ⟨m, mm⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| n
|rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| ŋ ⟨ng, ñ⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| p
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| b
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| t
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| d
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| k ⟨c⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ɡ
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Frikative|Frikative]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| f ⟨f, ph⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| v ⟨v, f⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| θ ⟨th⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ð ⟨dh⟩
| s
|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| x ⟨ch⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"| h
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|rowspan="3" colspan="6" style="border-right:0;"|
|colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| (j)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|Vibrant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| r̥ ⟨rh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| r
|colspan="6" style="border-right:1px solid; border-left:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral Approximant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| l̥ ⟨lh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| l
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| (lʲ)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right: 1px solid"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid; border-top:0; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Labial approximant|Labial Approximant]]
|style="border-bottom:1px solid;" colspan="10"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| ʍ ⟨hw⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| w
|style="border:1px solid; border-top:0;" colspan="2"|
|-
|colspan="15" style="font-size: 90%;"| ''Where signs occur in pairs, the left ones are [[wikipedia:|voiceless]] and the right ones are [[wikipedia:|voiced]] sound. Where the usual romanisation differs from the IPA sign, it is given between angle brackets ⟨…⟩. Sign in parentheses (…) are allophones of other phonems listed.''
|}

==== Gemination ====
Five of those consonants can occur doubled and are then intended to be pronounced for a longer duration.

* ''s'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''lossen'' {{IPA|/ˈlɔsːɛn/}} ‘snowy’, ''lass'' {{IPA|/ˈlasː/}} ‘leaf’
* ''l'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''callon'' {{IPA|/ˈkalːɔn/}} ‘hero’, ''sell'' {{IPA|/ˈsɛlː/}} ‘daughter’
* ''n'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''annon'' {{IPA|/ˈanːɔn/}} ‘gate’, ''ann'' {{IPA|/ˈanː/}} ‘gift’
* ''r'' only in the middle of words: ''Rochirrim'' {{IPA|/rɔˈxirːim/}} ‘[[Rohirrim|Horse-lords]]’
* ''f'' only in the middle of words: ''aphadon'' {{IPA|/ˈafːadɔn/}} ‘follower’

Sindarin used to have {{IPA|/mː/}} as well, but this combination has shortened in pronunciation. Still ''mm'' occurs sometimes in the romanisation, where it is either a reminder that ''m'' still attracts [[#Stress|stress]], or as a purely aesthetic choice.

==== Vowels ====

{| class="wikitable centered float-right" style="text-align:center;
|+ Sindarin vowel system
|-
!   !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! Close
|style="border:none;"| i · y
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| u
|-
! Mid
|style="border:none;"| ɛ
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| ɔ
|-
! Open
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| a ~ ɑ
|style="border:none;"|
|}

Sindarin distinguishes three different vowel lengths: short vowels, which are left unmarked in the romanisation (''i, y, e, a, o, u''), long vowels, marked by an acute accent (''í, ý, ó, ú'') and specially prolonged ones, that usually (but not exclusively) occur in monosyllables and are marked with a circumflex (''î, ŷ, ê, â, ô, û''). All vowels can occur in both short and over-long form, but only some exist as long vowels: ancient long ''ē, ā'' and ''ō'' had shifted to ''í, ó/au, ú'', leaving ''é, á'' absent in Sindarin.

Those vowels can form six diphthongs: three ending in ''-i'' (''ei, ai, ui''), two in ''-e'' (''ae, oe'') and one in ''-u'' (''au''). Other combinations of vowels are not diphthongal, but occupy two separate syllables (e. g. [[Elbereth|''Gilthoniel'']] is ''Gil·tho·ni·el'' with four syllables). The only exception to this is ''i'' followed by another vowel occurring at the beginning of a word, there it represents ''j'' (the ''y'' sound in English ''you''), e. g. ''iant'' {{IPA|/jant/}}.

==== Pronunciation guide ====

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|t'''â'''d]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|aɛ̯}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|ai̯}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|au̯}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is the preferred spelling at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl|'''ê'''l]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛi̯}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''f''' || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>). Notice that ''[[Gandalf]]'' is an Old Norse name, not Sindarin, so the rule does not apply here.
|-
| '''g''' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| '''h''' || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''hw''' || {{IPA|ʍ}} || [[chwind|'''hw'''ind]] || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| '''i''' || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| '''í''' || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| '''î''' || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''l''' || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]], if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| '''lh''' || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English, but it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless alveolar lateral]], like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''m''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| '''mh''' || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' later, but the spelling ''mh'' for mutated ''m'' still occurs occasionally,<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 129: “''e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în''”</ref>. However, in later spelling ''mh'' inside of words is usually means separate ''m'' + ''h'' (e. g. in ''[[Glamhoth|glamhoth]]'')<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 39: “S ''hoth'' [...] ''glam·hoth''”.</ref>.
|-
| '''mm''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' has shortened<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html|articlename=S. [mm] shortened|website=Eldamo|accessed=2032-05-27}}, however it still counts as heavy for the purpose of stress.</ref>
|-
| '''n''' || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| '''nc''' || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| '''ng''' || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]], [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} (like ''ng'' in English ''finger'') between two vowels and in the combination ''-ngl-, -ngr-''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 36: “[ŋg] has since remained before ''r, l'', but became [ŋ] before other consonants”.</ref>, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''sing''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''o''' || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips, similar the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. It should not have a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| '''ó''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ô''' || {{IPA|ɔːː}} || [[Dôr|d'''ô'''r]] || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''oe''' || {{IPA|ɔɛ̯}} || [[Nen Hithoel|Nen Hith'''oe'''l]] || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''œ''' || {{IPA|œ}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it has become ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Wethrin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœid Wethrin''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 41: “œrœid-wethion”.</ref>. Notice that ''œ'' and ''oe'' are not always distinguished in printing, in most cases the reading as a diphthong is the correct one.
|-
| '''p''' || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| '''ph''' || {{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[fː]}} between, {{IPA|f}} everywhere else. It is used there instead of ''f'' to notate the mutation result of ''p'' and to distinguish it from ''f'' = {{IPA|[v]}} when word-final.
|-
| '''r''' || {{IPA|r}} || [[Beren|Be'''r'''en]] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English.
|-
| '''rh''' || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English, but it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| '''s''' || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''t''' || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''th''' || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is represented by ''dh'' in Sindarin.
|-
| '''u''' || {{IPA|u}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', but otherwise sounds the same.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| '''ui''' || {{IPA|ui̯}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable.
|-
| '''v''' || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| '''w''' || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwathló|G'''w'''athló]] ||  
|-
| '''y''' || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. You can produce this sound by pronouncing an ''i'' and then rounding your lips as if you were pronouncing an ''u''. In [[Gondor]] it became ''i''.
|-
| '''ý''' || {{IPA|yː}} || [[Moon#Other names|c'''ý'''ron]] || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ŷ''' || {{IPA|yːː}} || c'''ŷ'''r || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-06-04T11:46:05Z

Jteuber: /* Gemination */

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="centered toptextcells" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; width: 100%"
! bgcolor="lightgrey" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;" colspan="15"| Sindarin Consonant Inventory
|-
|style="text-align:right; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid;"| [[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Koronal]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:26%;"| [[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Glottal stop|Glottal]]
|- style="border-bottom:2px solid;"
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| ↓ [[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]
|colspan="2" style="width:13%;"| [[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
|style="border-right:1px solid;"| m ⟨m, mm⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| n
|rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| ŋ ⟨ng, ñ⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| p
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| b
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| t
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| d
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| k ⟨c⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ɡ
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Frikative|Frikative]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| f ⟨f, ph⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| v ⟨v, f⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| θ ⟨th⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ð ⟨dh⟩
| s
|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| x ⟨ch⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"| h
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|rowspan="3" colspan="6" style="border-right:0;"|
|colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| (j)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|Vibrant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| r̥ ⟨rh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| r
|colspan="6" style="border-right:1px solid; border-left:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral Approximant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| l̥ ⟨lh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| l
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| (lʲ)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right: 1px solid"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid; border-top:0; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Labial approximant|Labial Approximant]]
|style="border-bottom:1px solid;" colspan="10"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| ʍ ⟨hw⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| w
|style="border:1px solid; border-top:0;" colspan="2"|
|-
|colspan="15" style="font-size: 90%;"| ''Where signs occur in pairs, the left ones are [[wikipedia:|voiceless]] and the right ones are [[wikipedia:|voiced]] sound. Where the usual romanisation differs from the IPA sign, it is given between angle brackets ⟨…⟩. Sign in parentheses (…) are allophones of other phonems listed.''
|}

==== Gemination ====
Five of those consonants can occur doubled and are then intended to be pronounced for a longer duration.

* ''s'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''lossen'' {{IPA|/ˈlɔsːɛn/}} ‘snowy’, ''lass'' {{IPA|/ˈlasː/}} ‘leaf’
* ''l'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''callon'' {{IPA|/ˈkalːɔn/}} ‘hero’, ''sell'' {{IPA|/ˈsɛlː/}} ‘daughter’
* ''n'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''annon'' {{IPA|/ˈanːɔn/}} ‘gate’, ''ann'' {{IPA|/ˈanː/}} ‘gift’
* ''r'' only in the middle of words: ''Rochirrim'' {{IPA|/rɔˈxirːim/}} ‘[[Rohirrim|Horse-lords]]’
* ''f'' only in the middle of words: ''aphadon'' {{IPA|/ˈafːadɔn/}} ‘follower’

Sindarin used to have {{IPA|/mː/}} as well, but this combination has shortened in pronunciation. Still ''mm'' occurs sometimes in the romanisation, where it is either a reminder that ''m'' still attracts [[#Stress|stress]], or as a purely aesthetic choice.

==== Vowels ====

{| class="wikitable centered float-right" style="text-align:center;
|+ Sindarin vowel system
|-
!   !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! Close
|style="border:none;"| i · y
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| u
|-
! Mid
|style="border:none;"| ɛ
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| ɔ
|-
! Open
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| a ~ ɑ
|style="border:none;"|
|}

Sindarin distinguishes three different vowel lengths: short vowels, which are left unmarked in the romanisation (''i, y, e, a, o, u''), long vowels, marked by an acute accent (''í, ý, ó, ú'') and specially prolonged ones, that usually (but not exclusively) occur in monosyllables and are marked with a circumflex (''î, ŷ, ê, â, ô, û''). All vowels can occur in both short and over-long form, but only some exist as long vowels: ancient long ''ē, ā'' and ''ō'' had shifted to ''í, ó/au, ú'', leaving ''é, á'' absent in Sindarin.

Those vowels can form six diphthongs: three ending in ''-i'' (''ei, ai, ui''), two in ''-e'' (''ae, oe'') and one in ''-u'' (''au''). Other combinations of vowels are not diphthongal, but occupy two separate syllables (e. g. [[Elbereth|''Gilthoniel'']] is ''Gil·tho·ni·el'' with four syllables). The only exception to this is ''i'' followed by another vowel occurring at the beginning of a word, there it represents ''j'' (the ''y'' sound in English ''you''), e. g. ''iant'' /jant/.

==== Pronunciation guide ====

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|t'''â'''d]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|aɛ̯}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|ai̯}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|au̯}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is the preferred spelling at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl|'''ê'''l]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛi̯}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''f''' || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>). Notice that ''[[Gandalf]]'' is an Old Norse name, not Sindarin, so the rule does not apply here.
|-
| '''g''' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| '''h''' || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''hw''' || {{IPA|ʍ}} || [[chwind|'''hw'''ind]] || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| '''i''' || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| '''í''' || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| '''î''' || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''l''' || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]], if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| '''lh''' || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English, but it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless alveolar lateral]], like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''m''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| '''mh''' || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' later, but the spelling ''mh'' for mutated ''m'' still occurs occasionally,<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 129: “''e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în''”</ref>. However, in later spelling ''mh'' inside of words is usually means separate ''m'' + ''h'' (e. g. in ''[[Glamhoth|glamhoth]]'')<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 39: “S ''hoth'' [...] ''glam·hoth''”.</ref>.
|-
| '''mm''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' has shortened<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html|articlename=S. [mm] shortened|website=Eldamo|accessed=2032-05-27}}, however it still counts as heavy for the purpose of stress.</ref>
|-
| '''n''' || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| '''nc''' || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| '''ng''' || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]], [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} (like ''ng'' in English ''finger'') between two vowels and in the combination ''-ngl-, -ngr-''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 36: “[ŋg] has since remained before ''r, l'', but became [ŋ] before other consonants”.</ref>, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''sing''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''o''' || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips, similar the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. It should not have a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| '''ó''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ô''' || {{IPA|ɔːː}} || [[Dôr|d'''ô'''r]] || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''oe''' || {{IPA|ɔɛ̯}} || [[Nen Hithoel|Nen Hith'''oe'''l]] || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''œ''' || {{IPA|œ}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it has become ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Wethrin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœid Wethrin''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 41: “œrœid-wethion”.</ref>. Notice that ''œ'' and ''oe'' are not always distinguished in printing, in most cases the reading as a diphthong is the correct one.
|-
| '''p''' || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| '''ph''' || {{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[fː]}} between, {{IPA|f}} everywhere else. It is used there instead of ''f'' to notate the mutation result of ''p'' and to distinguish it from ''f'' = {{IPA|[v]}} when word-final.
|-
| '''r''' || {{IPA|r}} || [[Beren|Be'''r'''en]] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English.
|-
| '''rh''' || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English, but it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| '''s''' || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''t''' || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''th''' || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is represented by ''dh'' in Sindarin.
|-
| '''u''' || {{IPA|u}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', but otherwise sounds the same.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| '''ui''' || {{IPA|ui̯}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable.
|-
| '''v''' || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| '''w''' || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwathló|G'''w'''athló]] ||  
|-
| '''y''' || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. You can produce this sound by pronouncing an ''i'' and then rounding your lips as if you were pronouncing an ''u''. In [[Gondor]] it became ''i''.
|-
| '''ý''' || {{IPA|yː}} || [[Moon#Other names|c'''ý'''ron]] || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ŷ''' || {{IPA|yːː}} || c'''ŷ'''r || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-06-04T11:04:17Z

Jteuber: /* Pronunciation guide */

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="centered toptextcells" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; width: 100%"
! bgcolor="lightgrey" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;" colspan="15"| Sindarin Consonant Inventory
|-
|style="text-align:right; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid;"| [[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Koronal]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:26%;"| [[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Glottal stop|Glottal]]
|- style="border-bottom:2px solid;"
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| ↓ [[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]
|colspan="2" style="width:13%;"| [[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
|style="border-right:1px solid;"| m ⟨m, mm⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| n
|rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| ŋ ⟨ng, ñ⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| p
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| b
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| t
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| d
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| k ⟨c⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ɡ
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Frikative|Frikative]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| f ⟨f, ph⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| v ⟨v, f⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| θ ⟨th⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ð ⟨dh⟩
| s
|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| x ⟨ch⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"| h
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|rowspan="3" colspan="6" style="border-right:0;"|
|colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| (j)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|Vibrant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| r̥ ⟨rh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| r
|colspan="6" style="border-right:1px solid; border-left:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral Approximant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| l̥ ⟨lh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| l
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| (lʲ)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right: 1px solid"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid; border-top:0; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Labial approximant|Labial Approximant]]
|style="border-bottom:1px solid;" colspan="10"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| ʍ ⟨hw⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| w
|style="border:1px solid; border-top:0;" colspan="2"|
|-
|colspan="15" style="font-size: 90%;"| ''Where signs occur in pairs, the left ones are [[wikipedia:|voiceless]] and the right ones are [[wikipedia:|voiced]] sound. Where the usual romanisation differs from the IPA sign, it is given between angle brackets ⟨…⟩. Sign in parentheses (…) are allophones of other phonems listed.''
|}

==== Gemination ====
Five of those consonants can occur doubled and are then intended to be pronounced for a longer duration.

* ''s'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''lossen'' /ˈlɔsːɛn/ ‘snowy’, ''lass'' /ˈlasː/ ‘leaf’
* ''l'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''callon'' /ˈkalːɔn/ ‘hero’, ''sell'' /ˈsɛlː/ ‘daughter’
* ''n'' in the middle and at the end of words: ''annon'' /ˈanːɔn/ ‘gate’, ''ann'' /ˈanː/ ‘gift’
* ''r'' only in the middle of words: ''Rochirrim'' /rɔˈxirːim/ ‘[[Rohirrim|Horse-lords]]’
* ''f'' only in the middle of words: ''aphado''n /ˈafːadɔn/ ‘follower’

==== Vowels ====

{| class="wikitable centered float-right" style="text-align:center;
|+ Sindarin vowel system
|-
!   !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! Close
|style="border:none;"| i · y
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| u
|-
! Mid
|style="border:none;"| ɛ
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| ɔ
|-
! Open
|style="border:none;"|
|style="border:none;"| a ~ ɑ
|style="border:none;"|
|}

Sindarin distinguishes three different vowel lengths: short vowels, which are left unmarked in the romanisation (''i, y, e, a, o, u''), long vowels, marked by an acute accent (''í, ý, ó, ú'') and specially prolonged ones, that usually (but not exclusively) occur in monosyllables and are marked with a circumflex (''î, ŷ, ê, â, ô, û''). All vowels can occur in both short and over-long form, but only some exist as long vowels: ancient long ''ē, ā'' and ''ō'' had shifted to ''í, ó/au, ú'', leaving ''é, á'' absent in Sindarin.

Those vowels can form six diphthongs: three ending in ''-i'' (''ei, ai, ui''), two in ''-e'' (''ae, oe'') and one in ''-u'' (''au''). Other combinations of vowels are not diphthongal, but occupy two separate syllables (e. g. [[Elbereth|''Gilthoniel'']] is ''Gil·tho·ni·el'' with four syllables). The only exception to this is ''i'' followed by another vowel occurring at the beginning of a word, there it represents ''j'' (the ''y'' sound in English ''you''), e. g. ''iant'' /jant/.

==== Pronunciation guide ====

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|t'''â'''d]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|aɛ̯}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|ai̯}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|au̯}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is the preferred spelling at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl|'''ê'''l]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛi̯}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''f''' || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>). Notice that ''[[Gandalf]]'' is an Old Norse name, not Sindarin, so the rule does not apply here.
|-
| '''g''' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| '''h''' || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''hw''' || {{IPA|ʍ}} || [[chwind|'''hw'''ind]] || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| '''i''' || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| '''í''' || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| '''î''' || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''l''' || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]], if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| '''lh''' || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English, but it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless alveolar lateral]], like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''m''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| '''mh''' || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' later, but the spelling ''mh'' for mutated ''m'' still occurs occasionally,<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 129: “''e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în''”</ref>. However, in later spelling ''mh'' inside of words is usually means separate ''m'' + ''h'' (e. g. in ''[[Glamhoth|glamhoth]]'')<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 39: “S ''hoth'' [...] ''glam·hoth''”.</ref>.
|-
| '''mm''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' has shortened<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html|articlename=S. [mm] shortened|website=Eldamo|accessed=2032-05-27}}, however it still counts as heavy for the purpose of stress.</ref>
|-
| '''n''' || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| '''nc''' || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| '''ng''' || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]], [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} (like ''ng'' in English ''finger'') between two vowels and in the combination ''-ngl-, -ngr-''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 36: “[ŋg] has since remained before ''r, l'', but became [ŋ] before other consonants”.</ref>, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''sing''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''o''' || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips, similar the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. It should not have a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| '''ó''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ô''' || {{IPA|ɔːː}} || [[Dôr|d'''ô'''r]] || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''oe''' || {{IPA|ɔɛ̯}} || [[Nen Hithoel|Nen Hith'''oe'''l]] || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''œ''' || {{IPA|œ}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it has become ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Wethrin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœid Wethrin''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 41: “œrœid-wethion”.</ref>. Notice that ''œ'' and ''oe'' are not always distinguished in printing, in most cases the reading as a diphthong is the correct one.
|-
| '''p''' || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| '''ph''' || {{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[fː]}} between, {{IPA|f}} everywhere else. It is used there instead of ''f'' to notate the mutation result of ''p'' and to distinguish it from ''f'' = {{IPA|[v]}} when word-final.
|-
| '''r''' || {{IPA|r}} || [[Beren|Be'''r'''en]] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English.
|-
| '''rh''' || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English, but it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| '''s''' || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''t''' || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''th''' || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is represented by ''dh'' in Sindarin.
|-
| '''u''' || {{IPA|u}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', but otherwise sounds the same.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| '''ui''' || {{IPA|ui̯}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable.
|-
| '''v''' || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| '''w''' || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwathló|G'''w'''athló]] ||  
|-
| '''y''' || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. You can produce this sound by pronouncing an ''i'' and then rounding your lips as if you were pronouncing an ''u''. In [[Gondor]] it became ''i''.
|-
| '''ý''' || {{IPA|yː}} || [[Moon#Other names|c'''ý'''ron]] || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ŷ''' || {{IPA|yːː}} || c'''ŷ'''r || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-05-27T14:09:20Z

Jteuber:

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="centered toptextcells" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; width: 100%"
! bgcolor="lightgrey" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;" colspan="15"| Sindarin Consonant Inventory
|-
|style="text-align:right; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid;"| [[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:22%;"| [[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Koronal]]
|colspan="4" style="border:1px solid; width:26%;"| [[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Glottal stop|Glottal]]
|- style="border-bottom:2px solid;"
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| ↓ [[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]
|colspan="2" style="width:13%;"| [[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:11%;"| [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:7%;"| [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|colspan="2" style="border:1px solid; width:15%;"| [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|
|style="border-right:1px solid;"| m ⟨m, mm⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| n
|rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|
| ŋ ⟨ng, ñ⟩
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| p
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| b
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| t
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| d
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| k ⟨c⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ɡ
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Frikative|Frikative]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| f ⟨f, ph⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| v ⟨v, f⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| θ ⟨th⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| ð ⟨dh⟩
| s
|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| x ⟨ch⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"| h
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|rowspan="3" colspan="6" style="border-right:0;"|
|colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0;"| (j)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0;"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|Vibrant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| r̥ ⟨rh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| r
|colspan="6" style="border-right:1px solid; border-left:1px solid;"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border-left:1px solid; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral Approximant]]
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| l̥ ⟨lh⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| l
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| (lʲ)
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"|
|colspan="4" style="border-right: 1px solid"|
|-
|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid; border-top:0; border-right:2px solid; padding-left:5px;"| [[wikipedia:Labial approximant|Labial Approximant]]
|style="border-bottom:1px solid;" colspan="10"|
|style="border:1px solid; border-right:0"| ʍ ⟨hw⟩
|style="border:1px solid; border-left:0"| w
|style="border:1px solid; border-top:0;" colspan="2"|
|-
|colspan="15" style="font-size: 90%;"| ''Where signs occur in pairs, the left ones are [[wikipedia:|voiceless]] and the right ones are [[wikipedia:|voiced]] sound. Where the usual romanisation differs from the IPA sign, it is given between angle brackets ⟨…⟩. Sign in parentheses (…) are allophones of other phonems listed.''
|}

==== Vowels ====

Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

==== Pronunciation guide ====

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|tâd]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''f''' || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>). Notice that ''[[Gandalf]]'' is an Old Norse name, not Sindarin, so the rule does not apply here.
|-
| '''g''' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| '''h''' || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''hw''' || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| '''i''' || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| '''í''' || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| '''î''' || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''l''' || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly palatalised, if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| '''lh''' || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English, but it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless alveolar lateral]], like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''m''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| '''mh''' || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' later, but the spelling ''mh'' for mutated ''m'' still occurs occasionally,<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 129: “''e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în''”</ref>. However, in later spelling ''mh'' inside of words is usually means separate ''m'' + ''h'' (e. g. in ''[[Glamhoth|glamhoth]]'')<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 39: “S ''hoth'' [...] ''glam·hoth''”.</ref>.
|-
| '''mm''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' has shortened<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html|articlename=S. [mm] shortened|website=Eldamo|accessed=2032-05-27}}, however it still counts as heavy for the purpose of stress.</ref>
|-
| '''n''' || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| '''nc''' || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| '''ng''' || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]], [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger'') and in ''-ngl-, -ngr-''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 36: “[ŋg] has since remained before ''r, l'', but became [ŋ] before other consonants”.</ref>, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''sing''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''o''' || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. It should not have a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| '''ó''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ô''' || {{IPA|ɔːː}} || [[Dôr|d'''ô'''r]] || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''oe''' || {{IPA|o͡ɛ}} || [[Nen Hithoel|Nen Hith'''oe'''l]] || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''œ''' || {{IPA|œ}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it has become ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Wethrin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœid Wethrin''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 41: “œrœid-wethion”.</ref>. Notice that ''œ'' and ''oe'' are not always distinguished.
|-
| '''p''' || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| '''ph''' || {{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[fː]}} between, {{IPA|f}} everywhere else. It is used there instead of ''f'' to notate the mutation result of ''p'' and to distinguish it from ''f'' = {{IPA|[v]}} when word-final.
|-
| '''r''' || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Be'''r'''en]] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English.
|-
| '''rh''' || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English, but it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| '''s''' || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''t''' || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''th''' || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| '''u''' || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| '''ui''' || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable.
|-
| '''v''' || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| '''w''' || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwathló|G'''w'''athló]] ||  
|-
| '''y''' || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. In [[Gondor]] it became ''i''.
|-
| '''ý''' || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ŷ''' || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-05-27T13:36:58Z

Jteuber:

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|tâd]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''f''' || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>). Notice that ''[[Gandalf]]'' is an Old Norse name, not Sindarin, so the rule does not apply here.
|-
| '''g''' || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| '''h''' || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''hw''' || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| '''i''' || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| '''í''' || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| '''î''' || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''l''' || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly palatalised, if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| '''lh''' || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English, but it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless alveolar lateral]], like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''m''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| '''mh''' || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' later, but the spelling ''mh'' for mutated ''m'' still occurs occasionally,<ref>{{SD|Epilogue}}, p. 129: “''e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în''”</ref>. However, in later spelling ''mh'' inside of words is usually means separate ''m'' + ''h'' (e. g. in ''[[Glamhoth|glamhoth]]'')<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 39: “S ''hoth'' [...] ''glam·hoth''”.</ref>.
|-
| '''mm''' || {{IPA|m}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' has shortened<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html|articlename=S. [mm] shortened|website=Eldamo|accessed=2032-05-27}}, however it still counts as heavy for the purpose of stress.</ref>
|-
| '''n''' || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| '''nc''' || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| '''ng''' || {{IPA|ŋɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]], [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger'') and in ''-ngl-, -ngr-''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 36: “[ŋg] has since remained before ''r, l'', but became [ŋ] before other consonants”.</ref>, and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''sing''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''o''' || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. It should not have a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| '''ó''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ô''' || {{IPA|ɔːː}} || [[Dôr|d'''ô'''r]] || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| '''oe''' || {{IPA|o͡ɛ}} || [[Nen Hithoel|Nen Hith'''oe'''l]] || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''œ''' || {{IPA|œ}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it has become ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Wethrin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœid Wethrin''<ref>{{PE|22a}}, p. 41: “œrœid-wethion”.</ref>. Notice that ''œ'' and ''oe'' are not always distinguished.
|-
| '''p''' || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| '''ph''' || {{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[fː]}} between, {{IPA|f}} everywhere else. It is used there instead of ''f'' to notate the mutation result of ''p'' and to distinguish it from ''f'' = {{IPA|[v]}} when word-final.
|-
| '''r''' || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Be'''r'''en]] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English.
|-
| '''rh''' || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English, but it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| '''s''' || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''t''' || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| '''th''' || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| '''u''' || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| '''ui''' || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable.
|-
| '''v''' || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| '''w''' || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwathló|G'''w'''athló]] ||  
|-
| '''y''' || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. In [[Gondor]] it became ''i''.
|-
| '''ý''' || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| '''ŷ''' || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-05-27T09:58:16Z

Jteuber: t

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || [[Sindarin numbers|tâd]] || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}}, Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>).
|-
| g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp'', never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| i || {{IPA|i, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]], [[iath|'''i'''ath]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. When a word starts with ''i'' followed by another vowel like in ''[[iath]]'', it instead represents {{IPA|[j]}}, the sound of ''y'' in English ''you''.
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''i'', except that it is held noticeably longer.
|-
| î || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]], [[Ithil|Ithi'''l''']] || Sindarin ''l'' is always pronounced like the light ''l'' in English ''let'', not the [[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#dark_l|dark ''l'']] in ''girl''. Following ''e, i'' it is slightly palatalised, if at the end of a word or preceding another consonant (e. g. in ''[[Ithil]]'').
|-
| lh || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|'''Lh'''ûn]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| mh || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| nc || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-05-27T09:32:18Z

Jteuber: first half

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| '''a''' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| '''â''' || {{IPA|ɑːː}}, {{IPA|aːː}} || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''a'', except that it is held for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ae''' || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a more [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|open vowel]].
|-
| '''ai''' || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''.
|-
| '''au''', '''aw''' || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]], [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| '''b''' || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| '''c''' || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake'', never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'', never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| '''d''' || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| '''dh''' || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''there, bathe'' (as opposed to the ''th'' in ''think, with'' which in Sindarin is written as ''th''). It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| '''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'', it should not have a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| '''ê''' || {{IPA|ɛːː}} || [[êl]] || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced like Sindarin ''e'', except that it is held for for a significantly longer time.
|-
| '''ei''' || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey''.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Finrod|'''F'''inrod]], [[Nindalf|Nindal'''f''']] || This represents {{IPA|[f]}} usually, except when final, where it is used for {{IPA|[v]}}. Tolkien also used ''f'' for {{IPA|[v]}} before consonants (e. g. ''[[Lefnui]]''<ref>{{VT|42a}} Entry ''Levnui'', p. 14.</ref>) or occasionally between vowels (e. g. ''[[Avari|Afor]]''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}} Entry ''AB-, ABAR-''.</ref>).
|-
| g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp''. Never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. It is never pronounced like ordinary ''w'' in English ''wail''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| i || {{IPA|ɪ, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. But sometimes Sindarin ''i'' is more like ''y'' in English ''young''—it is this way at the beginning of a word before a vowel, and in certain unstressed syllables before vowels. (For instance, ''[[Doriath]]'' is a compound of ''[[dôr]]+[[iath]]'', where ''[[iath]]'' is just one syllable.)
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''i'', and has a different quality. Sindarin ''í'' is most like ''i'' in English ''ink'' or like ''i'' in Spanish ''gringo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| î || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''í''.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]] ||  
|-
| lh || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|Lh'''û'''n]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| mh || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| nc || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-05-27T09:08:01Z

Jteuber: refs

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''<ref>{{App|Pronunciation}}</ref><ref>{{RGEO|Translations}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4127298049.html|articlename=S. pronunciation and transcription|website=Eldamo|accessed=2023-05-27}}</ref>
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| ''a'' || {{IPA|ɑ}}, {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Tolkien cites the English word ''father'', but it is unclear if this should be specifically a [[wikipeadi:Open back unrounded vowel|back vowel]], because RP English does not have the more common variants /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]/ natively.
|-
| ''â'' (''á'') || {{IPA|aːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''á'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''á''.
|-
| ae || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a ''more'' open vowel height.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''. ''ae'' is similar to ''ai'', but ''ai'' ends at a ''less'' open vowel height. J.R.R. Tolkien said that ''ae'' and ''ai'' can be pronounced the same if a person cannot tell the difference between them.
|-
| au, aw || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]]; [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| b || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| c || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| ch || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''. Never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| d || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| dh || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''the''. It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''comprende''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} ||   || Sindarin ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ê || {{IPA|eːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''é'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''é''.
|-
| ei || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey'', always with the ''y'' off-glide.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanor]] || Represents {{IPA|[v]}} when final or before ''n'', and {{IPA|[f]}} everywhere else.
|-
| g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp''. Never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. It is never pronounced like ordinary ''w'' in English ''wail''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| i || {{IPA|ɪ, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. But sometimes Sindarin ''i'' is more like ''y'' in English ''young''—it is this way at the beginning of a word before a vowel, and in certain unstressed syllables before vowels. (For instance, ''[[Doriath]]'' is a compound of ''[[dôr]]+[[iath]]'', where ''[[iath]]'' is just one syllable.)
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''i'', and has a different quality. Sindarin ''í'' is most like ''i'' in English ''ink'' or like ''i'' in Spanish ''gringo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| î || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''í''.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]] ||  
|-
| lh || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|Lh'''û'''n]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| mh || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| nc || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

User:Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology

2023-05-26T12:35:41Z

Jteuber: initial

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| a, ä || {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Sindarin ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Spanish ''mambo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| á || {{IPA|aː}} ||   || Sindarin ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''a'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| â || {{IPA|aːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''á'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''á''.
|-
| ae || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a ''more'' open vowel height.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''. ''ae'' is similar to ''ai'', but ''ai'' ends at a ''less'' open vowel height. J.R.R. Tolkien said that ''ae'' and ''ai'' can be pronounced the same if a person cannot tell the difference between them.
|-
| au, aw || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]]; [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| b || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| c || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| ch || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''. Never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| d || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| dh || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''the''. It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''comprende''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} ||   || Sindarin ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ê || {{IPA|eːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''é'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''é''.
|-
| ei || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey'', always with the ''y'' off-glide.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanor]] || Represents {{IPA|[v]}} when final or before ''n'', and {{IPA|[f]}} everywhere else.
|-
| g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp''. Never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. It is never pronounced like ordinary ''w'' in English ''wail''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| i || {{IPA|ɪ, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. But sometimes Sindarin ''i'' is more like ''y'' in English ''young''—it is this way at the beginning of a word before a vowel, and in certain unstressed syllables before vowels. (For instance, ''[[Doriath]]'' is a compound of ''[[dôr]]+[[iath]]'', where ''[[iath]]'' is just one syllable.)
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''i'', and has a different quality. Sindarin ''í'' is most like ''i'' in English ''ink'' or like ''i'' in Spanish ''gringo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| î || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''í''.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]] ||  
|-
| lh || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|Lh'''û'''n]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| mh || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| nc || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

User:Jteuber

2023-05-26T12:34:26Z

Jteuber: /* Subpages & Sandbox */

{{user infobox
| name=Gilruin
| location=[[wikipedia:Munich|Munich]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
| age=20
| gender=Male
| email={{nospam|jteuber|gmx.net}}
| userboxes=
{{user en-3}} 
{{user de-N}} 
{{user Germany}} 
{{user ref}} 
{{user firefox}} 
{{user elves noldor}} 
| userboxheight=300px
}}

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''''[[Lambengolmor|Lambengolmo]] [[Elvish|Eldarinwa]]'''''
</div>

{{quote|Let us go! yea go / from the [[Valar|Gods]] for ever on [[Morgoth]]s trail / o’er the mountains of the world to vengeance and victory! Your [[Oath of Feanor|vows]] are ours!|[[The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor]] in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''}}

== Subpages & Sandbox ==
* [[/Sindarin Phonology]]

User:Jteuber

2023-05-26T12:32:16Z

Jteuber: subpages

{{user infobox
| name=Gilruin
| location=[[wikipedia:Munich|Munich]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
| age=20
| gender=Male
| email={{nospam|jteuber|gmx.net}}
| userboxes=
{{user en-3}} 
{{user de-N}} 
{{user Germany}} 
{{user ref}} 
{{user firefox}} 
{{user elves noldor}} 
| userboxheight=300px
}}

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''''[[Lambengolmor|Lambengolmo]] [[Elvish|Eldarinwa]]'''''
</div>

{{quote|Let us go! yea go / from the [[Valar|Gods]] for ever on [[Morgoth]]s trail / o’er the mountains of the world to vengeance and victory! Your [[Oath of Feanor|vows]] are ours!|[[The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor]] in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''}}

== Subpages & Sandbox ==
* [[Jteuber/Sindarin Phonology]]

Mordor

2023-05-07T14:38:02Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ write it as root, as one cant decide between môr & morn (and 'mor' with a short vowel is not a Sindarin word)

{{disambig-more|Mordor|[[Mordor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Across Gorgoroth.jpg|250px]]
| name=Mordor
| pronun=
| othernames=Dark Land, ''Nargûn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| location=Within [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]]
| capital=[[Barad-dûr]]
| towns=[[Minas Morgul]], [[Carchost]], [[Narchost]], [[Tower of Cirith Ungol|Cirith Ungol]], [[Durthang]]
| regions=[[Nurn]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]], [[Lithlad]], [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]]
| population=[[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], [[Nazgûl]], [[Men]], other creatures of Evil
| language=[[Westron]], [[Black Speech]], [[Orkish]]
| govern1=[[Gondor]] (until the Great Plague) [[Sauron]] later ruled by his freed slaves
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Established
| event1date=c. {{SA|1000}}
| event2=Defeated
| event2date={{SA|3441}}
| event3=Nazgûl return
| event3date={{TA|1980}}
| event4=Sauron returns
| event4date={{TA|2941}}
| event5=Defeated
| event5date={{TA|3019}}
| followedby=
}}
{{quote|In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie.|[[Ring Verse]]}}
'''Mordor''' was a land in the south-east of the [[Westlands]] east of [[Gondor]]. During most of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age]]s it was ruled by [[Sauron]] and it was his dwelling and base from which he attempted to conquer [[Middle-earth]].

Mordor was surrounded by three enormous mountain ridges from the North, from the West and from the South, protecting it from an unexpected invasion by any of the [[Free peoples]].

Only a few times in history did the free peoples have anything to do with Mordor; the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] broke into the land to fight Sauron, and millennia later [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] infiltrated that land to destroy [[the One Ring]].

== Geography ==
Mordor was protected from three sides by mountain ranges, arranged roughly rectangularly: [[Ered Lithui]] in the north, and [[Ephel Dúath]] in the west until turned to the east, forming a southern range. A narrow pass led through Ephel Dúath and the city of [[Minas Morgul]] (earlier [[Minas Ithil]]) was guarding that; an even more difficult pass was guarded by the giant spider [[Shelob]] and the fortress of [[Cirith Ungol]]. Another known fortress was [[Durthang]] in northern Ephel Dúath.

In the north-west corner of Mordor the deep valley of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] was the only entrance for large armies, and that is where Sauron built the Black Gate of Mordor. In front of the [[Morannon]] lay the [[Dagorlad]]. Sauron's main fortress [[Barad-dûr]] was at the foothills of [[Ered Lithui]]. To south-west of Barad-dûr lay the arid [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] and the volcanic [[Mount Doom]] (also called [[Orodruin]]); to the east lay the plain of [[Lithlad]]. The land in the western parts of Mordor were largely infertile, producing only sparse [[Brambles of Mordor|brambles]].

The southern part of Mordor, [[Nurn]], was slighly more fertile, and moist enough to carry the inland [[sea of Núrnen]]. Nurn was made somewhat fertile because the ash blown from Mount Doom left its soil nutrient rich, thus allowing dry-land farming. Unfortunately, the inland sea of Núrn was salty, not freshwater.

To the west of Mordor was the narrow land of [[Ithilien]] with the great river [[Anduin]], to the east [[Rhûn]], and to the south-east, [[Khand]].

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[Melkor]] created Mount Doom in the [[First Age]], and the name "Mordor" may have been given to the land before Sauron settled there because of its eruptions.<ref>{{PM|Last}}, p. 390 (note 14).</ref> Also in the First Age, the [[Drúedain]] migrated westward, and historians in Gondor believed that they came through lands south of Mordor and, after turning northward into [[Ithilien]], became the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

The first being known to occupy the mountains of Mordor was [[Shelob]], fleeing from the [[War of Wrath]] in [[Beleriand]] at the end of the First Age. She fed herself on [[Elves]] and [[Men]] living or passing nearby until these became scarce.<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref>

Sauron settled in Mordor around {{SA|1000}}. In the north-western corner of this land stood Mount Doom, where he had forged [[the One Ring]]. Near Orodruin he built his stronghold [[Barad-dûr]]. After this time, Sauron was known as the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lord of Mordor]].

For two and a half thousand years, Sauron ruled Mordor uninterruptedly. It was from Mordor that he [[War of the Elves and Sauron|made war against]] the [[Elves of Eregion]] and came to dominate most of Eriador in a period known as the [[Dark Years]]. That was until he was repelled by the [[High Men]] of [[Númenor]]. Retreating to Mordor, Sauron then directed his power over the far south and east of Mordor conquering and dominating the savage tribes of the [[Easterlings]] and the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> Almost a thousand years later, Sauron was captured by the Númenóreans and brought to their island kingdom, eventually causing its [[Númenor#Destruction|destruction]]. Sauron returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.

=== The Last Alliance and Third Age===
Sauron's rule was interrupted yet again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men and Elves failed, and they fought their way back to their foe's domain. After several months of siege in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]], forces of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] came into Mordor. Sauron was defeated in a final battle and the Dark Tower was leveled to the ground, but Mordor was not settled by Men because of the dreadful memory of Sauron, and Orodruin.<ref name=rings>{{s|V}}</ref>

The [[Kings of Gondor]] built watchtowers and fortresses around Mordor, such as the mountain fortress of [[Durthang]], the [[Towers of the Teeth]] at the [[Morannon]], and the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]], in order to prevent Sauron's servants from returning to Mordor.<ref name=Tower>{{RK|VI1}}</ref>

However, Gondor had failed in the long run; during the [[Great Plague]], the population was so diminished that troops were recalled and the fortresses abandoned.<ref>{{App|South}}</ref><ref>{{App|TA}}, {{TA|1640}}</ref> Deprived of guard, Mordor began to fill with evil things again, and it is said the first shadow was the [[Lord of the Nazgûl]] ({{TA|1980}}) who summoned the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], first appearing since the [[War of the Last Alliance]], to prepare the return of Sauron.<ref name=rings/><ref name=ta/> [[Minas Ithil]] was conquered by the Ringwraiths in {{TA|2002}}; other fortifications that were supposed to defend Gondor from the menace inside Mordor were captured and turned into a means of shielding Mordor. Sauron resided in [[Dol Guldur]], until the [[White Council]] [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attacked]] it in {{TA|2941}}, forcing Sauron to flee.

Meanwhile Mordor had been long prepared for him, and declaring himself openly he returned to Mordor in {{TA|2951}}, where he finished reconstructing his Dark Tower.<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref><ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> By that time Mordor was protected too well to be captured by any military might that was available to the Free Peoples; in the north of Mordor during the War of the Ring were the great garrisons and forges of war, while surrounding the bitter inland [[Sea of Núrnen]] to the south lay the vast fields tended for the provision of the armies by hordes of slaves brought in from lands to the east and south.

=== War of the Ring ===
During the War of the Ring, Sauron gathered all his forces to Mordor. After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a Host of the West went to the Black Gate. Sauron sent his army to destroy the Men of Gondor and Rohan, but then [[Frodo Baggins]] destroyed the One Ring and Mordor fell. The Dark Tower, the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth collapsed to ruin. Mount Doom exploded. Both Sauron and his Ringwraiths were apparently destroyed.

After the ultimate defeat of Sauron, Mordor became mostly empty again as the [[Orcs]] inside it fled or were killed. Crippled by thousands of years of abuse and neglect, but capable of sustaining life, the land of Mordor was given to the defeated foes of Gondor as a consolation, as well as to the freed slaves of Nurn who were formerly forced to farm there to feed the armies of Mordor.

== Etymology ==
'''''Mordor''''' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "Black Land". It is a compound of ''[[mor|MOR-]]'' ("black, dark") and ''[[dôr]]'' ("land").<ref>{{L|144}}, paragraph about the Black Speech</ref><ref>{{S|Elements}}, entries ''mor'', ''dôr''</ref>

Its name in [[Khuzdul]] was '''''Nargûn''''', which contains the element ''narg'' ("black").<ref>{{RS|4XXVN}}, note 39, p. 466</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The first ever reference to Sauron's land is mentioned without a name, in the story of the Fall, written in the 1930s, as an inner land far from the sea, over the mountains. There [[Thû]] had a fortress, and "[[Amroth]]" assailed him.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}</ref> The name Mordor, the Black Country, appears first time in the second version of that text, along with Elendil and Gil-galad (both of them mentioned first time).<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}</ref>
==Inspiration==
It is not uncommon for names in Tolkien's fiction to have relevant meanings in several languages, both those invented by Tolkien, and "real" ones, but this of course happens with any two languages.

*A proposed etymology is [[Old English]] ''morðor'', which means "mortal sin" and later "murder".
*''Mordor'' is also a name cited in some Nordic mythologies referring to a land where its citizens practice evil without knowing it, imposed on themselves by the society long created for that purpose.

Tolkien is reported to have identified Mordor with the volcano of [[Wikipedia:Stromboli|Stromboli]] off Sicily.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], [[Dick Plotz]] ([[1968]]), "Many Meetings with Tolkien: An Edited Transcript of Remarks at the December 1966 [[Mythopoeic Society|TSA Meeting]]", ''Niekas'' (Niekas Publications, New Hampshire, USA) (19): 39–40 Referred to at tolkienguide.com and by another publication of the Niekas editor. Referred to at [http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wordpress/?p=3 tolkienguide.com ] and by [http://efanzines.com/ERM/veh36.htm another publication of the Niekas editor].</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1980s: ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:In ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] assumed that the lands of Mordor, [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]] lay where the inland [[Sea of Helcar]] had been, and that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] were its remnants. The atlas was however published before ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', where it turned out that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] existed already in the First Age, notwithstanding that Mordor, due to the creation of the volcanic [[Mount Doom]], could have been uplifted from the Sea of Helcar during this time.

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]'':'''
:The proximity of Mount Doom and Barad-dûr is at a distance that is non-canonical.{{citation needed}}

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Before the rise of [[Sauron]], the land of Mordor was known as the '''Southlands''' and the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] was inhabited by [[Men]] who called themselves [[Pre-Númenóreans|Southlanders]]. These Men had built countless settlements. Some of which were villages such as [[Tirharad]], [[Hordern]], and [[Iorbad]], while others were outposts such as the [[Watchtower of Ostirith]].
:'''7 October: ''[[The Eye]]'':'''
::[[Waldreg]], under the instruction of [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], diverted water into [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]], causing it to erupt. After the region is destroyed by the eruption and its inhabitants fled, Adar states that the Southlands is the name of a place that no longer exists. A caption reveals its new name to be Mordor.

==See also==
* [[Sauron]]
* [[Barad-dûr]]
* [[Orodruin]]
* [[Black Gate]]

{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Mordor| ]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Mordor]]
[[fi:Mordor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/mordor]]

Sindarin

2023-02-21T09:03:31Z

Jteuber: /* History */ cursive cirth → TI/462-3, angular tengwar → DTS 16

{{rewrite}}
'''Sindarin''' was the [[Elvish]] language most commonly spoken in [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]].
==History==
Sindarin was the language of the [[Sindar]], those [[Teleri]] which had been left behind on the [[Great Journey]] of the [[Elves]]. It was derived from an earlier language called [[Common Telerin]]. When the [[Noldor]] came back to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native [[Quenya]] more beautiful.

Sindarin became the language of the Noldor because of the command of King [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]] of [[Doriath]]. Upon learning of the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]], he declared that [[Quenya]], the language of the Noldor, should be prohibited in his lands. As the Noldor were dwelling in a Sindarin-speaking land, and because of the decree of Thingol though it did not directly affect them, they gradually switched entirely to Sindarin. Their names were also changed to Sindarin, such as ''Finwë-Ñolofinwë'' to [[Fingolfin]], and ''Turukáno'' to [[Turgon]].

When the [[Elves of Beleriand]] first encountered the dwarves, they could not understand a word of the [[Khuzdul|tongue of the Dwarves]]. Dwarves were swift to learn and indeed were more willing to learn Sindarin than to teach their own to those of alien race.<ref>{{S|10}}</ref>

Before the downfall, most of the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]] also knew Sindarin, though the common language there was [[Adûnaic]]. Knowledge of it was kept in the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] realms-in-exile [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], especially amongst the learned.{{fact}} While [[Westron]] (descended from Adûnaic) became the most common language in Middle-earth during the [[Third Age]], Sindarin remained the everyday language of Elves and [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].{{fact}}

The written script alphabet of the Elven languages is typically '''[[Tengwar]]''', although '''[[Cirth]]''' (itself originally intended specifically for Sindarin) can also be used.

== Grammar ==
Sindarin is mainly analytic, though traits of its highly inflected progenitor can still be seen.

=== Phonology ===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| a, ä || {{IPA|a}} || [[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]] || Sindarin ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Spanish ''mambo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| á || {{IPA|aː}} ||   || Sindarin ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''a'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| â || {{IPA|aːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''á'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''á''.
|-
| ae || {{IPA|a͡ɛ}} || [[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]] || Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a ''more'' open vowel height.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|a͡ɪ}} || [[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]] || Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''. ''ae'' is similar to ''ai'', but ''ai'' ends at a ''less'' open vowel height. J.R.R. Tolkien said that ''ae'' and ''ai'' can be pronounced the same if a person cannot tell the difference between them.
|-
| au, aw || {{IPA|a͡ʊ}} || [[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]]; [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']] || Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
| b || {{IPA|b}} || [[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]] ||  
|-
| c || {{IPA|k}} || [[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| ch || {{IPA|x}} || [[orch|or'''ch''']] || Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''. Never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
| d || {{IPA|d}} || [[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]] ||  
|-
| dh || {{IPA|ð}} || [[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]] || Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''the''. It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]] || Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''comprende''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} ||   || Sindarin ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ê || {{IPA|eːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''é'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''é''.
|-
| ei || {{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}} || [[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]] || Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey'', always with the ''y'' off-glide.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f, v}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanor]] || Represents {{IPA|[v]}} when final or before ''n'', and {{IPA|[f]}} everywhere else.
|-
| g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || [[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]] || Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp''. Never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} ||   || Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. It is never pronounced like ordinary ''w'' in English ''wail''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
| i || {{IPA|ɪ, j}} || [[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]] || Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. But sometimes Sindarin ''i'' is more like ''y'' in English ''young''—it is this way at the beginning of a word before a vowel, and in certain unstressed syllables before vowels. (For instance, ''[[Doriath]]'' is a compound of ''[[dôr]]+[[iath]]'', where ''[[iath]]'' is just one syllable.)
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]] || Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''i'', and has a different quality. Sindarin ''í'' is most like ''i'' in English ''ink'' or like ''i'' in Spanish ''gringo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| î || {{IPA|iːː}} || [[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]] || Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''í''.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]] ||  
|-
| lh || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[Lhûn|Lh'''û'''n]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[mellon|me'''ll'''on]] || Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]] ||  
|-
| mh || {{IPA|ṽ}} ||   || An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]] || Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]] ||  
|-
| nc || {{IPA|ŋk}} || [[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']] || Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}} || [[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']] || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]] || Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

=== Nouns ===
:''See: [[:Category:Sindarin words|Sindarin words]]''
==== Pluralization ====
Sindarin plurals are characterised by ''i-affection'', or ''umlaut'' (see also ''[[prestanneth]]'' "affection of vowels").<ref>{{L|347}}, p. 427</ref> Almost all Sindarin words form their plurals like English man/men and goose/geese — by changing the vowels in the word. The most usual plural patterns are:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgray; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2" | '''In Non-final Syllables'''
|-
| a > e || galadh > gelaidh
|-
| e > e || bereth > berith
|-
| i > i || fireb > firib
|-
| o > e || golodh > gelydh
|-
| ó > ó || Ódhel > Ódhil
|-
| u > y || tulus > tylys
|-
| ú > ú || ''(no example available)''
|-
| y > y || ''(no example available)''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2" | '''In Final Syllables'''
|-
| a > ai, e || adan > edain, parf > perf<ref group="note">''a'' becomes ''e'' in consonant clusters.</ref>
|-
| â > ai || tâl > tail
|-
| e > i || edhel > edhil
|-
| ê > î || hên > [[hîn]]
|-
| i > i || brennil > brennil
|-
| î > î || hîr > hîr
|-
| o > y || annon > ennyn
|-
| ô > ui || thôn > thuin
|-
| u > y || urug > yryg
|-
| û > ui || dûr > duir
|-
| y > y || ylf > ylf
|-
| ŷ > ŷ || mŷl > mŷl
|-
| au, o > oe || aur > oer, nibinnog > nibinnoeg<ref group="note">Final ''o'' from ancient ''ā'' or ''au'' becomes ''oe''.</ref>
|}

Note that ''ai'' can sometimes become ''î''.

The reason for this is that the primitive plural ending ''-ī'' (still present in Quenya as ''-i'' after consonants and -e) affected the vowels in the word by making them higher and fronter. After this sound change occurred, the suffix ''-ī'' disappeared when all final vowels were lost:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgray; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" colspan="2" | '''In -jā Words'''
|-
| ai > î || cair > cîr (from k'''i'''rjā)
|-
| ai > î || fair > fîr (from ph'''e'''rjā)
|-
| ai > ai || bain > bain (from b'''a'''njā)
|-
| ui > ui || fuir > fuir (from ph'''o'''rjā)
|-
| ui > ui || ruin > ruin (from r'''u'''njā
|}

==== Class Plural ====
Sindarin also has several suffixes which denote a so-called class plural. For example, ''-ath'' indicates a group of something, e.g. ''elenath'' from ''[[elen]]'' (an archaic form of ''êl''), meaning "star" and ''-ath''. It means "a group of stars" or "all the stars in the sky". Another ending, ''-rim'', is used to indicate a race, e.g. ''nogothrim'' from ''nogoth'' — "dwarf" and ''-rim'', meaning "the race of dwarves". The ending ''-hoth'' is generally used in an unfriendly sense, e.g. ''gaurhoth'' from ''gaur'' — "werewolf" and ''-hoth'', meaning "werewolf-host".

=== Mutation ===
Sindarin has a complex series of mutations. There are three main different types of mutations: ''soft mutation'' (or lenition), ''nasal mutation'' and ''stop'' (occlusive) ''mutation''. Additionally, a ''mixed mutation'' and a ''sibilant mutation'' are also observed after certain particles or prepositions. Finally, it is presumed that Sindarin also once had what we could call an ''archaic spirantal mutation'' (also sometimes called ''liquid mutation'' by scholars). It is still uncertain whether this mutation is still productive or if it only occurs in ancient constructs.

Initial mutations must not be confused with assimilations that may occur in compound words (such as, for instance, in the names ''[[Araphor]]'', ''[[Arassuil]]'', and ''[[Caradhras]]'').

The following table outlines how different consonants are affected by the different mutations:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Basic'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Soft'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Nasal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Mixed'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Stop'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Liquid'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Sibilant'''
|-
| p... || b... || ph... || b... || ph... || ph... || ph...
|-
| t... || d... || th... || d... || th... || th... || th...
|-
| c... || g... || ch... || g... || ch... || ch... || ch...
|-
| b... || v... || m... || b... || b... || v... || b...
|-
| d... || dh... || n... || d... || d... || dh... || d...
|-
| g... || '... || ñ... || g... || g... || '... || g...
|-
| b(x)... || v(x)... || b(x)... || b(x)... || b(x)... || v(x)... || b(x)...
|-
| d(x)... || dh(x)... || d(x)... || d(x)... || d(x)... || dh(x)... || d(x)...
|-
| g(x)... || '(x)... || g(x)... || g(x)... || g(x)... || '(x)... || g(x)...
|-
| m... || v... || m... || m... || m... || v... || m...
|-
| h... || ch... || ch... || ch... || ch... || ch... || ch...
|-
| s... || h... || s... || h... || s... || s... || s...
|-
| r... || r... || r... || r... || r... || r... || rh...
|-
| l... || l... || l... || l... || l... || l... || lh...
|-
| i... || i... || i... || i... || i... || i... || ch...
|-
| rh... || thr... || thr... || 'r... || thr... || 'r... || rh...
|-
| lh... || thl... || thl... || 'l... || thl... || 'l... || lh...
|-
| hw... || chw... || chw... || 'w... || thw... || 'w... || hw...
|}

Here the apostrophe indicates elision.

Words beginning in ''b-'', ''d-'', or ''g-'' which descend from older ''mb-'', ''nd-'', or ''ng-'' are affected differently by the mutations:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Basic'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Soft'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Nasal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Mixed'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Stop'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Liquid'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Sibilant'''
|-
| b... || m... || mb... || mb... || mb... || b... || b...
|-
| d... || n... || nd... || nd... || nd... || d... || d...
|-
| g... || ñ... || ng... || ng... || ng... || g... || g...
|}

Take, for example, the deictic article ''i'', which triggers soft mutation. When added to a word like ''[[tâl]]'', it becomes ''i dâl''. In Sindarin's phonological history, ''t'' became ''d'' in the middle of a word. Because ''i tâl'' at the time was considered one word, the ''t'' became ''d'', and thus ''i dâl''. However, without the article the word is still ''tâl''.

Mutation is triggered in various ways:
* Soft mutation, the most widely occurring mutation, is triggered by the singular article ''i'', the prefixes ''athra-, ath-, [[go-]], [[go-|gwa-]],'' and ''ú-'', as well as the prepositions ''ab, am, be, di, na,'' and ''nu,'' and after ''avo''. It also affects an adjective following a noun and the object of a verb.
* Nasal mutation is triggered by the plural article ''in'', and the prepositions ''an'' and ''dan''.
* Mixed mutation is triggered by the genitive article ''en'', and the prepositions ''ben, erin, nan, 'nin,'' and ''uin''.
* Stop mutation is triggered by the prepositions ''ed, ned,'' and ''o(d)''.
* Liquid mutation is presumably triggered by the preposition ''or''.
* Sibilant mutation is triggered by the conjunction ''ah'' and preposition ''oh''.

=== Pronouns ===
Sindarin pronouns, like those in English, still maintain some case distinction, having nominative, accusative, possessive, and dative forms. They are one of the poorly attested features of Sindarin. While recent publications offer a clearer picture, the whole system is yet to be attested. Thus the following table will list only the personal pronouns, marking the non-attested forms with asterisks.

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| rowspan="2" |
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2" | '''First Person'''
| bgcolor="gray" |
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2" | '''Second Person'''
| bgcolor="gray" |
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2" | '''Third Person'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Plural'''
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Nominative'''
| ni* || me* / pe* (incl.)
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| '''''ci''''' / '''''le''''' (form.) || '''''de'''''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| te* || '''''ti'''''
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Accusative'''
| '''''nin''''' || '''''ven''''' / ben*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| gin* / len* || dhen*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| '''''den''''' || din*
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Possessive'''
| '''''nîn''''' || '''''vîn''''' / bîn*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| gîn* / '''''lîn''''' || dhîn*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| '''''dîn''''' || dîn*
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Dative'''
| '''''annin''''' || '''''ammen''''' / aphen*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| echin* / allen* || annen*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| athen* || ethin*
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Enclitic'''
| '''''-(o)n''''' || '''''-(o)f''''' / '''''-(a)b'''''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| '''''-(o)g''''' / '''''-(o)l''''' || -(o)dh*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| ◌̂ & '''''-(a)''''' || '''''-(a)r'''''
|}

=== Verbs ===
Sindarin verbs are also quite complex. The number of attested verbs in Sindarin is small, although recent publications clarify most details of conjugation. There are two main types of verbs: ''basic'' and ''derived''. Basic verbs have stems which end in a consonant, and derived verbs have stems which incorporate some sort derivational morpheme (such as a causative ending) which ends in ''-a''.

==== Basic Verbs ====
Basic verbs, though smaller in number than derived verbs, have a very complex conjugation which arises from Sindarin's phonological history.

Basic verbs form infinitives by adding ''-i'' to the stem: ''firi'' from ''fir-''. For this reason, basic verbs are also known as "I-verbs". This ending causes an ''a'' or ''o'' in the stem to umlaut to ''e'': ''ceri'' from ''car-''. But Sindarin does not have much use for infinitive forms, it rather uses the gerund to achieve the same meaning by suffixing ''-ed'': ''fired'', ''cared''.

For all persons except the third person singular, the aorist/present tense is formed by the insertion of ''-i'' between the stem and the pronominal suffixes: ''firin'', ''firir''. As with the infinitive, ''-i'' causes an ''a'' or ''o'' in the stem to umlaut to ''e'': ''cerin'', ''cerir'', from ''car-''. The third person singular, because it has a zero-ending, does not require the insertion of ''-i''. This leaves the bare stem, which causes the stem vowel to become long as with most monosyllabic words: ''fîr'', ''câr''.

The past tense formation of basic verbs have some of the most complex rules due to Sindarin's phonological history. There are two (non-interchangeable) methods of conjugation for certain forms of verbs. Those whose final consonants are B, D, G, (ancient P, T, K,) employ what is called the Nasal Infixion method, while the rest employs Vowel Lengthening. Both methods also include augmentation of the stem, which duplicates the base vowel by adding it to the beginning of verbs.

* An example to Nasal Infixion: †''mat-'' (the ancient form of ''mad-'' "to eat") becomes †''amat-'' with the augmentation of the base vowel, and †''amante'' with the infixion of ''-ne''. This yields ''avant'', ''avanne-'' in modern Sindarin (note the mutation of ''m'' to ''v'' due to lenition). Here ''avant'' means "(he/she/it) ate", and ''avannen'', ''avanner'' mean "I ate", "they ate".
** After infixion, final ''b'' becomes '''-mp''' & '''-mme-'''; final ''d'' becomes '''-nt''' & '''-nne-''' (as in the example); final ''g'' becomes '''-nc''' & '''-nge-'''.
* An example to Vowel Lengthening: †''kar-'' (in modern orthography ''car-'' "to do, make") becomes †''akar-'' with augmentation and ''akāre-'' with lengthening. Due to Sindarin's complex phonological history, ancient long ''a'' becomes ''o'' in polysyllabic forms, which yields ''agor'', ''agóre-'' in modern Sindarin (note the lenition of ''c'' to ''g''). Here ''agor'' means "(he/she/it) did", and ''agóren'', ''agórer'' mean "I did", "they did".
** After lengthening, ''a'' becomes '''o/ó''' (as in the example); ''e'' becomes '''i/í'''; ''i'' becomes '''i/í'''; ''o'' becomes '''u/ú'''; ''y'' becomes '''u/ú''' (''*ýl-'' > ''uiul'', ''uiúle-'').

The future tense is formed by the addition of ''-atha(-)''. As with derived verbs, the final ''a'' becomes ''o'' with the addition of pronominal suffixes with the exceptions of first person plural inclusive ''-(a)b'', and third person plural ''-(a)r'': ''carathon'', ''carathar''.

The imperative is formed with the addition of ''-o'' to the stem: ''caro!'', ''mado!''.

==== Derived Verbs ====
Derived verbs have a much less complex conjugation because they have a thematic vowel ''a'', thus they are also known as "A-verbs".

The infinitive is formed with ''-o'', which replaces the ''-a'' of the stem, e.g. ''lasto'' from ''lasta-''. As this is not used, the gerund is formed with the addition of ''-(a)d'' to the stem: ''lastad''.

The aorist/present tense is formed without modification to the stem. The final ''a'' becomes ''o'' with the addition of pronominal suffixes (except ''-(a)b'' & ''-(a)r''): ''lasta'', ''laston'' from ''lasta-''.

The past tense is formed with the ending ''-nt'', which becomes ''-nne-'' with pronominal suffixes: ''lastant'', ''lastanner'' from ''lasta-''.

The future tense is formed with ''-atha(-)''. As with the aorist/present tense, the final ''a'' becomes ''o'' with the addition of pronominal suffixes: ''lastatha'', ''lastathon''.

The imperative form is identical to the infinitive: ''lasto!''.

== Dialects ==
During the [[First Age]] there were several dialects of Sindarin:
*''[[Doriathrin]]'' or the language of [[Doriath]], a form of the language which preserved many archaic forms;
*''[[Falathrin]]'' or the language of the [[Falas]], later also spoken in [[Nargothrond]];
*''[[North Sindarin]]'', the dialects originally spoken in [[Dorthonion]] and [[Hithlum]] by the Sindar, these dialects contained many unique words and were not fully intelligible with the Sindarin of [[Beleriand]] proper.

With the exception of Doriathrin, the dialects were changed under Noldorin influence, and adopted many [[Quenya]] features, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Noldor (who loved changing languages). The distinct dialects disappeared after the Noldor and Sindar were dispersed during the later [[Battles of Beleriand]]. In the refuges on the [[Isle of Balar]] and the [[Mouths of Sirion]] a new dialect arose under the refugees, which mainly took after Falathrin. During the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] Sindarin was a ''lingua franca'' for all Elves and their friends, until it was displaced as the [[Westron|Common Tongue]] by [[Westron]], a descendant of [[Adûnaic]] which was heavily influenced by Sindarin.

==Etymology==
The word ''Sindarin'' itself is actually a [[Quenya]] word given by the [[Noldor]]in Exiles.

==Other names==
No Sindarin word for ''Sindarin'' is known, but usually the terms '''''Edhellen''''' ("Elvish") and the neologism '''''Thindren''''' ("Grey Elvish"), a direct cognate of ''Sindarin'', are used in [[Neo-Sindarin]].

Sindarin is the language referred to as "the '''Elven-tongue'''" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

In a letter, [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] referred to Sindarin as '''Grey Elvish'''.<ref>{{L|230}}</ref> In another manuscript he used the similar name '''Grey-elven'''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref>

==Inspiration==
Tolkien originally imagined that the language which would become ''Sindarin'' was spoken by the Noldor. However, Tolkien later decided that it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called "[[Noldorin]]" in the older material, such as the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]''. When Noldorin became Sindarin, it also adopted some features of the originally unrelated language ''[[Ilkorin]]''. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on [[Welsh]], and Sindarin displays of the consonant mutations that characterise the Celtic (especially Brythonic) languages. The language was also probably influenced to an extent by the Germanic languages, as Tolkien was a scholar of both [[Old English]] and [[Old Norse]].

== External links ==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin – ''The Noble Tongue''], by [[Helge Kåre Fauskanger]] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/ Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary]
*[http://sindarin.weet.us/ I Lam Arth - The Noble Tongue], a technical study of Sindarin
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/sindarin.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Sindarin| ]]
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Sindarin]]
[[fi:Sindar (kieli)]]
[[fr:encyclo:langues:sindarin]]

Index:Unpublished material

2023-02-14T17:30:36Z

Jteuber: archive link

This is a list of known '''Unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, Notes, and Lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref name=Addenda>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology|dated=|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']]
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*[[Essay concerning Smith of Wootton Major|Essay concerning ''Smith of Wootton Major'']] (partially published)
*(Essay, written in response to seeing [[Pauline Baynes]]'s depiction of various characters from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien described each member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and some other persons as he pictured them — an invaluable aid to any illustrator of his work. [Bodleian Library, Oxford: Dept. of Western Manuscripts, Mss Tolkien A61, fols. 1—31.])<ref name=Plaza>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=Second%20Age&TID=235015|articlename=Tolkien's Lecture Notes - publish or be damned!|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=11 May 2014}}</ref>
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Note about the location of the [[Dúnedain]] ("In January of 2000, [[David Salo]] shared the following information on the Internet: 'There is a short but hardly legible note which Tolkien wrote for insertion into the story of [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] (and which was not in the event used); it includes information about the location of the Dunedain. Because of the difficulty of the note, the information is not entirely clear, but it suggests that the Dunedain lived in woodlands between the [[Hoarwell|Mitheithel]] and [[Bruinen]]. Source: microfilms at [[Marquette University]], Series 3, Box 9, Folder 3.'")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://www.minastirith.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=17;t=000253|articlename=Forum post|dated=7 July 2004|website=[http://www.minastirith.com/ minastirith.com]|accessed=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Drama==
*''The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>

==Fiction==
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[Anaxartamel]]''
*''[[Of the Ents and the Eagles]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''
*''[[The End of Bovadium]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*''[[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]]''
*"The Brothers in Arms" (or "The Brothers-in-Arms")<ref name=CGC842>{{CG|C}}, p. 842</ref>
*"Companions of the Rose"<ref name=CGC843/>
*"Copernicus and Ptolemy" (or "Copernicus v. Ptolemy")<ref name=CGC843/>
*"The Dale-lands"<ref name=CGC843>{{CG|C}}, p. 843</ref>

==Poetry==
*''[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]''
*([[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]])
*''[[Tales and Songs of Bimble Bay]]''
*"[[From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames|From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames (second stanza)]] [add note in article]
*"[[The Horns of Ylmir|The Grimness of the Sea]]" [add note in article]
*"[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]"<ref name=CGC848>{{CG|C}}, p. 848</ref>
*"[[Magna Dei Gloria]]"<ref name=CGC850>{{CG|C}}, p. 850</ref>
*"[[The Two Riders. Earlier versions]]"
*"[[The Brothers in Arms]]" (or The Brothers-inArms)
*"The Children of Húrin" (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*"[[Companions of the Rose]]"
*"[[The Complaint of Mîm the Dwarf]]" (only published in German)
*"[[Completorium]]"<ref name=CGC843/>
*"[[Completorium. Earlier called Evening]]"
*"[[Copernicus and Ptolemy]]" (or Copernicus v. Ptolemy). Earlier called ''Dark''.
*"[[Courage Speaks with the Love of Earth]]"
*"[[The Dale-lands]]". Earlier called ''The Dale Lands''.
*"[[Dark Are the Clouds about the North]]"
*"[[Darkness on the Road]]"
*"[[Doworst]]" (partially published)
*"[[A Dream of Coming Home]]"
*"[[Elf Alone]]". Earlier called ''The Lonely Harebell''.
*"[[Ferrum et Sanguis]]"
*"[[From Iffley]]"
*"[[The Forest-walker]]". Earlier called ''The Forest Walker''.
*"[[A Fragment of an Epic: Before Jerusalem Richard Makes an End of Speech]]"<ref>[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]] ([[2017]]), ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'' (Revised and Expanded Edition): I. Chronology, p. 30</ref>
*"[[G.B.S. Earlier called GBS]]"
*"[[The Grimness of the Sea]]"
*"[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]". An earlier version was called ''The Trumpets of Faery''.
*"[[May-day]]". Earlier called ''May Day'', ''May Day in a Backward Year''.
*"[[A Memory of Julyin England]]"
*"[[Meolchwitum sind marmanstane]]"
*"[[The Mermaid's Flute]]".
*"[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]"
*"[[Morning]]"
*"[[Morning Song]]". Earlier called ''Morning-song''
*"[[Morning Tea]]"
*"[[The New Lemminkainen]]"
*"[[Now and Ever]]"
*"[[Old Grabbler]]". One of the Tales and Songs of Bimble Bay. Earlier called ''Poor Old Grabbler''.
*"[[Outside]]"
*"[[The Pool of the Dead Year]]"
*"[[Reginhardus the Fox]]"
*"[[A Rime for My Boy]]"
*"[[The Ruined Enchanter: A Fairy Ballad]]"
*"[[The Sirens]]"
*"[[Tol Eressea (poem)|Tol Eressea]]". An earlier version of ''The Lonely Isle''.
*"[[Twenty years have flowed away]]"
*"[[A Song of Bimble Bay]]". One of the Tales and Songs of Bimble Bay.
*"[[Sparrow Song]]" (Bilink). Earlier called ''Sparrowsong''.
*"[[Stella Vespertina]]". Earlier called ''Consolatrix Afflictorum''.
*"[[Sunset in a Town]]"
*"[[The Swallow and the Traveller on the Plains]]". Earlier called ''Thoughts on Parade''.
*"[[The Thatch of Poppies]]"
*"[[Vestr um Haf]]". Adapted as ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''.

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*([[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'' etymology (1970s)]])
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*"Homophonic stems" (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35d362cbcf800f43b243 "Lyenna" inscription (1968, message 149.58)]
*[[Mágol]]
*[[Negation in Quenya|"Late essay", ca. 1966-70]] (partially published)
*Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien "experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages"<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in "future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''")<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>
*[[Westron Tengwar|Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode]]"

==Miscellaneous==
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[The Diaries of J.R.R. Tolkien]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[Beowulf (poem)|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref>
*the "[[Clarendon Chaucer]]"
*"Gunnar's End". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Wikipedia:Atlakviða|Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse.]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 847</ref>
*''[[The Owl and the Nightingale]]''
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Index:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien

2023-02-14T17:28:26Z

Jteuber: archive link

'''Index:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien''' is a chronological list of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s writings related to [[Arda]] (including linguistic writings).

<table class="TGtable" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 auto;"><tr><td style="background: #F2E6CE;">'''Title'''</td><td style="background: #F2E6CE;">'''Year'''</td><td style="background: #F2E6CE;">'''Publication'''</td><td style="background: #F2E6CE;">'''Notes'''</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Voyage of Eärendel the Evening Star]]</td><td>c. [[1914]]</td><td>''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Qenya Lexicon]]</td><td>c. [[1915]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 12|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #12]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Habbanan beneath the Stars]]</td><td>[[1915]]/[[1916]]</td><td>''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Narqelion]]</td><td>[[1915]]/[[1916]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 12|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #12]], pp. 16-17, [[Vinyar Tengwar 40|VT #40]], pp. 5-32</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Comparison of Adjectives</td><td>after [[1915]]</td><td>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 16|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' #16]], pp. 23-8</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[An Evening in Tavrobel]]</td><td>[[1916]] or [[1917]]</td><td>[[Leeds University Verse 1914-24|''Leeds University Verse'' 1914-24]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>The Names of the Valar</td><td>?before [[1917]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]], pp. 12-15</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Otsan and Kainendan</td><td>?before [[1917]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]], p. 23</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>''Matar'' and ''Tulir''</td><td>?before [[1917]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]], pp. 21-2</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>The Qenya Verb Forms</td><td>?before [[1917]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]], pp. 28-34</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Gnomish Lexicon]]</td><td>c. [[1917]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 11|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #11]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Goldogrim Pronominal Prefixes</td><td>c. [[1917]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #13]], p. 97</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>The Creatures of the Earth</td><td>c. [[1918]]-[[1920]]<ref name=Fourteen>{{PE|14}}</ref>{{rp|6}}</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]], pp. 9-10</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Rúmilian Document (Rúmil script)</td><td>c. June [[1919]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 37|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #37]], pp. 15-23</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets</td><td>1920s</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 18|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #16]], [[Parma Eldalamberon 18|#18]] </td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Early Noldorin Grammar</td><td>c. [[1920]]-[[1925]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #13]], pp. 119-32</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>The Valmaric Script</td><td>c. [[1922]]-[[1925]]<ref name=Fourteen>{{PE|14}}</ref>{{rp|89}}</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]], pp. 98-134</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Early Qenya Grammar]]</td><td>c. [[1923]]<ref name=VT48a/></td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #14]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>The Entu Declension</td><td>c. [[1924]]-[[1929]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 36|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #36]], pp. 8-29</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Qenya Grammar Fragment</td><td>c. [[1924]]-[[1929]]</td><td>Elfling Digest nr 34, 14 May 2000 ([[Édouard Kloczko]])<ref>[[Ryszard Derdziński]], "[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/bibliography.htm Tolkien's Linguistic Writings and Drafts]" at [http://www.elvish.org/ Elvish.org] (accessed 10 November 2011)</ref></td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Arktik|Arctic Sentence]]</td><td>[[1929]]</td><td>''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Elvish Song in Rivendell]]</td><td>early 1930s</td><td>''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Oilima Markirya|Oilima Markirya 1]]</td><td>before [[1931]]</td><td>''[[A Secret Vice]]'', pp. 220-21</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Oilima Markirya|Oilima Markirya 2]]</td><td>before [[1931]]</td><td>''[[A Secret Vice]]'', pp. 213-14</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Nieninque</td><td>before [[1931]]</td><td>''[[A Secret Vice]]'', p. 215</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Earendel</td><td>before [[1931]]</td><td>''[[A Secret Vice]]'', p. 216</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Nebrachar (Poem)</td><td>before [[1931]]</td><td>''[[A Secret Vice]]'', p. 217</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Declension of Nouns</td><td>ca. [[1931]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #21]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection|Fragments of a grammar of "Nala Lambe"]]</td><td>early- to mid-1930s<ref name=Hostetter>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111115122/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/lambengolmor/message/1122|articlename=Fragments of a grammar of "Nala Lambe"|dated=7 january 2012|website=[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/lambengolmor/ Lambengolmor List]|accessed=20 June 2022}}</ref></td><td>Lambengolmor mailing list</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Qenya Declensions</td><td>mid-1930s</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #21]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Bodleian Declensions</td><td>c. [[1936]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 28|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #28]], pp. 9-30</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants</td><td>[[1936]]</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #21]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Koivienéni Sentence</td><td>c. [[1937]]-[[1941|41]]<ref name=VT48a/></td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 14|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #14]], pp. 5-20</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Two Trees Sentence</td><td>c. [[1937]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 27|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #27]], pp. 7-42</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Koivienéni Manuscript</td><td>c. [[1937]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 27|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #27]], pp. 7-42</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Lost Road]]</td><td>[[1937]]</td><td>''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Etymologies]]</td><td>c. [[1937]]</td><td>''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Merin Sentence</td><td>c. [[1937]]?</td><td>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 14|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' #14]], p. 32-35</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Notes for Qenya Declensions</td><td>early 1940s</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #21]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[King's Letter]]</td><td>c. [[1950]]</td><td>''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', pp. 128-9</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Túrin Wrapper]]</td><td>probably early 1950s</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 50|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #50]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Common Eldarin: Noun Structure</td><td>ca. 1951</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #21]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Nouns</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1952]]<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. xvi</ref></td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #21]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Dangweth Pengoloð]]</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 395-402</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Of Lembas]]</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 403-5</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Átaremma]] versions I-VI</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 43|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #43]], pp. 4-26</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Aia María]] versions I-IV</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 43|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #43]], pp. 26-36</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Alcar i Ataren]]</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 43|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #43]], pp. 36-8</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Ortírielyanna]]</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 44|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #44]], pp. 5-11</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Litany of Loreto]] in Quenya</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 44|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #44]], pp. 11-20</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Alcar mi tarmenel na Erun]]</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 44|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #44]], pp. 31-8</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Ae Adar Nín]]</td><td>c. [[1951]]-[[1959]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 44|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #44]], pp. 21-30</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>New Tengwar Inscription</td><td>[[1954]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 21|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #21]], p. 6</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Liége Tengwar Inscription</td><td>[[1954]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #23]], p. 16</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Converse of Manwë with Eru]]</td><td>c. [[1959]]</td><td>[[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Words, Phrases and Passages in various tongues in ''The Lord of the Rings''</td><td>1950s, late & 1960s, early</td><td>[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|''Parma Eldalamberon'' #17]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Ósanwe-kenta]]</td><td>[[1959]]-[[1960]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 39|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #39]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Etymological Notes - Ósanwe-kenta</td><td>[[1959]]-[[1960]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 41|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #41]], PP. 5-6</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Quendi and Eldar]]</td><td>[[1959]]-[[1960]]</td><td>''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', pp. 359-424</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Re-incarnation of Elves. The Númenórean Catastrophe & End of ‘Physical’ Arda]]</td><td>[[1959]]-[[1966]]</td><td>''[[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Kinship of the Half-elven]]</td><td>?March [[1964]]</td><td>[[Beyond Bree May 1985|''Beyond Bree'' May 1985]], [[Beyond Bree June 1985|''Beyond Bree'' June 1985]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Once upon a Time]]</td><td>?[[1965]]</td><td>''[[Winter's Tales for Children 1]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Plotz Declension]]</td><td>[[1966]]/[[1967]]</td><td>[[Beyond Bree March 1989|''Beyond Bree'', March 1989]]; [[Vinyar Tengwar 6|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #6]], p. 14</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings'']]</td><td>ca. [[1967]]<ref name=VT48a28/></td><td>''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings</td><td>[[1968]] or later<ref name=VT48a28>{{VT|48a}}, p. 28</ref></td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 47|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #47]], [[Vinyar Tengwar 48|#48]], [[Vinyar Tengwar 49|#49]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]</td><td>mid-[[1969]] or later<ref name=VT48a>{{VT|48a}}, p. 13</ref></td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 42|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #42]], pp. 5-31</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]</td><td>c. [[1968]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 331-66</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>From The Shibboleth of Fëanor</td><td>c. [[1968]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 41|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #41]], pp. 7-10</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Fate and Free Will]]</td><td>after January [[1968]]</td><td>[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 6|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 6]]</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Quenya Dedication</td><td>[[1968]]</td><td>[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35d362cbcf800f43b243 Elfling message 14958, 11 May 2002] ([[Helge Fauskanger]])</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Notes on Óre</td><td>c. [[1968]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 41|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #41]], pp. 11-9</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Of Dwarves and Men]]</td><td>c. [[1969]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 293-330</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Problem of Ros]]</td><td>[[1968]]-[[1969]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 367-76</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Essay on negation in Quenya</td><td>c. [[1970]]</td><td>[[Vinyar Tengwar 42|''Vinyar Tengwar'' #42]], p. 33-34</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Glorfindel</td><td>c. [[1972]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 377-84 </td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Círdan</td><td>c. [[1972]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 385-7 </td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>The Five Wizards</td><td>c. [[1972]]</td><td>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', pp. 384-5 </td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>Some notes on ‘rebirth’, reincarnation by restoration among Elves. With a note on the Dwarves</td><td>c. [[1972]]</td><td>''[[La Feuille de la Compagnie 3]]''</td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td>[[The Complaint of Mîm the Dwarf]]</td><td>(unknown year)</td><td>''Das erste Jahrzehnt 1977–1987: Ein Almanach''</td><td></td></tr>

</table>

==See also==
*Both [[Bodleian Library]] and [[Marquette University]] hold a large number of original materials by Tolkien, including artwork, maps, manuscripts, annotations, letters, and other momentos.
**Marquette University's catalogue of Tolkien's manuscripts can be seen at [https://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/ Marquette's archive].

{{references}}
[[Category:Index]]

Vinyar Tengwar 50

2023-02-14T17:16:53Z

Jteuber: /* From the editor */ archive link

__NOTOC__
{{VTbox
| title=''Vinyar Tengwar'' 50
| image=[[File:Vinyar Tengwar 50.png|220px]]
| editor=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]
| illustrator=
| publisher=[[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]]
| date=[[1 March]] [[2013]]
| format=Paperback journal
| pages=27
| issn=1054-7606
}}
'''''Vinyar Tengwar'' 50''' is the fiftieth issue of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', a journal of the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]], devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
{{VTnav|49|50}}

==Contents==
*Article
**"The Túrin Wrapper" — [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]; analyzed and presented by [[Carl F. Hostetter]]<ref group=note>This article is previously unpublished primary material from the Tolkien archives. Includes two charts of [[Elvish]] conjugations (early 1950s and ca. 1949, respectively; page 22) and a note from 1953 about the language Beleriandic (page 24).</ref>

*Resources

===From the editor===
{{Blockquote|VT 50 contains my presentation and analysis of the "Túrin Wrapper", featuring a set of three untranslated [[Sindarin]] texts from the (probably early) 1950s pertaining to the "Túrinssaga".|[[Carl F. Hostetter]]<ref group=note>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a89|articlename=Announcing _Vinyar Tengwar_ 50 (11.25)|dated=4 February 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=4 February 2013}}</ref>}}

==External links==
*[http://sacnoths.blogspot.se/2013/03/the-new-arrival-vt50.html The New Arrival (VT.50)] by [[John D. Rateliff]]

{{notes}}
{{Vinyartengwar}}
{{title|journal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinyar Tengwar 50}}

[[Category:Vinyar Tengwar]]
[[fi:Vinyar Tengwar 50]]

Verna

2023-02-14T17:15:06Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ archive link

'''Verna''' was an obscure location in southwest [[Beleriand]] near the [[Mouths of Sirion]].

[[Arvernien]] was named after it.
==Inspiration==
Verna does not appear in narration or any maps of Beleriand; [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have invented the name in order to explain the etymology of ''Arvernien''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 19</ref> Since Tolkien explains Arvernien as "Land beside Verna", geographically, Verna could refer to adjacent regions like the forest of [[Nimbrethil]] or [[Lisgardh]].

==Etymology==
Verna could be related to [[Quenya]] ''[[feren]]'' which means "birch, beech tree", and if so, it could refer to the forest of Nimbrethil ("(forest of) silver birches").<ref>This connection was suggested by the [[Encyclopedia of Arda]], and it referred to ''Arvernien'', without acknowledging the existence of ''Verna'' as an independent word[http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/a/arvernien.html].</ref> Another possibility is that it refers to a river, obviously [[Sirion]], and comes from the [[Sundocarmë|Root]] ''[[WER]]'', "winding" (thus, "Winding River").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35fb231bf7461a6c9778|articlename=Verna? (345.98)|dated=03 Dec 2007|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=}}</ref>
{{references}}

[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]

Torhir Ifant

2023-02-14T16:55:25Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ archive link

'''Torhir Ifant''' wrote the ''[[Dorgannas Iaur]]'', a book of lore of the realms of [[Beleriand]]. Nothing else is known about this character.<ref>{{WJ|P2}}, p. 192</ref>

==Etymology==
[[David Salo]] has suggested that ''Ifant'' is the same gloss as the [[Noldorin]] word ''[[ifant]]'' ("old").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35c12bd1e7b46e2ee2976|articlename=Re: Unvoiced nasals (message #5596)|dated=30 July 2001|website=Elfling|accessed=20 March 2013}}</ref>

{{references}}

[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Elves]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

[[fi:Torhir Ifant]]

Tolma

2023-02-14T16:54:33Z

Jteuber: archive link

'''''tolma''''' is a [[Telerin]] word for "knob, short, rounded handle".<ref name=VT>{{VT|47a}}, pp. 10-11, 28-29</ref><ref>[[Thorsten Renk]], [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35f6e141f533245668ee "Telerin in VT47 and elsewhere"] (message 32555; dated 18 October 2005) at [[Elfling]] (mailing list)</ref>

[[Helge Fauskanger]] has suggested that the word (and its meaning) could be valid [[Neo-Quenya]].<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/eng-quen.rtf English-Quenya Wordlist (Quettaparma Quenyanna)]" at [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion] (accessed 25 June 2011)</ref>

==Etymology==
*[[Sundocarme|Root]] [[TOL]]<ref name=VT/>
{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Telerin nouns]]

Tolkien in Oxford

2023-02-14T16:53:31Z

Jteuber: /* Linguistic material */ archive link

'''Tolkien in Oxford''' is the title of a [[BBC]]2 television documentary featuring a [[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien|recorded interview]] with [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] by John Izzard. The documentary was shot from [[5 February|5]]-[[9 February|9]] February [[1968]], and broadcast on [[30 March]] [[1968]].<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Chronology'', p. 716ff.</ref> Tolkien described his feelings for from the shooting in a [[Letter 301|letter to Donald Swann, written on 29 February 1968]].

*'''Later publication/broadcast:''' According to [[Pieter Collier]], a transcription of the interview was released on 7 April 2007 for the Children of Húrin Release. Others parts of the same interview were released by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on April 19, 2007,<ref>[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/814-Tolkien_1968_BBC_Interview.php 1968 BBC interview with J.R.R. Tolkien], as of 21 August 2010</ref> and in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: An Audio Portrait]]''. In August 2010, the BBC Archives released the original, full version of ''Tolkien in Oxford'' on their website (see [[#External Links|External Links]]). In 2018, Stuart D. Lee published a transcript of the full interview in [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 15|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 15]].
== Official synopsis==
John Izzard meets with JRR Tolkien at his home, walking with him through the Oxford locations that he loves while hearing the author's own views about his wildly successful high-fantasy novels. Tolkien shares his love of nature and beer and his admiration for 'trenchermen' in this genial and affectionate programme. The brief interviews with Oxford students that are dotted throughout reveal the full range of opinions elicited by 'The Lord of the Rings', from wild enthusiasm to mild contempt.
== Excerpts ==
===Part one===
Everybody, including divine spirits under God, makes mistakes in this mythology, and of course the gods made a primary error. Instead of leaving Elves and Men to find out their way under the guidance of God, they invited the Elves because the rebel amongst them, the wicked god Melkor, was alive and devastated a large part of the world.

They took them back into their paradise in the west to protect them, and so the whole machinery starts from the rebellion of the Elves, and therefore, in rebellion of the evil they did in their bursting out from paradise.
So what you've got in our period is two lots of Elves: The ones that never started, just didn't want to, never bothered to be anything higher than they were, were the ordinary Woodland Elves of the Far-east.
Those who started to go to divine paradise and never got there, which are the Grey Elves of the West, and those who got and came back as exiled.

The Higher Elves, who sing this song to Elbereth in the beginning of the Lord of the Rings, are exiled Elves who had once known what it was to see the emerging gods in person.

Now Dwarves create a difficulty, don't they, in this particular thing. They have certain grievances against Men and against Elves. They are incarnate in bodies. While they are like ourselves, we don't know much about them, but they apparently are mortal, they are longeval. Where do they come into the scheme? Well of course, a great deal of sort to provide their origin.
I don't think I'll say anything about it at the moment, but they have a rational origin related to their theme, but they are not part of the Children of God. That's all I can really say about this.

Men are just men.
===Linguistic material===

[The time stamps refer to the 2010 BBC release of the video]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a71|articlename=BBC post 1968 "Tolkien in Oxford" video online (11.01)|dated=19 Aug 2010|website=[[Lambengolmor (mailing list)|Lambengolmor]]|accessed=}}</ref>
*'''17:47''' - "''I first began seriously to invent languages about when I was 13 or 14. I've never stopped really. Languages have a flavor to me which I never understand people saying for instance, it's awfully dry or dull because a new language to me is just like getting a new wine or some new sweetmeat or something.''"
*'''17:54''' - Tolkien is shown writing a ''tengwar'' inscription (Gildor's Quenya greeting, "''Elen síla''..."), comments on making a mistake in it, and recites the greeting.
*'''18:58''' - Regarding speaking Elvish, Tolkien says: "''No. No. No. I wouldn't mind other people knowing it, and enjoying it, but I didn't really want to, like some people who have been equally inventive in languages [? desiring ?] to sort of make cults and have people speaking it all together, no, I don't desire to go and have an afternoon talking Elvish to chaps. For one thing of course Elvish is too complicated. I've never finished making it.''"
*'''20:54''' - Tolkien recites the Ring inscription. Notable here is his pronunciation of final ''-g'' in ''nazg'' as "guh", and of ''-gh'' in ''agh'' as "-kh".
*'''21:18''' - Speaking apparently of the Ring inscription and/or the Black Speech, Tolkien states: "''I invented that in the bath, I remember. Yes, I remember inventing that in one of the baths, inventing it when I was having a bath, in 20 Northmoor Road. I still remember kicking the sponge out of the bath when I got [? the last and] all right that will do and jumped out.''" Tolkien lived at 20 Northmoor Road from 1930 to 1947.

==External Links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/writers/12237.shtml ''Tolkien in Oxford''] (BBC 2 original version)
*[http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/tolkien-oxford-bbc-1968 Dr Stuart Lee and Leslie Megahey on the BBC's 1968 documentary]
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/07/watch-leslie-megahey-talks-about-tolkien-in-oxford/ Leslie Megahey talks about “Tolkien in Oxford”] at tolkiensociety.org
{{references}}
[[CATEGORY:Interviews with J.R.R. Tolkien]]

TOL

2023-02-14T16:47:06Z

Jteuber: /* Derivatives */ archive link

__NOTOC__
'''TOL''' is a [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]] signifying "stick out or up" or "stick up, stand up (stiff), raise the head".<ref name=VT47>{{VT|47a}}, p. 28 (root appearing as "TOL")</ref>

==Derivatives==

*[[Quenya]]: ''[[tol]]''<ref name=VT47/>
*[[Sindarin]]: ''[[tol]]''<ref name=VT47/>

*?[[Telerin]]<ref>[[Thorsten Renk]], [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35f6e141f533245668ee "Telerin in VT47 and elsewhere" (325.55)] (dated 18 October 2005) at [[Elfling]] (mailing list)</ref>/?[[Quenya]]<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm Quettaparma Quenyallo]" at [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion] (accessed 17 June 2011)</ref>: ''[[tolma]]''<ref name=VT47/>

==Other versions==

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']] appears the root TOL2, from which derives:<ref name=LR>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 394 (root appearing as "TOL2-"</ref>

*[[Primitive Quendian]]: ''tollo''
**Quenya ''tol''
**[[Noldorin]]: ''[[toll]]''

In the ''Qenya Lexicon'' appears the root TOLO, yielding a variety of derivatives (among them [[Qenya]] ''tolome'' "island" and ''tolda'' "hill with a flat top, town on a hill").<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 94</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Roots]]

T.P. Dunning

2023-02-14T16:44:51Z

Jteuber: archive link

__NOTOC__
'''Thomas Patrick Dunning''' ([[1913]] - [[1973]]) was a scholar of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] at [[Wikipedia:University College Dublin|University College Dublin]], and a former student of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].

==History==
Dunning grew up in Tipperary, Ireland. He was educated at Castleknock College before earning a masters and, in 1939, a doctorate from University College, Dublin. He was also ordained a priest in 1939 in the [[wikipedia:Congregation of the Mission|Congregatio Missionis]]. He was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1954.<ref>"Father Dunning to Speak" in University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's ''The Daily Tar Heel'', Tuesday, April 4, 1967, page 6.</ref>

In October [[1953]] the Applications Committee at [[Merton College]] appointed Tolkien to be Dunning's supervisor for his thesis on early English homiletic literature. Tolkien served in that capacity until early December of 1953 when he was replaced by [[J.A.W. Bennett]], a fellow professor at the college and also a fellow member of [[The Inklings]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 390, 418.</ref><ref name=Lambe>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a92|articlename=Re: Quenya inscription: "Sí man i·yulmar men enquantuva?" (11.34)|dated=13 May 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=18 May 2013}}</ref>

On 30 May 2013, Bloomsbury House in London auctioned off a first edition, autographed, three-volume set of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' with ink ownership inscriptions identifying it as belonging to "T. P. Dunning". Tolkien had inscribed a [[Quenya]] sentence — a variation on a phrase occuring in [[Galadriel's Lament]] — in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': "''Sí man i·yulmar men enquantuva?''".<ref name=Lambe/> This phrase translates, "Now who shall fill my cup for me?" In the ''[[The Two Towers]]'', Tolkien had inscribed, "Come back to me and say my land is fair" which is a variation of a line from The Ent and Ent-wife Song in "[[Treebeard]]". In the ''[[The Return of the King]], ''Tolkien inscribed, "Sing, be glad all ye children of the West / for your King shall come again" which is a variation of two lines from The Eagle's Song in "[[The Steward and the King]]". According to the auctioneers, these autographed quotations "appear to relate to Dunning's departure for Ireland (a country for which Tolkien's love is well documented) and give an indication of the close friendship between both men." The three-volume set sold for a price of £36,000 (£44,640 with associated fees).<ref>{{webcite|author=Bloomsbury Auctions|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604060832/http://www.bloomsburyauctions.com/PDF/36055.pdf|articlename=Lot No. 390, Important Books & Manuscripts - 30th Anniversary Sale (p. 159)|website=Bloomsbury Auction House, London|accessed=}}</ref>

==Bibliography, selected==
===Books===
*[[1969]]: ''[[The Wanderer]]'' (co-editor with [[Alan Bliss|A.J. Bliss]])
===Articles===
* [[1962]]: ''[[English and Medieval Studies Presented to J.R.R. Tolkien on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday]]''
** "God and Man in Troilus and Criseyde"

==See also==
*[[Letter to T.P. Dunning]]

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunning, T.P.}}
[[Category:Academics]]
[[Category:Irish people]]
[[Category:Letter receivers]]
[[Category:People by name]]

Ringarë

2023-02-14T16:40:18Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ archive link

'''Ringarë''' was the last month of the year according to the [[Kings' Reckoning|Kings']] and [[Stewards' Reckoning]] of [[Gondor]], and the ninth month according to the [[New Reckoning]]. Ringarë in the Kings' and Stewards' Reckoning corresponded to [[Foreyule]] in the [[Shire Calendar]] (approximately modern [[21 November]] through [[20 December]]). The [[Sindarin]] name was [[Girithron]].<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word obviously contains the word ''ringa'' "cold". [[David Salo]] notes that the ending might be also seen in the abstract nouns ''almare'' "blessedness" and ''fanyare'' "the skies". Therefore the meaning of ''Ringare'' is equivalent to "*coldness".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85c029|website=[[Elfling]]|articlename=queren, ringare (363.40)}}</ref>
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ringare}}
[[Category:Months]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Ringarë]]
[[fi:Ringarë]]

Rerir

2023-02-14T16:38:54Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ archive link

{{location infobox
| name=Mount Rerir
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Lake Helevorn.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Mount Rerir in ''Lake Helevorn'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Northern [[Blue Mountains]]
| type=Mountain
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Elves]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Mount Rerir''' was a mountain on the western side of the [[Ered Luin]], in [[Thargelion]] (a region of [[Beleriand]]) to the north of [[Helevorn|Lake Helevorn]], and it was one of the sources of [[Gelion]].<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref>

==History==
The land around the mountain belonged to [[Caranthir]], who built a fortress on its western slopes.<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> The fortress was lost during [[Dagor Bragollach]].<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> Elven forces probably withdrew from the area after the battle, and most definitely after [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

After the [[War of Wrath]], Rerir was apparently heavily damaged, and from the [[Second Age]] onward it was but only a shadow of its former size.

==Etymology==
''Rerir'' is a name in an unknown language, and of an unknown meaning.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b83ee6a6c41e986642|articlename=Re: Rerir, Asfaloth and articles (10.04)|dated=June 23, 1999|website=Elfling|accessed=}}</ref>

[[Robert Foster]] proposes the name is [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Rerir"</ref>

==Inspiration==
Perhaps [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] re-used a name appearing in Norse mythology: in ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:Rerir|Rerir]]'' is the name of the grandson of [[Wikipedia:Odin|Ódin]].<ref>{{HM|SG}}, p. 72</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Mountains]]
[[de:Rerir]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/beleriand/mont_rerir]]
[[fi:Reririn vuori]]

RAK

2023-02-14T16:36:46Z

Jteuber: /* External links */ archive link

'''RAK''' is an [[Elvish]] [[Sundocarme|root]] signifying "stretch out, reach".<ref name=LR>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 382 (RAK-)</ref>
==Derivatives==
*[[Primitive Quendian]] ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ranku''
**[[Qenya]] ''ranko'' (plural ''ranqi''; "arm")
**[[Old Noldorin]] ''ranko'' (plural ''rankui'')
***[[Noldorin]] ''rhanc'' (plural ''rhenc'', archaic plural ''rhengy''; "arm")
*Primitive Quendian ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>rakmē'' ("fathom")
**Qenya ''rangwe''
**Old Noldorin ''ragme''
***Noldorin ''rhaew''<ref name=LR/>
==External links==
*[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3601df6700ce9c85c122 RAK and ruin (365.91)] by [[David Salo]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Roots]]

Quenya

2023-02-14T16:35:18Z

Jteuber: /* External links */ Atanquesta is back online

{{Pronounce|Quenya - Quenya.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''Quenya''' (Q, pron. [ˈkʷwɛɲa])<ref>[[John D. Rateliff]], [[Jason Fisher]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]], et al. (mailing list discussion), "a quick question" (#[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/24071 24071] and related messages; dated 29 January 2013), [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ Mytsoc mailing list] (accessed 30 January 2012)</ref> was one of the languages spoken by the [[Elves]]. It was the tongue that developed among those non-[[Teleri|Telerin]] [[Elves]] who reached [[Aman]] (the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]]) from an earlier language called [[Common Eldarin]]. Quenya was typically written with the [[Tengwar]] of [[Fëanor]]. An older script, [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]'s [[Sarati]], was used also.

==History==
Of the three clans of Elves in Aman, the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]] spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (''[[Valinorean Quenya]]'' and ''[[Vanyarin|Vanyarin Quenya]]'' respectively). Following the [[Exile of the Noldor]] in the [[First Age]], a third dialect, [[Exilic Quenya]] or ''Noldorin Quenya'', developed among the Noldor who had journeyed to [[Middle-earth]]. In general practice, the word ''Quenya'' usually refers to Noldorin Quenya, since it was the only Quenya dialect spoken in Middle-earth.

The language was also adopted by the [[Valar]] who made some new introductions into it from their [[Valarin|own language]], though these loanwords are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. The third clan in Aman, the [[Teleri]], spoke a different, closely related language: [[Telerin]]. This was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya which was untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages did not share a common history but were very much alike.

The Noldor who fled to Middle-earth following the [[Darkening of Valinor]] spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu [[Thingol]] of Doriath, who was the king of the [[Sindar]] (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in [[Beleriand]] instead of journeying to Valinor) learnt about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in all his realm. The Sindar had been slow to learn Quenya anyway, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin.

Noldorin Quenya (Exilic) differed somewhat from Valinorean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile, and it underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the [[Third Age]] had come to be a scholarly pursuit; it was not typically used in conversation. It was preserved as a formal language and for writing; [[Sindarin]] was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly and were delighted when other wanderers knew anything from the "Ancient Speech"; for example, [[Gildor]] and his party appreciated [[Frodo Baggins]]'s greeting ''[[Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo]]'' ("A star shines on the hour of our meeting"). [[Galadriel]] was perhaps the only known High Elf in Middle-earth during that time who (having being born in Valinor) had learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue.

The poem ''[[Namárië]]'' is the longest piece of Quenya found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is also known as ''Galadriel's Lament''.

==Grammar==
{{main|Quenya Grammar}}

==Texts==
{{main|:Category:Quenya texts}}

==Inspiration==
{{quote|The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out in a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know.|Tolkien in a [[Letter to W.R. Matthews]]}}
Quenya's phonology and grammar are most strongly influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also comes from Latin and Greek. The phonology is also based on Finnish, and to a lesser extent Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending -nt), a word may not end in a non-dental consonant, and voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants. The first two of these phonotactic rules also exist in Finnish.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinating language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical function. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one could say "I have found it" in Quenya in a single verb, namely ''utúvienyes''.

Tolkien intended Quenya to be an archaic, ancient and august language for the peoples of Middle-earth of the Third Age, being the cultural analogue of Latin in Europe<ref>{{app|F1i}}</ref><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. For that reason, he decided to make Quenya look like Latin ocularly<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and substituted ''K'' for ''C'' and ''Q'' for ''QU''.

Tolkien wrote much more material about Quenya and his other languages than he published in his lifetime. In fact, Tolkien, a professor of linguistics, originally invented Middle-earth and its inhabitants as a means of imposing upon his artificial languages a history of war, migration and suffering. The famous novels might be considered incidental to his further and more passionately developed linguistic hobby. The journals ''Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Quenya is possibly one of the very first creations of Tolkien's [[legendarium]], as he started constructing it (see: [[Qenya Lexicon]]) around [[1915]], at the age of 23 years old; as he said various times, the languages came first, and stories followed out of the names.

In those early times, the language was called '''[[Qenya]]''' (although pronounced the same as ''Quenya''), and it was spoken mainly by the "Teleri" (an early name for the High Elves that would be renamed '''Vanyar'''). The language underwent countless minor revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. The spelling "Qenya" is used by the [[fandom]] to refer to the earlier concepts of the language as distinct from the LotR-style Quenya. However, the fluid nature of the revisions makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

==See also==
*[[Languages]] of [[Middle-earth]]
*''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''
*[[Sindarin]]
*[[Tengwar]]
*[[Sarati]]
*[[Arktik|Arctic Quenya]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion: The Tongues of Arda, Lessons, etc.]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qcourse.htm Quenya Course]
***[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/lessons.rtf Beta Course]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/wordlists.htm Wordlists] ([http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm in html])
*[https://middangeard.org.uk/aglardh/atanquesta Atanquesta — a Neo Quenya Course for beginners].
*[[Eldamo]] — [http://eldamo.org/index.html?neo a Tolkien language lexicon]
*[http://www.elfdict.com Parf Edhellen — a dictionary website for Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://bit.ly/2sglBcm Vinyë Lambengolmor — a Discord server about Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/quenya.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finn_que.htm Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finnquelinks.htm Quenya's relation to Finnish]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Quenya| ]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Quenya]]
[[fi:Quenya]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/quenya]]

Qenya

2023-02-14T16:31:59Z

Jteuber: /* Difference between Qenya and Quenya */ archive link

{{stub}}
{{quote|Man kiluva lómi sangane, telume lungane tollalinta ruste, vea qalume, mandu yáme, aira móre ala tinwi lante no lanta-mindon?|Early version of ''[[Oilima Markirya]]''}}
'''Qenya''' (pronounced [KWEN-ya])<ref>[[John D. Rateliff]], [[Jason Fisher]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]], et al. (mailing list discussion), "a quick question" (#[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/24071 24071] and related messages; dated 29 January 2013), [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ Mytsoc mailing list] (accessed 30 January 2012)</ref> was the original name of the High-Elven tongue which gradually would change into [[Quenya]] of the ''[[The Lord of the Rings|Lord of the Rings]]''.

In the earliest versions of the [[legendarium]], Qenya (as every [[Elvish]] language) belonged to the [[Oromëan|Oromean]] phylum, derived from the language [[Oromë|Orome]] taught the [[Quendi]]. It was the language of the First Tribe of the [[Elves]], the [[Lindar]] ([[Vanyar]] in the later legendarium) and for this it was also called '''Lindarin'''.<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}}</ref> In Gnomish the name of the language was '''Cweneglin''' or '''Cwedhrin'''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|website=Arda|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm|articlename=Quenya|accessed=6 March 2015}}</ref>
==History==
Qenya goes back to at least [[1915]] when Tolkien compiled the "[[Qenya Lexicon]]". Qenya thus predates the [[legendarium]], although the Lexicon was used in parallel to ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' a couple of years later.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}</ref> According to Tolkien, his [[secondary world]] was created primarily for the need to make his constructed languages usable.<ref name=External>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|website=Arda|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm#Heading4|articlename=External history of Quenya|accessed=31 August 2014}}</ref>

Qenya was started by Tolkien who wished to emulate the phonoesthetics of the Finnish language. Early Qenya has been reported to have much more Finnish influences, compared to the later stages.<ref>{{webcite|author=Harri Perala|articleurl=http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finn_que.htm#external|articlename=History of Quenya From Our Point of View|website=Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?|accessed=31 August 2014}}</ref>

During that time, Tolkien used to write the sound {{IPA|[kʷ]}} simply as a single ''q''. Therefore both spellings Qenya and Quenya are always supposed to be pronounced the same ({{IPA|[ˈkʷeɲa]}}). While writing the ''Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien decided to adopt the romanized spelling ''qu'' and replace ''k'' with ''c''. These changes were mainly aesthetic in order to accentuate the role of Quenya as an "[[Elf-latin]]". This does not alter the pronunciation.

==Difference between Qenya and Quenya==
Although widely consistent in phonology, the early stage of Qenya displayed some differences, with words such as ''ektar'' (''kt'' is not allowed in later Quenya) and words ending in consonant clusters, such as ''nelt, imbilink, mandl, koisimatl'' etc. The later phonology rules of Quenya would not allow such words.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3601df6700ce9c85c121|articlename=Quenya and Qenya phonology compared (365.90)|dated=2 August 2013|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=3 August 2013}}</ref>

Since the High-Elven language changed throughout Tolkien's lifetime from its conception until late in his life, some [[Tolkienist]]s and linguists deliberately use the spelling "Qenya" (without "u") to differentiate the early version of this language from the later.

Such Tolkien linguists note "''a dramatic change''" after which the language somehow stabilized after [[1940]]. One of such changes was that later Quenya does not display the "''number of borrowings and obvious influences of real-world languages''" that Qenya did.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85bfff|articlename=Re: Bringlast and mustard (362.98)|dated=16 July 2012|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=16 July 2012}}</ref>

[[Helge Fauskanger]] used to refer to the early stage(s) of Quenya as "immature Qenya".<ref group=note>The term "early Q(u)enya" was also used, but it was ambiguous as the words "early" and "later" are also used in respect to the fictional timeline of Arda. The above phrase would be understood either as the early version of the language (from Tolkien's youth), or an archaic form of [[Valinorean]] Quenya of the [[First Age]] (vs. the later, [[Exilic Quenya]] of the [[Third Age]]). To resolve the ambiguity, the words "immature" and "mature" were used, from the point of view of Tolkien's lifetime (from youth to maturity).</ref>

The differentiation between Qenya and Quenya has been criticized as artificial, since it neglects the continuity and gradual evolution of the language; although Tolkien replaced old ideas with newer ones, there is no indication that he divided his conception into stages, and no definite point which separates Qenya from Quenya can be traced. Also, the term "immature" was considered controversial and derogatory.<ref>[[Patrick Wynne]], [http://www.elvish.org/Tengwestie/editorials/20040404.phtml Are Goldogrin and Qenya "primitive"?]</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Qenya words|Category:Qenya words]]
*[[Goldogrin]]/[[Noldorin]]
*[[The Tree of Tongues]]

==External links==
*[[Thorsten Renk]], [http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/eqg.html Early Qenya grammar] (includes comparisons with later Quenya elements)
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/qenya.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]

{{references|n}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Languages in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Qenya]]
[[Category:Qenya nouns]]
[[Category:Quenya]]

Orophin

2023-02-14T16:27:50Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ archive link

{{nandor infobox
| name=Orophin
| image=[[File:Lori Deitrick - Orophin.png|250px]]
| caption="Orophin" by [[:Category:Images by Lori Deitrick|Lori Deitrick]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Marchwarden
| location=[[Lothlórien]]
| affiliation=[[Lothlórien]]
| language=[[Nandorin]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=[[Haldir]] and [[Rúmil (elf of Lórien)|Rúmil]]
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
__NOTOC__
'''Orophin''' was a [[Silvan Elves|Silvan Elf]] of [[Lothlórien]].

==History==
Orophin was the brother of [[Haldir]] and [[Rúmil (elf of Lórien)|Rúmil]]. He was one of the [[Galadhrim]] who seldom left Lothlórien and spoke but a little of [[Westron]].

He was one of three wardens of the northern border of Lothlórien met by the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] as they entered the [[Lothlórien|Golden Wood]]<ref name=ii6>{{FR|II6}}</ref> on [[15 January]] {{TA|3019}}.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref>

Some days later, when a band of a hundred [[Orcs]] were seen passing the [[Nimrodel (river)|Nimrodel]], the three brothers went ahead and spoke with feigned voices, leading them on into the wood. Orophin ran back to warn the Galadhrim and prepare an ambush and fortify the wood.<ref name=ii6/>

==Etymology==
[[Robert Foster]] identified the name as either [[Sindarin]] or [[Silvan]].<Ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 109</ref> At another point it is described to be "''suitable to [[Sindarin]] sounds and patterns''" although it is "''not clearly etymologizable as Sindarin''".<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 51</ref>

One possibility is that ''Orophin'' means "Mountain Peak", from ''[[orod]]'' and ''[[pind]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35e6f5297e9170156f7d|articlename=Re: [S] a couple of questions (246.00)|dated=28 Apr 2003|website=Lambe|accessed=}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Orophin in adaptations
|width=200
|height=150
|lines=2
|File:Decipher - Orophin.jpg|Orophin in [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Orophin.jpg|Orophin in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
}}

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:Orophin is a Warrior/Ranger Elf.

'''2001-7: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'': '''
:An Elf of Lothórien from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' is identified by [[Decipher]] as being Orophin in three cards, [http://lotrtcgdb.com/pages/LOTR17011.html Orophin, Silvan Elf (17S11)], [http://lotrtcgdb.com/pages/LOTR01056.html Orophin, Lorien Bowman (1U56)] and [http://lotrtcgdb.com/pages/LOTR12020.html Orophin, Brother of Haldir (12C20)]. He was portrayed by Jason Secto.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Orophin can be found on the western outskirts of [[Lothlórien]], defending the borders against the [[orc]] attacks.

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Silvan Elves]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

Namárië

2023-02-14T16:19:51Z

Jteuber: /* External links */ added pdf with the original, since the links from the messages don’t work any more

{{expansion}} 
{{disambig-more|Galadriel|[[Galadriel (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:The Road Goes Ever On (1968).jpg|thumb|250px|Cover of ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'' including the text of the ''Namárië'' with [[Tengwar]].]]
'''Namárië''', also called '''Galadriel's Lament''', '''Altariello nainië Lóriendessë''' (Quenya for "Galadriel's lament in Lórien"),<ref>{{RGEO|Notes}}</ref> and sometimes '''Song of the Elves Beyond the Sea''', is the longest [[Quenya]] text in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

The poem was set to music by [[Donald Swann]]. The sheet music and an audio recording are part of ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On, A Song Cycle]]''.

==Poem==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;"> Ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen,
yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron!
Yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier
mi oromardi lisse-miruvóreva
Andúnë pella, Vardo tellumar
nu luini yassen tintilar i eleni
ómaryo [[airë|aire]][[tári]]-lírinen.

Sí man i yulma nin enquantuva?

An sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo
ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë,
ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë;
ar sindanóriello caita mornië
i falmalinnar imbë met, ar hísië
untúpa Calaciryo [[mírë|míri]] oialë.
Sí vanwa ná, Rómello vanwa, Valimar!

Namárië! Nai hiruvalyë Valimar.
Nai elyë hiruva. Namárië!</poem>

===Translation===
[[File:Anna Kulisz - Galadriels Song.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel's Song'' by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]]]
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind,
long years numberless as the wings of trees!
The years have passed like swift draughts
of the sweet mead in lofty halls beyond the West,
beneath the blue vaults of [[Varda]]
wherein the stars tremble in the song of her voice, holy and queenly.

Who now shall refill the cup for me?

For now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars,
from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds,
and all paths are drowned deep in shadow;
and out of a grey country darkness
lies on the foaming waves between us,
and mist covers the jewels of [[Calacirya]] for ever.
Now lost, lost to those from the East is [[Valimar]]!

Farewell! Maybe thou shalt find Valimar.
Maybe even thou shalt find it. Farewell!</poem>

==Etymology==
The word ''namárië'' means "farewell" in Quenya.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 58, 74</ref> The word can be analyzed as ''[[ná-]]'' + ''[[márië]]'', being a blessing and meaning literally "be well".<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm Quettaparma Quenyallo]" at [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion]</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:Galadriel (portrayed by Soňa Norisová) sings the song in the sixth and final episode of the first series (season), based on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Some verses of the song are used in "[[The Great River (soundtrack)|The Great River]]" track by [[Howard Shore]].

==See also==
* {{HM|RGEO}}
*[[Galadriel's Song of Eldamar]]
*[[Poems in The Lord of the Rings|Poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]

==External links==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/namarie.htm Word by word analysis] by [[Ardalambion]]
* “Quenya inscription: ''Sí man i·yulmar men enquantuva?''”: [[Lambengolmor (mailing list)|Lambengolmor]] [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a91 message #11.34] ([[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]) and [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a92 message #11.35] ([[Carl F. Hostetter]]). The original appeared in [https://web.archive.org/web/20130604060832/http://www.bloomsburyauctions.com/PDF/36055.pdf catalogue of Bloomsbury auctions's 30th Anniversary Sale], p. 159
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Namarie}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[Category:Quenya texts]]
[[fi:Namárië]]

Namárië

2023-02-14T16:05:39Z

Jteuber: /* External links */ archive links

{{expansion}} 
{{disambig-more|Galadriel|[[Galadriel (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:The Road Goes Ever On (1968).jpg|thumb|250px|Cover of ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'' including the text of the ''Namárië'' with [[Tengwar]].]]
'''Namárië''', also called '''Galadriel's Lament''', '''Altariello nainië Lóriendessë''' (Quenya for "Galadriel's lament in Lórien"),<ref>{{RGEO|Notes}}</ref> and sometimes '''Song of the Elves Beyond the Sea''', is the longest [[Quenya]] text in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

The poem was set to music by [[Donald Swann]]. The sheet music and an audio recording are part of ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On, A Song Cycle]]''.

==Poem==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;"> Ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen,
yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron!
Yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier
mi oromardi lisse-miruvóreva
Andúnë pella, Vardo tellumar
nu luini yassen tintilar i eleni
ómaryo [[airë|aire]][[tári]]-lírinen.

Sí man i yulma nin enquantuva?

An sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo
ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë,
ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë;
ar sindanóriello caita mornië
i falmalinnar imbë met, ar hísië
untúpa Calaciryo [[mírë|míri]] oialë.
Sí vanwa ná, Rómello vanwa, Valimar!

Namárië! Nai hiruvalyë Valimar.
Nai elyë hiruva. Namárië!</poem>

===Translation===
[[File:Anna Kulisz - Galadriels Song.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel's Song'' by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]]]
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind,
long years numberless as the wings of trees!
The years have passed like swift draughts
of the sweet mead in lofty halls beyond the West,
beneath the blue vaults of [[Varda]]
wherein the stars tremble in the song of her voice, holy and queenly.

Who now shall refill the cup for me?

For now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars,
from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds,
and all paths are drowned deep in shadow;
and out of a grey country darkness
lies on the foaming waves between us,
and mist covers the jewels of [[Calacirya]] for ever.
Now lost, lost to those from the East is [[Valimar]]!

Farewell! Maybe thou shalt find Valimar.
Maybe even thou shalt find it. Farewell!</poem>

==Etymology==
The word ''namárië'' means "farewell" in Quenya.<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 58, 74</ref> The word can be analyzed as ''[[ná-]]'' + ''[[márië]]'', being a blessing and meaning literally "be well".<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm Quettaparma Quenyallo]" at [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/ Ardalambion]</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:Galadriel (portrayed by Soňa Norisová) sings the song in the sixth and final episode of the first series (season), based on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Some verses of the song are used in "[[The Great River (soundtrack)|The Great River]]" track by [[Howard Shore]].

==See also==
* {{HM|RGEO}}
*[[Galadriel's Song of Eldamar]]
*[[Poems in The Lord of the Rings|Poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]

==External links==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/namarie.htm Word by word analysis] by [[Ardalambion]]
* “Quenya inscription: ''Sí man i·yulmar men enquantuva?''”: [[Lambengolmor (mailing list)|Lambengolmor]] [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a91 message #11.34] ([[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]) and [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a92 message #11.35] ([[Carl F. Hostetter]])
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Namarie}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[Category:Quenya texts]]
[[fi:Namárië]]

Mágol

2023-02-14T15:55:23Z

Jteuber: archive link

'''Mágol''' is one of the early languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]. It was said to be of Hungarian style and Tolkien worked on it around the years he was writing ''[[The Hobbit]]'' or earlier. The context in which Tolkien created it is not known, since it is not much connected with his [[legendarium]].

There are at least two papers concerning Mágol. In the earliest one it is referred as "Mágo", and it was said that "Old Mágo" was the language of the children of [[Húrin]]. The second paper seems a mixture of Hungarian and [[Elvish]].<ref name="a">{{webcite|author=[[Andrew Higgins]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3604acad32fd587a3a1b|articlename=Magol or Mago – Another Language? (message #10.12)|dated=14 Jul 2007|website=Lambe|accessed=}}</ref> Sometime later he considered making this language [[Orkish]]; he marked this page with the name "Orcish" but striked it out<ref name="a"/> which means that he rejected this idea.<ref name="h">''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' p. 710</ref>. However one word from its vocabulary is ''[[bolg]]'' meaning "strong".<ref name="h"/>

In ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]'' [[Michael Ramer]] mentions several Ungric words like ''Shomorú'' (Hung. ''szomorú'' 'sad'<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3604acad32fd587a3a1c|articlename=Re: Magol or Mago – Another Language? (message #10.13)|dated=14 Jul 2007|website=Lambe|accessed=}}</ref>) 'Saturn'<ref>{{HM|SD}}, [[The Notion Club Papers]], p. 221</ref>, ''Dalud dimran'', ''Eshil dimzor''<ref>{{HM|SD}}, [[The Notion Club Papers]], p. 218</ref>, a waterfall on the world ''Ellor Eshúrizel'' <ref>{{HM|SD}}, [[The Notion Club Papers]], p. 200</ref>, ''Gyönyörü, Emberü'' <ref>{{HM|SD}}, [[The Notion Club Papers]], p. 178, 214</ref> , ''Gyürüchill'' 'Saturn' <ref>{{HM|SD}}, [[The Notion Club Papers]], p. 205, 221</ref>

{{references}}
{{languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magol}}
[[Category:languages]]

Lisa Star

2023-02-14T15:46:16Z

Jteuber: archive link

'''Lisa Star''' edited the journal ''[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva]]'' until [[2001]]. She also used to moderate the Elvish Linguistics mailing list.

Star had criticised the "Elfconners" ([[Arden Smith]], [[Carl Hostetter]], [[Patrick Wynne]], [[Christopher Gilson]]) for their publishing methods. On [[28 October]] [[1996]] she posted in [[Tolklang]] her objections and requested a rapid publication of the original material.<ref>{{webcite|author=Lisa Star|articleurl=http://tolk:lang@tolklang.quettar.org/messages/Vol20/20.89|articlename=Failure of Elfconners|dated=28 October, 1996|website=The Tolkien Language List}}</ref> She would later mention in her website, "There is no love lost between Carl Hostetter and me".<ref>{{webcite|author=Lisa Star|articleurl=http://www.reocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/unpub.html|articlename=A List of Tolkien's Unpublished and Slightly Published Manuscripts|dated=August 2002|website=Welcome to Tyalie Tyelellieva}}</ref>

The information she provided has sometimes been criticised as inaccurate or imprecise,<ref>"''Unfortunately, Lisa's linguistic informations often are very imprecise. P. e. she refers to a supposed usage of „Rohirian“ in [[The Peoples of Middle-earth|PM]] p. 55 that does not exist; indeed the word does not occur anywhere in that book at all.''" ([[Andreas Moehn]][https://web.archive.org/web/20120211150724/http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/How_to_speak_Rohirric.html])</ref> such as the reference to the supposed language "Mørk" by [[Tolkien]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Patrick Wynne]] (as Pa2trick)|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116182558/https://cavscrip.wordpress.com/category/the-baleful-eye/sophistry/starism/|articlename=Mørk calling Orsøn, come in Orsøn …|dated=February 22, 2006|website=Caveat Scriptor}}</ref>

As of [[2008]] Star apparently has withdrawn from the [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien scene]] and nobody seemed to be able to contact her.<ref>Matthew "Tyrhael" Dinse, [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/34824 Message 34824], ''[[Elfling]]'' ([https://tolklang.quettar.org/elfling-mirror/348nn/34824 Archive])</ref> Her official website received a final update in March [[2009]] before eventually disappearing because of [[Wikipedia:Geocities|Geocities]] shutting down.<ref>[http://www.reocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/9902/ Archive of the final snapshot of her Geocities site]</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Articles===
*[[1992]]: [[Vinyar Tengwar 21|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 21]]
**"Quettare Kalyaina Eldalamberon: Illuminated Quenya Word-list"
*[[1994]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 1|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 1]]
**"Plural in Quenya"
**"Danian Charm"
**"Double-Line Tengwar Pen Initials"
*[[1994]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 2|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 2]]
**"Quenya Verb Suffixes: Transitive and Causative"
**"Ubi Quent?"
**"Danian Charm"
*[[1994]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 3|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 3]]
**"Quenya Mass Nouns and the Partitive Genitive"
**"Gnomic Verses Project" (with Andy Mariani)
*[[1995]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 4|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 4]]
**"Cup and Ring Map"
**"Dwarvish Wordlist"
**"Runes of Erebor"
*[[1995]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 5|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 5]]
**"Hot News from the Ice Age"
**"Glammarye: A Key"
**"Armenian Bole Technique"
**"Counting Flowers"
*[[1995]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 6|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 6]]
**"Ent Language"
**"Hither, Thither and Yon"
**"Glammarye: Tolkien and the Tree-Kings"
**"Lege Artis"
**"Among the Trees"
*[[1995]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 7|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 7]]
**"Scroll of the Kings of Numenor"
**"The Ever-Horned One"
*[[1996]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 9|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 9]]
**"Inspired by Art: William Morris"
*[[1998]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 12|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 12]]
**"List of Versions of Namaria"
**"Tempest in a Thimble"
*[[1998]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 13|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 13]]
**"Analysis of Doors of Moria Tengwar"
*[[2000]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 14|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 14]]
**"Agricultural Methods in Hobbiton"
**"'She' and the Ruins of Kor"
*[[2000]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 15|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 15]]
**"Tolkien Collection at Marquette (Part 1)"
*[[2001]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 16|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 16]]
**"Tolkien Collection at Marquette (Part 2)"
*[[2001]]: [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]]
**"Sôval Phâre Introduction, Grammar, and Tengwar"
**"Languages of Rohan and Dale"
**"The Tolkien Collection at Marquette, Part 4"
{{References}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star, Lisa}}
[[Category:American people]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]

Letter to Madam Ossendrijver (5 January 1961)

2023-02-13T12:25:19Z

Jteuber: archive link

[[File:Ossendrijver 5 January 1961 (1).jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Ossendrijver 5 January 1961 (2).jpg|thumb]]
On [[5 January]] [[1961]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote '''[[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"|a letter]] to Madam Ossendrijver'''.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/J-R-R-Tolkien-Rare-hand-written-letter-by-Tolkien-/231077543050|articlename=J.R.R Tolkien, Rare hand-written letter by Tolkien (eBay item number: 231077543050)|dated=|website=eBay|accessed=21 October 2013}}</ref>

*'''Subject:''' Tolkien writes about the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch translation]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and replies to a question about the etymology of the name ''[[Númenor]]'', among other things.
*'''Description''': Handwritten letter.
*'''Publication:''' A large excerpt from the letter was published as [[Letter 227]] in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''.

==Excerpt==

"Númenor, shortened form of ''Númenórë'', is my own invention, compounded from ''nūme-n'' "going down" (√ndū, nū), sunset, West, and ''nōre'' "land, country" = ''Westernesse''"<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a9c |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=15 December 2013}}. The archive version is encoded incorrectly, the text is intended to read as written here.</ref>

{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Letters|Ossendrijver, Madam (1961-01-05)]]

Letter to Jonathan Hepworth

2023-02-13T12:18:18Z

Jteuber: archive link

On [[18 December]] [[1963]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] wrote a '''[[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"|letter]] to Jonathan Hepworth''' and his father.<ref name=C>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/tolkien-john-ronald-reuel-two-autograph-6218450-details.aspx|articlename=Lot 593|dated=|website=[http://www.christies.com/ christies.com ]|accessed=30 June 2019}}</ref>

*'''Publication:''' None.
*'''Notes:''' Contains a previously unknown phrase in [[Quenya]]: ''nai lye hiruva airea [[amanar]]!'', translated by Tolkien as "may thee find a blessed Amanar", referring to "the [[Yule]] and the beginning of the [[Sun]]'s return" and representing an "ancient [[Elvish]]" equivalent to "merry Christmas".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3ac7|articlename=Quenya inscription in upcoming Christie's lot 593 (message 1187)|dated=27 June 2019|website=[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/info Lambengolmor (Yahoo group)]|accessed=30 June 2019}}</ref>
*'''Description:''' Autograph letter signed by J.R.R. Tolkien. In English and Elvish. 2 pages, 87 x 112mm, notecard and half page, 175 x 136mm.<ref name=C/>

==From the auction<ref name=C/>==

‘I have one criticism and that is that you show the Three Rings inside the unbroken One Ring’: Tolkien discusses his cover art illustrations for the ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy with a young fan, adding a Yuletide greeting in Elvish. Tolkien thanks Jonathan for his folding card, ‘especially for the (horrible) view of Mordor and the destruction of Orodruin’, though he does note that the Three Rings should not be shown appearing within the One Ring. ‘I drew “jackets”, [[:File:Jrrt_lotr_cover_design.jpg|a separate one for each volume]], but they proved too expensive, and what was used was a (defective) version of the first’, the design for which Tolkien goes on to describe. Having read Jonathan’s message in Runes, he replies with one of his own, wishing his young correspondent a merry Christmas in ancient Elvish, English (‘May thee find a blessed Amanar’) and in Runes.<ref group=note>Actually [[tengwar]], not [[runes]] ([[Cirth]]).</ref> Tolkien adds a covering letter to Jonathan’s father, thanking him for his kind words and for Jonathan’s card: ‘I see that he has been studying with effect the rather difficult [[Runes]]. How about the [[tengwar|Elvish script]]?’.

Tolkien originally designed three individual dust-jackets for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', ''The Two Towers'', and ''The Return of the King''; the illustration for the first of these, which showed the One Ring threatened by three hostile rings, was later adapted as the cover artwork for all three titles. As he complains here, the eventual design showed only one of the three hostile rings.

{{references|note}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Letters|Hepworth (1963-12-18)]]

Letter to Dorothy

2023-02-13T12:14:08Z

Jteuber: archive link

Some years before [[1968]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] allegedly wrote '''[[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"|a letter]] to Dorothy'''.

*'''Authenticity:''' "...most likely genuine. If it isn't, it is a particularly well-informed and elaborate hoax" - [[Carl F. Hostetter]]<ref name="Carl">[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35c32bd1e7b46e2ee689 message #6616] on [[Elfling]]</ref>.
*'''Publication:''' Only one [[Quenya]] sentence published in mailing lists.

== Comment and Excerpt ==
Dorothy had sent [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] a letter asking him how to say "Merry Christmas" in [[Elvish]]; Tolkien replied that the [[Elves]] did not celebrate Christmas but they had a generic wish: ''[[mer-|Meri[n]]] [[sa]] [[harya-|harya]]lye [[alasse]]'' "I hope that you have happiness" (adding in a case of a mortal: ''[[nó]] [[vanya-|vanya]]lye [[Ambar]]ello'' "before you pass from the world").

==Legacy==
In a letter dated [[14 October|October 14]] [[1968]] Dorothy mentioned Tolkien's letter and the Elvish phrase to a Ms Dawson with whom they shared love for Tolkien's work. In her letter, she transcribed the first word as ''Meriu''.

On [[1 April|April 1]] [[1999]], Dawson's son, Michael sent a mail to the [[Tolkien Mailing List]] inquiring the identity of his mother's friend. He asked whether such a letter by Tolkien has been published in [[Humphrey Carpenter]]'s "''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''" so that he would identify and trace that Dorothy. Nobody could help Michael Dawson identify Dorothy, since the letter had never been published.
===Significance and authenticity===
Linguists of [[Tolklang]] and [[Elfling]] considered the Elvish sentence another piece of the Quenya puzzle; most importantly, the previously unknown words ''sa'' "that" (introducing a secondary sentence) and ''nó'' "before". They also corrected the first word ''meriu'' as a misread ''merin'': u and n tended to look identical in Tolkien's handwriting,<ref>{{webcite|website=Arda|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/errors.htm|articlename=Probable Errors in the Etymologies}}: "''The letter '''n''' is involved in very many of the probable misreadings, [...] being misinterpreted (as [...] '''u''')''"</ref> and the word was supposed to be a verb in [[Quenya#Pronouns|1st person singular]].

The Quenya sentence, known as "Merin Sentence", has been critically analyzed in publications such as [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 14|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 14]] by [[Lisa Star]].

Some of the oddities concerning the phrase were that Michael Dawson sent his mail on April 1st ([[Wikipedia:Fool's Day|Fool's Day]]), and afterwards nobody could contact him<ref name="Helge">[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/less-d.rtf Quenya Lesson 20]</ref>. [[Carl F. Hostetter]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]] (who was forwarded Dawson's mail by Hostetter) said that they had not encountered these 'new' words as such in any of Tolkien's unpublished papers.<ref name="Carl"/>

It is of note that the vocabulary of the sentence fits ''[[The Etymologies]]'' suggesting that the letter to Dorothy was not written later than the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]''<ref name="Helge"/>. In later publications, the word ''sa'' has been seen again in a text as "that"<ref>{{VT|49}} p.18</ref> but the word ''nó'' was given as "but".<ref>{{VT|41}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Letters to Dorothy Wood]]
*[[Letter to Jonathan Hepworth]] (a [[1963]] letter where Tolkien mentions another elvish wish for "Merry Christmas")
{{references}}

==External links==
*[http://tolklang.quettar.org/messages/Vol34/34.99 An excerpt of Michael Dawson's mail] forwarded to [[Tolklang]] mailing list.
*[http://tolklang.quettar.org/messages/Vol35/35.02 Analysis] of the Quenya sentence by [[Helge Fauskanger]]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/569 Analysis] by [[David Salo]] on [[Elfling]] mailing list
*[http://www.elvish.org/elm/merin.html Info on the "merin sentence"]
[[Category:Letters|Dorothy]]
[[Category:Internet]]

Language of Dale

2023-02-13T12:10:39Z

Jteuber: archive link

__NOTOC__
{{Unnamed}}

The '''language of Dale''' was the tongue spoken by the [[Men of Dale|Men of]] [[Dale]] and as a [[Northern Mannish|Northern language]], it was related to [[Rohanese]] and, more distantly, to [[Westron]].

==History==
The language, as well as the personal names of the Men of Dale closely resembled those of the Men in the [[Vale of Anduin]] and those of the [[Rohirrim]]; even those of some [[Hobbits]] who used high-sounding names and words from the Mannish language of the upper Anduin.<ref name=AppF2/><ref group=note>The relationship of the languages can be seen in the D. name [[Brand]] along with the H. name [[Ferdibrand Took|Ferdibrand]] and the R. name [[Erkenbrand]].</ref>

The language of Dale was adopted by the [[Dwarves]] from that region, such as the [[Dwarves of Erebor]]. In fact they used this tongue to introduce themselves to outsiders, forming their "outer" names, as it was a taboo to use their true, original [[Khuzdul]] names to other [[races]].<ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=AppF2>{{App|F2}}</ref>

The writing system used by the Men of Dale was an old and simple form of the [[Cirth]].<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>

==Translation==
In [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s stories, the language of Dale was rendered with [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]], a language related to [[Old English]] and modern English as the tongue of Dale was related to [[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]].<ref name=AppF2/><ref name=L144/>

==Name==
A suggested name for the language of Dale is '''Dalian'''.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of the Atani Languages]" (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> Another "invented" name commonly used by [[Fandom|fans]] is '''Dalish'''.<ref>"[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35f9231bf7461a6c91af Breelendish, a Welsh-style Conlang]" (message 33106; 12 March, 2006) at [[Elfling]] mailing list (accessed 27 March 2011)</ref><ref>"[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b83ee6a6c41e986689 Scandinavians in Middle-earth?]" (message 1075; 15 July 1999) at [[Elfling]] mailing list (accessed 27 March 2011)</ref>

{{references|note}}

{{languages}}

[[Category:Mannish]]

Kirinki

2023-02-13T12:05:22Z

Jteuber: archive link

[[Image:Kirinki.jpg|thumb|Kirinki portrayed in ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]]'']]

'''Kirinki''' was one of the many species of birds that were native to [[Númenor]]. These tiny birds were not known to be found anywhere within [[Aman]] and [[Middle-earth]]. The kirinki were said to be no bigger than wrens, with bright scarlet feathers, and piping voices so high that they could hardly even be heard by [[Men]].<ref>{{UT|3}}</ref><ref>{{NM|P3xiii}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Kirinki'' is a [[Quenya]] word possibly meaning "little cutter". It is perhaps derived from ''[[KIR]]'' ("cut, cleave, pass swiftly through; shave; skim (surface), slip along, glide quickly"), ''[[-incë]]'' ("diminutive ending").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2896360835.html|articlename=Q. ''Kirinki'' n.|website=[[Eldamo]]|accessed=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qlist.htm Quenya Corpus Wordlist]" at [[Ardalambion]] (accessed 13 March 2011)</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Birds]]
[[de:Kirinki]]
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/faune/kirinki]]
[[fi:Kirinki]]

Kibil-nâla

2023-02-13T12:01:47Z

Jteuber: archive link

{{main|Celebrant}}
'''Kibil-nâla''' was the [[Dwarvish]] name for the river that ran through [[Lothlórien]], known to the [[Elves]] as [[Celebrant]] and to [[Men]] as the [[Silverlode]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref>

==Etymology==

*''[[kibil]]'' ("silver") + ''[[nâla]]'' (?"channel; path; rivercourse")

The river's name seems to come originally from the workings of the Dwarves, as they seem to have discovered silver in the river.<ref>{{TI|VIII}}, p. 175</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest drafts of [[Appendix A]], the river's name was given as '''Zigil-nâd'''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}, pp. 279, 286</ref> Considering the meaning of ''[[zigil]]'', [[Edouard Kloczko]] has proposed that ''Kibil-nâla'' is not the name of the actual river, but only of "the reappearance of the river". He connects ''kibil'' to [[Adûnaic]] ''[[khibil]]'', "spring".<ref>[[Edouard Kloczko]], [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b63ee6a6c41e986367 Re: More about Dwarvish (#268)]</ref> This seems unlikely, as Tolkien explicitly stated: "''Silverlode'' dwarfish [sic] ''Kibilnâla''".<ref>{{TI|Lothlorien}}, p. 241 (note 36)</ref>
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kibil-nala}}
[[Category:Khuzdul words]]
[[Category:Rivers]]
[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[de:Kibil-nâla#Weitere Namen]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/monts_brumeux/kibil_nala]]
[[fi:Kibil-nâla]]

Ifant

2023-02-13T11:57:44Z

Jteuber: archive link

==Noldorin==

'''''ifant''''' is a Noldorin word meaning "aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)". <ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 358, 400</ref><ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 23</ref><ref name=DW/>

==Sindarin==

'''''ifant''''' appears to retain the same meaning and form in [[Sindarin]], as seen in the name [[Torhir Ifant|Torhir '''Ifant''']].<ref>{{WJ|P2}}, p. 192</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35c12bd1e7b46e2ee297|articlename=Re: Unvoiced nasals (message #5596)|dated=30 July 2001|website=Elfling|accessed=20 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=DW>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]]|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/english.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary|dated=|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/haut.shtml Jrrvf.com]|accessed=20 March 2013}}</ref>

{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Noldorin adjectives]]
[[Category:Sindarin adjectives]]

Girithron

2023-02-13T11:54:04Z

Jteuber: archive link

'''Girithron''' is the [[Sindarin]] name for the twelfth month of the year, following [[Hithui]], according to the calendars of the [[Dunedain]]. ''Girithron'' in the [[Kings' Reckoning|Kings']] and [[Stewards' Reckoning]] corresponded to [[Foreyule]] in the [[Shire Calendar]] (approximately modern [[21 November]] through [[20 December]]).<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name apparently contains ''[[girith]]'' "shivering" and ''raun'' "[[moon]], month".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85c029|website=[[Elfling]]|articlename=queren, ringare}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Months]]
[[de:Ringarë]]
[[fi:Girithron]]

Gar

2023-02-13T11:52:25Z

Jteuber: archive link

'''''gar''''' is a [[Noldorin]] word of uncertain meaning.

The word appears in two places:

#in a phrase on a draft of [[Thrór's Map]]: "''[[Lheben]] [[tâl|teil]] [[brand (word)#Noldorin|brann]] [[i]] [[annon]] [[ar]] [[nêl|neledh]] [[neledhi]] '''gar''' [[godrebh]]''"<ref name=AI>{{HM|AI}}, pp. 92, 150 (note 6)</ref>
#in an Elvish poem published in ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]'': "[...] ''Damrod dir hanach dalath benn '''gar''' meilien'' [...]"<ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref>

David Kiltz has suggested that ''gar'' likely means "to go", or something similar.<ref>David Kiltz, [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3603acad32fd587a382b Noldorin _gar_ (message 512)] (dated 30 October 2003) at [[Elfling]]</ref> [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] also appear to translate ''gar'' as "go" in their translation of the phrase on the draft of Thrór's Map.<ref name=AI/>

{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Noldorin words]]

Exilic Quenya

2022-09-23T08:40:38Z

Jteuber: /* Example */ archive link

'''Exilic Quenya''' was the dialect of [[Quenya]] spoken by [[Noldor]]in [[Exile of the Noldor|exiles who left]] [[Aman]] for [[Middle-earth]] in the [[First Age]]. It then became the general dialect of Quenya in [[Middle-earth]].

Though often called ''Noldorin Quenya'', there is evidence that it may not have reflected the evolution of those Noldor that remained in [[Tirion]] under [[Finarfin]]'s rule. For example:

*During the First Age in Beleriand, Exilic Quenya lost its distinct accusative case, merging it with the nominative case.
*After the end of the First Age, the Exilic dialect changed word-initial ''w'' to ''v''.
*After the end of the [[Second Age]], the dialect changed word-initial ''ñ'' to ''n''.
*Also during the [[Third Age]], various words changed whereby sequences of ''-iV-'' (where ''V'' represents any arbitrary vowel) changed to ''-iyV-''.

It is highly possible that at least some of these changes were adopted in Aman too as Noldor returned by sea over the ages, or died and re-embodied in the [[Halls of Mandos]] and rejoined Amanya Noldorin society. However, the Quenya of Aman (including that spoken by the [[Vanyar]] and Noldor who remained) is very poorly documented in official sources after the Noldor left Aman in the first place, so any linguistic trends of Amanya Quenya after this point are pure speculation. Indeed, it is difficult to assume the communal living conditions of the Noldor after most of them had returned, including whether they came again to live together in Tirion at all.

But it ''is'' certain that the Exilic variety of Quenya was the basis of Quenya that continued to be used, ceremonially or otherwise, by the [[Edain]] and [[Dúnedain]] who were never destined to reside in Aman.
==Example==
[[Helge Fauskanger]] has composed a short [[Neo-Quenya]] phrase in the [[Elfling]] mailing list, in order to visualize the sum of the changes that have occurred in Noldorin, both phonological and syntactical.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85bf70|articlename=Old Quenya vs. Exilic Quenya (361.55)|dated=26 Nov 2011|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=23 Sep 2022}}, reply [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85bf72 361.57 (Paul Strack)]</ref>

"Feanor in his rage led the Noldor over the Sea from Valinor to Middle-earth. The Noldor passed into the forested lands of the Sindar and were scattered there."

In "Old Quenya" of Aman this phrase is reconstructed as:

:''Tulyane Fayanáro achazyasse Ñoldoi olla Aiar Valinórello Endórenna. Awanter Ñoldor miz taureai nórí Thindaron az náner wintainai tasse.''

In later, classical Quenya that would be:

:''Feanáro aharyasse tulyane Noldor olla Ear Valinorello Endorenna. Noldor oanter mir taurie nóri Sindaron ar náner vintaine tasse.''

==See also==
*[[Vanyarin]]
{{references}}
::* [http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/qevolution.pdf The Evolution from Primitive Elvish to Quenya]

{{languages}}
[[Category:Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Quenya]]

Erellont

2022-09-23T08:34:43Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ archive links

'''Erellont''' was one of the three mariners who accompanied [[Eärendil]] and [[Elwing]] to [[Aman]], the other two being [[Aerandir]] and [[Falathar]].<ref>{{S|24}}</ref>

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] never specified the race of the three mariners: while it has been suggested that they were [[Men]],<ref>[http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/a/aerandir.html Aerandir] at [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/default.asp Encyclopedia of Arda] (accessed 6 April 2011)</ref> others argue that they were [[Elves]].<ref>[http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showthread.php?t=347256&page=73 War of the Silmarils] (game forum thread; accessed 6 April 2011)</ref>

== Etymology ==
The meaning of ''Erellont'' is unknown. It has been speculated that the name means "lonely (star) ship" in [[Sindarin]],<ref group=note>In that case derived from ''[[ereb]]'' (+ ''[[êl|el]]'') + a possible derivative of [[LUT|LUT-]].</ref> or that the name is "''possibly a dialectal Sindarin of the Falas''" or even a "''combination of [Mannish] and Elvish''".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Ryszard Derdziński]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35eafaf676cebb5147cb|articlename=Erellont — name etymology (262.02)|dated=2 Aug 2003|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=23 Sep 2022}} and replies [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35eafaf676cebb5147cc 262.02 (Terry Dock)], [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35eafaf676cebb514803 262.58 (Jerry Aurand)]</ref>

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters of unknown race]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Mariners]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Erellont]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/erellont]]
[[fi:Erellont]]

Bruinen

2022-09-23T08:23:25Z

Jteuber: /* Etymology */ clarified language

{{location infobox
| name=Bruinen
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - The Wizards River Horses.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Wizards River Horses" by [[:Category:Images by Rob Alexander|Rob Alexander]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Loudwater''
| location=[[Eriador]]
| type=River
| description=
| regions=[[Rhudaur]], [[Eregion]]
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Bruinen''' or '''Loudwater''' was a river in eastern [[Eriador]]. It began with two tributaries flowing from the western slopes of the [[Misty Mountains]], one of which came from the [[High Pass]] where [[Goblin-town]] existed. The Bruinen terminated when it joined the [[Mitheithel]] River. The southern arm of the Bruinen flowed through the deep valley where [[Elrond]] founded the refuge of [[Rivendell]]. The Bruinen had only one known ford, the [[Ford of Bruinen|Ford]] near Rivendell.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

The river formed the eastern border of the Kingdom of [[Arnor]] and later the petty-realm of [[Rhudaur]]. It also formed the northern border of [[Eregion]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

==History==
When [[Thorin]] and company went to reclaim [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], they crossed the Bruinen after their adventure with the [[Trolls]], before they long paused at Rivendell.<ref>{{H|Rest}}</ref>

At the beginning of the [[War of the Ring]] [[Frodo Baggins]] was carried on [[Glorfindel]]'s horse towards the Ford of Bruinen, with the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] in hot pursuit. At the Ford Frodo, poisoned by a [[Morgul-wound]], made his stand, and defied the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]]. This lured the Ringwraiths into the Bruinen, and Elrond and [[Gandalf]] released a great flood, which took the form of horses made out of water due to Gandalf's magic. This flood killed the horses of the Ringwraiths and their physical forms, buying the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] some time.<ref>{{FR|I12}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Tolkien translated the name as '''Loudwater'''. [[Patrick H. Wynne]] suggested that ''Bruinen'' is Sindarin and linked the first element ''brui'' ("noisy") to the second element of the word ''[[Ulumúri]]'', and several other [[Qenya]] and [[Gnomish|Goldogrin]] words with some connection to "great sound". The second element is ''[[nen]]'' ("water").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Patrick H. Wynne]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3604acad32fd587a39a6|articlename=Editorial to "''Bruinen'' in VT48" (8.95)|dated=2006-02-28|website=[[Lambengolmor (mailing list)|Lambengolmor]]|accessed=2022-09-23}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Rivers]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Bruinen]]
[[fi:Bruinen]]