<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en">
	<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=KingAragorn+Bot</id>
	<title>Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=KingAragorn+Bot"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Special:Contributions/KingAragorn_Bot"/>
	<updated>2026-06-14T03:35:57Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.41.1</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:KingAragorn_Bot/Scripts&amp;diff=294919</id>
		<title>User:KingAragorn Bot/Scripts</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:KingAragorn_Bot/Scripts&amp;diff=294919"/>
		<updated>2017-10-24T17:35:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: /* Irregular scripts */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Common scripts==&lt;br /&gt;
===Changing categories===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
using System;&lt;br /&gt;
using DotNetWikiBot;&lt;br /&gt;
class MyBot : Bot &lt;br /&gt;
{ &lt;br /&gt;
	public static void Main() &lt;br /&gt;
	{&lt;br /&gt;
		Site site = new Site(&amp;quot;http://tolkiengateway.net&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;KingAragorn Bot&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;PASSWORD&amp;quot;); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
		PageList p = new PageList(site);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.FillAllFromCategory(&amp;quot;Vinyar Tengwar issues&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.Load();&lt;br /&gt;
		p.RemoveFromCategory(&amp;quot;Vinyar Tengwar issues&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.AddToCategory(&amp;quot;Vinyar Tengwar&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.SaveSmoothly(1, &amp;quot;Bot comment: changed category.&amp;quot;, true);&lt;br /&gt;
} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Re-linking===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
using System;&lt;br /&gt;
using DotNetWikiBot;&lt;br /&gt;
class MyBot : Bot &lt;br /&gt;
{ &lt;br /&gt;
	public static void Main() &lt;br /&gt;
	{ &lt;br /&gt;
		Site site = new Site(&amp;quot;http://tolkiengateway.net&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;KingAragorn Bot&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;PASSWORD&amp;quot;); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
		PageList p = new PageList(site);&lt;br /&gt;
 		p.FillFromLinksToPage(&amp;quot;Erebor&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.Load();&lt;br /&gt;
		foreach (Page i in p) {&lt;br /&gt;
			i.text = i.text.Replace(&amp;quot;[[Erebor]]&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;[[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
		foreach (Page j in p) {&lt;br /&gt;
			j.text = j.text.Replace(&amp;quot;[[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]]&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;[[Lonely Mountain]]&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
		p.SaveSmoothly(1, &amp;quot;Bot message: re-linked.&amp;quot;, true);&lt;br /&gt;
	} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To avoid certain namespaces, add the following before p.Load():&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		p.RemoveNamespaces(new int[] {1,3});&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To include specific namespaces only, add the following before p.Load():&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		p.FilterNamespaces(new int[] {1,3});&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
List of built-in namespaces and their corresponding integers:&lt;br /&gt;
*0 - Main&lt;br /&gt;
*1 - Talk&lt;br /&gt;
*2 - User&lt;br /&gt;
*3 - User talk&lt;br /&gt;
*4 - Tolkien Gateway&lt;br /&gt;
*5 - Tolkien Gateway talk&lt;br /&gt;
*6 - File&lt;br /&gt;
*7 - File talk&lt;br /&gt;
*8 - MediaWiki&lt;br /&gt;
*9 - MediaWiki talk&lt;br /&gt;
*10 - Template&lt;br /&gt;
*11 - Template talk&lt;br /&gt;
*12 - Help&lt;br /&gt;
*13 - Help talk&lt;br /&gt;
*14 - Category&lt;br /&gt;
*15 - Category talk&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Irregular scripts==&lt;br /&gt;
===Change image categories and automatically insert proper sort key===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
using System;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.IO;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Text;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Collections;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Xml;&lt;br /&gt;
using DotNetWikiBot;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Threading;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Net;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Web;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
class MyBot : Bot &lt;br /&gt;
{ &lt;br /&gt;
	public static void Main() &lt;br /&gt;
	{&lt;br /&gt;
		Site site = new Site(&amp;quot;http://tolkiengateway.net&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;KingAragorn Bot&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;PASSWORD&amp;quot;); &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
		PageList p = new PageList(site);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.FillSubsFromCategoryTree(&amp;quot;Images&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
		p.FilterNamespaces(new int[] {14});&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
		foreach(Page myPage in p) {&lt;br /&gt;
			String pagename1 = myPage.title;&lt;br /&gt;
			String pagename2 =  pagename1.Replace(&amp;quot;Category:&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
			String pagename3 =  pagename2.Replace(&amp;quot;Maps of &amp;quot;, &amp;quot;&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
			myPage.Load();&lt;br /&gt;
			myPage.RemoveTemplate(&amp;quot;DEFAULTSORT&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
			myPage.AddTemplate(&amp;quot;{{DEFAULTSORT:&amp;quot; + pagename3 + &amp;quot;}}&amp;quot;);			&lt;br /&gt;
			&lt;br /&gt;
		}&lt;br /&gt;
		p.SaveSmoothly(1, &amp;quot;Bot comment: fixed DEFAULTSORT.&amp;quot;, true);&lt;br /&gt;
} &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mass re-linking===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
using System;&lt;br /&gt;
using DotNetWikiBot;&lt;br /&gt;
class MyBot : Bot &lt;br /&gt;
{ &lt;br /&gt;
        public static void Main() &lt;br /&gt;
        { &lt;br /&gt;
                Site site = new Site(&amp;quot;http://tolkiengateway.net&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;KingAragorn Bot&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;PASSWORD&amp;quot;); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
                PageList b = new PageList(site);&lt;br /&gt;
                b.FillFromFile(&amp;quot;PageList.txt&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                foreach (Page c in b) {&lt;br /&gt;
                PageList i = new PageList(site);&lt;br /&gt;
                i.FillFromLinksToPage(c.title);&lt;br /&gt;
            i.LoadEx3();    &lt;br /&gt;
                foreach (Page p in i) {&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
                      p.text = p.text.Replace(&amp;quot;[[Rankin/Bass&#039; The Hobbit]]&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]]&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                      p.text = p.text.Replace(&amp;quot;Rankin/Bass&#039; The Hobbit|&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;The Hobbit (1977 film)|&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                      p.text = p.text.Replace(&amp;quot;[[Ralph Bakshi&#039;s The Lord of the Rings]]&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                      p.text = p.text.Replace(&amp;quot;Ralph Bakshi&#039;s The Lord of the Rings|&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                      p.text = p.text.Replace(&amp;quot;[[Rankin/Bass&#039; The Return of the King]]&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;[[The Return of the King (1980 film)]]&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                      p.text = p.text.Replace(&amp;quot;Rankin/Bass&#039; The Return of the King|&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;The Return of the King (1980 film)|&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
                p.Save(&amp;quot;Bot comment: fixing links&amp;quot;, true);&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
        } &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Get list of article names and save to file===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
using System;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.IO;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Text;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Collections;&lt;br /&gt;
using System.Xml;&lt;br /&gt;
using DotNetWikiBot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
class MyBot : Bot&lt;br /&gt;
{&lt;br /&gt;
	public static void Main()&lt;br /&gt;
	{&lt;br /&gt;
		Site site = new Site(&amp;quot;http://tolkiengateway.net&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;KingAragorn Bot&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;********&amp;quot;); &lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
		site.fetchRate = 5000;&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
		PageList p = new PageList(site);&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
		p.FillFromAllPages(&amp;quot;The Tolkien Calendar 1993&amp;quot;, 0 , false, 5000);&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;br /&gt;
		p.SaveTitlesToFile(&amp;quot;tg.txt&amp;quot;);&lt;br /&gt;
	}&lt;br /&gt;
}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
__NOTOC__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Saruman_using_Palant%C3%ADr.jpg&amp;diff=231770</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Saruman_using_Palant%C3%ADr.jpg&amp;diff=231770"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Christopher Lee]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of palantíri]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Samwise_Gamgee.jpg&amp;diff=231769</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Samwise_Gamgee.jpg&amp;diff=231769"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Samwise Gamgee]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Morwen.jpg&amp;diff=231768</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Morwen.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Morwen.jpg&amp;diff=231768"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Fairuse-Newlinecinema}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Morwen (film character)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Minas_Tirith_minature.jpg&amp;diff=231767</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Minas Tirith minature.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Minas_Tirith_minature.jpg&amp;diff=231767"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Minas Tirith]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Two_Towers_-_Meduseld.jpg&amp;diff=231766</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Meduseld.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Two_Towers_-_Meduseld.jpg&amp;diff=231766"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Meduseld]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Lurtz.jpg&amp;diff=231765</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Lurtz.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Lurtz.jpg&amp;diff=231765"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Lurtz]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue.jpg&amp;diff=231764</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gríma Wormtongue.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue.jpg&amp;diff=231764"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Gríma]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gollum_behind_bars_2.jpg&amp;diff=231762</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gollum behind bars 2.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gollum_behind_bars_2.jpg&amp;diff=231762"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Gollum]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gollum_behind_bars_1.jpg&amp;diff=231761</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gollum behind bars 1.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gollum_behind_bars_1.jpg&amp;diff=231761"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Gollum]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gimli.jpg&amp;diff=231760</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gimli.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gimli.jpg&amp;diff=231760"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Gimli]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gilraen%27s_grave.jpg&amp;diff=231759</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gilraen&#039;s grave.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Gilraen%27s_grave.jpg&amp;diff=231759"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Gilraen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Galadriel.jpg&amp;diff=231758</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Galadriel.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Galadriel.jpg&amp;diff=231758"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Galadriel]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Two_Towers_-_Freda_and_%C3%89othain.png&amp;diff=231757</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Freda and Éothain.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Two_Towers_-_Freda_and_%C3%89othain.png&amp;diff=231757"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Fairuse-Newlinecinema}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Éothain (film character)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Freda]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Ford_of_Bruinen.jpg&amp;diff=231756</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Ford of Bruinen.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Ford_of_Bruinen.jpg&amp;diff=231756"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Ford of Bruinen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Faramir.jpg&amp;diff=231755</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Faramir.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Faramir.jpg&amp;diff=231755"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Faramir]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Elrond.jpg&amp;diff=231754</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Elrond.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Elrond.jpg&amp;diff=231754"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Elrond]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Elrond_2.jpg&amp;diff=231753</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Elrond 2.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Elrond_2.jpg&amp;diff=231753"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Summary ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Hugo Weaving]] as [[Elrond]] in [[Peter Jackson|Peter Jackson&#039;s]] [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Elrond]]&lt;br /&gt;
== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Cirith_Ungol_minature.jpg&amp;diff=231752</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Cirith Ungol minature.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Cirith_Ungol_minature.jpg&amp;diff=231752"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Return_of_the_King_-_Celeborn.jpg&amp;diff=231751</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Celeborn.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Return_of_the_King_-_Celeborn.jpg&amp;diff=231751"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Celeborn]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Celeborn_3.jpg&amp;diff=231750</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Celeborn 3.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Celeborn_3.jpg&amp;diff=231750"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Celeborn]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Celeborn_2.jpg&amp;diff=231749</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Celeborn 2.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Celeborn_2.jpg&amp;diff=231749"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Celeborn]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_-_Asfaloth.jpg&amp;diff=231748</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Asfaloth.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_-_Asfaloth.jpg&amp;diff=231748"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Asfaloth]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Arwen.jpg&amp;diff=231747</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Arwen.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Arwen.jpg&amp;diff=231747"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Arwen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Liv Tyler]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Aragorn.jpg&amp;diff=231744</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Aragorn.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Aragorn.jpg&amp;diff=231744"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:56:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Aragorn]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Viggo Mortensen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Two_Towers_-_Aragorn_and_%C3%89owyn.jpg&amp;diff=231743</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Aragorn and Éowyn.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Two_Towers_-_Aragorn_and_%C3%89owyn.jpg&amp;diff=231743"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Licensing ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.newline.com New Line Cinema]}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Aragorn]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Éowyn]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_-_poster_map.jpg&amp;diff=231741</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - poster map.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_-_poster_map.jpg&amp;diff=231741"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Fairuse-Newlinecinema}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Map}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by Daniel Reeve]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maps of Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Middle-earth_map_poster.jpg&amp;diff=231740</id>
		<title>File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Middle-earth map poster.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)_-_Middle-earth_map_poster.jpg&amp;diff=231740"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Fairuse-Newlinecinema}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Map}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by Daniel Reeve]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maps of Middle-earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Daniel_Reeve_-_New_Zealand_map.jpg&amp;diff=231739</id>
		<title>File:Daniel Reeve - New Zealand map.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Daniel_Reeve_-_New_Zealand_map.jpg&amp;diff=231739"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Fairuse-Newlinecinema}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Map}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by Daniel Reeve]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_from_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers&amp;diff=231738</id>
		<title>Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_from_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers&amp;diff=231738"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:Two Towers}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_from_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King&amp;diff=231737</id>
		<title>Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_from_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King&amp;diff=231737"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:Return of the King}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_DVD_murals&amp;diff=231735</id>
		<title>Category:Images of The Lord of the Rings DVD murals</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_DVD_murals&amp;diff=231735"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;These images are from the Exclusive Content on [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]] DVDs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note: The images in this category should be re-uploaded.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings DVD murals}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_from_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring&amp;diff=231734</id>
		<title>Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_from_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring&amp;diff=231734"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:Fellowship of the Ring}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_bigatures&amp;diff=231733</id>
		<title>Category:Images of bigatures</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_bigatures&amp;diff=231733"/>
		<updated>2013-07-14T11:55:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:bigatures}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Ted_Nasmith_-_Ungoliant_and_the_Two_Trees.jpg&amp;diff=225841</id>
		<title>File:Ted Nasmith - Ungoliant and the Two Trees.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Ted_Nasmith_-_Ungoliant_and_the_Two_Trees.jpg&amp;diff=225841"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T16:29:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Copyright-permission|[[Ted Nasmith]]|[http://www.tednasmith.com/ Ted Nasmith&#039;s website]|Ted Nasmith}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by Ted Nasmith]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Ungoliant]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Two Trees]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Roger_Garland_-_Two_Trees_of_Valinor.jpg&amp;diff=225840</id>
		<title>File:Roger Garland - Two Trees of Valinor.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Roger_Garland_-_Two_Trees_of_Valinor.jpg&amp;diff=225840"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T16:29:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Summary==&lt;br /&gt;
This depiction by Roger Garland is whimsical and bright, as Tolkien would have appreciated. On the left is [[Laurelin|Laurelin the Golden]] with beautiful intricate blossoms. On the right stands [[Telperion]], often called the &amp;quot;Eldest of Trees.&amp;quot; This portrayal seems to show the trees during the mingling of the lights;a time of &amp;quot;day&amp;quot; when the light of both trees shone together. In the background rise the mighty [[Pelóri]], the great mountain range  raised by the [[Valar]] to protect their land. According to this work the trees are quite massive, whereas others have depicted them as the size of normal trees. One very interesting component of this painting is the Stonehenge-like ring about [[Ezellohar]], the mound of the trees. While this is not necessarily canonical, it certainly emphasizes how ancient the trees are.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-permission|[[Roger Garland]]|[http://www.lakeside-gallery.com/ www.lakeside-gallery.com]|Roger Garland}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by Roger Garland]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Laurelin]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Telperion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Two Trees]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Xavier_Price_-_The_Two_Trees.jpg&amp;diff=225839</id>
		<title>File:Peter Xavier Price - The Two Trees.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Xavier_Price_-_The_Two_Trees.jpg&amp;diff=225839"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T16:29:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The Two Trees&amp;quot; by artist [[Peter Xavier Price]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-permission|[[Peter Xavier Price]]|[http://peet.deviantart.com/ peet.deviantart.com]|Peter Xavier Price}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by Peter Xavier Price]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Two Trees]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:John_Howe_-_The_Killing_of_the_Trees.jpg&amp;diff=225837</id>
		<title>File:John Howe - The Killing of the Trees.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:John_Howe_-_The_Killing_of_the_Trees.jpg&amp;diff=225837"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T16:28:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Licensing==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Copyright-permission|[[John Howe]]|[http://www.john-howe.com John Howe&#039;s website]|John Howe}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images by John Howe]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Morgoth]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of Ungoliant]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Two Trees]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_Telperion&amp;diff=225835</id>
		<title>Category:Images of Telperion</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_Telperion&amp;diff=225835"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T16:28:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Images of [[Telperion]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Telperion}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Two Trees]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_Laurelin&amp;diff=225834</id>
		<title>Category:Images of Laurelin</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category:Images_of_Laurelin&amp;diff=225834"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T16:28:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot comment: changed category.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Images of [[Laurelin]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laurelin}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Images of the Two Trees]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Lake-town&amp;diff=225062</id>
		<title>Master of Lake-town</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Lake-town&amp;diff=225062"/>
		<updated>2013-01-01T11:53:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{men infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Frank Kelley Freas - Master of Esgaroth.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Master of Lake-town&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Moneybags&lt;br /&gt;
| birth=Unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| death=Sometime between {{TA|2941}} and {{TA|2949|n}}&amp;lt;ref group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;He could have died any time between the end of the quest for Erebor ({{TA|2941}}) and [[Gandalf]] and [[Balin|Balin&#039;s]] visit to Bilbo in {{TA|2949}}.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| gender=Male&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Master of Lake-town&#039;&#039;&#039; was the elected leader of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] at the time of the quest for [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|2941}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Nothing is known about the Master&#039;s history prior to the arrival of [[Thorin and Company]] in {{TA|2941}}. Indeed, even his individual name is unknown. Nonetheless, as the elected Master of Lake-town, he would have been accounted amongst the old and wise of the town.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;H14&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{H|14}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Henning Janssen - Master above the Lake.jpg|thumb|left|&#039;&#039;Master above the Lake&#039;&#039; by [[Henning Janssen]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When the Dwarves and Bilbo reached [[Lake-town]], they were taken to the great hall where the Master was feasting. Subsequently, Thorin declared the return of the King under the Mountain. This news spread quickly throughout the town and the people began to shout, sing, and rejoice. The Master doubted that there ever was a &#039;King under the Mountain&#039; but he had to take heed of the clamour. Therefore he pretended to believe Thorin&#039;s story and the Master yielded his own great chair to him. The Master accommodated the Dwarves and [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] for two weeks before they thought about departing for the [[Lonely Mountain]]. The Master was shocked that Thorin would dare to approach [[Smaug]] and he wondered whether he really was who he said he was. All the same, he was more than willing to let them go because they were expensive to keep and their arrival had caused business to come to a standstill.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;H10&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{H|10}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Smaug attacked Lake-town, the people urged the Master to tell them what needed to be done. But as the flames leaped from the dragon&#039;s jaw, the Master fled in his guided boat. Thus it was that [[Bard]] took control of the situation and ultimately slew the dragon himself. The surviving townsfolk gathered on the western shore of the [[Long Lake]] and lamented at the loss of their home. The people then directed their anger at the Master, accusing him of selfishness and calling him &#039;Moneybags&#039;. They demanded that Bard become their king. In response, the Master, in a demonstration of his charisma and oratorical prowess, rebutted the people and convinced them that their anger should be directed towards Thorin and Company instead of him. The Master remained quiet as the survivors set up camps along the shore and Bard assumed effective control of all the people, but did so only in the Master&#039;s name. When the hosts of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] and the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] set off for Erebor to demand their share in the treasure, the Master did not go. Those who stayed behind began to prepare for the oncoming winter by building huts and collecting resources; meanwhile, the Master directed the process of planning a new town.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;H14&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the [[Battle of Five Armies]], Bard gave a significant amount of gold to the Master, who in turn rewarded his followers and friends.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, he met a sad end. He caught the &#039;dragon-sickness&#039;, and he fled with his gold into the [[Desolation of the Dragon|Waste]]. Here he was abandoned by his companions before dying of starvation. The new Master was said to be much wiser and popular, and the source of prosperity up and down the [[River Running]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|19}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
===Films===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Master of Lake-town will be played by [[Stephen Fry]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Radio series===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1968 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Master of Esgaroth is played by [[John Bryning]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;RT2348&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Radio Times, Volume 181, No. 2348, [[7 November|November 7]], [[1968]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Games===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (2003 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Master is named Calamar, and secretly in league with goblins and ruffians.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (2003 video game)]], &amp;quot;A Warm Welcome&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Images of the Master of Lake-town|Images of the Master of Lake-town]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References|notes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Northmen]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Rulers of Middle-earth]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien_Gateway:Projects/Adaptations&amp;diff=223340</id>
		<title>Tolkien Gateway:Projects/Adaptations</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien_Gateway:Projects/Adaptations&amp;diff=223340"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:42:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following is a list of &#039;&#039;&#039;licensed adaptations&#039;&#039;&#039;. A &amp;quot;Portrayal in Adaptations&amp;quot; section should include as many of them as possible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
===Films===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1966 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1977 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1993: &#039;&#039;[[Hobitit]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2013: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2014: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Radio series===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1955 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1968 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1992: [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|&#039;&#039;Tales from the Perilous Realm&#039;&#039; (1992 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Games===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1982 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1985: &#039;&#039;[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[Shadows of Mordor]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1989: &#039;&#039;[[Crack of Doom Software Adventure]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|&#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I&#039;&#039; (1990 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1992: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1994: [[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (SNES)|&#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I&#039;&#039; (SNES)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (2003 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2005: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2008: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2010: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn&#039;s Quest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012: &#039;&#039;[[Lego|Lego The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012: &#039;&#039;[[Lego|Lego The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tolkien Gateway]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit_(film_series)&amp;diff=223339</id>
		<title>The Hobbit (film series)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit_(film_series)&amp;diff=223339"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:39:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Currentevent}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig-more|The Hobbit|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Film infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - logo.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Hobbit&lt;br /&gt;
| director=[[Peter Jackson]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=2563|articlename=Titles and Release Dates Announced|dated=31-May-2011|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Andy Serkis]] (Second Unit Director)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBAndy&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| producer=Peter Jackson&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Fran Walsh]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Carolynne Cunningham]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Philippa Boyens]] (Co-Producer)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Ken Kamins]] (Executive Producer)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Zane Weiner]] (Executive Producer)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| writer=[[Guillermo del Toro]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Peter Jackson&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Fran Walsh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Philippa Boyens&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| narrator=&lt;br /&gt;
| starring=[[Martin Freeman]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Ian McKellen]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Richard Armitage]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit (film series)#Confirmed cast|See cast section below for more]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| music=[[Howard Shore]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| cinematography=[[Andrew Lesnie]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| editing=&lt;br /&gt;
| studio=[[New Line Cinema]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[MGM]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[WingNut Films]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| distributor=[[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| released=&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;: 14 December, 2012&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Desolation of Smaug&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;: 13 December, 2013&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;There and Back Again&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;: 18 July, 2014&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/the-hobbit-trilogy-titles-and-release-dates/|articlename=The Hobbit Trilogy titles and release dates|dated=2-September-2012|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=2-September-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| runtime=&lt;br /&gt;
| country=New Zealand&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;United Kingdom&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;United States&lt;br /&gt;
| language=English&lt;br /&gt;
| budget=&amp;lt;!--US$500 million&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NZHPJDirector&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;--&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--$500 million seems too high and the source seems only to speculate the budget.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ Official Blog]&lt;br /&gt;
| imdb_id=0903624&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, known collectively as &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, are three forthcoming live-action films based upon [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s]] [[1937]] [[The Hobbit|novel of the same name]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The three films are being directed by [[Peter Jackson]] and are conceived as prequels to Jackson&#039;s earlier project, [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilmThree&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Martin Freeman]] has been cast to play the films&#039; title role of [[Bilbo Baggins]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Meanwhile [[Richard Armitage]] will portray [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; while [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] has been cast as [[Smaug]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Several cast members from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]] will reprise their roles, including [[Ian McKellen]] as [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Cate Blanchett]] as [[Galadriel]], [[Andy Serkis]] as [[Gollum]], and [[Elijah Wood]] as [[Frodo]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Filming in [[New Zealand]] began on [[21 March]], [[2011]] and ended on [[6 July]], [[2012]];&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNews1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12803125|articlename=Hobbit filming finally under way|dated=21-March-2011|website=[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ BBC News Online]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilming&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Like &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films are being produced back-to-back and released over three consecutive years: &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; was released in North America on [[14 December]], [[2012]], with &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Desolation of Smaug&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; set for [[13 December]], [[2013]], and &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;There and Back Again&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; set for [[18 July]], [[2014]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Peter Jackson]] initially planned to produce two films, but following the conclusion of principal photography, and on seeing early cuts of these films, he decided that he wanted &#039;to tell more of the tale&#039;. Therefore on [[30 July]], [[2012]], Jackson announced that &#039;two films will become three&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilmThree&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FilmThreePR&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[New Line Cinema]], [[MGM|Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios]], and [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/the-hobbit/peter-jacksons-long-awaited-filmed-adaptation-of-the-hobbit-to-be-a-trilogy/413954741973470|articlename=PETER JACKSON’S LONG-AWAITED FILMED ADAPTATION OF THE HOBBIT TO BE A TRILOGY|dated=30-July-2012|website=Facebook|accessed=30-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
The three &#039;&#039;Hobbit&#039;&#039; films are expected to follow [[The_Hobbit#Synopsis|the plot]] from [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s]] &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; in addition to added details revealed in [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|the Appendices]] to &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For more specific information see the plot section for each respective film:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey#Plot|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;#Plot]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug#Plot|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug&#039;&#039;#Plot]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again#Plot|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit: There and Back Again&#039;&#039;#Plot]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Development==&lt;br /&gt;
===Origins===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Peter Jackson]] and [[Fran Walsh]] first considered the possibility of filming &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; in [[1995]]. They hoped to produce three films, the first based on &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039;, with the second and third films being adaptations of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. Rights to &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; proved difficult to secure because whilst [[Saul Zaentz]] owned the production rights, [[United Artists]] held the distribution rights. After much wrangling with studios and the script, filming began for the three-film adaptation of &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. The notion of a &#039;&#039;Hobbit&#039;&#039; film was consequently put to one side. Indeed, after completing his &#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; trilogy project, Jackson was averse to the idea of directing an adaptation of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HobbitOfficialMovieGuide&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Brian Sibley]], &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Official Movie Guide]]&#039;&#039; (2012)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|If I were to make these films, I would be frustrated because I would be constantly thinking about what I had done on &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;. I would somehow feel that I had to build or improve on that. I thought it would be a fairly unsatisfying experience to have to compete against my own movies.|[[Peter Jackson]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HobbitOfficialMovieGuide&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Directorship===&lt;br /&gt;
The apathy of [[Peter Jackson]] was the first obstacle to block the way to a &#039;&#039;Hobbit&#039;&#039; film (or films). In early [[2005]] it came to public attention that Jackson was suing [[New Line Cinema]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsPJSues&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4312463.stm|articlename=Director sues over Rings profits|dated=2-Mar-2005|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This cast doubt on whether or not The Hobbit would ever be made. Jackson later told fans that, due to the dispute, he would neither direct nor produce the film.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsPJSues&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; In late 2007 it was confirmed that Jackson would not direct, but &#039;&#039;would&#039;&#039; be an executive producer for two Hobbit movies.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsPJProducer&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7150644.stm|articlename=Jackson to produce Hobbit movies|dated=18-Dec-2007|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was later announced that [[Guillermo del Toro]] would direct the films, and that Jackson will be an active &#039;executive producer&#039; with the possibility that he would help direct some scenes if necessary.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsGdTDirector&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7366375.stm|articlename=Del Toro to direct Hobbit movies|dated=25-April-2008|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, on [[30 May]] [[2010]] it was revealed that del Toro could no longer commit himself to direct &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films, citing the continued delays in production in his reasoning.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsGdTDirectorLeave&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10204138|articlename=Guillermo del Toro &#039;leaves&#039; as director of The Hobbit|dated=1-June-2010|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Peter Jackson later announced that he would direct both films.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;NZHPJDirector&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&amp;amp;objectid=10681008|articlename=The Hobbit gets green light, Jackson to direct|dated=16-Oct-2010|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ NZ Herald News]|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Tolkien Estate&#039;s legal action against New Line Cinema===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|The estate has [...] asked for a court order giving them the ability to terminate any rights the studio have to make films based on other Tolkien works, including The Hobbit.|BBC News Online&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsTELegal&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
Production of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films was held up by the [[Tolkien Estate|Tolkien Estate&#039;s]] legal action against [[New Line Cinema]]. The Estate should have received 7.5 per cent of all profits from the films under the agreement made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] with United Artists in [[1969]]. Crucially, they also sought to stop the production of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films until the case was settled.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsTELegal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7240421.stm|articlename=Rings film studio sued for $150m|dated=12-Feb-2009|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The legal row was finally settled in September [[2009]] after the Tolkien Estate successfully sued New Line Cinema for breach of contract and fraud, receiving a reported $220 million in compensation.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNewsTELegalSettle&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8245300.stm|articlename=Legal path clear for Hobbit movie|dated=8-September-2009|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Industrial dispute in New Zealand===&lt;br /&gt;
Even before the issue of the directorship had been settled, and before the project was given the go-ahead by the studios, the International Federation of Actors (IFA) told actors to actively avoid participation in the production of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11414204|articlename=Union tell actors to avoid Hobbit films|dated=26-September-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The IFA issued this &amp;quot;Do Not Work Order&amp;quot;, on [[24 September]], [[2010]], on the basis that the studios refused to engage in union-negotiated contracts.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FIADNW&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftra.org/4AB692BB8467439D83C12A8A2C44B077.htm|articlename=FIA Do Not Work Order: &#039;The Hobbit&#039;|dated=24-September-2010|website=[http://www.aftra.org/ The American Federation of Television and Radio Artists]|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Meanwhile the studios argued that they could not make an agreement with a trade union under New Zealand law.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Peter Jackson]] subsequently warned that the dispute could lead to a huge delay and that production could easily transfer to Eastern Europe.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11417340|articlename=Peter Jackson threatens Hobbit shutdown|dated=27-September-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; John Key, the incumbent Prime Minister of New Zealand, weighed in on the dispute saying that he hoped the dispute would not force &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; production to move overseas. He also announced that the New Zealand government had gotten involved in the discussions.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11465248|articlename=Hobbit movie &#039;should stay in New Zealand&#039; says PM|dated=4-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Whilst the studios announced that filming would begin the following February,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11560411|articlename=The Hobbit to begin filming in February next year|dated=17-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the dispute remained unsettled. With the studios seriously considering moving the production abroad, large numbers of New Zealanders protested in Auckland, [[Wellington]], and Christ Church.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11617860|articlename=New Zealanders rally behind Hobbit shoot|dated=25-October-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A settlement was finally reached on [[27 October]], [[2010]], with the Prime Minister himself announcing the news, hoping to prevent the loss of jobs in New Zealand and to reinforce the country&#039;s Tolkien tourism industry.&amp;lt;ref name=BBCIndustrial6&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11633724|articlename=The Hobbit will be made in New Zealand, PM confirms|dated=27-October-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As part of the agreement, the New Zealand government passed legislation which clarified that film industry workers are independent contractors rather than employees.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCIndustrial7&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11649734|articlename=Hobbit legislation passed in New Zealand|dated=29-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Filming finally began on [[21 March]], [[2011]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNews1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Film Three===&lt;br /&gt;
The original plan was to produce two films, entitled &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: There and Back Again&#039;&#039; (to be released in [[14 December]] [[2012]] and [[13 December]] [[2013]] respectively).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With principle photography coming to a close in [[July]], [[2012]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilming&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151062342726558&amp;amp;set=a.10150238899061558.364437.141884481557&amp;amp;type=1|articlename=We made it!|dated=6-July-2012|website=FB|accessed=6-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Peter Jackson|Jackson]] began to discuss the notion of a third film with [[Fran Walsh]] and [[Philippa Boyens]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;EmpireDecember2012&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ian Nathan, &#039;An Unexpected Trilogy&#039;, &#039;&#039;Empire&#039;&#039;, 282 (December 2012)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At [[Wikipedia:San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con International]] 2012, [[Peter Jackson]] revealed that he hoped to film more material (based on [[The Appendices]]) in [[2013]]; this led to speculation that there could be a third &amp;quot;Hobbit&amp;quot; film. These rumours gained substance following media reports that Jackson was in discussion with [[Warner Bros.]] about the notion of an additional film.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Ben Fritz, Steven Zeitchik and Nicole Sperling|articleurl=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-hobbit-third-movie-jackson-20120724,0,2208206.story|articlename=|dated=24-July-2012|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ Los Angeles Times]|accessed=26-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It later emerged that Walsh and Boyens were sent to Los Angeles to pitch the idea to [[Warner Bros.]] whilst Jackson continued to shoot footage.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;EmpireDecember2012&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On [[30 July]], [[2012]], [[Peter Jackson]] announced that there would indeed be a third &amp;quot;Hobbit&amp;quot; film. After watching the early cuts of the first two films, Jackson, Walsh and Boyens decided that they wanted to tell more of the story.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilmThree&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/an-unexpected-journey/10151114596546558|articlename=An unexpected journery|dated=30-July-2012|website=Facebook|accessed=20-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|We know how much of the story of [[Bilbo Baggins]], the Wizard [[Gandalf]], the Dwarves of [[Erebor]], the rise of the [[Sauron|Necromancer]], and the Battle of [[Dol Guldur]] will remain untold if we do not take this chance.  The richness of the story of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, as well as some of the related material in the appendices of &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, allows us to tell the full story of the adventures of Bilbo Baggins and the part he played in the sometimes dangerous, but at all times exciting, history of Middle-earth.|[[Peter Jackson]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilmThree&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On [[31 August]], [[2012]], it was revealed that the titles of the second and third films would be &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]&#039;&#039; respectively. The release of the first and second film remained unchanged, whilst the third film is due for release on [[18 July]], [[2014]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBTitles2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Filming==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson Filming.jpg|thumb|right|Peter Jackson on the last day of principal photography.]]Back-to-back filming for &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films began [[21 March]], [[2011]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCNews1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; All location filming was done at sites across [[New Zealand]], and most on-set filming took place at [[Stone Street Studio]], [[Wellington]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10151028043926807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #7|dated=6-June-2011|website=FB|accessed=6-June-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Filming also took place at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom in [[July]], [[2011]]. Using their F Stage and N&amp;amp;P Stages, the production filmed scenes with [[Christopher Lee]] who could not fly to New Zealand.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pinewood1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/news/hobbit-pinewood|articlename=The Hobbit at Pinewood|website=[http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ Pinewood Studios]|accessed=02-August-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10150326323406807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #3|dated=21-July-2011|website=FB|accessed=02-August-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--A list of location sites would be good. Also mention the filming that took place in the UK.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Principal photography ended on [[6 July]], [[2012]], after 266 days filming.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJFilming&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although &amp;quot;pick-up&amp;quot; filming had already been planned for [[2013]], it emerged that extra filming would need to take place to accommodate the expansion of the project from two films into three.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;EmpireDecember2012&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technical details==&lt;br /&gt;
===3D===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:John Howe and Alan Lee - 3D concept art.png|thumb|left|3D concept art by [[John Howe]] and [[Alan Lee]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: There and Back Again&#039;&#039; are being filmed in 3D using [[Wikipedia:Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED Epic]] cameras. A rig designed by [[Wikipedia:3ality Technica|3ality Technica]] is being used in the filming of the three films; here two cameras and a mirror are used in order to achieve an intraocular effect similar to that of a human&#039;s (the distance between the eyes). This is how the depth required for 3D film is achieved.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10150451523596807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #4|dated=4-Nov-2011|website=FB|accessed=10-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of [[John Howe|John Howe&#039;s]] and [[Alan Lee|Alan Lee&#039;s]] concept art has continued to be produced in 2D. However, they have collaborated on 3D pieces using the simple red and blue 3D effect.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===48 frames per second===&lt;br /&gt;
Breaking with conventional filming techniques, &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: There and Back Again&#039;&#039; are being filmed by capturing 48 frames per second (FPS), twice the normal film standard of 24 frames per second. This makes the film look far more realistic. When describing what people thought when they saw clips of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; shown at 48 frames per second, Peter Jackson said that it&#039;s &#039;like the back of the cinema has had a hole cut out of it where the screen is and you&#039;re actually looking into the real world&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jackson later discussed the advantages of filming at higher frame rate and in 3D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|Now, in the digital age, there’s no reason whatsoever to stick to 24 fps. [...] Science tells us that the human eye stops seeing individual pictures at about 55 fps. Therefore, shooting at 48 fps gives you much more of an illusion of real life. The reduced motion blur on each frame increases sharpness and gives the movie the look of having been shot in 65mm or IMAX. One of the biggest advantages is the fact that your eye is seeing twice the number of images each second, giving the movie a wonderful immersive quality. It makes the 3D experience much more gentle and hugely reduces eyestrain. Much of what makes 3D viewing uncomfortable for some people is the fact that each eye is processing a lot of strobing, blur and flicker. This all but disappears in HFR 3D.|[[Peter Jackson]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJHFR3D&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/qa-on-hfr-3d/10151299493836558|articlename=Q&amp;amp;A ON HFR 3D|dated=19-November-2012|website=FB|accessed=19-November-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additionally, the &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films are being filmed at a 5K resolution. This is substantially larger than the conventional 1080 HD resolution. The films are being filmed digitally onto 128 GB memory cards that fit into the RED Epic camera.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the drawbacks of filming 48 frames per second at 5K resolution is that the make-up, prosthetic, prop, set, and costume departments have to work differently. For example, the make-up and prosthetic departments have to redden up the faces of the actors much more than usual because otherwise their skin colour will turn up yellow on the final film. Furthermore, real hair has to be used in order to achieve an authentic look when it moves around.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ProductionVideo4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ten minutes of footage was shown at 48 FPS during the [[Warner Bros.]] presentation at [[Wikipedia:CinemaCon|CinemaCon]] [[2012]]. The reaction was mixed. The &#039;&#039;Los Angeles Times&#039;&#039; described the picture as &#039;hyper-realistic&#039; and the Associated Press described &#039;vivid, with grass blades, facial lines and soaring mountains appearing luminous and pronounced. The actors looked almost touchable, as if they were performing live on stage&#039;. However, an anonymous projectionist said that &#039;[i]t looked like a made-for-TV movie&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBC48FPS&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17836380|articlename=Peter Jackson unveils new Hobbit footage|dated=25-April-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;LAT48FPS&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/04/cinemacon-hobbit-frame-rate-depp-gatsby.html|articlename=CinemaCon: Footage of &#039;The Hobbit&#039; draws mixed reaction|dated=24-April-2012|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ &#039;&#039;Los Angeles Times&#039;&#039;]|accessed=31-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Games and merchandise==&lt;br /&gt;
===Video games===&lt;br /&gt;
In late [[2011]], the &#039;&#039;Los Angeles Times&#039;&#039; reported that [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] would release a video game based on &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; in lieu of the release of &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]&#039;&#039; in December [[2012]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Ben Fritz|articleurl=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/18/business/la-fi-1018-ct-warner-interactive-20111018/2|articlename=Warner&#039;s approach to video games is paying off|dated=18 October 2011|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ &#039;&#039;Los Angeles Times&#039;&#039;]|accessed=2 March 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In September [[2012]], [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] announced that it would produce two free-to-play video games, in co-operation with [[Kabam]].&lt;br /&gt;
*The first, a mobile-phone game named &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: Kingdoms of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, was released in November 2012. In this game the player is able to manage his own kingdom and play as either [[Elves]] or [[Dwarves]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IGN-Kingdom and Armies&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Luke Karmali|articleurl=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/26/warner-bros-announces-the-hobbit-games|articlename=Warner Bros. Announces The Hobbit Games|dated=26 September 2012|website=[http://www.ign.com IGN]|accessed=24 November 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.kabam.com/nl/the-hobbit-kingdoms|articlename=THE HOBBIT: KINGDOMS OF MIDDLE-EARTH|dated=|website=[http://www.kabam.com Kabam]|accessed=24 November 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*The second, a strategic browser-based game called &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: Armies of the Third Age]]&#039;&#039;, allows the player to play as either the [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]] or [[Orcs]] (including several heroes from &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films). It is is unknown when &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: Armies of the Third Age&#039;&#039; will be released.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IGN-Kingdom and Armies&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.kabam.com/nl/the-hobbit-armies|articlename=THE HOBBIT: ARMIES OF THE THIRD AGE|dated=|website=[http://www.kabam.com Kabam]|accessed=24 November 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, a &amp;quot;Multiplayer Online Battle Arena&amp;quot; video game by Monolith Productions, will include some playable characters (&amp;quot;guardians&amp;quot;) from The Hobbit films. Additional The Hobbit &amp;quot;guardians&amp;quot; will be added after the release of The Hobbit, to tie in with the films.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.guardiansofmiddleearth.co.uk/game|articlename=Game Info|dated=|website=[http://www.guardiansofmiddleearth.co.uk/ Guardians of Middle-earth]|accessed=24 November 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lego===&lt;br /&gt;
On [[17 December]], [[2011]], it was announced that the [[Lego|Lego Group]] had received the rights to create Lego sets based on &#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;. The first sets on The Hobbit are scheduled to be released in the end of 2012.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://aboutus.lego.com/en-us/news-room/2011/december/warner-bros-consumer-products-and-the-lego-group/|articlename=Building sets based on THE LORD OF THE RINGS™ Trilogy and the Two Films Based on THE HOBBIT|dated=16 December 2011|website=lego.com|accessed=2 March 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==People involved==&lt;br /&gt;
*Production - [[New Line Cinema]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*United States Distribution - [[Warner Brothers]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*International Distribution - [[MGM]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Director - [[Peter Jackson]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Second Unit Director - [[Andy Serkis]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HBAndy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=2234|articlename=Andy Serkis to serve as Second Unit Director|dated=8-April-2011|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Producers - [[Peter Jackson]], [[Fran Walsh]], and [[Carolynne Cunningham]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Co-Producer - [[Philippa Boyens]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Executive Producers - [[Ken Kamins]] and [[Zane Weiner]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Writers - Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Guillermo del Toro&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Director of Photography - [[Andrew Lesnie]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Production Designer - [[Dan Hennah]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Conceptual Designers: [[Alan Lee]] and [[John Howe]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Composer - [[Howard Shore]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Make-up and Hair Designer - [[Peter King]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Costume Designers - [[Ann Maskrey]] and [[Richard Taylor]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*Design and production of weaponry, armour, and prosthetics - [[Weta Workshop]] overseen by [[Richard Taylor]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Cast===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - cast.jpg|right|thumb|&#039;Bilbo&#039; and the &#039;thirteen dwarves&#039; &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;(N.B. Rob Kazinsky has since been replaced by Dean O&#039;Gorman to play Fíli).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;|400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|- bgcolor=&amp;quot;#CCCCCC&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Actor !! Role&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Richard Armitage]] || [[Thorin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[John Bell]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;WBPressRelease1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.warnerbroscanada.com/index.php/coming-soon/the-hobbit/|articlename=THE HOBBIT: AN UNEXPECTED JOURNEY|website=[http://www.warnerbroscanada.com/ Warner Bros. Canada]|accessed=9-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; || [[Bain]]&amp;lt;ref name=Bell&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=Evie Bowman|articleurl=http://news.mymiddleearth.com/2012/07/03/exclusive-qa-with-hobbit-actor-john-bell/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE! Q&amp;amp;A WITH HOBBIT ACTOR JOHN BELL|dated=03-July-2012|website=MEN|accessed=04-July-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Manu Bennett]] || [[Azog]]--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Cate Blanchett]] || [[Galadriel]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Orlando Bloom]] || [[Legolas]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ/posts/10150265634081558|articlename=Ten years ago,...|dated=27-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Jed Brophy]] || [[Nori]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Adam Brown]] || [[Ori]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[John Callen]] || [[Óin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Billy Connolly]] || [[Dáin Ironfoot]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BBCCasting1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16960081|articlename=Billy Connolly lands dwarf role in The Hobbit|dated=9-Feb-2012|website=BBC|accessed=9-Feb-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] || [[Smaug]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Luke Evans]] || [[Bard]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Martin Freeman]] || [[Bilbo Baggins]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Stephen Fry]] || The [[Master of Lake-town]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ryan Gage]]&amp;lt;ref group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ryan Gage]] was initially cast as [[Drogo Baggins]] (see: {{webcite|author=Earl|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2011/07/14/46113-ryan-gage-tweets-about-hobbit-costume-fitting/|articlename=Ryan Gage Tweets About Hobbit “Costume Fitting”|dated=02-Aug-2012|website=TORN|accessed=02-Aug-2012}}).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; || [[Alfrid]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Mark Hadlow]] || [[Dori]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Bert]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HobbitOfficialMovieGuide&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Peter Hambleton]] || [[Glóin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[William]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HobbitOfficialMovieGuide&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ian Holm]] || Older [[Bilbo Baggins]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10150232032911558&amp;amp;id=141884481557|articlename=One comment that...|dated=22-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Barry Humphries]] || [[Great Goblin|Goblin King]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Stephen Hunter]] || [[Bombur]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[William Kircher]] || [[Bifur]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Tom]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;HobbitOfficialMovieGuide&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Christopher Lee]] || [[Saruman]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;TelegraphCasting&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Evangeline Lilly]] || [[Tauriel]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Sylvester McCoy]] || [[Radagast|Radagast the Brown]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMCasting&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Ian McKellen]]|articleurl=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/hobbit-movie/110510.htm|articlename=2 Elves and another Wizard|dated=10-May-2011|website=[http://www.mckellen.com/ Ian McKellen&#039;s website]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ian McKellen]] || [[Gandalf]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Bret McKenzie]] || [[Lindir]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMCasting&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Graham McTavish]] || [[Dwalin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Mike Mizrahi]] || [[Thráin II|Thráin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[James Nesbitt]] || [[Bofur]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Dean O&#039;Gorman]] || [[Fíli]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150239464391558|articlename=Casting news!|dated=30-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Lee Pace]] || [[Thranduil]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting2&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Mikael Persbrandt]] || [[Beorn]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AFTONBLADETCasting&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/film/article13349150.ab|articlename=Persbrandt den bäste för jobbet|dated=30-April-2011|website=[http://www.aftonbladet.se/ AFTONBLADET]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[John Rawls]] || [[Azog]]/[[Yazneg]]&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Andy Serkis]] || [[Gollum]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Conan Stevens]]&amp;lt;ref group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Conan Stevens]] was initially cast as [[Azog]] (see: {{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; || [[Bolg]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;TORNBolg&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=MrCere|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/04/22/55228-exclusive-hobbits-conan-stevens-chats-with-torn/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Hobbit’s’ Conan Stevens chats with TORn|dated=22-April-2012|website=TORN|accessed=02-Aug-2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ken Stott]] || [[Balin]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Jeffrey Thomas]] || [[Thrór]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Aidan Turner]] || [[Kíli]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Hugo Weaving]] || [[Elrond]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;IMCasting&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Elijah Wood]] || [[Frodo Baggins]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PJCasting1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Gallery==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Seealso|:Category:Images from The Hobbit (film series)}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Gallery&lt;br /&gt;
|title=Pictures from the production of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; films&lt;br /&gt;
|height=200&lt;br /&gt;
|width=250&lt;br /&gt;
|lines=2&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bilbo Baggins in Bag End.jpg|[[Martin Freeman]] as [[Bilbo Baggins]] in [[Bag End]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Gandalf the Grey.jpg|[[Ian McKellen]] as [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Gandalf in Bag End.jpg|Gandalf in Bag End.&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson in Bag End 1.jpg|[[Peter Jackson]] on the set of Bag End.&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Martin Freeman and Peter Jackson.jpg|Martin Freeman and Peter Jackson on the set of Bag End.&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson in Bag End 2.jpg|Peter Jackson on the set of Bag End.&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - the Dwarves.jpg|The thirteen [[dwarves]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Nori, Ori and Dori.jpg|[[Nori]], [[Ori]] and [[Dori]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Óin and Glóin.jpg|[[Óin]] and [[Glóin]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Fíli and Kíli.jpg|[[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Bombur, Bofur and Bifur.jpg|[[Bombur]], [[Bofur]] and [[Bifur]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Balin and Dwalin.jpg|[[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]].&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Thorin.jpg|[[Thorin]].&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: There and Back Again]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit (1966 film)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1966 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1977 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1968 radio series)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Images from The Hobbit (film series)|Images from &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[:Category:Images from The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|Images from &#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey&#039;&#039; tie-in books&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Annual 2013]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Art &amp;amp; Design]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Creatures &amp;amp; Characters]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Official Movie Guide]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The Movie Storybook]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The World of Hobbits]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Visual Companion]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.thehobbit.com/index.html TheHobbit.com] (official website)&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ TheHobbitBlog.com] (official blog)&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ Peter Jackson&#039;s Facebook page]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Films}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{title|italics}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:The Hobbit (film series)| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Der Hobbit (Film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Hobitti (2012-2014)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/films/th]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch-king&amp;diff=223338</id>
		<title>Witch-king</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch-king&amp;diff=223338"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:36:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{footnotes}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{evil infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image= [[File:Melissa Hitchcock - The Black Captain.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name= Witch-king of Angmar&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Black Captain, Lord of the Nazgûl, Chief of the Nine, Lord of Minas Morgul&lt;br /&gt;
| created= {{SA|1800}}-2200, probably [[Númenor]]&lt;br /&gt;
| years= {{SA|2251}}-{{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
| age= 4200+&lt;br /&gt;
| destroyed={{TA|3019}}, [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]&lt;br /&gt;
| realm= [[Angmar]], [[Minas Morgul]]&lt;br /&gt;
| gender= Male&lt;br /&gt;
| race= [[Men]]/[[Nazgûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
| appearance= (Later) Cruel, pale king with gleaming hair and a crown, invisible to most eyes&lt;br /&gt;
| accomplishments= [[Arnor#The Fall of Arthedain|Fall of Arnor]], fall of [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Osgiliath]], deaths of [[Eärnur]] and [[Théoden]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.|&amp;quot;[[The Siege of Gondor]]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Siege&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{RK|Siege}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Witch-king of Angmar&#039;&#039;&#039; was the chief of the [[Nazgûl]], King of [[Angmar]], and [[Sauron]]’s great captain in his wars.  A [[Wraiths|wraith]], the Witch-king of Angmar was nearly indestructible, a terrible warrior, and a cunning strategist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Some time after Sauron seized the [[Nine Rings]] in the [[Fall of Eregion]], {{SA|1697}} he gave them to mortal kings, sorcerers, and other warriors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Silmarillion]], [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]], p. 289&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  With these rings the Nine achieved glory and grew wealthy, with the ability to turn invisible at will, not aging, but hating life as they were slowly drawn under Sauron’s dominion. Eventually all became [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], the dreaded Nazgûl.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The one later known as the Witch-king was one of these, likely one of the unnamed three lords of [[Númenor]] to take the rings.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Silmarillion]], [[Akallabêth]], p. 267, Ballantine Books p. 320&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader&#039;s Companion]], p. 20&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  He first appeared in the histories as a Ringwraith in {{SA|2251}}.  Being the most powerful of the Nazgûl, he became their chief, the most dreaded servant of his master Sauron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When [[Mordor]] fell in {{SA|3441}}, the Nazgûl vanished into the shadows, and were not heard of again for a long time.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;appendixB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Early Power in Angmar===&lt;br /&gt;
More than a thousand years later, in c. {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]], [[Sauron]] began to rebuild his power in [[Dol Guldur]].  In c. {{TA|1300|n}} his Nazgûl also reappeared, and the Witch-king established his realm, [[Angmar]], in the north.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;appendixB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  His capital was [[Carn Dûm]], on the northernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]].  He summoned men, [[orcs]], and other creatures of evil inclination to his banner.  No one knew that he was actually a servant of the long-dormant [[Sauron]], and few that he was a wraith.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppA&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 320 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the north, disunity plagued the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Arnor]].  They had divided into three kingdoms, [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]], and [[Arthedain]], and were constantly at war with one another.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppA&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), Houghton Mifflin p. 320 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  The Witch-king saw the North-kingdom of Arnor as more vulnerable than the South-kingdom of Gondor.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Malvegil&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  He played upon their opposition, sending in infiltrators and taking over the hearts of the men of that land.  By {{TA|1349|n}} the government of Rhudaur was controlled by men secretly in his service,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Malvegil&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and he secretly aided them in their wars against the other kingdoms.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Argeleb&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Argeleb I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  He then struck at a time of great hostility among the three, in {{TA|1409|n}}.  Rhudaur in the east fell first, and most of the Dúnedain there were hunted down and slaughtered by sorcerers.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Arveleg&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Arveleg I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Cardolan was ravaged, and the [[Tower of Amon Sûl]], held by the men of Arthedain, was placed under siege.  King [[Arveleg I]] was slain, and the tower was destroyed, but the coveted &#039;&#039;[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]&#039;&#039; escaped in the hands of the surviving men of Arthedain and was brought to [[Fornost]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Palantiri16&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Unfinished Tales]], [[The Palantíri]], note 16, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 413 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Witch-king continued to press the men of Arthedain, laying siege to Fornost, and he might have taken over all of Arnor in that one offensive.  But [[Araphor]], the 18-year-old son of Arveleg, came to leadership and, with the help of the ancient elf [[Círdan]] of [[Lindon]], repelled the Witch-king’s forces at Fornost and the [[North Downs]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ten&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  [[Elrond]] brought an army of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and the Witch-king was pushed back and subdued.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Twilight of Angmar===&lt;br /&gt;
The Witch-king sat silent in Carn Dûm, rebuilding his armies and preparing for a final assault on [[Arthedain]], last of the Arnorian kingdoms.  The [[Dark Plague]] came and went in {{TA|1636|n}}, taking with it the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]].  The Witch-king sent [[barrow-wights]] to inhabit the barrows in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ten&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In {{TA|1974|n}}, he felt that his power was sufficiently restored to begin the advance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His attack was sudden, but not unexpected.  King [[Arvedui]] sent a message to King [[Eärnil II]] of [[Gondor]] the year before, but help did not arrive in time.  [[Fornost]] fell, and the Witch-king took up residence there in the palace.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;eleven&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Arvedui held out as best as he might on the [[North Downs]], but at last fled north with the treasured &#039;&#039;[[palantíri]]&#039;&#039; of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]].  He would not return, for he perished in a shipwreck in {{TA|1975|n}}.  With him the &#039;&#039;palantíri&#039;&#039; were lost forever in the icy seas of [[Forod]].  The already-diminished North-kingdom ended, and [[Arnor]] fell.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ten&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Meanwhile, a coalition in the south had formed.  Eärnil sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great fleet, all that Gondor could spare.  They arrived at [[Lindon]], and joined with the folk of Círdan.  Círdan summoned all that would come: surviving Dúnedain of Arnor and elves of Lindon.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;eleven&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Even a company of [[Hobbits|hobbit]] archers went to their aide.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ten&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  The Witch-king had grown overconfident, and instead of staying behind his fortifications initiated the attack.  The [[Battle of Fornost]] was fought on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the North Downs.  The Witch-king may not have anticipated the strength brought against him, but for whatever reason the alliance gained the upper hand.  His army began to fall back toward Fornost, but Eärnur’s magnificent horsemen struck from the north, and the Witch-king was routed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;eleven&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He decided to flee to Angmar and the safety of Carn Dûm, but the cavalry, with Eärnur himself in the lead, overtook him.  Moreover, the ranks of the allies swelled, as an army of elves from [[Rivendell]] came led by the mighty hero of old, [[Glorfindel]].  Angmar was purged of men and orcs, and all seemed lost for the Witch-king in the face of such numbers.  But the Witch-king himself came at the last, robed and masked in black and riding a black horse, and attempted to kill Eärnur with his own hands.  But Eärnur’s horse shied away and fled, and the Witch-king laughed.  But Glorfindel came on his white horse, and faced with such power the Witch-king fled.  He vanished into the shadows, and no-one marked where he had gone.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;eleven&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eärnur wanted to pursue, but Glorfindel held him back, and made his famous prophecy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|He will not return to this land.  Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall.|Glorfindel, &#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;, [[Appendix A]] (iv)}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Lord of Minas Morgul===&lt;br /&gt;
The Witch-king escaped to [[Mordor]], and gathered the other Ringwraiths about him in {{TA|1980|n}}.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;appendixB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  Angmar and Carn Dûm were lost, and so in {{TA|2000|n}} the Witch-king began a two-year siege of [[Minas Ithil]], eventually capturing the place and turning it into his residence.  It was renamed [[Minas Morgul]], and the &#039;&#039;[[Ithil-stone|palantír]]&#039;&#039; was sent to Sauron.  The Witch-king sent an aura of fear in [[Gondor]], and much of [[Ithilien]] was deserted.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;eleven&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eärnur succeeded his father as King of Gondor, and still held the Witch-king in especial hostility due to his humiliation at the Battle of Fornost.  The year of his coronation the Witch-king sent him a taunting challenge, but [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]] the steward restrained Eärnur from rash action.  Seven years later the challenge was repeated, and Eärnur rode with a small escort to Minas Morgul.  None that rode thither ever returned, and there was no longer a King in Gondor.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;eleven&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After this the Witch-king bided his time.  He and the Nazgûl built up their armies, including the terrible new orc-race of [[uruks]].  In {{TA|2475|n}} he sent them out to capture [[Osgiliath]], which they did successfully.  They were driven out by [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] of [[Gondor]], but Osgiliath now lay completely in ruins.  Boromir went on to retake Ithilien, so that even the Witch-king feared him.  But he was killed by a Morgul-wound, and so his rule was but twelve years.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;twelve&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 333&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Hunt for the Ring===&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951|n}}, and sent three of his Ringwraiths to [[Dol Guldur]] (though the Witch-king was left in Minas Morgul).  Then, by lucky chance, the creature [[Gollum]] was captured and interrogated.  Under torture, the wretched creature revealed the tale of [[the One Ring]] and how it came to be in his possession.  But he had the daring to trick Sauron into thinking that the land of the hobbits who stole the Ring was on the banks of the [[Gladden River]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thirteen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;* &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, [[The Hunt for the Ring]], [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Under the leadership of the Witch-king, Sauron sent the Nine unclothed and invisible to search for the Ring after the assault of Osgiliath.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Marc Holmes - Nazgul.jpg|thumb|left|220px|&#039;&#039;Nazgûl&#039;&#039; by [[Marc Holmes]].]][[Khamûl]], the Witch-king’s lieutenant, reported that he was unable to find the “[[the Shire|Shire]]” in the vales of [[Anduin]].  The Witch-king was determined to search north and west until Gollum was found, or the Shire.  But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the Wise did not yet have possession of the Ring.  He sent the Ringwraiths to [[Isengard]] in the form of [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], too late to prevent the escape of the captured wizard [[Gandalf]], but had words with Saruman.  Saruman, already a traitor to both sides due to his transparent lust for the Ring, fortified himself in Isengard.  The Witch-king did not have enough power with him to assault Saruman in his great fortress, but had words with him.  Saruman convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thirteen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, [[The Hunt for the Ring]], [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They came upon the traitor called [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] and questioned him.  The terrified man told them everything he knew; that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them.  The Witch-king spared Wormtongue’s life, foreseeing that Wormtongue would bring ruin to Saruman.  He divided his wraiths into four pairs, and went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]].  Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found to their delight charts and maps of the Shire.  They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thirteen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, [[The Hunt for the Ring]], [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They came to [[Sarn Ford]], but the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] prevented them from crossing.  They sent for their great captain, the chieftain [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], who alone could well resist the wraiths, but he was away, and the Ringwraiths captured the ford and killed many of the Rangers.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thirteen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;, [[The Hunt for the Ring]], [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Witch-king sent three Ringwraiths under Khamûl into the Shire while he went east with the others.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;appendixB&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  But they had come too late: the Ring had moved on in the hands of a hobbit, [[Frodo Baggins]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Pursuit of the Ring===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fire on Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|220px|&#039;&#039;Fire on Weathertop&#039;&#039; by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]Khamûl was unsuccessful, but brought word from the spy they had spared in Bree.  The man had witnessed a vanishing act on Frodo&#039;s part, and had organized an attack on the inn.  The Witch-king guessed that Frodo would head east, and sent four wraiths to [[Weathertop]], the ruins of the tower he had destroyed long ago.  He went south along the [[Greenway]] and discovered nothing.  Gandalf followed them, but the Witch-king let him slip ahead, and attacked him on Weathertop.  Gandalf escaped at dawn, and again the Witch-king divided his force and sent four after the wizard.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ring walked almost right into his hands.  The captain of the Dúnedain, Aragorn II, had become the guide of the hobbits, and led them to Weathertop, where they were spotted and attacked.  The Witch-king advanced on Frodo, and the terrified hobbit put on the Ring, seeing them as they truly were.  When Frodo resisted, and invoked the name of [[Varda|Elbereth]], the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the shoulder. The tip of his blade broke off and sent poison through the hobbit’s veins.  Then Aragorn counterattacked with flaming brands.  The Witch-king fled at his mighty presence, confident that the poison of the blade would do its work and bend Frodo&#039;s will to his purpose.  But he was shaken by the encounter; Gandalf and Aragorn were people of immense power, and even the Ring-bearer, who was not an especially strong person, had dared to resist him.  He feared that Frodo might have some elvish power.  Moreover, he knew that Frodo’s weapon, a [[blade of Westernesse]], was wrought for his undoing and if it had struck him would have done him damage.  He was thus distressed, and Aragorn, Frodo, and their little company eluded him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He resumed the pursuit quickly, though, and found the Khamûl had been driven from the [[Last Bridge]] by his old enemy [[Glorfindel]].  The Witch-king, who only had one companion with him, was likewise unable to confront him openly.  They regrouped and went south, rejoining with the other four.  They managed to pick up the trail of the company of the Ring, and despite hindrance from Glorfindel and Aragorn managed to pursue Frodo alone on [[Asfaloth]].  The pursuit came to the [[Ford of Bruinen]], and there Frodo compelled the horse to stop.  The Witch-king saw his defiance and laughed, breaking his sword with a movement of his hand.  But the waters of the [[Bruinen]] rose at [[Elrond]]&#039;s command, sweeping the Nine downstream.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fourteen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], [[Flight to the Ford]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===War of the Ring===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Angus McBride - Gandalf facing Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|&#039;&#039;Gandalf facing the Witch-king&#039;&#039; by [[Angus McBride]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Witch-king took the only surviving horse back to [[Mordor]], arriving there in December.  He then sent aid to the other eight Nazgûl, and they returned in secret.  In [[Minas Morgul]] they prepared for a grand invasion of [[Gondor]] at the order of their master.  The Witch-king was given by Sauron added &amp;quot;demonic&amp;quot; force.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;fifteen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Letter 210]], p. 272&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  On 10 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the signal was given and Minas Morgul was emptied.  The Witch-king rode at the head of the army in black, upon a black horse, as he had in the time of the wars of Angmar.  As the Witch-king passed out of the gates of the dead city, he sensed the presence of Frodo.  He was disturbed, but continued on through Ithilien.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the Witch-king in command, [[Osgiliath]] soon fell.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Siege&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{RK|Siege}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The defeat was attributed to his superior numbers, and his terrible presence which made all hearts to quail.  The [[Rammas Echor]] was breached, and the [[Pelennor Fields]] were overrun.  Other wraiths he sent out mounted on [[Fell Beasts]].  [[Faramir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Denethor|Denethor II]]&#039;s son, was wounded by a dart and the [[Black Breath|black breath]], but his company was saved by a sortie.  Then the Witch-king laid siege to [[Minas Tirith]] itself, sending fire and the heads of the dead Gondorians into the city via catapults.  Then he launched the assault.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He sent [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] out first, accompanying it in person so as to be the first to enter the city.  Three times Grond struck the gate, empowered by the sorcery of the Witch-king.  The third time the Gate shattered in a flash of fire.  The Witch-king passed into Minas Tirith, but was confronted by Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]].  Gandalf forbade him entry, but the Witch-king laughed and put on a show of power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set.  The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark.  From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;Old fool!&#039; he said.  &#039;Old fool!  This is my hour.  Do you not know Death when you see it?  Die now and curse in vain!&#039;  And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade.|&#039;&#039;[[The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;, [[The Siege of Gondor]]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The death of the Witch-king===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Nick Deligaris - Éowyn and Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|350px|&#039;&#039;Éowyn and Nazgûl&#039;&#039; by Nick Deligaris]]&lt;br /&gt;
As Gandalf stood resolute before the Witch-king, the [[Rohirrim]] arrived. Thus he departed, mounting a fell beast and descending upon King [[Théoden]] who led the attack.  [[Snowmane]], the King&#039;s horse, collapsed with a dart in the side, and Théoden was crushed beneath him.  But the rider [[Dernhelm]] defied the Witch-king.  The Witch-king threatened Dernhelm with a terrible death, but the rider revealed that she was a woman, [[Éowyn]], and the Witch-king remembered the words of Glorfindel. He hesitated, but then moved forward. Éowyn decapitated the fell beast, but the Witch-king rose and struck her down with his mace, breaking her shield-arm. Then the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] stabbed him in the sinew of his leg with the [[blade of Westernesse]] (though there was much pain in his arm afterward) , as he drew back to kill the woman.  Then Éowyn rose and drove her sword through where his invisible head was, and the sword broke as his crown toppled.  The Witch-king gave a great and horrible wail, perishing at last.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Pelennor&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{RK|Battle}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the prophecy of Glorfindel was fulfilled, for the Witch-king did not fall at the hands of a man, but at the hands of a [[Éowyn|woman]] and a [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|hobbit]].  With his death, and the coming of Aragorn II in the black ships, the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] was lost by Sauron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Early Life==&lt;br /&gt;
The Witch-king&#039;s true name is never given, and therefore among [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]], the Witch-king is often simply called &#039;&#039;Angmar&#039;&#039;, after the name of the realm he founded and led. Many fans also identify him as one of the three [[Black Númenóreans]] Tolkien stated had become Nazgûl, or possibly [[Isilmo]], a Númenórean prince and father of Tar-Minastir.  In the now defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game, he was named &#039;&#039;Er-Murazor&#039;&#039;, a Númenórean prince, though this is strictly [[Canon|non-canonical]] and does not appear outside of the role playing material.  It is also a popular belief among some fans, that the Witch-king was not dead as Éowyn had not an enchanted sword, and cite the passage that says that his wail was not heard again &#039;&#039;In this age of the earth&#039;&#039;.  But other Tolkien scholars say that although the Witch-king&#039;s return at an unspecified time in the future is possible, another possible solution is that Merry&#039;s stroke destroyed the Witch-king&#039;s invulnerability allowing Éowyn&#039;s non-magic blade to end his existence forever.  Also, because of the perishing of [[the One Ring]], the nine other rings which kept the Nazgûl would probably have lost their power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Names==&lt;br /&gt;
* Witch-king of Angmar - &amp;quot;Witch&amp;quot; most likely coming from his background in sorcery, and &amp;quot;king&amp;quot; after his establishment of the realm of Angmar in 1300.&lt;br /&gt;
* Witch-lord of Angmar - A variant of the above title.&lt;br /&gt;
* Lord of the Nazgûl&lt;br /&gt;
* Lord of the Ringwraiths&lt;br /&gt;
* Chieftain of the Ringwraiths&lt;br /&gt;
* Lord of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
* King of the Nine Riders&lt;br /&gt;
* Wraith-lord&lt;br /&gt;
* Wraith-king&lt;br /&gt;
* High Nazgûl&lt;br /&gt;
* Lord of Morgul&lt;br /&gt;
* Morgul-lord&lt;br /&gt;
* King of Minas Morgul&lt;br /&gt;
* Black Captain&lt;br /&gt;
* Captain of Despair&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dwimmerlaik]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lord of Carrion&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
While in modern English &#039;&#039;witch&#039;&#039; has mostly female connotations, referring to a hag or sorceress, in middle-English &#039;&#039;wicche&#039;&#039; had no gender distinction; the preference of &#039;&#039;witch&#039;&#039; for female persons (the males referred more usually as &#039;&#039;wizzards&#039;&#039;) evolved later through the centuries. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien uses the archaic, gender-unspecific meaning of the term; of course, the word [[Wizard]] refers exclusively to the [[Maiar]] [[Istari]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspirations==&lt;br /&gt;
An undead witch-king named &#039;&#039;Þráinn&#039;&#039; appears in &#039;&#039;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrómundar_saga_Gripssonar Hrómundar saga Gripssonar]&#039;&#039;. It is possible that this was Tolkien&#039;s source of inspiration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The prophecy that the Witch-king would fall &amp;quot;not by the hand of man&amp;quot; and the fulfillment of the prophecy occurring as a technicality (being slain by a hobbit and a woman) bears a striking resemblance to the prophecy regarding the title character&#039;s death in Shakespeare&#039;s Macbeth, where it was foretold that Macbeth will be slain &amp;quot;not by man born of woman&amp;quot; and is then killed by Mcduff, born by caesarian section. Tolkien it seems was familiar with the play, having reputedly taken inspiration for the Last March of the Ents from the same source (See article &#039;&#039;[[Ents]]&#039;&#039; for details).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in Adaptations == &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Witch-king from PJ&#039;s LotR - Armored.jpeg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;The Witch-king in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Witchking ea rotk.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;In &#039;&#039;[[EA&#039;s The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;, with different helmet.&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings online Shadows of Angmar - Witch-king 1.jpg|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;The Witch-king in [[The Lord of the Rings Online]].&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Witch-king of Angmar.png|&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;The Witch-king in [[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]].&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1955 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Black Captain is played by [[Felix Felton]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;RT1727&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1727, [[14 December|December 14]], [[1956]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king is shown with no distinction from the other Ringwraiths; all are robed in brown and black, and none seem to be able to talk clearly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king is portrayed as a humanoid figure with no head. Red eyes glare under a golden crown. His dialogue is more or less as in the books, albeit in a strange and somewhat unfitting electronic voice. After a stab from behind by Merry, Éowyn beheads him. It is worthy of note that the Witch-king is seen with the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] as his emblem and faction, rather than the grim moon of [[Minas Morgul]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The role of the Witch-king is expanded with material from &#039;&#039;[[The Hunt for the Ring]]&#039;&#039;. He is the second speaking character in the series: he is the one who captures [[Gollum]], though he is not identified as such until the credits. [[Philip Voss]] provided the voice for the Witch-king.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Lord of the Nazgûl is only named the &amp;quot;Witch-king of Angmar&amp;quot; in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;. In that film, there is no mention of [[Glorfindel]]&#039;s prophecy; there is only a claim among the enemy that &amp;quot;no man can kill&amp;quot; the Witch-king.  Like the other Nazgûl, he is depicted as a humanoid figure shrouded in a hooded black robe; his only distinguishing feature is a mask-like spiked helmet with a huge mouth. His first mention is when [[Gandalf]] tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while in Minas Tirith that the Dark Lord has not yet revealed his greatest servant: the Witch-king, the one that &amp;quot;stabbed Frodo on Weathertop&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Witch-king&#039;s army uses the ram [[Grond (battering-ram)|Grond]] to break through the city gates early in the battle (after the failure of a lesser ram), and the Witch-king is not present to confront Gandalf as he is in the book. The confrontation takes place later, as Pippin and Gandalf race to the tombs to save [[Faramir]], and the Witch-king intercepts them. Unlike in the book, this meeting decisively favors the Witch-king, who breaks Gandalf&#039;s staff and throws the wizard to the ground before leaving to deal with the arrival of the [[Rohirrim]].  Gandalf&#039;s face shows obvious fear in this scene, in comparison to the resolution (for &amp;quot;victory or death&amp;quot;) in the books.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king&#039;s destruction on the battlefield occurs with less dialogue than in the book, and the weapons used to destroy him are both mundane: Merry&#039;s sword is not a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] from the [[Barrow-downs]], but rather the Rohirric sword that Théoden had as a child.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Eight actors are known to have played some part of the Witch-king. &lt;br /&gt;
# An unidentified extra portrayed the &amp;quot;King of Men&amp;quot; in the prologue. He was chosen to be the Witch-king simply because he was the smallest of the nine.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shane Rangi]] did the horse chase. &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Fran Walsh]] provided the &amp;quot;Ringwraith scream&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
# Effects technician Ben Price played the Witch-king in &amp;quot;many scenes&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072904lotrwetaprops.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Brent McIntyre]] is officially credited as the Witch-king in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;. He stabbed Frodo.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Lawrence Makoare]] filled the robe of the Witch-king in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Mark Ferguson]] filled the heavy armoured costume when Makoare felt claustrophobic.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.markferguson.net/articles/interview_Nautilus20.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Andy Serkis]] provided the voice of the Witch-king. It was layered thrice to give it a ghastly effect.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[EA&#039;s The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king&#039;s role and voice are similar to that of the film, but his appearance is different. An early helmet design, that had been removed from the film because it resembled [[Sauron]]&#039;s helm too much, was used here, presumably because there was no time to make a new character model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Witch-King is one the main &amp;quot;Hero&amp;quot; units for the Servants of Sauron, his signature ability is being able to turn Wights into Nazgûl. The evil campaign storyline shows him reclaiming Dol Guldur for Sauron.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Witch-King is a &amp;quot;Hero&amp;quot; unit for Mordor faction. He is an airborne unit riding on a Fell-Beast and one of the strongest units in the game.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In addition to his appearance from the first game, the Witch-King can now also dismount and become a landscape unit armed with a mace. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king is a non-playable character present in several scenes. His most memorable appearance takes place in the Great Barrow within the Barrow-Downs. There are also multiple references to him in quest dialogue, the most notable is that the Witch-King for whatever reason cannot return to rule [[Carn Dum]] and instead has erected a Steward named [[Mordirith]] to rule in his place, in mockery of the Stewards of Gondor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:In the campaign for the &amp;quot;Evil&amp;quot; side, the Witch-King is revived by other Nazgûl after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Witch-king appears in a flashback of the playable characters during the prologue of the game. He and the other [[Nazgûl]] attack and destroy the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] camp at [[Sarn Ford]]. Shortly after he speaks with [[Agandaûr]], who explains that he has assembled an army in [[Fornost]]. The Witch-king commands him to return ann attack immediately, to aid in the [[Hunt of the Ring]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], &#039;&#039;Prologue&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/reF&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;&#039;[[:Category:Images of the Witch-king|Images of the Witch-king]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Featured Articles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Nazgûl]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Der Hexenkönig von Angmar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fa:ویچ‌کینگ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/roi-sorcier]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Noitakuningas]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wargs&amp;diff=223337</id>
		<title>Wargs</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Wargs&amp;diff=223337"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:36:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{race&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:John Howe - Wargs.jpg|225px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Wargs&lt;br /&gt;
| dominions=Isengard, Anduin Vale&lt;br /&gt;
| languages=&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&lt;br /&gt;
| length=&lt;br /&gt;
| skincolor=&lt;br /&gt;
| haircolor=&lt;br /&gt;
| feathers=&lt;br /&gt;
| distinctions=&lt;br /&gt;
| lifespan=&lt;br /&gt;
| members=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;{{quote|So here you all are still! ... Not eaten up by Wargs or goblins or wicked bears yet I see|[[Beorn]]}}&amp;lt;ref name=Queer/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Wargs&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;Wild Wolves&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref name=H17/&amp;gt; were a race of evil [[wolves]]&amp;lt;ref name=H6/&amp;gt;, as called by the [[Northmen]] of Rhovanion.&amp;lt;ref name=L297/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Characteristics==&lt;br /&gt;
Wargs were an evil breed of [[Demons|demonic]] wolves,&amp;lt;ref name=L297&amp;gt;{{L|297}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Gene&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Gene Wolfe 7 November 1966]]&amp;quot; (letter)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; suggesting that they were inhabited by evil spirits. The origin of the breed is unknown - perhaps they were among the creatures bred by [[Morgoth]] in the [[Elder Days]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|MB}}, p. 218&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In any case, [[Gandalf]] listed the Wargs among [[Sauron]]&#039;s servants in the late [[Third Age]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Wargs were seen in [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]] and they were often allied with the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], and used as mounts. Wargs were sentient and used a tongue, the &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;[[Warg-language|dreadful language of the Wargs]]&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=H6/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ron Walotsky - Wargs.jpg|thumb|left|&#039;&#039;Wargs&#039;&#039; by Ron Walotsky]]&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|2941}}, the Wargs appeared once to meet the [[Orcs|Goblins]] and organize a raid to the nearby villages, in order to drive the [[Woodmen]] out and capture some slaves. As a pack of Wargs approached west of the [[Misty Mountains]] to meet them, [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Thorin and Company]] were escaping the goblins. Gandalf seeing the pack coming, suggested to climb the trees and [[Dori]] helped Bilbo in the nick of time. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Wargs, thinking that the Dwarves are allies of the Woodmen, surrounded the glade and didn&#039;t let them descend. Gandalf then used his [[magic]] to light up pinecones and hurl them against the Warg until he drove them out. The wolves that had caught fire fled into the forest and had set it alight in several places, since it was high summer, and on this eastern side of the mountains there had been little rain for some time. However the guards left under the trees did not go away. Eventually goblins showed up and lit the trees the Dwarves were onto, until the [[Eagles]] came to rescue them.&amp;lt;ref name=H6&amp;gt;{{H|6}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The goblins and the wargs insisted on looking for the band, since Gandalf had killed the [[Great Goblin]], and also burnt the chief wolf&#039;s nose. They went as far as [[Beorn]]&#039;s homestead, but he caught a pair of them and stuck the goblin&#039;s head outside the gate and nailed the warg-skin to a tree just beyond&amp;lt;ref name=Queer&amp;gt;{{H|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wargs appeared once more, rode by the Orcs, at the [[Battle of Five Armies]].&amp;lt;ref name=H17&amp;gt;{{H|17}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After this, the Wargs had vanished from the woods, so that men went abroad without fear.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{H|18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A band of Wargs, unaccompanied by Orcs, attacked the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in [[Eregion|Hollin]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology and names==&lt;br /&gt;
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] derived the word &#039;&#039;warg&#039;&#039; from [[Old English]] &#039;&#039;wearg-&#039;&#039;, Old High German &#039;&#039;warg-&#039;&#039;, and [[Old Norse]] &#039;&#039;varg&#039;&#039;-r.&amp;lt;ref name=Gene/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Douglas A. Anderson]], &#039;&#039;[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]&#039;&#039;, pp. 146-7, note 9&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While Old English &#039;&#039;wearg&#039;&#039; was used only for an outlaw or hunted criminal, Norse &#039;&#039;vargr&#039;&#039; also meant &amp;quot;wolf&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|SG}}, &amp;quot;Appendix C: Old English Poem of Attila&amp;quot;, p. 373 (note 37)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In a list of Old English equivalents of [[Elvish]] words, &#039;&#039;[[Balrogs#Etymology|Balrog]]&#039;&#039; is glossed as having the equivalent &#039;&#039;Bealuwearg&#039;&#039;. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]], the Old English word contains the elements &#039;&#039;bealu&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;evil&amp;quot;; as in &#039;&#039;bale(ful)&#039;&#039;) and &#039;&#039;wearg&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;wolf, outlaw&amp;quot;; whence the &#039;&#039;Wargs&#039;&#039;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration and influences==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Old Norse mythology, wargs (&#039;&#039;vargr&#039;&#039;, a term for &amp;quot;wolf&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ulfr&#039;&#039;) are in particular the wolf [[wikipedia:Fenrir|Fenrir]] and his sons [[wikipedia:Skoll|Skoll]] and [[wikipedia:Hati|Hati]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien mentioned in a letter that the episode of wargs in &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; was &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;in part derived from a scene&#039;&#039;&amp;quot; in [[Wikipedia:Samuel Rutherford Crockett|S. R. Crockett]]&#039;s novel &#039;&#039;[[The Black Douglas]]&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|306}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tolkien also noted that [[Gene Wolfe]], one of his readers, seems to have picked up his concept of the Wargs, which occurs in Wolfe&#039;s science fiction short story &amp;quot;Trip, Trap&amp;quot; (1967): &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;There was also what looked like a very big wild dog or wolf, a&#039;&#039; Warg&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=L297/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=MB2257&amp;gt;{{HM|MB}}, p. 225, note 7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[John D. Rateliff]] has further commented that Tolkien&#039;s Wargs were likely influential on the creation of the wolf-like beasts &#039;&#039;[[Wikipedia:Worg (Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons)|worgs]]&#039;&#039; in later literature related to [[Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons]] and in other fantasy worlds.&amp;lt;ref name=MB2257/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1977: &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Wargs are seen as large wolves ridden by goblins. They do not have a fear of fire. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1982-1997: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Classified as Undead Beings, the Wargs are said to be bred from cursed wolves, inhabited by an evil spirit, &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;being artificially long-lived&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;, and that their &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;body dissipates when slain&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;. The Wargs are described as being larger, fiercer, and more intelligent than normal wolves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|2012}}, p. 129&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|2016}}, p. 151&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1995-8: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
:Wargs are a Hazard Creature. Different factions of Wargs are the &#039;&#039;Wargs of the Forochel&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;Misty Mountain Wargs&#039;&#039;, and related minions are the &#039;&#039;War-warg&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;The Warg-king&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Wargs are taller and darker than regular wolves, but due to the progression in the game, pose less of a threat; whereas wolves are only encountered by a stick-wielding [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], wargs appear only in levels in which the player is [[Gandalf]] or [[Aragorn]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (2003 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Wargs are portrayed a large wolves. They only appear in cutscenes, and are non-fightable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Wargs appear to be more like a &amp;quot;hyena-bear-wolf hybrid&amp;quot; rather than wolves, in an effort to distinguish them from regular wolves by presenting them as some sort of distant cousin.  However, it should be noted that Tolkien never actually described Wargs beyond stating they were demonic wolves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Non-player (NPC, computer controlled) wargs are found in a number of areas of Middle-earth. Players can play a warg in the Player-versus-Player (PvP) area of the [[Ettenmoors]] once the player reaches level ten. Wargs in Lord of the Rings Online have the ability to stealth and sneak up to attack players.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The appearance of wargs vary from zone to zone for NPC wargs and from rank to rank for player controlled wargs. They all look like very large wolves with broad shoulders. They range in color from white to grey to black. Many of them have black eyes but some of the stronger wargs have red eyes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Wargs|Images of Wargs]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{wolves}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Warge]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/faune/wargs]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Other races]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wolves]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&amp;diff=223336</id>
		<title>Uruk-hai</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&amp;diff=223336"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:36:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{cleanup}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{race&lt;br /&gt;
|image=[[Image:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|name= Uruk-hai&lt;br /&gt;
|dominions=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|languages=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]&lt;br /&gt;
|height= &lt;br /&gt;
|length=&lt;br /&gt;
|skincolor=&lt;br /&gt;
|haircolor= &lt;br /&gt;
|feathers=&lt;br /&gt;
|distinctions= Large build&lt;br /&gt;
|lifespan=&lt;br /&gt;
|members= [[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Riders&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{TT|Riders}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Uruk-hai&#039;&#039;&#039; were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Appearance==&lt;br /&gt;
The Uruk-hai made up a large part of [[Saruman]]&#039;s army, together with the [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] and other [[Men|Mannish]] enemies of [[Rohan]], and similar large Orcs also served as the elite troops of [[Mordor]]. They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though some were still shorter than Men. There are suggestions that the Uruk-hai were the result of crossbreeding Orcs and [[Men]]. Certainly, other creatures in Saruman&#039;s armies, and under his command in the Shire, appear to have been hybrids, though these &amp;quot;[[half-orcs]]&amp;quot; were as tall as Men and are never described simply as Orcs, as the Uruk-hai frequently are. It is never explained exactly &#039;&#039;how&#039;&#039; Orcs were hybridized with Men, whether through cross-breeding or some form of alchemy used to infuse Orcs with mannish qualities.  [[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow &amp;quot;improved&amp;quot;, or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be &amp;quot;a black evil&amp;quot;. Saruman&#039;s army of Uruk-hai fought against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] of Rohan and his people at [[Battle of the Hornburg|Helm&#039;s Deep]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The race of uruks, described as &amp;quot;black orcs of great strength&amp;quot;, first appeared about the year [[Third Age 2475|2475]] of the Third Age, when they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]]. These were evidently of Sauron&#039;s breeding, but it is not clear whether or not these uruks should be regarded as identical with the Uruk-hai, who could be a further &#039;improvement&#039; to the race achieved by Saruman.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Orcs and Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the [[Eye of Sauron|Red Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. These Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and [[Grishnákh]] was their captain. They were all long-armed and crook-legged, not as tall as the [[Isengard|Isengarder]] Uruks but larger than the [[Moria]] Orcs. They could see better in the dark than the Isengarders could.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Uruk-hai of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] used an S [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this &amp;quot;S&amp;quot; stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. They also appeared different physically: greater stature, swarthy, slant-eyed, thick legs and large hands. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat. He aided them with his wizardry as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the party of Uruks who kidnapped Merry and Pippin, Saruman&#039;s will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to the Orcs. [[Uglúk]] led the Uruk-hai of Isengard, and since they were the strongest he felt that he led the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] march as well, insisting on going back by way of Isengard. This was the group that slew [[Boromir]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
The name &#039;&#039;Uruk-hai&#039;&#039; has the element &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;uruk&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning &amp;quot;Orc&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|F1iv}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=WJAC&amp;gt;{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=L144&amp;gt;{{L|144}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=PE17_47&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, p. 47&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien&#039;s languages|Orcs in Tolkien&#039;s languages]].) The element &#039;&#039;[[hai|-hai]]&#039;&#039;, also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means &amp;quot;folk, people&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identical as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WiMe-Isengard&amp;amp;Uruks&amp;amp;Orcs-1-.png|thumb|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson&#039;s The Lord of the Rings]], Saruman appears to be the only one who created the Uruks. They are shown in the movie as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on a early description of Tolkien&#039;s that Orcs &amp;quot;worm their way out of the ground like maggots&amp;quot;). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and &amp;quot;goblin-men&amp;quot;. This is presumably a reference to the [[Goblin-men]] and [[Half-orcs]] in Saruman&#039;s service, creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. &lt;br /&gt;
The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk-hai&#039;s strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]&#039;s fight against Lurtz.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other&#039;s presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm&#039;s Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo&#039;s vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[EA&#039;s The Return of the King]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the &amp;quot;Battle of Helm&#039;s Deep&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Fangorn Forest&amp;quot; missions, retaining the movie appearance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the &amp;quot;Monster Play&amp;quot; game option.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm&#039;s Deep.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Olog-hai]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Uruk-hai]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Shire&amp;diff=223335</id>
		<title>The Shire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Shire&amp;diff=223335"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:36:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Rewrite}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Location&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Green Hill Morning.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=The Shire&lt;br /&gt;
| type=Region&lt;br /&gt;
| location=[[Eriador]]&lt;br /&gt;
| inhabitants=[[Hobbits]]&lt;br /&gt;
| realms=[[Arnor]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Reunited Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
| description=&lt;br /&gt;
| climate=&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=[[Sûza]] (&amp;quot;Shire&amp;quot; in [[Westron]])&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppF&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|F}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| etymology=See [[The Shire#Etymology]]&lt;br /&gt;
| created={{TA|1601}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FRHobbits&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Hobbits}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppB2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|B2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(Year 1 in [[Shire Reckoning]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FRHobbits&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{SR|1452}} - [[Westmarch]] added to the Shire&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppB5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|B5}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| destroyed=&lt;br /&gt;
| events=[[Battle of Greenfields]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Battle of Bywater]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Shire&#039;&#039;&#039; was a region in [[Eriador]] inhabited by [[Hobbits]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Geography==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original boundaries of the Shire - listed clock-wise from due north - were as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
*the [[North Moors|moors in the north]];&lt;br /&gt;
*the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] river in the east;&lt;br /&gt;
*the marshes in the south;&lt;br /&gt;
*and the [[Far Downs]] in the west.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FRHobbits&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{navigation&lt;br /&gt;
| title=Boundaries of the Shire&lt;br /&gt;
| north-west=&lt;br /&gt;
| north=Northern Moors&lt;br /&gt;
| north-east=&lt;br /&gt;
| west=The [[Far Downs]]&lt;br /&gt;
| east=The [[Baranduin|Brandywine River]]&lt;br /&gt;
| south-west=&lt;br /&gt;
| south=South Marshes&lt;br /&gt;
| south-east=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Map Middle-Earth A Part of the Shire.jpg|thumb|500px|left|&#039;&#039;[[A Part of the Shire]]&#039;&#039; by [[Christopher Tolkien]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
From the west to the east, the Shire originally measured 40 leagues (120 [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] miles) from the [[Far Downs]] to the [[Brandywine Bridge]]. From the north to the south, it measured 50 leagues (150 Númenórean miles) from the northern moors to the marshes in the south.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FRHobbits&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref group=&amp;quot;note&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Robert Foster]] estimates the total area of the Shire to be &amp;quot;about 18,000 square miles&amp;quot;; [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] has calculated a larger figure, about 21,400 square miles, slightly smaller than a country such as [[Wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]]. See [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], &#039;&#039;[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;, revised edn (London: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 69&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{SR|1452}}, [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] gave the [[Westmarch]] to the [[Shire-hobbits]] as a gift. This extended the western boundaries of the Shire to the [[Tower Hills]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppB5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; [[Buckland]], to the east of the Brandywine, remained an independent region occupied by [[Hobbits]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Shire is described as a small but beautiful and fruitful land, beloved by its inhabitants. The Hobbits had an extensive agricultural system in the Shire, but did not proceed with industrialization. Various supplies could be found in the Shire, including cereals, fruit, wood and [[pipe-weed]] (a favourite treat of Hobbits). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Shire was quite densely populated in parts with many villages and a few towns, but it still was open enough to allow for wide forested areas and marshes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks to the protective presence of the [[Rangers of the North]] in the lands of the former Arnor, the Shire for centuries ignored the wide world outside, despite being traversed by the [[Great East Road]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;See also&amp;quot; in Eriador#Foundation of the Shire links here--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Shire was a fertile and well-tilled part of [[Arnor]], but deserted during the waning days of the Kingdom when it was known as the splinter-realm of [[Arthedain]]; where the Shire was, it had been the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]]. The [[Hobbits]] (who lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] at Norbury ([[Fornost]]) to settle the lands. This was finally done in [[Third Age 1601]] (Year 1 in Shire Reckoning) by Hobbits from [[Bree]], led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - One Morning Long Ago.jpg|thumb|left|&#039;&#039;One Morning Long Ago&#039;&#039; by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
By 30 years later, almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found in the Shire. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves as subjects of the [[Kings of Arthedain|King]], at least nominaly, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless the Hobbits sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against [[Angmar]]. After the fall of Arnor, the Shire remained a minor but independent political unit and the title of [[Thain]] was established to fill the absence of a Kingship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Its small size, relative lack of importance, and brave and resilient Hobbit population made it too modest an objective for conquest. More important was that the Shire was guarded and protected by the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North]] (and [[Gandalf]]), who watched the borders and kept out intruders. The only strangers to enter the Shire were the [[Dwarves]] traveling on the [[Great East Road]] that ran through the Shire to and from their mines in the [[Blue Mountains]], and the occasional [[Elves]] on their way to the [[Emyn Beraid]] or the [[Grey Havens]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However Shire faced its adversities since it was inside the range of the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} and the [[Battle of Greenfields]] ({{TA|2747}}) and of course the [[Long Winter]] ({{TA|2758}}) soon followed by the [[Days of Dearth]] ({{TA|2760}}) and the [[Fell Winter]] ({{TA|2911}}). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|2340}} the [[Oldbucks]] of the [[Marish]] because of overpopulation, crossed the [[Brandywine]] and founded [[Buckland]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the [[War of the Ring]] the Shire was first visited by the Nine [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] and then, while the Rangers were off to the War, the Shire was defenseless. It was captured by [[Saruman]] and [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] who lead evil [[Men]]. It was liberated with the help of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] after the end of the War through their victory at the [[Battle of Bywater]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But the damage which Saruman caused by forced industrialization was undone by the Hobbits&#039; efforts.  The Shire was restored with soil from [[Lothlórien]], given to Sam by [[Galadriel]]. {{TA|3021}} was considered to be the most productive and prosperous year in their history.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With [[Aragorn]]&#039;s return as the King of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], the Shire became in {{FoA|17}} a Free Land, protected enclave inside the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. He is known to have issued an order that forbade the entrance of full-sized [[Men]] into the Shire. In {{FoA|32}} King Aragorn granted Buckland officially as a part of the Shire named [[Eastmarch]], and also extended the land westwards to [[Emyn Beraid]]; this land was named [[Westmarch]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Administration==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:fotr0059.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The Shire in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;]]Initially, The Shire was a part of Arthedain. The Hobbits considered themselves as subjects of the King and only after the fall of Arnor, the Shire became an independent political unit led by the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Thain]]&#039;&#039;&#039; from &#039;&#039;[[Tuckborough]]&#039;&#039; who was the head of the important [[Took Family|Took clan]]. While nominally the Thain ruled over the four [[Farthings]], in practice authority was so decentralized that the title was seen as more of a formality and ceremonial.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Official of the Shire was the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Mayor of Michel Delving|Mayor]]&#039;&#039;&#039; of [[Michel Delving]] in the [[White Downs]] (by extension seen as the [[Mayor of the Shire]]). The Mayor&#039;s chief duties were serving as postmaster of the Shire&#039;s [[Messenger Service]], charging the [[Watch]] and presiding at fairs&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Master of Buckland]]&#039;&#039;&#039; at &#039;&#039;[[Bucklebury]]&#039;&#039; controlled [[Buckland]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sole law enforcement officials in the Shire were the [[Shirriffs]]. Their job was to protect the Shire from trespassers more than anything. There were three in each Farthing, and were distinguished from &amp;quot;civilians&amp;quot; by a feather worn in their caps. The [[Bounders]] were the land&#039;s border-guard, charged with turning back unwanted people or beasts, and their number varied according to need.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Shire was originally divided in four Farthings (&#039;&#039;[[Northfarthing]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[Southfarthing]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[Eastfarthing]]&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;[[Westfarthing]]&#039;&#039;), but [[Buckland]] and later the [[Westmarch]] were added to it. Within the Farthings there are some smaller, unofficial divisions such as family lands: the [[Took Family|Tooks]] nearly all live in or near [[Tuckborough]] in [[Tookland]], for instance. In many cases a Hobbit&#039;s last name indicates where their family came from: [[Samwise Gamgee]]&#039;s last name derives from &#039;&#039;[[Gamwich]]&#039;&#039;, where the family originated. Outside the Farthings, Buckland itself was named for the [[Oldbucks]] (later [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybucks]]). See further &#039;&#039;[[Regions of the Shire]]&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
A &amp;quot;shire&amp;quot; ([[Old English]] &#039;&#039;scír&#039;&#039;) is an organised region with a &amp;quot;[[Michel Delving|county-town]]&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Nomen&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] notes that in English, OE &#039;&#039;scír&#039;&#039; replaced the Germanic word for district &#039;&#039;gē&#039;&#039;, and in English was reduced to an element for a few old place-names, like [[wikipedia:Surrey|Surrey]] (from &#039;&#039;Suðer-ge&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;southern district&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Nomen&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{HM|N}}, p. 775&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|Though a Tolkien by name, I am a Suffield by tastes, talents, and upbringing, and &#039;&#039;&#039;any comer of that county [Worcestershire] (however fair or squalid) is in an indefinable way &#039;home&#039; to me, as no other part of the world is.&#039;&#039;&#039;|[[Letter 44]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
On Tolkien&#039;s maps, the Shire is located at about the same position as England is on modern European maps and has been cited as an example of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_England#Deep_England Deep England] ideology (though, of course, England is on an island while the Shire is inside the continent). Throughout the narrative, Tolkien also implies numerous points of similarity between the two, such as weather, agriculture and dialect. One can also see England as Tolkien&#039;s source of inspiration for the Shire in its very name.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to [[Paula Marmor]], the hobbit brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]] names are related to horses, parallel to [[Wikipedia:Hengest|Hengest]] and [[Wikipedia:Horsa|Horsa]], legendary leaders who brought the Saxons to Britain. Hengest was the founder of [[Wikipedia:Kent|Kent]] whose geography is similar to the Shire (North Downs above, hills to the west, water to the east and marshes to the southeast)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;[[An Introduction to Elvish]]&#039;&#039;, An etymological excursion among the Shire Folk&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The industrialization of the Shire was based on Tolkien&#039;s witnessing of the extension of the Industrial Revolution to rural Warwickshire during his youth, and especially the deleterious consequences thereof. The rebellion of the hobbits and the restoration of the pre-industrial Shire may be interpreted as a prescription of voluntary simplicity as a remedy to the problems of modern society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Gallery&lt;br /&gt;
|title=Pictures of the Shire in adaptations&lt;br /&gt;
|height=150&lt;br /&gt;
|width=200&lt;br /&gt;
|lines=2&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Fotr0066.jpg|The Shire in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Map_-_Shire.jpg|Map of the Shire from &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Films==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Shire scenes were shot on location in Matamata, New Zealand. Following the shooting, the area was returned to its natural state, but even without Hobbit holes it became a prime tourist attraction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
:Shire scenes were shot at the same place where shooting of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]] took place. Unlike the previous time, Hobbiton was constructed out of permanent materials, with intention of lasting for decades.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Games==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The first three levels of the game take place in the Shire, from [[Frodo]] leaving [[Bag End]] up until the entrance into the [[Old Forest]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (2003 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Shire is the first level of the game. Unlike the original story, Bilbo has to perform various side-quests before he ever reached [[Green Dragon]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Shire is a battleground appearing in Evil campaign and skirmish mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Shire is one of the major regions of the game, represented almost in its entirely - of the original map by Christopher Tolkien only some parts of West Farting and South Farting are not represented. Also, part of the North Farting is placed within the borders of [[Evendim]] region for gameplay purposes. The Shire is inhabited by hundreds of non-playable characters, involved in hundreds of quests.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The Shire is one of game&#039;s battlegrounds, razed by Sauron&#039;s forces in the Evil campaign.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Images of the Shire|Images of the Shire]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Thain|Thains of the Shire]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Eriador]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:The Shire]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Auenland]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Kontu]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:eriador:comte]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Sauron&amp;diff=223334</id>
		<title>Sauron</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Sauron&amp;diff=223334"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:35:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Countdown}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{evil infobox&lt;br /&gt;
|image=[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sauron.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Sauron&lt;br /&gt;
|othernames=Annatar&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SRings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;The Dark Lord&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SIndex&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Gorthaur the Cruel&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SVala&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Vala}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Mairon&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PE17.1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Necromancer&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SIndex&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|created=Before the [[Music of the Ainur]]&lt;br /&gt;
|years=&#039;&#039;circa&#039;&#039; {{SA|500}} - {{SA|3441}}&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;circa&#039;&#039; {{TA|1000}} - {{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
|age=&lt;br /&gt;
|destroyed=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
|realm=[[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[Tol Sirion]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Dol Guldur]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Mordor]]&lt;br /&gt;
|gender=Male&lt;br /&gt;
|race=[[Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
|appearance=Various: see [[Sauron#Appearance|appearance section]].&lt;br /&gt;
|accomplishments=Decieved the [[Elves]] into forging the [[Rings of Power]];&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;created the [[One Ring]];&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;brought about the [[Downfall of Númenor]];&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;and nearly conquered the whole of [[Middle-earth]].&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{pronounce|Quenya - Sauron.mp3|Gilgamesh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pronounce|Annatar.mp3|Ardamir}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{pronounce|Quenya - Mairon.mp3|Gilgamesh}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;{{Quote|Sauron  [...] was only less evil than his [[Morgoth|master]] in that for long he served another and not himself.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SVala&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;}}&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Sauron&#039;&#039;&#039; was the greatest and most trusted servant of [[Morgoth]] before and during the [[First Age]]. After the downfall of his master, he continuously strove to conquer [[Middle-earth]] throughout the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages. Deceiving the [[Elves]] of [[Eregion]], who under his guidance had created the [[Rings of Power]], he secretly forged the [[One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]]. Thus Sauron became &amp;quot;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===Origin===&lt;br /&gt;
As one of the [[Maiar]], Sauron was created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the [[Music of the Ainur]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Ainu&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Ainu}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At the beginning of Time, he was amongst the [[Ainur]] who entered into [[Eä]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SVala&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Vala}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Here he became one of the Maiar of [[Aulë]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SVala&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; and was known as &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Mairon&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PE17.1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, p. 183&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, he was soon ensnared by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] and became his greatest and most trusted servant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SRings&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Rings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Thus he came to be known &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Gorthaur&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] and &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Sauron&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; by others.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SIndex&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Index}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Years of the Trees]]===&lt;br /&gt;
After [[Morgoth|Melkor]] made his great fortress of [[Angband]] in the north-west of [[Middle-earth]], he appointed Sauron to be its commander.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SCaptivity&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Captivity}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the [[Valar]] captured Melkor at the [[Siege of Utumno]], they stormed and searched Utumno and Angband; they, however, failed to find Sauron.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SCaptivity&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===First Age===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Blockquote|Sauron was become now a sorcerer of dreadful power, master of shadows and of phantoms, foul in wisdom, cruel in strength, misshaping what he touched, twisting what he ruled, lord of werewolves; his dominion was torment.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SFingolfin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Fingolfin}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
With the unchaining of Morgoth and his subsequent destruction of the [[Two Trees|Two Trees of Valinor]], the [[Sun]] first rose and ushered in the awakening of [[Men]]. Leaving Sauron in command of the war, Morgoth left Angband in secret to find the second-born kindred of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] and to corrupt them to his will.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SWest&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|West}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the fall of [[Fingolfin]], Sauron launched an attack on [[Tol Sirion]]. Utter fear descended upon [[Orodreth]] and those who defended the isle. Sauron assailed [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] and turned it into a watch tower for Morgoth. Therein Sauron sat and Tol Sirion the fair became [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], the Isle of Werewolves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SFingolfin&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon hearing of the deeds of [[Barahir]] and his companions, Morgoth ordered Sauron to find and kill them. [[Gorlim]], one of Barahir&#039;s companions, was captured and brought before Sauron. There Sauron promised that he would he would free Gorlim and his wife [[Eilinel]] in return for information. Under the terror of Sauron&#039;s eyes, Gorlim revealed everything he knew and thus the hiding place of Barahir was betrayed to the enemy. Subsequently, Sauron had Gorlim put to death.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Beren&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|Beren}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Beren]], son of [[Barahir]], promised to avenge his father&#039;s death. He wandered [[Dorthonion]] as an outlaw and achieved great deeds that were heard far and wide. Thus Morgoth set a high price on his head and Sauron, commanding a great army of [[werewolves]] and [[fell beasts]], sought for Beren.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Beren&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], Beren, and their ten companions left [[Nargothrond]] in search of the [[Silmarils]]. Despite being disguised as Orcs, Sauron espied them as they entered into the vale between [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]]. He had them captured and they were brought to him. There Finrod and Sauron fought in songs of power; the strength of both was great, but Sauron was more powerful. He then stripped them of their Orc disguise but failed to discern who they were. He had them thrown into a dark pit where one by one they were devoured by a werewolf. Withstanding this horror, they refused to betray one another.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Beren&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Huan Subdues Sauron.jpg|thumb|right|&#039;&#039;Huan Subdues Sauron&#039;&#039; by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
When all of their companions were dead, Finrod and Beren were the last who remained alive in Sauron&#039;s pit. When a werewolf went to attack Beren, Finrod Felegund used all his power to defeat it. In this he was successful. However, he was critically wounded and soon passed away. In that dark moment, [[Lúthien]] came to the bridge of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and sang. From his tower of Minas Tirith, Sauron saw Lúthien and knew that it was the famous daughter of [[Melian]] and [[Thingol]]. He desired to capture her and hand her over to Morgoth. Therefore he sent a wolf to the bridge, but it was quickly and silently slain by [[Huan]]. He sent many more and each one Huan killed. Finally, he sent [[Draugluin]], sire of the werewolves of Angband. The fight between Huan and Draugluin was fierce. Eventually Draugluin fled and, before dying, he told his master that Huan was there. Therefore Sauron took the form of a werewolf, the greatest the world had ever seen, and went towards the bridge. He leaped to attack Lúthien, but Huan sprang upon Sauron and there they fought. But Sauron could not subdue the hound of [[Valinor]]. He yielded to Lúthien, giving her control of the isle in return for his release. He then took the form of a vampire and fled to [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], filling the forest with horror.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Beren&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the [[War of Wrath]], with the downfall of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Thangorodrim]], Sauron adopted a fair form and repented his evil deeds in fear of the wrath of the Valar. [[Eönwë]] then ordered Sauron to return to [[Valinor]] in order to receive the judgement of Manwë. Sauron was not willing to suffer such humiliation and so he fled and hid himself in [[Middle-earth]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SRings&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Second Age===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AnnatarLarge.png|thumb|left|&#039;&#039;Annatar&#039;&#039; as envisioned by [[Weta Workshop|Weta]] from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
After lying hidden and dormant for about one thousand years, Sauron put on a fair visage in the [[Second Age]]. Calling himself &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Annatar&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Lord of Gifts, he befriended the Elvish smiths of [[Eregion]], and counseled them in arts and magic. Not all the Elves trusted him, particularly Lady [[Galadriel]] and [[Gil-galad]], High King of the [[Noldor]], but few listened to them. The Elves forged [[Rings of Power]], but in secret Sauron forged [[the One Ring]] in [[Mount Doom]] to rule the other rings, investing most of his own power into the Ring as he forged it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this time Sauron became known as the [[Dark Lord]] of [[Mordor]]. He raised [[Barad-dûr]], the Dark Tower, near Mount Doom; constructed the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor to prevent invasion; corrupted nine mortal Men with Rings of Power and turned them into the [[Nazgûl]] (Ringwraiths), his chief servants; and raised massive armies of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], and Men, chiefly [[Easterlings]] and [[Southrons]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron&#039;s power reached its zenith 700 years after Mordor&#039;s creation, in the 17th century of the Second Age.  Immediately after Sauron created the One Ring, Celebrimbor and the other Ring-bearers realized his treachery and went to war with him.  The [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] was a bloody conflict which destroyed Eregion and devastated much of Eriador.  Celebrimbor was slain and his body impaled on a spike paraded at the head of Sauron&#039;s legions.  The Elves were pushed back almost to the Blue Mountains, while their Dwarf allies (who had also rejected Sauron) retreated behind the walls of [[Moria]] where Sauron could not assail them.  Sauron was master of almost all of Middle-earth beyond the coasts, but the Númenóreans responded to the Elves&#039; call for aid and sent a relief force.  The combined armies rallied and were able to defeat Sauron&#039;s armies in Eriador after heavy fighting, and the Dark Lord fled back to Mordor with little more than his own bodyguard and a handful of orcs.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nonetheless, while Sauron&#039;s subsequent power never quite matched the height it had during the War with the elves, many of his most powerful enemies&#039; homelands had been devastated.  &#039;&#039;Relative&#039;&#039; to his enemies, Sauron&#039;s empire was actually in a stronger position than it used to be.  His empire continued to expand to dominate barbarian Men to the far south and east.  Throughout this, Sauron remained faithful in his old allegiance, building temples to the worship of Morgoth, where human sacrifice was practiced.  Because of this, towards the end of the Second Age, Sauron assumed the titles of &#039;&#039;&#039;Lord of the Earth&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;King of Men&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Forging of the One.jpg|thumb|&#039;&#039;The Forging of the One&#039;&#039;, by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
This offended the Númenóreans, the powerful Men descended from the line of Beren and Lúthien, who lived on the island of Númenor in the sea between Middle-earth and Valinor. The proud Númenóreans came to Middle-earth with great force of arms, and Sauron&#039;s forces fled. Realizing he could not defeat the Numenoreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King [[Ar-Pharazôn]]. There, he quickly grew from captive to advisor and was known as &#039;&#039;&#039;Tar-Mairon&#039;&#039;&#039;; he converted many Númenóreans to the worship of Morgoth, and raised a great temple in which he performed human sacrifices. Finally, he convinced the king to rebel against the Valar and attack Valinor itself. [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], the supreme god, then directly intervened: Númenor was drowned under the sea, and the great navy of Númenor was destroyed. Sauron was diminished in the flood of Númenor, and fled back to Mordor, where he slowly rebuilt his strength during the time known as the [[Dark Years]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From this point on he was unable to assume a fair shape, and ruled now through terror and force. A few faithful Númenóreans were saved from the flood, and they founded [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in Middle-earth. These faithful Men, led by [[Elendil]] and his sons, allied with the Elves of [[Lindon]] under the Elven-king [[Gil-galad]], and together fought Sauron in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] and, after a long period, defeated him in the year {{SA|3441}}, although both Elendil and Gil-galad were killed. [[Isildur]], son of Elendil, cut the One Ring from Sauron&#039;s finger and claimed it. Later, the Ring betrayed him and was lost for more than two thousand years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Third Age===&lt;br /&gt;
====Sauron&#039;s Return====&lt;br /&gt;
After his defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, Sauron had lost his ability to form a physical body for a great while. It is thought that he fled to the far east to regain his power and strength before returning. It was not until c. {{TA|1000}} that Sauron could again begin to take shape and in {{TA|1050|n}} his power was enough that he began again to throw a shadow across portions of [[Middle-earth]]. It is around this time that he first began to inhabit southern [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]], choosing the hill of [[Amon Lanc]] as a place to build the fortress of [[Dol Guldur]]. At first, it was thought by the wise that it was one of the [[Nazgûl]] who had returned and taken up residence in southern Greenwood, but when [[Gandalf]] entered the fortress in {{TA|2063|n}} the power in Dol Guldur fled before him into the East thus beginning the [[Watchful Peace]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The Watchful Peace====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron returned from the east in {{TA|2460|n}} and again took up residence in [[Dol Guldur]]. Eventually, after many hundreds of years of pressing the [[White Council]] to take action against the Necromancer, [[Gandalf]] entered Dol Guldur in secret in {{TA|2850|n}} and learned that the Necromancer was actually none other than Sauron. In {{TA|2851|n}}, the White Council were informed of this, and [[Gandalf]] urged an immediate attack upon the fortress, but [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] opposed him, having already learned of the presence of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] near the [[Gladden Fields]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was not until 90 years later, in {{TA|2941|n}} that Gandalf finally prevailed upon the [[White Council]] to attack Dol Guldur and drive Sauron out (see &#039;&#039;[[Attack on Dol Guldur]]&#039;&#039;). At this point, Sauron returned to [[Mordor]] and finalized the reconstruction of [[Barad-dûr]], which had been prepared for him by the [[Nazgûl]] for many years prior to this.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====The War of the Ring====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shadow of Sauron.jpg|thumb|220px|left|&#039;&#039;The Shadow of Sauron&#039;&#039;, by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron bred immense armies of Orcs and allies with which enslaved Men from the east and south. He adopted the symbol of a lidless eye, and he was able at that time to send out his will over Middle-earth, so that the [[Eye of Sauron]] was a symbol of power and fear. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After torturing [[Gollum]], he learned that the One Ring had been found by [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He sent his deadliest servants, the [[Nazgûl]], to [[the Shire]], only to find that both Bilbo and his nephew, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], had departed. Unbeknownst to Sauron, Frodo had, at the behest of Gandalf, joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] on a quest to destroy the Ring. He rallied his vast armies to conquer the resistance&#039;s strongholds, and sent the Ringwraiths to find and kill Frodo. At about this time, he also learned that [[Aragorn]], Isildur&#039;s heir, had also joined the Fellowship, and was rallying armies to defeat his.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Saruman&#039;s army was defeated at [[Isengard]], Aragorn used the Palantir of [[Orthanc]] to reveal himself to Sauron. Sauron made the premature conclusion that Aragorn had the Ring, and sent an army commanded by his strongest servant, the Witch-King of Angmar, to overthrow [[Minas Tirith]]. This battle would become known as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although Sauron lost the Battle of Pelennor Fields, the free forces of the West were greatly weakened, and Sauron still had sufficent armies in reserve to ensure military victory. He was outwitted, however, by the strategy of Gandalf, who urged the captains of the [[Free peoples]] to march against Sauron, thus diverting the Dark Lord&#039;s eye from the real threat of Frodo, the Ring Bearer, who was nearing the end of his quest to destroy the One Ring. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Frodo, however, failed at the last moment, unable to resist the power of the Ring at the place of its birth. But Gollum inadvertently saved him by recovering the Ring in a desperate attempt to possess it, and then falling with it into the fire. Thus Sauron&#039;s power was unmade, and his corporeal power in Middle-earth came to an end. His spirit towered above Mordor like a black cloud, but was blown away by a [[Manwë|powerful wind]] from the [[Aman|West]]. Sauron was now permanently crippled, never to rise again. Saruman would suffer a similar fate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Appearance==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Transcribed|Tengwar Sauron (Quenya mode).png|Sauron|Tengwar, Quenya mode}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Sauron&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (pron. {{IPA|[ˈsaʊron]}})&amp;lt;ref group=note&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Sauron&#039;&#039; is pronounced &amp;quot;sour-on&amp;quot; (&#039;&#039;sour&#039;&#039; as in not sweet).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; is a [[Quenya]] name, said to mean &amp;quot;the Abhorred&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|Index}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several accounts of the origin of the name &#039;&#039;Sauron&#039;&#039; were suggested in different linguistic manuscripts:&lt;br /&gt;
*deriving from Quenya &#039;&#039;[[saura]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;foul, evil-smelling, putrid&amp;quot;, from the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[THUS#Other versions|THUS]]).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 393 (entry THUS-)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*deriving from Quenya &#039;&#039;[[saura]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;foul, vile&amp;quot;; from root [[SAWA]]). The manuscript continues saying that &#039;&#039;Sauron&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;could be a genuine [[Sindarin]] formation from &#039;&#039;[[saur]]&#039;&#039;; but is probably from Quenya&amp;quot;. However, this origin appears to have been rejected, as it is followed by the comment &amp;quot;No. [[THAW|THAW-]], cruel. &#039;&#039;[[Saura]]&#039;&#039;, cruel&amp;quot; in the manuscript.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{PE|17}}, pp. 183-4&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*deriving from the [[Primitive Quendian]] form &#039;&#039;Øaurond-&#039;&#039; (formed from the adjective &#039;&#039;Øaurā&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;detestable&amp;quot;, from root [[THAW]]).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{L|297}}, p. 380&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*deriving from &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Thauron&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, which includes the [[Sindarin]] element &#039;&#039;[[thaur]]&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;abominable, abhorrent&amp;quot;; also found in [[Sauron#Other names and titles|&#039;&#039;Gor&#039;&#039;&#039;thaur&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;]]).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|Appendix}} (entry for &#039;&#039;thaur&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other names and titles==&lt;br /&gt;
{{pronounce|Sindarin - Gorthaur.mp3|Gilgamesh}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Gorthaur&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Sindarin]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈɡorθaʊr]}}) was a name used of Sauron by the [[Sindar]] during the [[First Age]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{WJ|15}}, p. 240&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; meaning &amp;quot;Terrible Dread&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In some of Tolkien&#039;s notes from the 1950s, it is said that Sauron&#039;s original name was &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Mairon&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, &amp;quot;the admirable&amp;quot; ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈmaɪron]}}), &amp;quot;but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor. But he continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable, or Tar-mairon &#039;King Excellent&#039;, until after Númenor&#039;s downfall.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;PE17.1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among his many titles were the &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Necromancer]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;the Abhorred Dread&#039;&#039;&#039;, the &#039;&#039;&#039;Nameless Enemy&#039;&#039;&#039;, the &#039;&#039;&#039;Cruel&#039;&#039;&#039;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|IId}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the &#039;&#039;&#039;Dark Lord of Mordor&#039;&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;&#039;Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039;&#039;. The Dúnedain called him &#039;&#039;&#039;Sauron the Deceiver&#039;&#039;&#039; due to his role in the downfall of Númenor and the Forging of the Rings of Power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Other versions of the Legendarium ==&lt;br /&gt;
Prior to the publication of &#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039; Sauron&#039;s origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien&#039;s notes. In early editions of the &#039;&#039;[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|Guide to Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;, Sauron is described as &amp;quot;probably of the Eldar elves.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the earliest versions of the &#039;&#039;Silmarillion&#039;&#039; legendarium as detailed in [[the History of Middle-earth]] series, Sauron has undergone many changes. The prototype of this character was &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Tevildo]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, lord of the cats, who played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]&#039;&#039;&#039;.  Tevildo later (but still in the &#039;&#039;Book of Lost Tales&#039;&#039; period) was transformed into &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Thû]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, the Necromancer. The name was then changed to &#039;&#039;&#039;Gorthû&#039;&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;&#039;Sûr&#039;&#039;&#039;, and finally to Sauron. &#039;&#039;Gorthû&#039;&#039;, in the form &#039;&#039;Gorthaur&#039;&#039; remained in &#039;&#039;The Silmarillion&#039;&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Necromancer===&lt;br /&gt;
In &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039; the Necromancer is an obscure villainous entity mentioned fleetingly by [[Gandalf]] as one of the dangers of the wider world. He is peripheral to the plot of the book: explaining why the company takes the dangerous road though Mirkwood rather than going around, and providing a reason for Gandalf&#039;s absence for that section of the journey. Thematically the Necromancer, a truly &#039;terrible&#039; force beyond the power of the main protagonists, gives the world of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; a greater level of reality which Tolkien felt was necessary for a &#039;fairy-tale&#039; to ring true.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Letter17&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{L|17}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite the alias it would appear that the Necromancer was always intended to stand for [[Sauron]], a figure from the very earliest phases of his [[Legendarium]] (as [[Tevildo]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Tale of Tinúviel]]&#039;&#039;). Shortly after the publication of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; Tolkien wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
{{blockquote|Mr Baggins began as a comic tale among conventional and inconsistent Grimm&#039;s fairy-tale dwarves, and got drawn into the edge of it &amp;amp;ndash; so that even Sauron the terrible peeped over the edge.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Letter19&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{L|19}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, as &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; was not originally intended to be integrated with Tolkien&#039;s wider mythology the Necromancer did not necessarily need to be consistent with his [[First Age]] counterpart Sauron, rather the two were loosely linked to add an &#039;impression of depth&#039; to the narrative of &#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039;. With Tolkien&#039;s decision to merge the two &#039;worlds&#039; and make Sauron the central antagonist &#039;&#039;[[Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; came the need to reconcile the two figures and account for his whereabouts in the millennia between the end of the First Age and his dwelling in Bilbo&#039;s Mirkwood. This was largely achieved in the &#039;&#039;[[Appendix B|Tale of Years]]&#039;&#039;, with Sauron becoming a much greater figure after the fall of his master, one who argueably drove the history of the entire Second and Third Ages of Middle-earth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Gallery&lt;br /&gt;
|title=Sauron in Adaptations&lt;br /&gt;
|width=160&lt;br /&gt;
|height=160&lt;br /&gt;
|lines=3&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Prologue - A Ring&#039;s Tale.jpg|Sauron in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]&lt;br /&gt;
|File:LOTR-vol2-Sauron1.png|Sauron in &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Sauron.jpg|Sauron &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Eye Of Sauron.jpg|Eye of Sauron in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Necromancer.jpg|The Necromancer in the &#039;&#039;[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Lord of the Rings The Third Age - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Eye of Sauron.png|Eye of Sauron in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar - Annatar.png|[[Annatar|Antheron]] in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:The Lord of the Rings Conquest - Sauron1.png|Sauron in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|File:Guardians of Middle-earth - Sauron.png|Sauron in &#039;&#039;[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
===Films===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|&#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (1980 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1993: &#039;&#039;[[Hobitit]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Radio series===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1955 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The voice of Sauron is provided by [[Felix Felton]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;RT1724&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1724, [[23 November|November 23]], [[1956]]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1968 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Sauron is mentioned only very briefly at the end; [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]] discuss how the &amp;quot;Necromancer&amp;quot; had been driven from his abode in the south of [[Mirkwood]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Video games===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1985: &#039;&#039;[[Lord of the Rings: Game One]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1988: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s War in Middle Earth]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|&#039;&#039;J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I&#039;&#039; (1990 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Sauron is mentioned by [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the game.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1993: &#039;&#039;[[J.R.R. Tolkien&#039;s The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Sauron is mentioned in the beginning of the game, when [[Gandalf]] explains the history of [[the One Ring]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (2003 video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Sauron and the events of the south of Mirkwood are left unmentioned. However, whilst in Mirkwood, [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] has to defeat creatures that he calls &amp;quot;Minions of the Necromancer&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:At the end of the game, Berethor and company (the playable characters) have to defeat the eye of Sauron by physically attacking him on top of [[Barad-dûr]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2005: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Tactics]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2008: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2009: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2010: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn&#039;s Quest]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012: &#039;&#039;[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Sauron is a &amp;quot;guardian&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Trailer&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caYW7d-8MIY&amp;amp;feature=player_embedded|articlename=&#039;&#039;Guardians of Middle-earth&#039;&#039;: First Official Gameplay Trailer|dated=29 June 2012|website=YT|accessed=16 July 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Others===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1982-97: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Sauron is treated as a Mage of level 180 (level 360 if using the One Ring). Among his items are the Elf-slaying Black Sword (S. &#039;&#039;Mormegil&#039;&#039;), the Gauntlet of Slaying (&amp;quot;Narsil&#039;s Bane&amp;quot;), and the Black Scale of dragonskin. Among his special powers are Domination (control over other players using the One Eye), resistance to normal weapons, and the ability to force anyone within his sight to resist fear (or otherwise becoming frozen).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|8002}}, pp. 98-102&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{ICE|2006}}, pp. 97-105&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1995-8: &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The card &amp;quot;[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54534/cards_lang/1 Sauron]&amp;quot;, appearing in the set &#039;&#039;[[Middle-earth: The Balrog|The Balrog]]&#039;&#039;, is playable as a manifestation of the card &amp;quot;[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/card_id/54002/cards_lang/1 The Lidless Eye]&amp;quot; (from the set [[Middle-earth: The Lidless Eye|&#039;&#039;The Lidless Eye&#039;&#039;]]), and can be used by players to enhance their general influence.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/20/goal/|articlename=Home page for the game Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=5 January 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[:Category:Images of Sauron|Images of Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References|note}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq-start}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq-head&lt;br /&gt;
| race=evil&lt;br /&gt;
| house=[[Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| died=[[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq&lt;br /&gt;
| pvac=None&lt;br /&gt;
| prev=Ring created&lt;br /&gt;
| list=[[Ring-bearer]]&lt;br /&gt;
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} – {{SA|3441|n}}&lt;br /&gt;
| next=[[Isildur]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{seq-end}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Ainur}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Quenya names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fa:سائورون]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Sauron]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/sauron]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Saruman&amp;diff=223333</id>
		<title>Saruman</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Saruman&amp;diff=223333"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:35:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{sources}}{{Maiar infobox&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Saruman&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Curumo, Curunír, the White, Ring-maker, Of many colours, Sharkey&lt;br /&gt;
| coming=Unknown; sent to [[Middle-earth]] around {{TA|1000}}&lt;br /&gt;
| death={{TA|3019}}&lt;br /&gt;
| duty=Wizard&lt;br /&gt;
| robes=White&lt;br /&gt;
| gender=Male&lt;br /&gt;
| hair= Black, gradually turning white&lt;br /&gt;
| appearance= Tall, long faced with deep eyes&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making (....)|[[Gandalf]], &#039;&#039;[[The Shadow of the Past]]&#039;&#039;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Saruman the White&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Third Age]] c. 1000 – 3019, existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years) was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or [[Istari]]) who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. He was the leader of the [[White Council]]. In [[Sindarin]] his name was &#039;&#039;&#039;Curunír&#039;&#039;&#039;, which meant &amp;quot;Man of Skill&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===Origins===&lt;br /&gt;
The [[Ainur]] existed before [[Arda]] was created. [[Maiar]] were angelic creatures of lower order than the [[Valar]]. [[Curumo]] and [[Mairon]] were powerful Maiar of [[Aulë]], until the later fell and became [[Sauron]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{S|Vala}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]]. This was likely in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. It was decided to send five [[Wizards|emissaries]] to Middle-earth. These should be &amp;quot;mighty, peers of Sauron, yet forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh&amp;quot; — Istari, or Wizards. One of those who went was &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Curumo]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (later in [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;[[Curunír]]&#039;&#039;, or in [[Westron]] &#039;&#039;Saruman&#039;&#039;).&amp;lt;ref name=Istari&amp;gt;{{UT|Istari}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was one of those who volunteered, whereas the last one, &#039;&#039;[[Gandalf|Olórin]]&#039;&#039;, (later Gandalf) was commanded by Manwë to go. Saruman&#039;s jealousy of Gandalf began even here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf, who went as the third Istar that he was &amp;quot;not the third&amp;quot;. Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to contempt for the latter Wizard.&amp;lt;ref name=Istari/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Arrival in Middle-earth===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Tristan Wang - The Five.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tristan Wang]] - The Five]]&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman arrived alone in a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in the west of [[Eriador]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppTA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;, and only [[Círdan]] knew his identity and his origin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He went into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron&#039;s power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppTA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppTA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman&#039;s undoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Chief of the White Council===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|[[Angus McBride]] - Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
When [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[palantír]] would still be located in [[Orthanc]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|Palantiri}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the keys of Orthanc in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove in important ally.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SV&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|V}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|2850}} Gandalf entered [[Dol Guldur]] and confirmed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned. In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Saruman overruled Gandalf when he urged an attack on Dol Guldur. It soon became clear that Saurman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppTA&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|TA}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Saruman&#039;s real strategy behind forestalling the Council&#039;s attempt at Dol Guldur focused on permitting Sauron to continue building up his strength, so that the One Ring would reveal itself. At that point Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself. He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an attack against Sauron at Dol Guldur (at which point Sauron retreats to [[Mordor]] and the [[Battle of Five Armies]] takes place).&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|The White Council attacks Dol Guldur in 2941]]&lt;br /&gt;
In {{TA|2953}}, following the last meeting, Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppTA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; As Lord of Isengard, Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppMark&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|Mark}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Saruman&#039;s corruption was complete when, in &#039;&#039;circa&#039;&#039; {{TA|3000}}, he used the [[Orthanc-stone|palantír of Orthanc]] and was enticed by [[Sauron]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppTA&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Either at this time or shortly before Saruman&#039;s studies of ring-lore paid off, and he seems to have emulated part of the skill of the [[Noldor]] of [[Eregion]] and created his own Ring. He probably used this to enhance his skills, and became an even greater enchanter with the power of his voice. It however seems unlikely that his Ring was as powerful as one of the Three Rings of the Elves, let alone the One Ring.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sauron abandoned Dol Guldur, arose again, and took up his reign in [[Mordor]], declaring himself openly. In Mordor, he established contact with Saruman through the palantír captured from [[Minas Ithil]] (later [[Minas Morgul]]). Through his jealousy towards Gandalf and his ever-growing pride and arrogance, and through the use of the palantír, wrestling in thought with the Enemy, Saruman became a servant of Sauron&#039;s will (although unintentionally, as his hopes were to gain the One Ring for himself).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===War of the Ring===&lt;br /&gt;
At about this time, in an attempt to control [[Rohan]], Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]&#039;s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing king to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron&#039;s armies. Saruman and Gríma&#039;s treachery would have crippled Rohan&#039;s military might, had not [[Gandalf]] interfered a year later and revealed to Théoden his right-hand man&#039;s true designs, healing the old king and revitalizing his political and military rule. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman did not reveal his true intentions until Gandalf presented him with the discovery and location of the One Ring. On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AppGreat&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|Great}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Saruman demanded that Gandalf submit to him and Sauron or fail. Saruman then stood forth as &#039;&#039;&#039;Saruman of Many Colours&#039;&#039;&#039;, and when Gandalf refused to join with him, he held him captive in Isengard. &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Grima and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc]]&lt;br /&gt;
It must have been during Gandalf&#039;s captivity in Orthanc that Saruman began to build his army of [[Orcs]], [[Dunlendings]], and [[Uruk-hai]], since Gandalf came to an as yet undestroyed Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was gathering an army of [[orcs]] and [[wolves]] in his pits and forges.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;FRCouncil&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{FR|Council}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; One can speculate that if matters had developed a little more slowly, his puppet Gríma would have gained full control over Rohan, and the [[Rohirrim]] would have been enslaved or destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman&#039;s plans likely failed because he, like Sauron, was forced to reveal his hand early by Gandalf&#039;s subsequent escape, and therefore he had little time to perfect his plans. As Saruman considered himself &amp;quot;unfallen&amp;quot;, he honestly believed he had a chance of converting Gandalf to his side, and felt honestly betrayed by Gandalf when he was refused. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman&#039;s treachery became known to the rest of the White Council when Gandalf reported it during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman soon also betrayed his new master Sauron by lying to the [[Witch-king]] when he arrived at Isengard. Sauron had sent the [[Nazgûl]] searching for [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. But the Lord of Morgul and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard. He departed after Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring. The Nazgûl later captured one of his [[the Shire|Shire]] spies and Gríma on his way to Orthanc, seizing some maps and information about the Shire and exposing Saruman&#039;s double treachery. Caught now between both sides as a known traitor to both, Saruman put all efforts into obtaining [[the One Ring]] for himself.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;UTHunt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{UT|Hunt}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The failure to capture the Ring at Emyn Arnen further ruined Saruman&#039;s plans, as he was revealed as a traitor to Mordor now as well.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - The Wrath of the Ents]]&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman implemented a strategy of attacking [[Rohan]], endeavouring to kill the King&#039;s son [[Théodred]], sending spies to waylay [[Frodo Baggins]] on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. Ironically, one of these parties captured [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and transported them to [[Fangorn Forest]] in time to mobilize the [[Ents]]. Gandalf also suspected Saruman had found (and destroyed) the remains of [[Isildur]], who had worn the Ring before it had been lost.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Carl Lundgren - The Defiance of Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|[[Carl Lundgren]] - The Defiance of Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman&#039;s Shire network failed to capture Frodo Baggins, Gandalf rallied Rohan to victory, [[Éomer]] stopped his only partially successful raiding party, and control of Isengard was lost to the [[Ents]]. Aware he was utterly defeated, Saruman briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. He must have still had some hope he could somehow escape, and even that infinitely small chance was better than his certain humiliation at the hands of those he had tried to destroy. Saruman still made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was dismissed from the order of the Istari.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, proving that the magic of his voice still remained. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Saruman is Overtaken.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - Saruman is Overtaken]]On their way, they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits on their way to northern [[Dunland]]. They found them as traveling beggars and Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, as he exclaimed how he hated his master. Galadriel told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|Partings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He then went to the Shire, which his agent [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. Spending his final days as a small-time thug lord in [[Hobbiton]] known as &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Sharkey&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own servant Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}, when even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman, as a Maia, did not truly die, but his spirit lost its shape (much like Sauron&#039;s after the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]] and after his defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]]). As a discorporated spirit, he should have been called to [[Mandos]], but the tale implies that he was barred from returning.  We may speculate that his spirit was left naked, powerless and wandering in Middle-earth (perhaps like Sauron&#039;s after the One Ring was destroyed).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Characteristics==&lt;br /&gt;
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] ((see &#039;&#039;Origins&#039;&#039; below). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Powers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Knowledge of the &amp;quot;deep arts&amp;quot; (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power&amp;amp;mdash;such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing &#039;&#039;[[palantíri]]&#039;&#039;. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the &amp;quot;blasting fire&amp;quot; employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm&#039;s Deep]], was probably some kind of explosive). Machinery and engines characterized both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]]. In this, he probably sought to emulate [[Sauron]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the Uruk-hai. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood. He also employed birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman&#039;s stronghold.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf&#039;s &amp;quot;rebirth&amp;quot;), it&#039;s fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman, in his desire to imitate Sauron, attemped to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself &amp;quot;Saruman the Ring-maker&amp;quot;. He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman&#039;s knowledge of the craft was incomplete.  It is assumed that Saruman&#039;s Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and the any details of this power is not mentioned.  It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman&#039;s craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron&#039;s.  When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Personality===&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in character, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realized Gandalf&#039;s power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards the Grey Wanderer) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Saruman&#039;s betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time, until at last he had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path, and that it was too late now to repent. This false belief kept him from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realized this he only became more bitter, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his own downfall. In fact he only had himself to blame, but he refused to believe this.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Politics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Men===&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman &amp;quot;went mostly among men&amp;quot;. He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving  the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own, without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the &#039;&#039;Strawheads&#039;&#039;. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-Orcs]].  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman&#039;s plans: with Saruman&#039;s council Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other councilors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Elves=== &lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded some marvellous power, it was useful or interesting for Saruman. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{RK|Partings}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Orcs===&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman probably drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs.  He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He also bred Orcs in Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunland|Dunlendings]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these Orcs Man-flesh. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His [[Uruk-hai]] army displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman&#039;s regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognized these from their earlier capture. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman&#039;s servants called him &amp;quot;Sharkey&amp;quot; both in Isengard and later in The Shire. This was probably an adaptation of the [[Black Speech]] word &#039;&#039;sharku&#039;&#039; which meant &amp;quot;old man&amp;quot;. Saruman was not aware of this meaning (which is remarkable, since Gandalf knew this language). Perhaps he took it as a distortion of his own name by the Orcs. This indicates that the Orcs took their leader less seriously than they might have given him the impression of (similar to how the Mordor Orcs overheard by Sam and Frodo tended to disrespect their authorities).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Ents/Trees===&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ents saw Saruman&#039;s treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman&#039;s Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard&amp;amp;mdash;or sometimes for no reason at all. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents&#039; abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent&#039;s actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Hobbits===&lt;br /&gt;
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf&#039;s special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had &amp;quot;conspired&amp;quot; with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]&#039;  hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Valar/Maiar/Wizards=== &lt;br /&gt;
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë&#039;s counsel. After his &#039;death&#039; he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, amazed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought to supplant Sauron as the Dark Lord, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power than himself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted &amp;quot;he had just the wit to play the part I set him&amp;quot;&amp;amp;mdash;that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspiction about [[The One Ring|Bilbo&#039;s Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolizing (almost prophetic of) Saruman&#039;s failure in achieving the One for himself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf&#039;s doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When matters came to a head, Saruman sought to make Gandalf an ally in his plans. This was probably not just out of practical politics, but also of respect and a sense of companionship and shared destiny. And possibly out of hope, being daunted by the proposition of becoming Sauron&#039;s servant alone. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as &amp;quot;Gandalf the White&amp;quot;, he could  summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman&#039;s staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman&#039;s powers). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realizing his predicament,  actually went to seek Gandalf&#039;s pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Animals==&lt;br /&gt;
Saruman had control over many birds, probably through Radagast. These spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them [[Wargs]], a sort of intelligent demon-wolf.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
The name &#039;&#039;Saruman&#039;&#039; is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] &#039;&#039;[[Curumo]]&#039;&#039;, his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] &#039;&#039;[[Curunír]]&#039;&#039; which is supposedly the same name (with the ending &#039;&#039;[[dîr|-ndîr]]&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;man&amp;quot;). All names mean &amp;quot;Skilled Man&amp;quot; (root &#039;&#039;[[curu]]&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;skill&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref name=RC81&amp;gt;{{HM|RC}}, p. 81&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Saruman&#039;&#039; is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word &#039;&#039;searu&#039;&#039; means &amp;quot;device, design, contrivance, art&amp;quot; and the whole name means &amp;quot;man of skill&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=RC81/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His name among the Elves was &#039;&#039;Curunír Lân&#039;&#039; (lenited &#039;&#039;[[glân]]&#039;&#039; &amp;quot;white&amp;quot;).{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic &#039;head of his order&#039;, Jaruman. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Portrayal in Adaptations==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Saruman from Ralph Bakshi&#039;s The Lord of the Rings.jpg|thumb|right|Saruman from Ralph Bakshi&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039; (1978)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1955 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1978 film)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that &amp;quot;Saruman&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Sauron&amp;quot; sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called &amp;quot;Ruman&amp;quot;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&amp;amp;pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; but prior to recording, this was changed to &amp;quot;Aruman&amp;quot;. However, during recording, it was again changed, to &amp;quot;Saruman&amp;quot;. Because of this late change, several instances of &amp;quot;Aruman&amp;quot; remain in the finished film.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1979 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (1981 radio series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman&#039;s betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. The film did not depict Saruman&#039;s adoption of the title &amp;quot;Saruman of Many Colours&amp;quot;. The film also did not include the [[Scouring of the Shire]], but Saruman&#039;s last appearance was in Isengard, showing his encounter with Gandalf and Théoden. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of &#039;&#039;The Return of the King&#039;&#039;]], Gríma stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf&#039;s actions though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2003: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Saruman is one of the &amp;quot;Hero&amp;quot; units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2004: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Saruman is the main &amp;quot;Hero&amp;quot; unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Saruman is still the main &amp;quot;Hero&amp;quot; unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|thumb|200px|Saruman in &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
: Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the &#039;&#039;Rise of Isengard&#039;&#039; expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman&#039;s minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].&lt;br /&gt;
:In the storyline of &#039;&#039;Rise of Isengard&#039;&#039; Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunir]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes. &lt;br /&gt;
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in &#039;&#039;[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]&#039;&#039;, where Saruman calls himself &amp;quot;Ring-forger&amp;quot;. Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman&#039;s ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:[[Christopher Lee]] will reprise his role as Saruman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;TelegraphCasting&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Saruman|Images of Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{References}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Ainur}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Maiar]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Masculine names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Old English names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wizards]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[de:Saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fa:سارومان]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Saruman]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rivendell&amp;diff=223332</id>
		<title>Rivendell</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rivendell&amp;diff=223332"/>
		<updated>2012-12-22T00:35:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;KingAragorn Bot: Bot message: tweaked.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Countdown}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{location&lt;br /&gt;
| image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Rivendell.jpg|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
| name=Rivendell&lt;br /&gt;
| othernames=Imladris, the Last Homely House&lt;br /&gt;
| etymology=&lt;br /&gt;
| type=Valley/City&lt;br /&gt;
| location=West of [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]]&lt;br /&gt;
| inhabitants=[[Elves]]&lt;br /&gt;
| realms=[[Elrond]]&#039;s dominion&lt;br /&gt;
| description=Hidden valley with permanent elven settlement&lt;br /&gt;
| events=[[First Siege of Imladris|First]] and [[Second Siege of Imladris|Second]] Siege of Imladris, [[Quest of Erebor]], [[Council of Elrond]]&lt;br /&gt;
| references=&#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[The Hobbit]]&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;[[Unfinished Tales]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Rivendell&#039;&#039;&#039;, or &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Rivendell#Etymology|Imladris]]&#039;&#039;&#039;, was an [[Elves|Elven]] dwelling in the [[Misty Mountains]] on the eastern edge of [[Eriador]]. It was also called &amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;The Last Homely House East of the Sea&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;, a reference to [[Valinor]] west of [[Belegaer|the sea]], and the &#039;&#039;&#039;First Homely House&#039;&#039;&#039;, so called because it was the last outpost in the relatively civilised lands of [[Eriador]] before a traveller crossed the [[Misty Mountains]] and entered the Wilds of [[Rhovanion (region)|Rhovanion]]. It was established by [[Elrond]] in the [[Second Age]] as a refuge from [[Sauron]] after the fall of [[Eregion]].  Besides Elrond himself, notable Elves who lived there included [[Arwen]] and [[Glorfindel]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Location==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Soni Alcorn-Hender - Valley of Rivendell.jpg|thumb|left|&#039;&#039;Valley of Rivendell&#039;&#039; by Soni Alcorn-Hender]]&lt;br /&gt;
Rivendell was located at the edge of a narrow gorge of the [[Bruinen|Bruinen River]], but well hidden in the moorlands and foothills of the [[Misty Mountains]].{{fact}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
===Establishment===&lt;br /&gt;
Elrond established Imladris in {{SA|1697}} during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|SA}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  In Elrond&#039;s following at that time were both Elves from [[Lindon]] whom he had led in [[Sack of Eregion|battle to defend Eregion]] and those Elves who had fled [[Eregion]] when it was destroyed.  Many more refugees joined Elrond&#039;s host as Sauron ravaged Eriador during the course of the war.  By {{SA|1700}}, Imladris, despite being [[First Siege of Imladris|besieged]], was the only part of [[Eriador]] not under Sauron&#039;s control.  It was liberated after [[Gil-galad]]&#039;s forces, strengthened by the armament sent by [[Tar-Minastir]], routed Sauron&#039;s armies and drove him out of Eriador.  A Council was held at that time, establishing Elrond as Gil-galad&#039;s vice-regent in Eriador and that Imladris should be maintained as an Elvish stronghold.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|6}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the end of the Second Age, [[Elendil]] and Gil-galad formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] to challenge Sauron, and their host halted for a while at Imladris before crossing the Misty Mountains.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SV&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; [[Isildur]]&#039;s wife and his youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], were in Imladris at that time, and Isildur was journeying back to them after Sauron&#039;s defeat when he was ambushed at the [[Gladden Fields]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|7}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  After receiving the shards of [[Narsil]], Valandil took up his role as King of [[Arnor]] and left Imladris for [[Annúminas]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SV&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{S|V}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Third Age===&lt;br /&gt;
After the fall of Gil-galad, Elrond remained in Imladris.  During the Third Age it was a refuge and sanctuary; many Elves gathered there, and it was the chief dwelling of the [[High Elves]] in Eriador.  The heirs of Isildur were also harbored there due to their kinship with Elrond, as descendants of his brother [[Elros]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;SV&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  Rivendell maintained this special relationship with the North Kingdom throughout the Third Age, and Elrond and his people remained steadfast allies to the heirs of Isildur.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Situated on the western slopes of the Misty Mountains, Rivendell was on the eastern edge of [[Arnor]], close to the province of [[Rhudaur]] which became independent during the disintegration of the North Kingdom in {{TA|861}}.  Danger came to Eriador around {{TA|1300}} when the witch-kingdom of [[Angmar]] was established in the north-east beyond the [[Ettenmoors]].  It was during the late reign of [[Arveleg I]] that [[Second Siege of Imladris |Rivendell was besieged by Angmar]].  After an incursion by Angmar into Eriador in {{TA|1409}}, the Elvenfolk of Rivendell joined those of Lindon in subduing the power of the [[Witch-king]] for many years.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;North&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{App|North}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the end of the North-kingdom in {{TA|1975}} [[Aranarth]], the first [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]], had [[Arahael|his son]] fostered in Rivendell, as were all subsequent sons of the chieftains.  The heirlooms and treasures of the house of Isildur, including the shards of [[Narsil]], were also kept there after [[Arvedui]]&#039;s death.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;North&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;  Among these were also some of the few remaining documents containing the history of Númenor.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{UT|3}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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There was traffic across the Misty Mountains in the Third Age between Imladris and [[Lothlórien|Lórien]], for Elrond&#039;s wife was [[Celebrían]], daughter of Galadriel and Celeborn.&lt;br /&gt;
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===The One Ring===&lt;br /&gt;
In the [[Quest of Erebor]], [[Bilbo Baggins]] stopped off at Rivendell with the Dwarves on the way to the [[Lonely Mountain]] and also on the way back to [[the Shire]] with [[Gandalf]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|H}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Years later, [[Frodo Baggins]] and his [[Travellers|companions]] journeyed to Rivendell, where they met with Bilbo, who had retired there after his 111th birthday, spending his time on his memoir, &#039;&#039;[[There and Back Again]]&#039;&#039;. Several other Elves, [[Dwarves]] and [[Men]] had also arrived at Rivendell on separate errands;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; at the [[Council of Elrond]] they learned that all of their errands were related to the fate of [[the One Ring]], and they had to decide what to do about it. In the end, the Hobbits influenced the decision.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{FR|II2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Etymology==&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;Rivendell&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;[[Wiktionary:cloven|cloven]]-[[Wiktionary:dell|dell]]&amp;quot;) is the [[Westron|Common Speech]] translation of the Sindarin name &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Imladris&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (&amp;quot;deep dale of the cleft&amp;quot;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{HM|N}}, p. 774&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; An alternative (or complementary) etymology, gives &#039;&#039;Rivendell&#039;&#039; as the Englished version of the [[Westron]] name &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Karningul&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; (itself a translation of &#039;&#039;Imladris&#039;&#039;).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{App|F2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The name &#039;&#039;Imladris&#039;&#039; is also glossed as &amp;quot;Canyon of the Cleft&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{VT|47a}}, p. 14 (note 18)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and &amp;quot;flat-floared valley of the Cleft&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;letter&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], &amp;quot;[[Anthony D. Howlett 28 May 1969]]&amp;quot; ([[Letters not published in &amp;quot;The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien&amp;quot;|letter]])&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Inspiration==&lt;br /&gt;
A possible inspiration (so suggested by [[David Salo]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Aaron Fuegi, &amp;quot;[http://scv.bu.edu/~aarondf/Rivimages/realriv.html Rivendell in Switzerland]&amp;quot; at [http://scv.bu.edu/~aarondf/home.html the Last Homely House] (accessed 15 November 2011)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) could have been [[wikipedia:Lauterbrunnen|Lauterbrunnen, Switzerland]], which Tolkien visited in [[1911]]: &lt;br /&gt;
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{{quote|I am... delighted that you have made the acquaintance of Switzerland, and of the very part that I once knew best and which had the deepest effect on me.  The hobbit’s journey from Rivendell to the other side of the Misty Mountains, including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods, is based on my adventures in 1911 (he was 19 and traveled to Lauterbrunnen)... Our wanderings mainly on foot in a party of 12 are not now clear in sequence, but leave many vivid pictures as clear as yesterday.&amp;quot;  (He talks of similar conditions of the travel of Bilbo camping out, walking mountain paths, carrying packs).|Tolkien&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{l|306}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Portrayal in Adaptations == &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Rivendell appears in every installment, through its role in the second two is rather minor.&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Rivendell is the fifth level, and the first where no fighting is required. After Frodo is taken to Rivendell by [[Glorfindel]], he is first woken by [[Gandalf]]; after that, the [[Council of Elrond]] starts. After the council, there is an opportunity to speak to the NPCs - [[Aragorn]], [[Arwen]], [[Boromir]], [[Elrond]], [[Gandalf]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]. The gameplay continues by entering a door. A short cutscene follows in which Bilbo gives [[Sting]] and the [[mithril]] shirt.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring&#039;&#039; (video game)]], &amp;quot;Rivendell&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;2006: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Rivendell is one of the battlegrounds in the game and a site of skirmish between Elves and Goblins.&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;2007: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Rivendell is one of the major cities in the game, located between Trollshaws and the Misty Mountains. Rivendell is also one of the places that players can choose as Elven character&#039;s homeland. The Last Homely House refers to a large dwelling of Elrond, not to the entire refuge of Rivendell. It is located on the eastern side of Rivendell. One can find Elrond&#039;s library, the [[Hall of Fire]], the scholar&#039;s guild and various guest rooms.&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;2011: &#039;&#039;[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]&#039;&#039;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:Rivendell is one of the major cities in the game and the only place characters are obliged to visit more than once (other cities can be re-visited, but this is optional). &lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Hobbit&#039;&#039; (film series)]]:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:The movie will show both parts of Rivendell familiar from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|&#039;&#039;The Lord of the Rings&#039;&#039; (film series)]] and several new places.&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Images of Rivendell|Images of Rivendell]]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Category:Eriador]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{references}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Elven realms]]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[de:Bruchtal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fi:Rivendell]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>KingAragorn Bot</name></author>
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