Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

Helm

2025-02-09T07:58:24Z

Leopold Break: added an interwiki link

{{infobox character
| people=[[Rohirrim|Rohir]]
| name=Helm Hammerhand
| image=Turner Mohan - Helm Hammerhand.jpg
| caption="Helm Hammerhand" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Helm Hammerhand
| titles=[[King of Rohan]]
| position=
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2691}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|2741}} - {{TA|2759|n}} (18 years)
| death={{TA|2759}} (aged 68)
| deathlocation=[[Helm's Dike]] during [[Long Winter]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Eorl]]
| parentage=[[Gram]]
| siblings=[[Hild]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Helm's daughter|Unnamed daughter]], [[Haleth (son of Helm)|Haleth]] and [[Háma (son of Helm)|Háma]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=White
| weapons=None
| steed=
}}
'''Helm Hammerhand''' ([[Third Age]] {{TA|2691|n}} – {{TA|2759|n}}, aged 68 years) was the ninth [[King of Rohan]] and last King of the first line.<ref>{{App|Mark}}, ''First Line'', 9. Helm Hammerhand, p. 1068</ref>

==History==
Helm became King after the death of his father [[Gram]] in {{TA|2741}},<ref>{{App|Mark}}, ''First Line'', 8. Gram, p. 1068</ref> during a time of an increased threat from the [[Dunlendings]]. His grandfather [[Déor]] had already fought against [[Dunlendings]], who had seized the fortress of [[Isengard]], established settlements in the valleys of the mountains to its east and west and raided the herds of the [[Rohirrim]] in the [[Westfold]]. Since Déor did not have enough forces to storm or besiege Isengard, the Rohirrim were forced to maintain a strong troop of riders in the north of the Westfold to counter the threat of further raids from the Dunlendings.<ref>{{UT|11c}}</ref>

In {{TA|2754}}<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, "Four years later (2758)", p. 1066</ref> [[Freca]], a rich and powerful man with wide lands on both sides of the river [[Adorn]], who claimed to be descended from King [[Fréawine]] yet was said to have much [[Dunlendings|Dunlending]] blood, was called to a council by Helm. Freca rode to [[Edoras]] with a great force of men and asked Helm for the hand of his [[Helm's daughter|daughter]] for his son [[Wulf]]. When Helm insulted Freca to have grown fat, Freca in turn insulted Helm to be old and that he could fall on his knees if he refused the staff that Freca had offered with the proposed marriage. After the council Helm took Freca outside, sent everybody away and hit him with his fist so hard that Freca fell down stunned and died soon after that.<ref name="Helm">{{App|Eorl}}, entry for King Helm Hammerhand, pp. 1065-1067</ref> It is possible that he received his byname '''Hammerhand''' after hitting Freca with his fist, but the date and reason for receiving his byname are not recorded.

The men of Freca left Edoras, but in {{TA|2758|n}} they returned with a great force of Dunlendings, reinforced by enemies of [[Gondor]] who had landed in the south. Under the leadership of Wulf they overran Rohan; Helm fought them at the [[Fords of Isen|Crossings of Isen]] but lost and withdrew into the [[Hornburg|Suthburg]] and there endured a long siege.<ref name="Helm" />

Helm held the fortress during the [[Long Winter]]. He blew his great war-horn, and broke through the Dunlending ranks, clad in white, stalking men like a [[snow-trolls|snow-troll]] slaying them with his bare hands. However, his sons [[Haleth (son of Helm)|Haleth]] and [[Háma (son of Helm)|Háma]] were slain and Helm grew gaunt because of grief and famine; still his horn would fill the Dunlendings with fear each time it was heard. During one of his night sorties Helm died, possibly from famine and cold; his body was discovered frozen in the snow still standing.<ref name="Helm" />

There was a belief that after his death his horn was sometimes still heard in the Deep and that his [[wraith]] haunted the enemies of Rohan and killed men with fear.<ref name="Helm" />

He was succeeded by his nephew [[Fréaláf|Fréaláf Hildeson]], the son of his sister [[Hild]]. Fréaláf defeated the Dunlendings and retook Isengard.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, entry for King Fréaláf, pp. 1067-1068</ref>

==Etymology==
''Helm'' in [[Old English]] means "protection". The word is seen also in the names ''[[Elfhelm]]'' and ''[[Dernhelm]]''.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | DEO | | |DEO=[[Déor]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2718|n}}''</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | GRA | | |GRA=[[Gram]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2668|n}} - {{TA|2741|n}}''</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | HEL | | HIL |HEL='''HELM HAMMERHAND'''<br/><small>''{{TA|2691|n}} - {{TA|2759|n}}''†</small>|HIL=[[Hild]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | HAL | | HAM | | DAU | | FRE |HAL=[[Haleth (son of Helm)|Haleth]]<br/><small>''d. {{TA|2758|n}}''†</small>|HAM=[[Háma (son of Helm)|Háma]]<br/><small>''d. {{TA|2759|n}}''†</small>|DAU=''[[Helm's daughter]]''<br/><small>''unknown''</small>|FRE=[[Fréaláf|Fréaláf Hildeson]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2726|n}} - {{TA|2798|n}}''</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRY |BRY=[[Brytta|Brytta Léofa]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2752|n}} - {{TA|2842|n}}''</small>}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Helm in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Helm Hammerhand.png|Helm in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
File:Shadow of War - Helm Hammerhand.jpg|Helm in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Helm Hammerhand slays Freca outside Edoras.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' tapestry: Helm Hammerhand slays Freca outside Edoras
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Hammerhand's Horn.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' tapestry: Hammerhand's Horn
File:The War of the Rohirrim - Helm Hammerhand.png|Helm in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim]]''
</gallery>

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:As part of the decorations of the [[Hornburg]], two statues were erected. One was destroyed beyond recognition, but the other was one of Helm, portrayed with a literal hammer as a weapon rather than being unarmed.

'''2012: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:A tapestry depicting Helm Hammerhand is found in the Mead Hall of [[Aldburg]] and can be acquired for use in player's houses.

'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''
:Helm Hamerhand is featured in this game as one of the [[Nazgûl]]. He is voiced by Fred Tatasciore, and in deviation from the books, he was ambushed by a warlord who wanted his throne and had taken his daughter for a lover, Helm was shot at point blank range with arrows. As he lay dying at Edoras, [[Annatar]] and [[Celebrimbor]] visited the wounded king, giving him one of the [[Nine Rings|Nine Rings of Power]]. When he recovered, he attacked his would-be assassin, declaring that war had come upon his enemy's house.
:However, when Helm's daughter tried to stop her father's rage, Hammerhand accidentally struck her down, killing her (once again, depicted as wielding a war-hammer). Horrified, his grief turned to rage, and Helm proceeded to slaughter his rival and even his own captains who tried to stop him. He was thus transformed by the terrible incident and his Ring of Power into a [[Nazgûl]].

'''2024: ''[[War of the Rohirrim]]'':'''

{{References}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=rohirrim
| house=House of Eorl
| born={{TA|2691}}
| died={{TA|2759}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Gram]]
| list=9th [[King of Rohan]]
| dates={{TA|2741}} – {{TA|2759|n}}
| next=[[Fréaláf]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{rohankings}}
[[Category:Kings of Rohan]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Helm]]
[[fi:Helm Vasarakoura]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes du nord/rohirrim/helm]]
[[pt-br:Helm Mão-de-Martelo]]
[[zh:海尔姆]]

User:Leopold Break

2025-02-09T07:56:54Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}<br>
{{user de-1}}<br>
{{user lore-2}}<br>
{{user chrome}}<br>
{{user China}}
{{user interwiki}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a MediaWiki-based Tolkien site in China: [http://lotr.huijiwiki.com 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki''. </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]].<ref>[http://lotr.huijiwiki.com/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}
[[Category:Chinese users]]

Aeglos (spear)

2020-01-04T13:26:07Z

Leopold Break: There's no solid evidence of the spear's destruction.

{{disambig-more|Aeglos|[[Aeglos (disambiguation)]]}}
{{object infobox
| name=Aeglos
| image=[[File:Audrey Corman - Aiglos.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Aiglos" by Audrey Corman
| pronun={{respell|eye|glos}}
| othernames=
| location=
| owner=[[Gil-galad]]
| type=Weapon
| appearance=
| creator=
| created=
| createdlocation=
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}
'''Aeglos''' was the name for the spear of [[High King of the Noldor]] [[Gil-galad]] which was greatly feared by the enemy. It was carried by the King to the [[War of the Last Alliance]], until Gil-galad fell in combat against [[Sauron]] himself, on the slopes of [[Mount Doom]] {{SA|3431}}.<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref><ref>{{S|V}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
''Aeglos'' means "snow-point"<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> or "icicle"<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings Index]]''</ref>. The element ''aeg'' means "point" from [[Sundocarme|root]] [[AYAK]], "sharp, pointed", and the element ''los'' means "snow".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}</ref><ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}</ref>

In editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' prior to 2005, the spear is spelled ''Aiglos''. Tolkien, however, commented in a manuscript that the more correct [[Sindarin]] spelling is in fact ''Aeglos''.<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 11</ref><ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (eds), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 231</ref>
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gil-galad wielding Aeglos.jpg|thumb|left|Gil-galad wielding Aeglos in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]
==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: Aiglos is a Holy weapon with magical abilities.<ref>{{ICE|2010}}</ref>

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:Aiglos, only playable by Warriors, gives a direct influence against Elves.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Gil-galad is seen wielding the spear. [[Warren Mahy]] desgined the weapon.<ref>Gary Russell, ''[[The Art of The Fellowship of the Ring]]''</ref>

'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Gil-galad wields the spear during the [[Battle of Dagorlad]]. After [[Sauron]]'s fall, Aeglos is discovered perched atop a pillar-like pinnacle in the Plateau of [[Gorgoroth]], where it continues to emit a bright light. It is left as a beacon of hope to those who traverse the scorched plains of [[Mordor]].

{{references}}
{{weapons}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Spears]]
[[de:Aeglos (Speer)]]
[[fr:encyclo:artefacts:armes:aeglos]]
[[fi:Aeglos (keihäs)]]

World War I

2019-07-31T16:38:36Z

Leopold Break: Spelling correction

[[File:Tolkien 1916.jpg|right|thumb|Tolkien in 1916, wearing his British Army uniform.]]

<center>{{quote|Who battled have with bloody hands<br>Through evil times in barren lands,<br>To whom the voice of guns<br>Speaks and no longer stuns...|[[Geoffrey Bache Smith]], ''[[A Spring Harvest]]''}}</center>

[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] served in the British Army during '''World War I''' (or the "'''Great War'''"), most notably in the bloody [[Battle of the Somme]]. The earliest works of the [[Legendarium]]—collected in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''—were began during the conflict. The extent to which the war and Tolkien's experience of it are reflected in his written work is a matter of much interest in Tolkien scholarship.

==Participants==
'''[[T.C.B.S.|Barrovians]]:'''
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[Christopher Wiseman]]
*[[Robert Gilson]]†<ref name="Garth"/>
*[[Geoffrey Bache Smith|G.B. Smith]]†<ref name="Garth"/>
*[[Thomas Kenneth Barnsley|T.K. Barnsley]]†<ref name="Garth"/>
*[[Ralph Payton]]†<ref name="Garth"/>

'''Others'''
* [[C.S. Lewis]]<ref>''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0433436/ The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis]''</ref>
* [[Hilary Tolkien]]<ref name="Garth"/>
* [[Hugo Dyson]], wounded at [[wikipedia:Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]]<ref>[[Colin Duriez]], ''[[Tolkien and The Lord of the Rings]]'', "People and Places in His Life"</ref>

==Timeline==
:'''See also ''[[wikipedia:Timeline_of_World_War_I|Timeline of World War I]]'' at Wikipedia'''
===1914===
* '''[[28 June|June 28]]''' - [[wikipedia:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] in Sarajevo.<ref name="WP">[[wikipedia:World War I|World War I]] at [[wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]]</ref>
* '''[[28 July|July 28]]''' - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia mobilizes. The Great War begins.<ref name="WP"/>
* '''[[4 August|August 4]]''' - The British Empire declares war on Germany, following tension and conflict on the mainland in July.<ref name="WP"/>
* '''[[August]]''' - [[Hilary Tolkien]] joins the army as a bugler. [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]] and [[Robert Gilson]] join the army. [[Christopher Wiseman]] joins the navy instead. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] plans to finish his education.<ref name="Garth">[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''</ref>
===1915===
* '''[[10 June|June 10]]''' - Exams start at Oxford University. Because of the war, only Tolkien and 24 others remain in the entire University. Tolkien passes.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[28 June|June 28]]''' - Tolkien applies at the Oxford recruiting office to join the army.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[15 July|July 15]]''' - Tolkien becomes a second lieutenant, and is appointed to the 13th Service Battalion of the Lancashire Fusilliers.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[25 September|September 25]]''' - The Big Four of the [[T.C.B.S.]] - Tolkien, Smith, Wiseman and Gilson - have their last meeting.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[21 November|November 21]]''' - G.B. Smith is shipped to France.<ref name="Garth"/>
===1916===
* '''[[2 January|January 2]]''' - Wiseman reports for duty at the [[wikipedia:HMS Superb (1907)|HMS Superb]] in [[wikipedia:Invergordon|Invergordon]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[8 January|January 8]]''' - Robert Gilson is promoted to Lieutenant and shipped to France.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 March|March 16]]''' - Tolkien receives his degree at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[22 March|March 22]]''' - Tolkien marries [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]].<ref name="Garth"/><ref name="Carpenter">[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''</ref>
* '''[[31 May|May 31]] - [[1 June|June 1]]''' - Christopher Wiseman fights in the [[wikipedia:Battle of Jutland|Battle of Jutland]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[2 June|June 2]]''' - Tolkien receives orders to report in Folkestone, and prepare for embarking.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[4 June|June 4]]''' - Tolkien is shipped to Étaples, France.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[27 June|June 27]]''' - Tolkien leaves Étaples, and goes to the Somme front.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[1 July|July 1]]''' - One of the bloodiest battles in recent history, the [[Battle of the Somme]], starts. Robert Gilson is one of the first of the 360,000 British casualties when he is hit by a shell at La Boiselle.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[14 July|July 14]]''' - Tolkien's C-company is sent into action at the Somme front. This is Tolkien's first 5-day front-line duty.<ref name="Gilbert">Martin Gilbert, ''[http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=716&pageid=23&pagename=Arts What Tolkien Taught Me about the Battle of the Somme]''</ref>
* '''[[22 July|July 22]]''' - [[Ralph Payton|Ralph "the Baby" Payton]], one of the T.C.B.S., is killed in the Battle of the Somme. His body is never identified.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[24 July|July 24]]''' - Tolkien's second five day front-line duty begins.<ref name="Gilbert"/>
* '''[[19 August|August 19]]''' - Tolkien and G.B. Smith meet at Acheux.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[26 October|October 26]]''' - While in reserve, Tolkien's battalion is inspected by [[wikipedia:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Doulgas Haig]], the British commander at the Battle of the Somme.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[27 October|October 27]]''' – J.R.R. Tolkien is struck by trench fever, which ends his contribution to the war after just 5 months.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[28 October|October 28]]''' – Tolkien is hospitalized.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[8 November|November 8]]''' - Tolkien is repatriated. He now stays at a hospital in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[18 November|November 18]]''' - The Battle of the Somme ends. Neither side wins. Tolkien is officially stricken off as a casualty by his Battalion.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[29 November|November 29]]''' - G.B. Smith is hit by shrapnel, and wounded on his right arm and thigh.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[3 December|December 3]]''' - G.B. Smith dies of gas-gangrene in his wounds. The news does not reach Tolkien until the 16th.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 December|December 16]] - [[25 December|25]]''' - Tolkien recovers, and he and Edith visit [[Great Haywood]].<ref name="Garth"/>

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===1917===
* '''[[12 January|January 12]]''' - Tolkien's leave of absence (to recover from his trench fever) ends, but he is far from recovered.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[29 January|January 29]]''' - Tolkien faces a Medical Board in Birmingham, but he is not deemed fit to return to war.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[February]]''' - Tolkien faces his second Medical Board, but is again deemed unfit for duty.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[27 February|February 27]]''' - Tolkien faces his third Medical Board, and again his leave is extended.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[18 April|April 18]]''' - Tolkien and Wiseman, the Great Twin Brethren, meet in Harrogate, and discuss the fate of the [[T.C.B.S.|Barrovians]] and the future of the Society.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[19 April|April 19]]''' - Tolkien, in revalidation, is assigned to the Humber Garrison, but is not fit enough.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[1 June|June 1]]''' - Tolkien is considered fit for service again, but he is not reassigned to the Lancashire Fusilliers.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[29 June|June 29]]''' - J.R.R. Tolkien succumbs to gastritis while at Brocton Camp.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[1 August|August 1]]''' - [[Thomas Kenneth Barnsley|"Tea Cake" Barnsley]] is killed in Ypres.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[13 October|October 13]]'''- Tolkien is found unfit for duty for six months, but able to do a desk job.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[November]]''' – Tolkien moves into [[50 St. John's Street]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 November|November 16]]''' - The Tolkien's first son, [[John Tolkien|John]], is born.<ref name="Garth"/>

===1918===
* '''[[11 October|October 11]]''' - Tolkien is officially released from Brooklands Hospital, Birmingham.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[11 November|November 11]]''' - The War comes to an end in a cease-fire.<ref name="WP"/>
===1919===
* '''[[17 February|February 17]]''' - [[Hilary Tolkien]] returns home.<ref>[[Hilary Tolkien]], [[Angela Gardner]] (ed.), ''[[Black & White Ogre Country]]'', page 50</ref>
* '''[[28 June|June 28]]''' - The war officially ends, with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.<ref name="WP"/>
* '''[[15 July|July 15]]''' - Tolkien is released from service.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 July|July 16]]''' - Tolkien is officially demobilized.<ref name="Garth"/>

==External links==

*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/people/p_tolkien_app.htm J.R.R. Tolkien's army commission application]
*[http://johngarth.wordpress.com/2014/07/29/why-world-war-one-is-at-the-heart-of-lord-of-the-rings/ Why World War One Is at the heart of Lord of the Rings] by [[John Garth]]
{{references}}

[[Category:World War I| ]]

World War I

2019-07-31T16:38:10Z

Leopold Break: Spelling correction

[[File:Tolkien 1916.jpg|right|thumb|Tolkien in 1916, wearing his British Army uniform.]]

<center>{{quote|Who battled have with bloody hands<br>Through evil times in barren lands,<br>To whom the voice of guns<br>Speaks and no longer stuns...|[[Geoffrey Bache Smith]], ''[[A Spring Harvest]]''}}</center>

[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] served in the British Army during '''World War I''' (or the "'''Great War'''"), most notably in the bloody [[Battle of the Somme]]. The earliest works of the [[Legendarium]]—collected in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]''—were began during the conflict. The extent to which the war and Tolkien's experience of it are reflected in his written work is a matter of much interest in Tolkien scholarship.

==Participants==
'''[[T.C.B.S.|Barrovians]]:'''
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
*[[Christopher Wiseman]]
*[[Robert Gilson]]†<ref name="Garth"/>
*[[Geoffrey Bache Smith|G.B. Smith]]†<ref name="Garth"/>
*[[Thomas Kenneth Barnsley|T.K. Barnsley]]†<ref name="Garth"/>
*[[Ralph Payton]]†<ref name="Garth"/>

'''Others'''
* [[C.S. Lewis]]<ref>''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0433436/ The Question of God: Sigmund Freud & C.S. Lewis]''</ref>
* [[Hilary Tolkien]]<ref name="Garth"/>
* [[Hugo Dyson]], wounded at [[wikipedia:Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]]<ref>[[Colin Duriez]], ''[[Tolkien and The Lord of the Rings]]'', "People and Places in His Life"</ref>

==Timeline==
:'''See also ''[[wikipedia:Timeline_of_World_War_I|Timeline of World War I]]'' at Wikipedia'''
===1914===
* '''[[28 June|June 28]]''' - [[wikipedia:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] in Sarajevo.<ref name="WP">[[wikipedia:World War I|World War I]] at [[wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]]</ref>
* '''[[28 July|July 28]]''' - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia mobilizes. The Great War begins.<ref name="WP"/>
* '''[[4 August|August 4]]''' - The British Empire declares war on Germany, following tension and conflict on the mainland in July.<ref name="WP"/>
* '''[[August]]''' - [[Hilary Tolkien]] joins the army as a bugler. [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]] and [[Robert Gilson]] join the army. [[Christopher Wiseman]] joins the navy instead. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] plans to finish his education.<ref name="Garth">[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''</ref>
===1915===
* '''[[10 June|June 10]]''' - Exams start at Oxford University. Because of the war, only Tolkien and 24 others remain in the entire University. Tolkien passes.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[28 June|June 28]]''' - Tolkien applies at the Oxford recruiting office to join the army.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[15 July|July 15]]''' - Tolkien becomes a second lieutenant, and is appointed to the 13th Service Battalion of the Lancashire Fusilliers.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[25 September|September 25]]''' - The Big Four of the [[T.C.B.S.]] - Tolkien, Smith, Wiseman and Gilson - have their last meeting.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[21 November|November 21]]''' - G.B. Smith is shipped to France.<ref name="Garth"/>
===1916===
* '''[[2 January|January 2]]''' - Wiseman reports for duty at the [[wikipedia:HMS Superb (1907)|HMS Superb]] in [[wikipedia:Invergordon|Invergordon]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[8 January|January 8]]''' - Robert Gilson is promoted to Lieutenant and shipped to France.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 March|March 16]]''' - Tolkien receives his degree at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[22 March|March 22]]''' - Tolkien marries [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]].<ref name="Garth"/><ref name="Carpenter">[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''</ref>
* '''[[31 May|May 31]] - [[1 June|June 1]]''' - Christopher Wiseman fights in the [[wikipedia:Battle of Jutland|Battle of Jutland]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[2 June|June 2]]''' - Tolkien receives orders to report in Folkestone, and prepare for embarking.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[4 June|June 4]]''' - Tolkien is shipped to Étaples, France.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[27 June|June 27]]''' - Tolkien leaves Étaples, and goes to the Somme front.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[1 July|July 1]]''' - One of the bloodiest battles in recent history, the [[Battle of the Somme]], starts. Robert Gilson is one of the first of the 360,000 British casualties when he is hit by a shell at La Boiselle.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[14 July|July 14]]''' - Tolkien's C-company is sent into action at the Somme front. This is Tolkien's first 5-day front-line duty.<ref name="Gilbert">Martin Gilbert, ''[http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=716&pageid=23&pagename=Arts What Tolkien Taught Me about the Battle of the Somme]''</ref>
* '''[[22 July|July 22]]''' - [[Ralph Payton|Ralph "the Baby" Payton]], one of the T.C.B.S., is killed in the Battle of the Somme. His body is never identified.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[24 July|July 24]]''' - Tolkien's second five day front-line duty begins.<ref name="Gilbert"/>
* '''[[19 August|August 19]]''' - Tolkien and G.B. Smith meet at Acheux.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[26 October|October 26]]''' - While in reserve, Tolkien's battalion is inspected by [[wikipedia:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Doulgas Haig]], the British commander at the Battle of the Somme.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[27 October|October 27]]''' – J.R.R. Tolkien is struck by trench fever, which ends his contribution to the war after just 5 months.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[28 October|October 28]]''' – Tolkien is hospitalized.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[8 November|November 8]]''' - Tolkien is repatriated. He now stays at a hospital in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[18 November|November 18]]''' - The Battle of the Somme ends. Neither side wins. Tolkien is officially stricken off as a casualty by his Battallion.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[29 November|November 29]]''' - G.B. Smith is hit by shrapnel, and wounded on his right arm and thigh.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[3 December|December 3]]''' - G.B. Smith dies of gas-gangrene in his wounds. The news does not reach Tolkien until the 16th.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 December|December 16]] - [[25 December|25]]''' - Tolkien recovers, and he and Edith visit [[Great Haywood]].<ref name="Garth"/>

.acWHSet{display:inline!important;box-shadow: -3px 0px 3px 0.15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);color:rgb(0,0,0);font-weight:inherit;}.acWHSet[data='earendel']{background-color:#FFFF80;}

===1917===
* '''[[12 January|January 12]]''' - Tolkien's leave of absence (to recover from his trench fever) ends, but he is far from recovered.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[29 January|January 29]]''' - Tolkien faces a Medical Board in Birmingham, but he is not deemed fit to return to war.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[February]]''' - Tolkien faces his second Medical Board, but is again deemed unfit for duty.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[27 February|February 27]]''' - Tolkien faces his third Medical Board, and again his leave is extended.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[18 April|April 18]]''' - Tolkien and Wiseman, the Great Twin Brethren, meet in Harrogate, and discuss the fate of the [[T.C.B.S.|Barrovians]] and the future of the Society.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[19 April|April 19]]''' - Tolkien, in revalidation, is assigned to the Humber Garrison, but is not fit enough.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[1 June|June 1]]''' - Tolkien is considered fit for service again, but he is not reassigned to the Lancashire Fusilliers.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[29 June|June 29]]''' - J.R.R. Tolkien succumbs to gastritis while at Brocton Camp.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[1 August|August 1]]''' - [[Thomas Kenneth Barnsley|"Tea Cake" Barnsley]] is killed in Ypres.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[13 October|October 13]]'''- Tolkien is found unfit for duty for six months, but able to do a desk job.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[November]]''' – Tolkien moves into [[50 St. John's Street]].<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 November|November 16]]''' - The Tolkien's first son, [[John Tolkien|John]], is born.<ref name="Garth"/>

===1918===
* '''[[11 October|October 11]]''' - Tolkien is officially released from Brooklands Hospital, Birmingham.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[11 November|November 11]]''' - The War comes to an end in a cease-fire.<ref name="WP"/>
===1919===
* '''[[17 February|February 17]]''' - [[Hilary Tolkien]] returns home.<ref>[[Hilary Tolkien]], [[Angela Gardner]] (ed.), ''[[Black & White Ogre Country]]'', page 50</ref>
* '''[[28 June|June 28]]''' - The war officially ends, with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.<ref name="WP"/>
* '''[[15 July|July 15]]''' - Tolkien is released from service.<ref name="Garth"/>
* '''[[16 July|July 16]]''' - Tolkien is officially demobilized.<ref name="Garth"/>

==External links==

*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/people/p_tolkien_app.htm J.R.R. Tolkien's army commission application]
*[http://johngarth.wordpress.com/2014/07/29/why-world-war-one-is-at-the-heart-of-lord-of-the-rings/ Why World War One Is at the heart of Lord of the Rings] by [[John Garth]]
{{references}}

[[Category:World War I| ]]

Rowlie Appledore

2019-07-21T13:23:44Z

Leopold Break: French link added

{{men infobox
| name=Rowlie Appledore
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Bree]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Bree]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}'''Rowlie Appledore''' was a [[Men of Bree|man]] of [[Bree]] and member of the [[Appledore Family]].

==History==
Rowlie was killed during the in early January, {{TA|3019}}, fighting [[Bill Ferny]] and [[Sharkey]]'s [[ruffians]].<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}</ref>
==Etymology==
''Rowlie'' is diminutive of Rowland, from ''hrod'' "fame" + land.<ref>''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', Giving of Names</ref> ''Appledore'' is an old word for "apple tree".

{{references}}
[[Category:Appledore]]
[[Category:Bree-men]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Roland Affalter]]
[[fr: Rowlie Pommerel]]
[[fi:Rouli Omppu]]

Banks family

2019-07-21T11:50:41Z

Leopold Break: French link added

'''Banks''' was a common [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] family name, found in [[the Shire]] and [[Bree]]. Known members of the family are [[Eglantine Banks]], the mother of [[Peregrin Took]],<ref>{{App|Took}}</ref> and [[Willie Banks]], a hobbit from Bree, who was killed in the battles against [[Ruffians|the strangers]] who attacked Bree early in {{TA|3019}}.<ref>{{RK|VI7}}</ref> It is not known if the members of these families between the two regions are related.
==Etymology==
The name is topographical in the sense "steep slope or hill-side".<ref name="Nomen">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]" in [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (eds), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 753</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Banks]]
[[Category:Hobbit Families]]
[[de:Hang]]
[[fr: Cotelier]]
[[fi:Törmä]]

Big Folk

2019-07-21T11:28:24Z

Leopold Break: German link added

'''Big Folk''' and '''Big People''' were names for the race of [[Men]], given them by the [[Hobbits]], who they in turn called the [[Little Folk]]. The term was especially used for the '''[[Men of Bree]]''' (q.v.), as in the [[Bree-land]] the two races lived side by side.<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Men]]
[[de:Manschen]]
[[fr:Grandes Gens]]
[[fi:Isot ihmiset]]

Big Folk

2019-07-21T11:19:47Z

Leopold Break: French version added.

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-06-03T15:36:00Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Hammond and Scull spelled ''Buchenbein'' as ''Büchenbein'', the former one is the actual German translation.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is the only occurrence of "Rohanese"<ref group="note">The name "Rohanese" also occurred in J.R.R. Tolkien's essay ''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]'', as Hammond and Scull quoted in their notes to ''[[Appendix A]]'' of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.</ref>; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-06-03T15:34:38Z

Leopold Break: Template {{references|note}} added.

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Hammond and Scull spelled ''Buchenbein'' as ''Büchenbein'', the former one is the actual German translation.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is one of the few occurrences of "Rohanese"<ref group="note">The name "Rohanese" also occurred in J.R.R. Tolkien's essay ''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]'', as Hammond and Scull quoted in their notes to ''[[Appendix A]]'' of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.</ref>; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition mostly uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-06-03T15:33:22Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Hammond and Scull spelled ''Buchenbein'' as ''Büchenbein'', the former one is the actual German translation.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is one of the few occurrences of "Rohanese"<ref group="note">The name "Rohanese" also occurred in J.R.R. Tolkien's essay ''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]'', as Hammond and Scull quoted in their notes to ''[[Appendix A]]'' of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.</ref>; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition mostly uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-06-03T15:26:08Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Hammond and Scull spelled ''Buchenbein'' as ''Büchenbein'', the former one is the actual German translation.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is one of the few occurrences of "Rohanese"; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition mostly uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-05-23T08:13:35Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Hammond and Scull spelled ''Buchenbein'' as ''Büchenbein'', the former one is the actual German translation.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is the only occurrence of "Rohanese"; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-05-23T08:13:05Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Hammond and Scull spelled ''Buchenbein'' as ''Büchenbein'', the former one was the actual German translation.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is the only occurrence of "Rohanese"; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-05-20T16:19:14Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* '''Beechbone''': Christopher Tolkien omits the umlaut from ''Büchenbein''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is the only occurrence of "Rohanese"; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2019-05-15T06:41:22Z

Leopold Break: /* Smaller differences */

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref> It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* ''''Beechbone''': Christopher Tolkien omits the umlaut from ''Büchenbein''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Fair Folk''': Christopher Tolkien moves it below ''Fairbairns''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is the only occurrence of "Rohanese"; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

The Council of Elrond (disambiguation)

2018-10-25T03:21:16Z

Leopold Break:

'''The Council of Elrond''' can refer to:
==Middle-earth==
* '''The [[Council of Elrond]], where the fate of [[the One Ring]] was decided.'''
==Books==
* ''[[The Council of Elrond]]'', chapter two of Book II of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (1)]]'', the sixth chapter of ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (2)]]'', the seventh chapter of ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.
==Adaptations==
* ''[[Council of Elrond (scene)]]'', scene of [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]].
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (1979 episode)]]'', episode of [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]].
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (1981 episode)]]'', the sixth episode of [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]], aired [[12 April|April 12]], [[1981]].
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (scene)]]'', a scene from the [[2001]] film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.
** "[[The Council Of Elrond (soundtrack)]]", the tenth track from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''.
* The Council was parodied in ''[[Here Thar Be Dwarves]]'', ''[[Lord of the Piercing]]'' and ''[[wikipedia:The_Martian_(film)|The Martian]]''.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Council of Elrond, The (disambiguation)}}
{{disambig}}

The Council of Elrond (disambiguation)

2018-10-25T03:12:51Z

Leopold Break: Mentioned the parody in The Martian.

'''The Council of Elrond''' can refer to:
==Middle-earth==
* '''The [[Council of Elrond]], where the fate of [[the One Ring]] was decided.'''
==Books==
* ''[[The Council of Elrond]]'', chapter two of Book II of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (1)]]'', the sixth chapter of ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (2)]]'', the seventh chapter of ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''.
==Adaptations==
* ''[[Council of Elrond (scene)]]'', scene of [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]].
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (1979 episode)]]'', episode of [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]].
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (1981 episode)]]'', the sixth episode of [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]], aired [[12 April|April 12]], [[1981]].
* ''[[The Council of Elrond (scene)]]'', a scene from the [[2001]] film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.
** "[[The Council Of Elrond (soundtrack)]]", the tenth track from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''.
* The Council was parodied in ''[[Here Thar Be Dwarves]]'', ''[[Lord of the Piercing]]'' and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film) The Martian].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Council of Elrond, The (disambiguation)}}
{{disambig}}

Aragorn

2015-07-18T17:32:44Z

Leopold Break:

{{disambig-two|the King of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]|[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]|[[Aragorn I]]}}
{{arnorian infobox
| image=[[File:John Howe - Elessar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Aragorn
| pronun=
| othernames=Aragorn II, [[Elessar]], [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]], [[Thorongil]] (''[[Aragorn#Names and titles|see below]]'')
| titles=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]<br/>King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| position=[[Rangers of the North|Ranger]]
| location=[[Rivendell]]<br/>[[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]
| birth=[[1 March]] {{TA|2931}}
| birthlocation=[[Eriador]]
| rule={{TA|2933}} - {{TA|3019|n}} (Chieftain)<br/>{{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|120}} (King)
| death={{FoA|120}}
| deathlocation=[[Gondor]]
| age=210
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Isildur]]
| parentage=[[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Arwen]]
| children=[[Eldarion]], at least two daughters
| gender=Male
| height=6'6<nowiki>''</nowiki> (198cm)<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, p. 229</ref>
| hair=Dark, flecked with grey<ref name="Sign">{{FR|Sign}}</ref>
| eyes=Grey<ref name="Sign"/>
| clothing=High leather boots, dark-green cloak (As a [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]])<ref name="Sign"/><br>Pure white mantle, black mail girt with silver (As a King)<ref>{{RK|Steward}}</ref>
| weapons=[[Andúril]]
| steed=[[Roheryn]] and [[Hasufel]]
}}

<center>{{quote|Tall as the sea-kings of old, he stood above all that were near; ancient of days he seemed and yet in the flower of manhood; and wisdom sat upon his brow, and strength and healing were in his hands, and a light was about him.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Steward and the King]]}}</center>
'''Aragorn II''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈaraɡorn]}}; 1 March [[Third Age]] {{TA|2931|n}} – [[Fourth Age]] {{FoA|120|n}}, aged 210 years<ref>{{HM|AB}}.</ref>) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was the last [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest [[Men|Man]] of his time, leading the [[Dúnedain|Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]'s forces, helping to destroy [[the One Ring]], and reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]].

==History==
===Early Life===
Aragorn was born in {{TA|2931}} to the Chieftain Arathorn, and received the name Aragorn. But his grandmother, [[Ivorwen]], noted with foresight that Aragorn would one day wear on his breast a green stone.

A legend says that the [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Gandalf]] had brought [[Elfstone|such a stone]] from [[Valinor]]. He gave the Elessar to the [[Elves|Elven]] Lady [[Galadriel]], and remarked prophetically that she would pass it to another, who will also be called Elessar.<ref>{{UT|6}}</ref> From this would come his royal name ''Elessar'' ([[Quenya]] for "Elfstone"), and he would be a healer and a renewer.

When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when an [[Orcs|Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]] as if he was his own son. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named '''''[[Estel]]''''' ([[Sindarin]] for "Hope") instead. During his life in Rivendell he accompanied the sons of Elrond, [[Elrohir]] and [[Elladan]], on their journeys. <ref name="A1v">{{App|A1v}}</ref>
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stephen Hickman]] - ''Aragorn and Arwen'']]
Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry when he returned from a journey with Elrohir and Elladan in {{TA|2951}}, when Aragorn was twenty years old; as part of this revelation, he delivered to him the heirlooms of [[House of Isildur|his House]]: the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. Later, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lothlórien]].<ref name="A1v"/>

===Life as a Ranger===
Estel took up his proper name as Aragorn, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and after he took leave of his mother and Elrond he went into [[The Wild]].<ref name="A1v"/> In {{TA|2953}} he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]] in {{TA|2956}}, and they became great friends.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> At Gandalf's advice he started to become interested in [[the Shire]] and became known as '''''Strider''''' in this region.
[[File:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Catherine Karina Chmiel]] - ''"Thorongil" with Ecthelion II'']]
From {{TA|2957}} to {{TA|2980}} Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and [[Steward]] [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor.<ref name="TA"/> Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was '''''Thorongil''''' (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and became one of Ecthelion II's most important advisers. He warned Ecthelion of the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], who threathened the [[Southern Fiefs]] and was eventually allowed by Ecthelion to attack [[Umbar]]. He led a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack on the Havens of Umbar]] with a few Gondorian ships, destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord with only few casualties. After his return in [[Pelargir]] he crossed the [[Anduin]] and left Gondor to travel into the far East and South "exploring the hearts of men good and evil" and learning about the "plots and devices" of the servants of the Dark Lord.<ref>{{App|A1ivS}}</ref>

Later in 2980 on his return to Rivendell he entered [[Lothlórien]], and there once again met Arwen in [[Caras Galadhon]]. For one season they lived together in Lothlórien. At midsummer he gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.<ref name="A1v"/>

Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This harsh condition had a precedent: King [[Thingol]]'s request that [[Beren]] obtain a [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].<ref name="A1v"/>

===Hunt for Gollum===
In the year [[Third Age 3001|3001]], as a now revealed [[Sauron]] continued to regain power in [[Mordor]], Aragorn began assisting [[Gandalf]] in his search for news of [[Gollum]]. Gandalf suspected that the ring [[Bilbo Baggins]] found near Gollum's lake was in fact [[the One Ring]]. In {{TA|3007}}, he shortly returns to [[Eriador]] where he visits his mother for the last time, she dies before that year's spring.

In [[Third Age 3017|3017]] after searching intermittently over the years,<ref name="TA"/> Aragorn finally overtakes Gollum in the [[Dead Marshes]] on [[1 February]]. With Gollum he travelled through the northern [[Emyn Muil]], to prevent being found by Sauron's spies, and crossed the Anduin at the [[Sarn Gebir]]. He travelled further north along the edges of [[Fangorn Forest]] and through Lothlórien,<ref name="UT">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> where the Elves sent a message to Gandalf.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}, Note 5</ref> He travelled alongside the Anduin to the north until he arrived at the [[Carrock]]. With the aid of the [[Beornings]] he crossed the Anduin with Gollum and entered [[Mirkwood]]. He took Gollum to [[Thranduil]] in to be held captive.<ref name="UT"/> He then returns west where he meets with Gandalf at [[Sarn Ford]] and learns of [[Frodo Baggins]]' plan to leave the shire with the Ring late September and then went to his own journey.<ref name="Strider">{{FR|Strider}}</ref>

===War of the Ring===
When Aragorn returned to his area, the [[Elves]] who followed [[Gildor Inglorion]] told Aragorn the Black Riders had been seen, and Gandalf had been missing and there were no messages from him. Aragorn and his [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] kept watch over the border of [[the Shire]] and the [[East Road]] waiting for sight of Frodo but there were no news of them leaving [[Buckland]].<ref name="Strider"/>

While staying in [[Bree]], Aragorn crossed the paths of four hobbits in [[The Prancing Pony]]. Aragorn watched as the hobbits clumsily hid their names and intentions. He watched as [[Frodo Baggins]], the leader of the party, fell from a table and disappeared as he put the ring on. Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act. He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] and [[Bill Ferny]], then bluntly requested that they use him as a guide. After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful [[Barliman Butterbur]] from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.
[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jef Murray]] - ''Amon Sûl'']]
Aragorn’s plan to reach Rivendell was to first head toward [[Archet]] and bear right to [[Weathertop]]. After the ambush at Weathertop and the wounding of Frodo, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] took over the position as leader of the Hobbits. After a while they met [[Glorfindel]], a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much later that they arrived in Rivendell.
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Reforging of the Sword.jpg|thumb|[[Darrell Sweet]] - ''The Reforging of the Sword'']]
After the Council of Elrond Aragorn became a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. As a preparation for his travel, the ancient shards of [[Narsil]], the heirloom of his House, were reforged after 3 millennia. Aragorn carried the Sword Reforged, and renamed it [[Andúril]].

Aragorn's intentions were to travel with the company for a while before returning to [[Gondor]] with [[Boromir]]. Aragorn encouraged the taking of the [[Caradhras|Redhorn Pass]], which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s choice to pass through [[Moria]], though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf. Indeed, after Gandalf fell into the abyss with [[Durin's Bane]], Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by Boromir.
====Leading the Fellowship of the Ring====
Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of [[Lothlórien]], and his friendship with [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. At their departure, Galadriel offered him the [[Elfstone]] as a wedding gift from the family of the Elven bride to the groom, foretelling his marriage to Arwen.<ref>{{MR|P3II3}}</ref>. It was worn by Aragorn ever after and from that he later took the name '''Elessar'''.

Even at the [[Rauros|Falls of Rauros]] he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision. For though it was obvious he wished to go to [[Minas Tirith]] with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] chose.

[[File:Inger Edelfeldt - Death of Boromir.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Inger Edelfeldt]] - ''Death of Boromir'']]
After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]], chose to try and save [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] from the [[Uruk-hai]] that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the [[Three Hunters]].

He met [[Éomer]] in the fields of [[Rohan]], and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other. Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to [[Edoras]]. Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn Forest, where he met the resurrected [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]]. After the restoration of [[Théoden]], he rode to [[Helm's Deep]] to fight in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against [[Saruman]]’s army. His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the [[Dunlendings|Wild men]] to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with [[Erkenbrand]].

After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the [[Orthanc-stone]], Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend [[Halbarad]] of the North, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: "''The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the [[Paths of the Dead]]''". Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the [[Standard of Elendil]]. Aragorn knew the path set before him.

====Return of the King====
A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for [[Dunharrow]], departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men]]. In Dunharrow, he met the lady [[Éowyn]], who had fallen in love with him. After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned towards the evil road with the dawn.

The [[Grey Company]] passed through the [[Dark Door]] and the [[Dwimorberg]], the Dead following, and coming at last to the [[Stone of Erech]], Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] at [[Pelargir]] drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the [[Black Ships]] north to Minas Tirith, where the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]. The counter-attacked army of [[Sauron]] crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.

Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed [[Imrahil]] the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded. Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the [[Houses of Healing]], where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and [[Faramir]], in accordance with the prophecy “''The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known''”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumours. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of [[Dol Amroth]], they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.

Aragorn held [[Last Debate|council]] with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle. He agreed to draw forth the forces of [[Mordor]] for the benefit of the [[Quest of the Ring]], and so arranged matters for the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. After the destruction of the Ring in [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]] and victory at the [[Morannon]], Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of [[Gondor]].

===Reign as Elessar===
Aragorn ruled the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]].

Some days after his coronation, Gandalf took Elessar up the slopes of Mount [[Mindolluin]], and there he found the scion of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the symbol of his mastery of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Elrond and Arwen came to Gondor and Elrond gave Elessar the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]] signifying the Kingship of Arnor. He wedded Arwen on Midsummer's day of 3019, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell. He turned back to his new kingdom as the [[Fourth Age]] dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.

One of his first tasks in the re-ordering of his realm was the restoration of [[Orthanc]] and ordered the [[Orthanc-stone]] to be returned there. With this opportunity, many secrets and hoarded treasures were revealed including the [[Elendilmir]] which Saruman took from Isildur's body. Elessar received the Elemdilmir with reverence and took it with him as he established his full kingship of [[Arnor]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

Elessar gave his [[Steward]] Faramir the title [[Lord of Emyn Arnen]] and created him as [[Prince of Ithilien]]<ref>{{RK|Steward}}</ref>. He declared the [[Drúadan Forest]] to belong to the [[Drúedain]] and a protected enclave of his Kingdom.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> He also re-established the Great [[Council of Gondor]] whose chief councellor was the Steward<ref>{{L|244}}</ref>. He also renewed the [[Oath of Cirion]] with Éomer.

As for [[the Shire]], he declared it a Free Land under the protection of the Northern Sceptre and forbid Men from entering it. He appointed the [[Thain]], the [[Master of Buckland]], and the [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] Counsellors of the North-kingdom. Also he offered to the Shire the [[Westmarch|lands]] up to the [[Tower Hills|Emyn Beraid]].<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref>

He founded the royal [[House of Telcontar]], he had a son and a number of daughters.

King Elessar died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Aragorn Elessar.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name '''''Aragorn''''' is [[Sindarin]], meaning '''"Revered King"''', from ''[[aran]]'' ("king") and ''[[gorn|(n)gorn]]'' ("dreaded, revered").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 113</ref>

This clear etymology from Tolkien was not revealed until the publication in 2007 of "Words, Phrases & Passages in ''The Lord of the Rings''", a late 1950s manuscript. Before that, several theories were proposed:
*[[Ruth S. Noel]] and several others proposed "King of the Tree",<ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'', p. 114</ref> but Tolkien specifically said that this was not the case.<ref>{{L|347}}</ref>
*[[David Salo]] deduces "Having Kingly Valor"<ref>[[David Salo]], ''[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]'', p. 341</ref> from Tolkien's cryptic "'Kingly Valour' (for so is that name interpreted)".<ref>{{PM|Foreword}}, p. xii</ref> This is still the most often cited etymology; Robert Ireland's ''[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]'' gives the variation "Royal Zeal".<ref>Robert Ireland, ''[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]'', [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_AC.html The Lord of the Rings A-C].</ref>
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]] proposed the meanings "King of the Globe" or "King of the Hill" in his analysis of the [[King's Letter]].<ref>[[Carl F. Hostetter]], "The 'King's Letter': An Historical and Comparative Analysis", [[Vinyar Tengwar 31|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 31]], p. 18</ref>

The [[Quenya]] form of ''Aragorn'' was '''''Aracorno'''''.<ref name="WP">{{PE|17}}, p. 71</ref>

===Names and titles===
* '''Aragorn II''' - Aragorn's name as [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]. He was likely named after [[Aragorn I]].
* [[Thorongil]] - [[Sindarin|S]] "Eagle of the Star", a pseudonym used in [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]. Pronounced {{IPA|[θoˈroŋɡil]}}.
* '''Elessar''' - [[Quenya|Q]] "Elfstone", Aragorn's name as a king. Despite popular use as such, Aragorn was never known as "Aragorn Elessar", "Aragorn II Elessar" or "[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|King Aragorn]]". Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈlesːar]}}.
* [[Envinyatar|''Envinyatar'', the Renewer]]
* '''Edhelharn''' - The [[Sindarin]] equivalent of Elessar, used in the King's Letter.<ref>{{SD|XI2}}, p. 128ff</ref> Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈðel.harn]}}.
* [[Elfstone]] - The [[Westron|Common Speech]] version of the previous two.
* [[Estel]] - [[Quenya|Q]]. Usually glossed as "Hope", the concept ''estel'' more widely means "hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose". Pronounced {{IPA|[ˈestel]}}.
* [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]] - A sobriquet given by the men of [[Bree]]. Aragorn used it mockingly.
* '''Wingfoot''' - A honorary name given by [[Éomer]] after the pursuit of the [[Uruk-hai]] through the [[Eastemnet]].<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>
* [[Telcontar]] - A [[Quenya]] form of "Strider", this was the name of Elessar's Royal House. It was not used independently. Pronounced {{IPA|[telˈkontar]}}.
* [[Heir of Isildur|Isildur's Heir]] - A poetic address, as he was the heir of [[Isildur]].
* '''The Dúnadan''' - "[[Dúnedain|Man of the West]]", a name given by [[Bilbo Baggins]] when their friendship evolved.
* '''Longshanks''' - another, though less frequently used, sobriquet in Bree, ascribed to [[Bill Ferny]]. The legs of the [[Bree-landers|Bree-men]] were shorter than the legs of the [[Dúnedain]].
* '''Arakorno''' - A rare Quenya form of Aragorn, which only appeared in a discussion about the words for Quenya "and".<ref name="WP"/> Pronounced {{IPA|[ˌaraˈkorno]}}.

==Family tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | EAR |y| ELW | | GAL |y| CEL |GAL=[[Galadriel]]|CEL=[[Celeborn]]|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]}}
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ROS | | RON |y| CLB | | |ROS=[[Elros]]|RON=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | KON | | | | |!| | | | | |KON=<small>''[[Kings of Númenor]]''</small>}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | LOA | | | | |!| | | | | |LOA=<small>''[[Lords of Andúnië]]''</small>}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ELE | | | | |!| | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ISI | | ANA | | |!| | | | | |ISI=[[Isildur]]|ANA=[[Anárion]]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | KOG | | |!| | | | | |KOA=<small>''[[Kings of Arnor]]''</small>|KOG=<small>''[[Kings of Gondor]]''</small>}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | OND | | |!| | | | | |OND=[[Ondoher]]|KOA=<small>''[[Kings of Arthedain]]''</small>}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ARV |V| FIR | | |!| | | | | |ARV=[[Arvedui]]|FIR=[[Fíriel]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | COD | | | | |!| | | | | |COD=<small>''[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]''</small>}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ART |y| GIL |!| | | | | |ART=[[Arathorn II]]|GIL=[[Gilraen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ARA |y| ARW | | | | |ARA='''ARAGORN '''|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ELD | | SDS | | | | |ELD=[[Eldarion]]|SDS=''several sisters''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest unpublished versions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''), the character that later became Aragorn was called '''''[[Trotter]]''''' instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He had wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<center><gallery>
File:WiMe-Aragorn&Frodo VS Nazgul-1-.png|<center>''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Strider.jpg|<center>[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]</center>
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Aragorn.jpg|<center>[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Aragorn.jpg|<center>[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]</center>
File:Aragorn Anduril viv lotr.JPG|<center>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]</center>
File:Aragorn LOTRO.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center>
File:2011-12-23 00061.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''</center>
File:LEGO Aragorn poster.png|<center>Aragorn as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''</center>
</gallery></center>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Godfrey Kenton]].

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[John Hurt]]. Some critics have accused this character of looking too much like a [[wikipedia:Stereotypes_of_Native_Americans|Native American stereotype]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Robert Stephens]]. For his early scenes, according to [[John McAndrew]] (Pippin) Stephens adopted an accurate Bristol accent to help suggest the disguise Strider adopted in Bree.

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a playable character. He has brown hair and is bearded, he bears a golden sword.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Aragorn is played by [[Viggo Mortensen]], though [[Stuart Townsend]] was originally cast in the role. Townsend was deemed too young. Mortensen had just two weeks to train for his first scene, the standoff with the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]]. Mortensen portrays Aragorn full of self-doubt. Jackson explained that this was to give him a character development arc.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Daran Norris]] provided the voice of Aragorn, who is one of the three playable characters.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|Peter Jackson's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Aragorn's part is this film is largely similar to the events in book. The most significant difference is that, in the book, there was no [[Wargs|Warg]] attack on the party traveling to Helm's Deep and Aragorn did not fall down a cliff.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Aragorn is one of the three playable characters.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|Peter Jackson's The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Aragorn shows great trouble over the choice whether or not he should become king, whereas in the book, there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king from the very first time his lineage is revealed.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Aragorn is a playable character, his storyline is dubbed "Path of a King". He journey through Paths of the Dead with Legolas and Gimli, later they fight on Pelennor fields and at the Black Gate.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a Hero Unit for the Free People side. He is present in Lothlorien, Battle of Hornburg and Siege of the Minas Morgul.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a Hero Unit for the Rohan faction in skirmishes, he also accompanies the Fellowship in the storyline mode.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Aragorn is now the Hero for the Men of the West faction.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:In the Prologue, Aragorn saves Men/Hobbit characters from brigands, but is forced to leave soon, as he has to intercept Frodo in Bree. Later arriving at the Prancing Pony, the characters meet him again and help him looking in surrounding area for Hobbits, who did not arrive in time. When player returns, Aragorn and the Hobbits already departed, and their next meeting is in Rivendell, where Aragorn entrusts the player with defense of the North while the Fellowship is gone. Later, in [[Lothlórien]], Aragorn is seen residing in [[Caras Galadhon]]

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a playable hero available in several missions.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Aragorn is an important character of the game, and is mentioned as one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]] in the introduction of the game.<ref name="Prologue">[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>
:He is a friend of two of the game's main characters, [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]] and [[Andriel]]. Aragorn had met [[Andriel]] during his visits at [[Rivendell]],<ref name="Backstory Andriel">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#elfAnchor|articlename=Elven Character: Andriel's History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=25 December 2011}}</ref> while he had met Eradan, when he served as Ranger at Sarn Ford. Aragorn was impressed by his skills and bravery, and taught him much about tracking. Eradan was a companion of Aragorn on many of his journeys. Aragorn trusted Eradan much, though he never told him what the reason was behind the protection of [[the Shire]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#dunedainAnchor|articlename=Human Character: Eradan's History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=24 December 2011}}</ref>

:Eradan, Andriel and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] meet Aragorn in the Prancing Pony to warn him, on Halbarad's request, after the Nazgûl attacked and defeated the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] at [[Sarn Ford]], and entered the Shire. They also tell him about an conservation between the Witch-king and [[Agandaûr]], which the three heroes overheard shortly after the attack. Agandaûr summoned the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and assembled an army in [[Fornost]], which plans to aid the Nazgûl in their search to [[the One Ring]]. Aragorn sends Eradan, Andriel and Farin to Fornost, to stop Agandaûr and his army.<ref name="Prologue"/> While Eradan, Andriel, Farin, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] stopped Agandaûr's army,<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Chapter 1: Fornost''</ref> Aragorn met with [[Frodo Baggins]] and left Bree.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Chapter 2: The Barrow Downs'', Bree</ref>

'''2012: ''[[Lego|Lego The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:A mini figure of Aragorn is included in the [[Lego#Sets|sets]] '''Attack at Weathertop''', '''The Battle of Helm's Deep''', '''The Battle at the Black gate''', and '''The Pirate ship ambush'''.<ref name="2012 sets">{{webcite|author=Calisuri|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/02/12/53563-more-lord-of-the-rings-lego-details-from-toy-fare-2012/|articlename=More Lord of the Rings LEGO Details from Toy Fare 2012|dated=12 February 2012|website=TORN|accessed=18 February 2012}}</ref>

'''See also:''' <br>[http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/10975/1/Aragorn_Final.pdf "Aragorn Seen Through Different Media"] by [[Connie Veugen]], comparing the introduction of Strider in Ralph Bakshi's film, the 1981 BBC radio play, Peter Jackson's film and [[Vivendi]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|video game]] of ''The Fellowship of the Ring.

==Titles==
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=arnorian
| house=[[House of Telcontar]]<small><br/>Continuation of the senior branch of the [[House of Isildur]]</small>
| born=[[1 March|March 1]], {{TA|2931}}
| died={{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| prow=2
| prev=[[Arathorn II]]
| list=16th [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]
| dates={{TA|2933}} – {{TA|3019|n}}
| next=Position abolished
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq
| list=39th [[Heir of Isildur|Heir]] of [[Isildur]]
| dates={{TA|2933}} - {{FoA|120}}
| next=[[Eldarion]]
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Gandalf]]
| list=Leader of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| dates=[[15 January|January 15]] - [[22 August|August 22]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=Position abolished
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by:<br/>'''[[Eärnur]]''', 969 years earlier
| list=34th [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
| next=[[Eldarion]]
| nrow=4
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by:<br/>'''[[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]]''', 2,158 years earlier
| list=11th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by:<br/>'''[[Isildur]]''', 3,017 years earlier
| list=1st [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=New title
| list=Head of the [[House of Telcontar]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq-end}}{{fellowship}}<br/>{{councilofelrond}}{{northernline}}
{{southernline}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]
*[[Timeline of Aragorn]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Isildur]]
[[Category:House of Telcontar| ]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Aragorn II.]]
[[fa:آراگورن دوم]]
[[fi:Aragorn II]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/aragorn_ii]]

Lord of Gifts

2015-07-18T01:22:18Z

Leopold Break: Redirected page to Sauron

#REDIRECT[[Sauron]]

Isildur

2015-07-17T06:40:48Z

Leopold Break:

{{numenorean infobox
| image=[[File:Liz Danforth - Isildur.png|250px]]
| name=Isildur
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom|Two Kingdoms]]: [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]] and [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| position=[[Ring-bearer]]
| location=[[Númenor]]; [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]
| affiliation=The [[Faithful]];<br/>[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]
| birth={{SA|3209}}
| birthlocation=[[Númenor]]
| rule={{SA|3441}} - {{TA|2}} (2 years)
| death=[[5 October]], {{TA|2}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Gladden Fields]]
| age=234
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elendil]] (founded [[House of Isildur]])
| parentage=[[Elendil]]
| siblings=[[Anárion]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]], [[Aratan]], [[Ciryon]] and [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]]
| gender=Male
| height=Nigh 7 feet
| hair=Black
| eyes=Grey
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Narsil]]
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Isildur.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Isildur''' was a [[Dúnedain|Dúnadan]] of [[Númenor]], the elder son of [[Elendil]], [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Realms in Exile]]. He was briefly the second king of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]].

== History ==
===Early Years in Númenor===
Isildur was born in Númenor in {{SA|3209}}. He was the elder son of Elendil, son of [[Amandil]], the last [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]]. His younger brother was [[Anárion]]. While living in the island realm he married and his first son, [[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]] was born in {{SA|3299|n}}.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>

Isildur learned from Amandil that King [[Ar-Pharazôn]], under the influence of [[Sauron]], purposed to cut down [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]]. One night Isildur went in disguise to [[Armenelos]] and from the courts of the King stole a fruit from the tree before it was cut down, thus preserving the line of the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]]. It is said that he received grievous wounds from the King's guards before escaping but that they all healed when a leaf first appeared on the sapling that grew from the fruit he had taken.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

When Ar-Pharazôn ordered the [[Great Armament ]] to assail the land of [[Aman]], Elendil and his sons prepared ships to escape from Númenor. In the ship of Isildur was guarded the young White Tree.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> When the [[Downfall of Númenor]] came in {{SA|3319|n}}<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> Elendil and his son escaped in nine ships – four for Elendil, three for Isildur, and two for Anárion.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

===Joint Rule of Gondor===
In the great storm that came with the drowning of Númenor the nine ships of the Exiles were borne to the east and scattered. Elendil was cast up in the land of [[Lindon]], passed up the River [[Lhûn]], and founded the realm of [[Arnor]]. Isildur and Anárion were carried to the south. Arriving at the mouths of the [[Anduin]], they ascended the great river and founded the realm of [[Gondor]].<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Isildur set up his house in [[Minas Ithil]], where he planted the White Tree, while Anárion established his household in [[Minas Anor]]. However, they jointly ruled the kingdom and set up thrones side by side in the Great Hall of [[Osgiliath]].<ref name="Rings"/> Isildur and his wife had two more sons, [[Aratan]] (in {{SA|3339|n}}) and [[Ciryon]] (in {{SA|3379|n}}), while living in Gondor.<ref name="Elendil"/>

However, [[Sauron]] had also escaped the Downfall of Númenor. In {{SA|3320}}, while the Exiles were establishing their realms, Sauron reentered [[Mordor]] and re-established his power. In {{SA|3429|n}} [[Sauron]] captured Minas Ithil and burnt the White Tree.<ref name="SA"/> Yet Isildur escaped with his wife and sons, and a seedling of the White Tree. While Anárion held Osgiliath, Isildur and his family sailed down the Anduin, then northwest to [[Gil-galad]] in [[Lindon]] and his father in Arnor.<ref name="Rings"/>

===The War of the Last Alliance===
In {{SA|3430}}, the same year that Isildur's fourth son [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]] was born, Isildur's father Elendil and Gil-galad formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. The army of the Alliance marched to [[Rivendell|Imladris]] in {{SA|3431|n}}, where Isildur left his wife and Valandil before the host moved on. In {{SA|3434|n}} the combined armies of Elves and Men crossed the [[Misty Mountains]] and marched on to the [[Dagorlad]]. There the forces of Sauron were defeated and he retreated into the [[Barad-dûr]] to withstand a siege.<ref name="SA"/>

The siege lasted seven years, but finally Elendil and Gil-galad threw down Sauron, thus winning the battle though both were slain and Elendil's sword [[Narsil]] broke under him as he fell. Isildur took the hilt shard of his father's sword and cut [[the One Ring]] from Sauron's finger. Ignoring the advice of [[Elrond]] and [[Círdan]], lieutenant of Gil-galad, Isildur did not destroy the Ring; instead he claimed it as an heirloom for his House. <ref name="Rings"/>

===Triumph and Disaster===
After the fall of Sauron, Isildur returned to Gondor and assumed the [[Elendilmir]], proclaiming his Kingship in Arnor and sovereign lordship over the [[Dúnedain]] in both the North and the South. <ref name="Gladden">{{UT|Gladden}}</ref> He remained for a year in the South, planted the seedling of the White Tree in Minas Anor, put the realm to order, and instructed [[Meneldil]], son of his brother [[Anárion]], in the governance of the land. With Meneldil and a company of trusted friends, Isildur rode about the boundaries of Gondor and in [[Anórien]] created the [[Tomb of Elendil|tomb]] and memorial of Elendil upon the hill of [[Eilenaer]], thereafter called [[Amon Anwar]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> While he remained there, he wrote an [[Scroll of Isildur|account]] on how he acquired the Ring, its significance to his [[House of Isildur|House]] and where he transcribed a [[Ring Verse|verse]] around the Ring while it was still hot.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>

When Isildur finally felt free to leave he committed the rule of Gondor to Meneldil and with his three sons departed on 5 [[Ivanneth]], {{TA|2}}. Instead of heading west and then north they journeyed northwards along the Anduin in order to first come to Imladris. On the thirtieth day of the journey, 5 [[Narbeleth]], the King, his sons, and his Guard of two hundred knights and soldiers reached the northern borders of the [[Gladden Fields]]. There they were ambushed by a band of [[Orcs]] said to be ten times their number.

As the Orcs closed in, Isildur sent his esquire [[Ohtar]] with one companion to fly with the shards of Narsil. The enemy charged and charged again. One by one Isildur's sons died about him; Elendur was the last and he insisted that Isildur leave with the One Ring. Isildur placed the Ring upon his finger and vanished from the [[Battle of the Gladden Fields|battle]].

Isildur ran to the Anduin and swam across the river. It was during this effort that the One Ring slipped from his finger. As he struggled to escape the reeds and rushes on the shore a small party of Orcs spotted him and shot him. He fell back into the water and no trace of him was found by Elves or Men.<ref name="Gladden"/>

===Legacy===
The [[House of Isildur|line of Isildur]] continued, for Valandil became king of Arnor. Isildur's line continued unbroken throughout the [[Third Age]] until it formed the basis for [[Aragorn]]'s claim to the kingship of Arnor and Gondor after the downfall of Sauron.<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref>

In the riddling rhyme "''Seek for the Sword that was Broken''" the Ring is referred to cryptically as ''Isildur's Bane''.<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the tower of [[Orthanc]] was opened, for King Elessar desired its restoration. Behind a hidden door in a steel closet was found Isildur's [[Star of Elendil|
Elendilmir]]. It was surmised that [[Saruman]] had found the bones of the long-lost king and had taken the ''[[mithril]]'' fillet with its jewel for his own.<ref name="Gladden"/>

==Etymology==

''Isildur'' is a [[Quenya]] name, meaning "Devoted to the [[Moon]]".{{fact}}

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | AMA | | | | | |AMA=[[Amandil]]<br/><small>''Sailed west {{SA|3316}}''†</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | ELE | | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3119}} - {{SA|3441|n}}''†</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ISI | | | | | | | | ANA |ISI='''ISILDUR'''<br/><small>''{{SA|3209}} - {{TA|2}}''†</small>|ANA=[[Anárion]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3219}} - {{SA|3440|n}}''†</small>}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |:| |}}
{{familytree | ELE | | ARA | | CIR | | VAL | | GON |ELE=[[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3299}} - {{TA|2}}''†</small>|ARA=[[Aratan]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3339}} - {{TA|2}}''†</small>|CIR=[[Ciryon]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3379}} - {{TA|2}}''†</small>|VAL=[[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3430}} - {{TA|249}}''</small>|GON=[[Kings of Gondor|''Kings of<br/>Gondor'']]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | ELD | | | | |ELD=[[Eldacar (King of Arnor)|Eldacar]]<br/><small>''{{TA|87}} - {{TA|339|n}}''</small>}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Portrayal in Adaptations ==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur.jpg|thumb|[[Harry Sinclair]] as Isildur in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'']]
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Prince Isildur is mentioned in the [[Prologue: A Ring's Tale (1978 scene)|prologue]], and he is shown to cut the Ring off Sauron's hand in battle, rather than from a defeated Sauron.

'''2001-2002: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Isildur briefly appears in the first scenes of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|the first film]], as well as an extended flashback scene. Isildur is played by [[Harry Sinclair]]. Sinclair, a friend of [[Peter Jackson]], was asked because he was the most corrupt looking person Jackson knew. Sinclair had only one line, "No!", which was dubbed by [[Hugo Weaving]].

:In the movie, Isildur apparently is the last king of Gondor; Anárion and heirs and Arnor do not appear at all. However, in the Extended Editions both Arnor and the House of Anárion are mentioned, and at times it is clear that Isildur was not the last King, so this might be dialogue error. The story of Isildur's succumbing to the temptation of the Ring bothers Aragorn who fears that he could have the same weakness (a fear that is not evident in the book).

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)]]'':'''
:In the game starts with a prologue, where you have to play with Isildur beneath Mount Doom. After you complete the mission you see how Isildur defeats Sauron.

[[File:Isildur-LOTRO.jpg|thumb|Isildur's appearance in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Isildur appears only in cinematics battling [[Sauron]]. However, in the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|expansion pack ''The Rise of the Witch-king'']], Isildur is mentioned more detailed in the [[Angmar]] campaign.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Isildur makes an appearance in a flashback scene titles "At the Stone of Erech". It covers the oath gives to Isildur by the men of [[Dunharrow]], subsequent return of Sauron several years later, the betrayal of the Dunharrow men and the curse that Isildur lays upon them.

== Titles ==
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=numenorean
| house=[[House of Elendil]]<small><br/>Cadet branch of [[House of Elros]]</small>
| born={{SA|3209}}
| died={{TA|2}}
}}
{{seq
| prow=3
| prev=[[Elendil]]
| list=2nd [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]
| dates={{SA|3441}} – {{TA|2}}
| next=[[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]]
}}
{{seq
| list=2nd [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| dates={{SA|3441}} – {{TA|2}}
| next=[[Meneldil]]
}}
{{seq
| list=2nd [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Realms in Exile|Two Kingdoms]]
| dates={{SA|3441}} – {{TA|2}}
| next=Next held by:<br/>'''[[Aragorn]]''', 3017 years later
| nvac=Vacant
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Sauron]]
| list=2nd [[Ring-bearer]]
| dates={{SA|3441}} – {{TA|2}}
| next=Next held by:<br/>'''[[Déagol]]''', c. 2461 years later
| nvac=Vacant
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{northernline}}
{{southernline}}

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Isildur|Images of Isildur]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Elendil]]
[[Category:House of Isildur| ]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Isildur]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/isildur]]
[[fi:Isildur]]

Saruman

2015-07-16T15:57:45Z

Leopold Break:

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| name=Saruman
| pronun=
| othernames=Curumo, Curunír, the White, Ring-maker, Of many colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=
| position=Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Istari]] (Wizards)<br/>[[White Council]]<br/>[[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[3 November]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff<br/>Knife
| steed=
}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making (....)|[[Gandalf]], ''[[The Shadow of the Past]]''}}
'''Saruman the White''' ([[Third Age]] c. 1000 – 3019, existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years) was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or [[Istari]]) who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. He was the leader of the [[White Council]]. In [[Sindarin]] his name was '''Curunír''', which meant "Man of Skill".

==History==
===Origins===
The [[Ainur]] existed before [[Arda]] was created. [[Maiar]] were angelic creatures of lower order than the [[Valar]]. [[Curumo]] and [[Mairon]] were powerful Maiar of [[Aulë]], until the latter fell and became [[Sauron]].<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref>

In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]]. This was likely in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. It was decided to send five [[Wizards|emissaries]] to Middle-earth. These should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh" — Istari, or Wizards. One of those who went was '''''[[Curumo]]''''' (later in [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'', or in [[Westron]] ''Saruman'').<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Saruman was one of those who volunteered, whereas the last one, ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'', (later Gandalf) was commanded by Manwë to go. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began even here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf, who went as the third Istar that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari/>

===Arrival in Middle-earth===
Saruman arrived alone in a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in the west of [[Eriador]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, and only [[Círdan]] knew his identity and his origin.

He went into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

===Chief of the White Council===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Saruman'']]
When [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|Angus McBride - ''Dol Guldur'']]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting, Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it. Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies.<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref> Saruman's corruption was complete when, in ''circa'' {{TA|3000}}, he used the [[Orthanc-stone|''palantír'' of Orthanc]] and was enticed by [[Sauron]].<ref name="AppTA"/>

Either at this time or shortly before, Saruman's studies of ring-lore paid off, and he seems to have emulated part of the skill of the [[Noldor]] of [[Eregion]] and created his own Ring. He probably used this to enhance his skills, and became an even greater enchanter with the power of his voice. It however seems unlikely that his Ring was as powerful as one of the Three Rings of the Elves, let alone the One Ring.

Sauron declared himself openly. In Mordor, he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Through his jealousy towards Gandalf and his ever-growing pride and arrogance, and through the use of the ''
palantír'', wrestling in thought with the Enemy, Saruman became a servant of Sauron's will (although unintentionally, as his hopes were to gain the One Ring for himself).

===War of the Ring===
At about this time, in an attempt to control [[Rohan]], Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing king to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman and Gríma's treachery would have crippled Rohan's military might, had not [[Gandalf]] interfered a year later and revealed to Théoden his right-hand man's true designs, healing the old king and revitalizing his political and military rule.

He had sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed [[the One Ring]].<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Saruman did not reveal his true intentions until Gandalf presented him with the discovery and location of the One Ring. On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> Saruman demanded that Gandalf submit to him and Sauron or fail. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''', and when Gandalf refused to join with him, he held him captive in Isengard.
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc]]
It must have been during Gandalf's captivity in Orthanc that Saruman began to build his army of [[Orcs]], [[Dunlendings]], and [[Uruk-hai]], since Gandalf came to an as yet undestroyed Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was gathering an army of [[orcs]] and [[wolves]] in his pits and forges.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> One can speculate that if matters had developed a little more slowly, his puppet Gríma would have gained full control over Rohan, and the [[Rohirrim]] would have been enslaved or destroyed.

Saruman's plans likely failed because he, like Sauron, was forced to reveal his hand early by Gandalf's subsequent escape, and therefore he had little time to perfect his plans. As Saruman considered himself "unfallen", he honestly believed he had a chance of converting Gandalf to his side, and felt honestly betrayed by Gandalf when he was refused.

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery became known to the rest of the White Council when Gandalf reported it during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]].

Saruman soon also betrayed his new master Sauron by lying to the [[Witch-king]] when he arrived at Isengard. Sauron had sent the [[Nazgûl]] searching for [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. But the Lord of Morgul and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard. Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring and the Riders departed.

In September of {{TA|3018}} the Nazgûl captured one of his [[the Shire|Shire]] [[Squint-eyed Southerner|spies]] who told the [[Witch-king]] everything, betraying Saruman, and exposing Saruman's double treachery. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and [[Baggins]].<ref name="UT10"/> Caught now between both sides as a known traitor to both, Saruman put all efforts into obtaining [[the One Ring]] for himself.<ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

The failure to capture the Ring at [[Emyn Muil]] further ruined Saruman's plans, as he was revealed as a traitor to Mordor now as well.
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Wrath of the Ents'']]
Saruman implemented a strategy of attacking [[Rohan]], endeavouring to kill the King's son [[Théodred]], sending spies to waylay [[Frodo Baggins]] on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. Ironically, one of these parties captured [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and transported them to [[Fangorn Forest]] in time to mobilize the [[Ents]]. Gandalf also suspected Saruman had found (and destroyed) the remains of [[Isildur]], who had worn the Ring before it had been lost.

Saruman's Shire network failed to capture Frodo Baggins, Gandalf rallied Rohan to victory, [[Éomer]] stopped his only partially successful raiding party, and control of Isengard was lost to the [[Ents]]. Aware he was utterly defeated, Saruman briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. Whether he had hope he could escape, whether he was too proud to surrender to Gandalf, or whether he simply feared Sauron's retribution for his treachery, Saruman refused to leave the confines of his fortress. Saruman made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was dismissed from the order of the Istari.

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, proving that the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Saruman is Overtaken.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Saruman is Overtaken'']]On their way, they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits on their way to northern [[Dunland]]. They found them as traveling beggars and Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, as he exclaimed how he hated his master. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> He then went to the Shire, which his agent [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. Spending his final days as a small-time thug lord in [[Hobbiton]] known as '''''Sharkey''''', he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own servant Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}, when even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned.

Saruman, as a Maia, did not truly die, but his spirit lost its shape (much like Sauron's after the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]] and after his defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]]). As a discorporated spirit, he should have been called to [[Mandos]], but the tale implies that he was barred from returning. We may speculate that his spirit was left naked, powerless and wandering in Middle-earth (perhaps like Sauron's after the One Ring was destroyed).

==Characteristics==
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] ((see ''Origins'' below). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power—such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was probably some kind of explosive). Machinery and engines characterized both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]]. In this, he probably sought to emulate [[Sauron]]. His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the Uruk-hai. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood. He also employed birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, in his desire to imitate Sauron, attemped to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the Ring-maker". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and the any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

===Personality===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in character, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realized Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards the Gandalf) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Saruman's betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time, until at last he had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path, and that it was too late now to repent. This false belief kept him from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realized this he only became more bitter, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his own downfall.

==Politics==

===Men===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's council Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other councilors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

===Elves===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===Orcs===
Saruman probably drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs.

He also bred Orcs in Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these Orcs Man-flesh.

His [[Uruk-hai]] army displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognized these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

===Ents/Trees===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard—or sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

===Hobbits===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

===Valar/Maiar/Wizards===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, amazed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought to supplant Sauron as the Dark Lord, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power than himself.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him"—that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret.

Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolizing (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One for himself.

In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire.

When matters came to a head, Saruman sought to make Gandalf an ally in his plans. This was probably not just out of practical politics, but also of respect and a sense of companionship and shared destiny. And possibly out of hope, being daunted by the proposition of becoming Sauron's servant alone.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf the White", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realizing his predicament, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

===Animals===
Saruman had control over many birds, probably through Radagast. These spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them [[Wargs]], a sort of intelligent demon-wolf.

==Etymology==
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

His name in [[Sindarin]] was ''Curunír 'Lân''.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|thumb|right|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]]]
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called "Ruman",<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to "Aruman". However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. The film did not depict Saruman's adoption of the title "Saruman of Many Colours". The film also did not include the [[Scouring of the Shire]], but Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, showing his encounter with Gandalf and Théoden. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], Gríma stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
[[File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|thumb|200px|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
: Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is skeptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has returned, and says he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Saruman|Images of Saruman]]

{{References}}

{{Ainur}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Saruman]]
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[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
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Saruman

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Leopold Break:

{{sources}}
{{maiar infobox
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Saruman.jpg|250px]]
| name=Saruman
| pronun=
| othernames=Curumo, Curunír, the White, Ring-maker, Of many colours, [[Sharkey]]
| titles=
| position=Head of the [[White Council]]
| location=[[Orthanc]]
| affiliation=[[Istari]] (Wizards)<br/>[[White Council]]<br/>[[Sauron]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[3 November]] {{TA|3019}}
| deathlocation=[[Hobbiton]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=White with strands of black<ref name="Voice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=White robes, shimmering with many colours
| weapons=Staff<br/>Knife
| steed=
}}
{{pronounce|Quenya - Curumo.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
{{quote|[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making (....)|[[Gandalf]], ''[[The Shadow of the Past]]''}}
'''Saruman the White''' ([[Third Age]] c. 1000 – 3019, existed in [[Middle-earth]] for 2019 years) was the first of the order of [[Wizards]] (or [[Istari]]) who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the [[Valar]] in the [[Third Age]]. He was the leader of the [[White Council]]. In [[Sindarin]] his name was '''Curunír''', which meant "Man of Skill".

==History==
===Origins===
The [[Ainur]] existed before [[Arda]] was created. [[Maiar]] were angelic creatures of lower order than the [[Valar]]. [[Curumo]] and [[Mairon]] were powerful Maiar of [[Aulë]], until the latter fell and became [[Sauron]].<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref>

In [[Valinor]], a council was called by [[Manwë]]. This was likely in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the [[Rings of Power]]. It was decided to send five [[Wizards|emissaries]] to Middle-earth. These should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh" — Istari, or Wizards. One of those who went was '''''[[Curumo]]''''' (later in [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'', or in [[Westron]] ''Saruman'').<ref name=Istari>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

Saruman was one of those who volunteered, whereas the last one, ''[[Gandalf|Olórin]]'', (later Gandalf) was commanded by Manwë to go. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began even here, when [[Varda]] said of Gandalf, who went as the third Istar that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take [[Aiwendil]] with him to please [[Yavanna]], which he did not wish to do, and this led to contempt for the latter Wizard.<ref name=Istari/>

===Arrival in Middle-earth===
Saruman arrived alone in a ship at [[Mithlond]] (the [[Grey Havens]]) in the west of [[Eriador]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, and only [[Círdan]] knew his identity and his origin.

He went into the [[East]] of Middle-earth, as did the two [[Blue Wizards]]. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in [[Dol Guldur]].

When the [[White Council]] was formed around {{TA|2463}}<ref name="AppTA"/>, Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his [[The One Ring|One Ring]]. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature [[Gollum]]<ref name="AppTA"/>, drawing the [[Dark Lord]] closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.

===Chief of the White Council===
[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Saruman'']]
When [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[Palantíri|''palantír'']] would still be located in [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove an important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.

In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in {{TA|2941}} he finally consented to an [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] against Sauron at which point Sauron retreated to [[Mordor]].
[[File:Angus McBride - Dol Guldur.jpg|thumb|left|Angus McBride - ''Dol Guldur'']]
In {{TA|2953}}, the [[Wise]] gathered once more to debate about the [[Rings of Power]]. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the [[Belegaer]]. Following their final meeting, Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it. Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the [[Shire]] and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in [[Bree]] and the [[Southfarthing]].<ref name="AppTA"/> As [[Lord of Isengard]], Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies.<ref name="AppMark">{{App|Mark}}</ref> Saruman's corruption was complete when, in ''circa'' {{TA|3000}}, he used the [[Orthanc-stone|''palantír'' of Orthanc]] and was enticed by [[Sauron]].<ref name="AppTA"/>

Either at this time or shortly before, Saruman's studies of ring-lore paid off, and he seems to have emulated part of the skill of the [[Noldor]] of [[Eregion]] and created his own Ring. He probably used this to enhance his skills, and became an even greater enchanter with the power of his voice. It however seems unlikely that his Ring was as powerful as one of the Three Rings of the Elves, let alone the One Ring.

Sauron declared himself openly. In Mordor, he established contact with Saruman through the [[Ithil-stone]] his minions had captured from [[Minas Ithil]]. Through his jealousy towards Gandalf and his ever-growing pride and arrogance, and through the use of the ''
palantír'', wrestling in thought with the Enemy, Saruman became a servant of Sauron's will (although unintentionally, as his hopes were to gain the One Ring for himself).

===War of the Ring===
At about this time, in an attempt to control [[Rohan]], Saruman bought the allegiance of King [[Théoden]]'s chief advisor, [[Gríma]], who then counselled the ailing king to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman and Gríma's treachery would have crippled Rohan's military might, had not [[Gandalf]] interfered a year later and revealed to Théoden his right-hand man's true designs, healing the old king and revitalizing his political and military rule.

He had sent spies to negotiate the purchase of "[[pipe-weed|leaf]]" from [[the Shire]], in preparation for the war, and also learn of any [[Hobbits]] who had departed recently in hopes of finding out who possessed [[the One Ring]].<ref name="UT10">{{UT|10}}, "Concerning Gandalf, Saruman, and the Shire"</ref>

Saruman did not reveal his true intentions until Gandalf presented him with the discovery and location of the One Ring. On [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}}, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.<ref name="AppGreat">{{App|Great}}</ref> Saruman demanded that Gandalf submit to him and Sauron or fail. Saruman then stood forth as '''Saruman of Many Colours''', and when Gandalf refused to join with him, he held him captive in Isengard.
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Gríma and Saruman.jpg|thumb|left|Saruman commanding his forces from Orthanc]]
It must have been during Gandalf's captivity in Orthanc that Saruman began to build his army of [[Orcs]], [[Dunlendings]], and [[Uruk-hai]], since Gandalf came to an as yet undestroyed Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was gathering an army of [[orcs]] and [[wolves]] in his pits and forges.<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref> One can speculate that if matters had developed a little more slowly, his puppet Gríma would have gained full control over Rohan, and the [[Rohirrim]] would have been enslaved or destroyed.

Saruman's plans likely failed because he, like Sauron, was forced to reveal his hand early by Gandalf's subsequent escape, and therefore he had little time to perfect his plans. As Saruman considered himself "unfallen", he honestly believed he had a chance of converting Gandalf to his side, and felt honestly betrayed by Gandalf when he was refused.

Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery became known to the rest of the White Council when Gandalf reported it during the subsequent [[Council of Elrond]].

Saruman soon also betrayed his new master Sauron by lying to the [[Witch-king]] when he arrived at Isengard. Sauron had sent the [[Nazgûl]] searching for [[Bilbo Baggins|Baggins]], who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. But the Lord of Morgul and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard. Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring and the Riders departed.

In September of {{TA|3018}} the Nazgûl captured one of his [[the Shire|Shire]] [[Squint-eyed Southerner|spies]] who told the [[Witch-king]] everything, betraying Saruman, and exposing Saruman's double treachery. They also seized some maps and information about the Shire and [[Baggins]].<ref name="UT10"/> Caught now between both sides as a known traitor to both, Saruman put all efforts into obtaining [[the One Ring]] for himself.<ref name="UTHunt">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref>

The failure to capture the Ring at [[Emyn Muil]] further ruined Saruman's plans, as he was revealed as a traitor to Mordor now as well.
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Wrath of the Ents'']]
Saruman implemented a strategy of attacking [[Rohan]], endeavouring to kill the King's son [[Théodred]], sending spies to waylay [[Frodo Baggins]] on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. Ironically, one of these parties captured [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and transported them to [[Fangorn Forest]] in time to mobilize the [[Ents]]. Gandalf also suspected Saruman had found (and destroyed) the remains of [[Isildur]], who had worn the Ring before it had been lost.

Saruman's Shire network failed to capture Frodo Baggins, Gandalf rallied Rohan to victory, [[Éomer]] stopped his only partially successful raiding party, and control of Isengard was lost to the [[Ents]]. Aware he was utterly defeated, Saruman briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. Whether he had hope he could escape, whether he was too proud to surrender to Gandalf, or whether he simply feared Sauron's retribution for his treachery, Saruman refused to leave the confines of his fortress. Saruman made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was dismissed from the order of the Istari.

Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, proving that the magic of his voice still remained.

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Saruman is Overtaken.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Saruman is Overtaken'']]On their way, they were confronted by Gandalf, [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]] and the Hobbits on their way to northern [[Dunland]]. They found them as traveling beggars and Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, as he exclaimed how he hated his master. Gandalf told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply. As Saruman was considered powerless, there was little concern for his escape.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> He then went to the Shire, which his agent [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. Spending his final days as a small-time thug lord in [[Hobbiton]] known as '''''Sharkey''''', he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own servant Gríma on [[3 November]], {{TA|3019}}, when even this operation fell apart after Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee]] returned.

Saruman, as a Maia, did not truly die, but his spirit lost its shape (much like Sauron's after the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]] and after his defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]]). As a discorporated spirit, he should have been called to [[Mandos]], but the tale implies that he was barred from returning. We may speculate that his spirit was left naked, powerless and wandering in Middle-earth (perhaps like Sauron's after the One Ring was destroyed).

==Characteristics==
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.

He was not actually a [[Men|Man]], or even an [[Elves|Elf]] (as Men often suspected), but a [[Maiar|Maia]] clothed in flesh — an [[Istari|Istar]] ((see ''Origins'' below). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice.

=== Powers ===
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power—such as the [[Rings of Power]] and the far seeing ''[[palantíri]]''. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as [[Númenor]], [[Gondor]], and [[Moria]].

His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever. Saruman's voice was so powerful that he was able to convince the [[Witch-king]] that he knew nothing of the One-Ring or the Shire. His voice was not hypnotic, however, rather it was persuasive; and the real danger the voice posed to the listener was not them falling into a trance, but agreeing with it.

Aside from his voice, Saruman has other subtle abilities such as giving great speed and motivation to his orcs at a distance and setting his will against all those in his dominion that might oppose him. Aragorn takes note of this ability while tracking the party of orcs holding Merry and Pippin hostage. Saruman also seems to be able to move around totally unheard by others, as there are numerous examples of him using this ability. Several examples include his sneaking up on [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]'s camp in [[The Riders of Rohan]], his wholly unheard entrance in [[The Voice of Saruman]] and his quiet but sudden appearance to the hobbits in [[The Scouring of the Shire]].

Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his [[Uruk-hai]] army in the battle of [[Helm's Deep]], was probably some kind of explosive). Machinery and engines characterized both his fortified [[Isengard]] and his altered [[the Shire|Shire]]. In this, he probably sought to emulate [[Sauron]]. His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the Uruk-hai. His mannish spies in [[Bree]] were said to have Orc blood. He also employed birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to [[Radagast]] the Brown, ordering them to report to [[Orthanc]], Saruman's stronghold.

Being regarded as more powerful than [[Gandalf]] (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.

Saruman, in his desire to imitate Sauron, attemped to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the Ring-maker". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and the any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.

===Personality===
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in character, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realized Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council.

Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards the Gandalf) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Saruman's betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time, until at last he had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path, and that it was too late now to repent. This false belief kept him from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realized this he only became more bitter, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his own downfall.

==Politics==

===Men===
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.

No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of [[Gondor]], receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.

When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from [[Dunland]], and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in [[Calenardhon]] before the ''Strawheads''. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create [[Half-orcs]].

Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's council Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other councilors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.

===Elves===
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.

Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring [[Narya]] by [[Círdan]] the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.

Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.

Even though Isengard lay very close to [[Lothlórien]], Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted [[Galadriel]] and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===Orcs===
Saruman probably drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the [[Misty Mountains]], and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of [[Wargs|Warg]]-mounted Orcs.

He also bred Orcs in Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably [[Dunlendings]]). This programme apparently also involved feeding these Orcs Man-flesh.

His [[Uruk-hai]] army displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognized these from their earlier capture.

Saruman's servants called him "[[Sharkey]]" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.

===Ents/Trees===
Saruman made contact with the Ents in [[Fangorn Forest]] shortly after he settled in [[Isengard]]. The oldest of the Ents, [[Treebeard]] received him and gave him free access to the forest.

Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.

The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard—or sometimes for no reason at all.

The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.

Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).

Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.

===Hobbits===
The race of [[Hobbits]] and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.

He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]].

His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep [[the One Ring]] from him.

This, and the sudden urgency caused by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.

He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on [[Peregrin Took]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who clearly catalysed events.

This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.

At his final utter defeat by [[Battle of Bywater|a Hobbit uprising]], his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate [[Frodo Baggins]]. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.

===Valar/Maiar/Wizards===
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, amazed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought to supplant Sauron as the Dark Lord, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power than himself.

Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of [[Yavanna]], yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two [[Blue Wizards]], and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy.

Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him"—that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.

Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspicion about [[The One Ring|Bilbo's Ring]] and [[Narya]], secret.

Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolizing (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One for himself.

In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire.

When matters came to a head, Saruman sought to make Gandalf an ally in his plans. This was probably not just out of practical politics, but also of respect and a sense of companionship and shared destiny. And possibly out of hope, being daunted by the proposition of becoming Sauron's servant alone.

Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf the White", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).

Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realizing his predicament, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.

== Animals==
Saruman had control over many birds, probably through Radagast. These spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them [[Wargs]], a sort of intelligent demon-wolf.

==Etymology==
''Saruman'' is a [[Mannish]] translation of [[Quenya]] ''[[Curumo]]'', his original name in [[Valinor]] as a Maia; and [[Sindarin]] ''[[Curunír]]'' which is supposedly the same name (with the ending ''[[dîr|-ndîr]]'' "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" or "Cunning One" (root ''[[curu]]'' "skill").<ref name=RC81>{{HM|RC}}, p. 81</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|website=Arda}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]], ed.|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/ Hiswelókë]}}</ref>

''Saruman'' is derived from [[Old English]]: the root word ''searu'' means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".<ref name=RC81/>

His name in [[Sindarin]] was ''Curunír 'Lân''.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Saruman.jpg|thumb|right|Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]]]
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[Robert Farquharson]].

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Fraser Kerr]] provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called "Ruman",<ref>[http://www.ralphbakshi.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=5&pos=69 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery] at [http://www.ralphbakshi.com Ralphbakshi.com] (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> but prior to recording, this was changed to "Aruman". However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Saruman is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Peter Howell]] played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book. Excerpts from [[The Hunt for the Ring]] are dramatised to flesh out Gandalf's escape from Isengard, and the Nazgul's pursuit. In the final episode Saruman's death at the hands of Wormtongue at Bag End is included.
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Lee]] as Saruman in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Saruman was played by [[Christopher Lee]]. The film did not depict Saruman's adoption of the title "Saruman of Many Colours". The film also did not include the [[Scouring of the Shire]], but Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, showing his encounter with Gandalf and Théoden. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|extended edition of ''The Return of the King'']], Gríma stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]'':'''
[[File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Saruman-1.png|thumb|200px|Saruman in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
: Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the ''Rise of Isengard'' expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as {{TA|3018}}, as well as [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[Eregion]], [[Enedwaith]], [[Dunland]], [[Gap of Rohan]], outskirts of the [[Fangorn Forest]] and even [[Moria]].
:In the storyline of ''Rise of Isengard'' Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of [[Nan Curunír]] and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
:A major storyline is derived from a single line in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Christopher Lee]] reprised his role as Saruman.<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> He appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Elrond]]. He is skeptical about the appearance of a [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when he participates in the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], he sees for himself that Sauron has returned, and says he will take it upon himself to keep an eye on the Dark Lord.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Saruman|Images of Saruman]]

{{References}}

{{Ainur}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Wizards]]

[[de:Saruman]]
[[fa:سارومان]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari/saruman]]
[[fi:Saruman]]

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2015-06-19T18:43:11Z

Leopold Break: I added more coding examples.

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{{{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}

</noinclude>

==Style attributes==
The appearance of the boxes may be controlled by the optional template parameters ''border'' and ''boxstyle''. The former sets the width of the box border in pixels, while the latter can be used to append arbitrary [[w:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] declarations directly to the box style attributes.

For example, the following code:
<pre style="overflow:auto;">
{{familytree/start |summary=Box 1 married to Box 2, with children Box 3 and Box 4}}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | FOO |y| BAR | |FOO=Box 1|BAR=Box 2}}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | FOO | | BAR | |FOO=Box 3|BAR=Box 4}}
{{familytree/end}}

</pre>produces a result like this:

{{familytree/start |summary=Box 1 married to Box 2, with children Box 3 and Box 4}}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | FOO |y| BAR | |FOO=Box 1|BAR=Box 2}}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | FOO | | BAR | |FOO=Box 3|BAR=Box 4}}
{{familytree/end}}

Style attributes can even be set for individual boxes, as in the example below:

<pre style="overflow:auto;">
{{familytree/start |White box with three children Red box, Green box, Blue box, all married to each other}}
{{familytree| | | | |WHITE| | | | |WHITE=White box}}<br>{{familytree| |,|-|-|'|!|`|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree|RED |~|GREEN|~|BLUE |RED=Red box|GREEN=Green box|BLUE=Blue box|boxstyle_RED =background-color: #faa;|boxstyle_GREEN=background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_BLUE =background-color: #aaf;}}
{{familytree/end}}

</pre>which produces the output:

{{familytree/start |White box with three children Red box, Green box, Blue box, all married to each other}}
{{familytree| | | | |WHITE| | | | |WHITE=White box}}{{familytree| |,|-|-|'|!|`|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree|RED |~|GREEN|~|BLUE |RED=Red box|GREEN=Green box|BLUE=Blue box|boxstyle_RED =background-color: #faa;|boxstyle_GREEN=background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_BLUE =background-color: #aaf;}}
{{familytree/end}}

'''NOTE:''' When specifying style attributes for individual named boxes, make sure the box names are aligned to the '''left''' side of area reserved for them in the template call (as in "<code>|RED  |</code>" instead of "<code>| RED |</code>" in the example above). Otherwise the template will end up looking for a style parameter with spaces in its name.

Ainur

2015-06-19T15:57:35Z

Leopold Break: I do not think Ainur "are children of Ilúvatar", neither do I think it was told in Ainulindalë.

{{race
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Ainulindale.jpg|250px]]
| name=Ainur
| dominions=[[Timeless Halls]], [[Arda]], [[Almaren]], [[Aman]]
| languages=[[Valarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]], [[Khuzdul]], [[Black Speech]], etc.
| height=
| skincolor=
| haircolor=
| distinctions=[[Immortality]]
| lifespan=Immortal
| members= [[Melkor]], [[Manwë]], [[Ulmo]], [[Varda]], [[Aulë]], [[Yavanna]], [[Mandos]], [[Sauron]], [[Gothmog]], [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]]
}}
{{Pronounce|Ainur.mp3|Ardamir}}
The '''Ainur''' (pronounced {{IPA|[ˈaɪnur]}}; singular '''Ainu''') were divine [[Spirits (creatures)|spirits]], the 'Holy Ones'. They were the first beings created by [[Ilúvatar]], the 'order' of the [[Valar]] and [[Maiar]], made before [[Eä]].<ref name="Ainu">{{S|Ainu}}</ref>

==Origins of the Ainur==
The Ainur were the first, and mightiest, beings created by [[Ilúvatar]] before the beginning of the World. The Ainur were the "offspring of [[Ilúvatar]]'s thought", and each was given understanding only of that part of the mind of Ilúvatar from which they came. The exception to this was [[Melkor]], the greatest of the Ainur, who had a part of the gifts of all the others.

Although all Ainur are made of the thought of Ilúvatar, in His mind some were siblings. Thus for instance, [[Melkor]] and [[Manwë]] were considered brothers.

The Ainur were "kindled with the [[Flame Imperishable]]". Ilúvatar instructed them in music, until he brought them together to make the [[Music of the Ainur]]; the great song that created the Vision of Ilúvatar and ultimately the real World.<ref name="Ainu"/>

==The Ainur and the World==
Through the Music of the Ainur, Ilúvatar created a Vision of the World, and explained much of its nature and destiny to them - so the Ainur have much knowledge of the World, but are not omniscient. Then [[Ilúvatar]] granted the World true being. Many of the Ainur desired to descend into it and form it in readiness for the coming of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] ([[Elves]] and [[Men]]).<ref name="Ainu"/> Fourteen of these great Ainur became the [[Valar]], or Powers of [[Arda]].<ref>{{S|IIb}}</ref> The fifteenth, Melkor, turned aside from that path and became known as [[Morgoth]], the Dark Enemy.<ref>{{S|IId}}</ref> The many lesser Ainur that accompanied the Valar into [[Arda]] are known as [[Maiar]].<ref>{{S|IIc}}</ref>

Those Ainur who entered the World at its beginning remain bound to it until its end.<ref name="Ainu"/> Though Melkor was eventually thrown into the [[Void]] by the others, he is prophesied to return before the end.<ref name="Istari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref> Little is known of the ultimate future of the Ainur, even by themselves, but it is said that, after the great battle at the end of the World, they will make a Second, even greater, Music with the [[Children of Ilúvatar]].

The Ainur are angelic beings, nonetheless they do possess gender. Those who later descended to Arda took on common male and female forms to appear to the Elves in, and have an inherent male or female gender even when formless. This is because their gender is based on their being, which is independent of any physical form they may assume.<ref name="Ainu"/>

==Nature of the Ainur==
The Ainur are [[fëa]]r and are [[immortal]], but unlike the [[Children of Ilúvatar]], they do not actually need [[hröa]]r. Nevertheless, they can take tangible physical form called [[Fána]], but this is a manifestation of their spirit and they do not technically have bodies the way [[Elves]] and [[Men]] do. As such, an Ainu cannot quite be killed. However, Ainur's spirits can be weakened, in ways that hinder their ability to take shapes, influence the world, or even affect the world at all.<ref>{{L|200}}</ref>

For example, [[Sauron]]'s spirit was repeatedly weakened by successive damage when he was defeated by [[Huan]] in the form of a [[Werewolf]];<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref> in the [[Downfall of Númenor]] which destroyed his ability to take fair form;<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] when he lost the ability to take a physical form,<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> and had to regain his power in the [[East]] for about 1000 years;<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> and finally with the destruction of [[the One Ring]] which broke his ability to affect the world at all, reducing his spirit to a state that could no longer do harm.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref> None of these things killed Sauron outright. A similar fate faced [[Saruman]] when he was murdered by [[Gríma]]—because of his evil deeds, his spirit was allowed to fade as Sauron's spirit faded.<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref>

But when [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]] was killed by [[Durin's Bane]], not only was he brought back, but his spirit was significantly restrengthened into an even more powerful form, [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]].<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

[[Morgoth|Melkor]] though was the most powerful of the Ainur (greater than the rest of the Valar combined), and his spirit, instead of fading away, was exiled from [[Arda]] altogether through the [[Door of Night]] into the [[Void]]. It's prophesied that Melkor would return at the [[Final Battle|Dagor Dagorath]] in Arda's last days for one final confrontation against the Valar and the Children of Ilúvatar. In this confrontation, it is stated that he is "destroyed".<ref name="Istari"/>

==The Line of Melian==
One of the [[Maiar]] named [[Melian]], alone of all the Ainur, wedded an [[Elves|Elf]], King Elu [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]].<ref>{{S|Thingol}}</ref> From her, a strain of the Ainur entered the bloodlines of the [[Elves]] and [[Men]], passed down through generations. [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]] were Melian's descendants as well as the [[Kings of Númenor]] and their heirs.

==Etymology==
The word ''Ainu'' is [[Quenya]] and is related to words for "holiness" such as ''[[aina]]'';<ref>{{S|Appendix}} ''aina''</ref> the female form (for beings like Melian or [[Arien|Árien]], is given as '''Aini'''.

Supposedly it is derived from the original [[Valarin]] word for Ainur which was '''Ayanûz'''.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 399</ref>

They are also referred to as Great Ones or Holy Ones.<ref name="Ainu"/>

{{references}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[de:Ainur]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/ainur/ainur]]
[[fi:Ainur]]

Orthanc

2015-06-18T13:17:12Z

Leopold Break:

{{location
|image=[[Image:Alan Lee - Orthanc.jpg|250px]]
|name=Orthanc
|type=Tower
|location=[[Isengard]]
|inhabitants=[[Dúnedain]]<br/>[[Gondorians]]<br/>[[Saruman]]
|realms=[[Isengard]] as part of [[Gondor]]<ref name="UTIsen">{{UT|Isen}}, Appendix (ii)</ref><br/>[[Treegarth of Orthanc]] as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]<ref name="RKPartings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref>
|description=Carved black Tower
|events=[[Battle of Isengard]]
}}
<center>{{Quote|They came now to the foot of Orthanc. It was black, and the rock gleamed as if it were wet.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="TTVoice">{{TT|Voice}}</ref>}}</center>
'''Orthanc''' was the impregnable tower of [[Isengard]] built by the [[Dúnedain]] during the [[Second Age]].<ref>{{FR|Council}}; {{S|V}}</ref>

==Description==
The tower of Orthanc was composed of four welded pillars of many-sided stone that stood in the centre of the [[Ring of Isengard]] like an island, roughly half a mile from the rim.<ref name="TTRoad" />

At its peak the tower reached a height of just over five hundred feet. The colour of the rock was a deep, gleaming black. At Orthanc's pinnacle the four piers opened out to form four pinnacles of sharp rock; between these isles of rock there was a narrow, polished floor on which many strange signs were written.<ref name="TTRoad" />

{{blockquote|There stood a tower of marvellous shape. It was fashioned by the builders of old, who smoothed the Ring of Isengard, and yet it seemed a thing not made by the craft of Men, but riven from the bones of the earth in the ancient torment of the hills.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="TTRoad">{{TT|Road}}</ref>}}

==History==
===Second Age===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Orthanc in the Second Age.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Orthanc in the Second Age'']]
The exact date of the construction of Orthanc and the establishment of the fortress of [[Isengard]] is unknown. However it must have been built between {{SA|3320}}, the year in which [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] were established, and {{SA|3430}}, when the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] was first formed.<ref name="AppB1">{{App|B1}}</ref> Within Orthanc was placed one of the ''[[Palantíri]]'', the [[Orthanc-stone]]. Thus, Orthanc became one of the seven [[Dúnedain]] towers which stored the seeing stones that had been brought from [[Númenor]].<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref>
===Third Age===
The region of [[Calenardhon]] was never densely populated; indeed it suffered greatly in the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} and many inhabitants of Númenórean descent gradually migrated eastward. Eventually the tower of Orthanc itself became deserted, and [[Key of Orthanc|its keys]] were removed to [[Minas Tirith]] and held in the keeping of the [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]].<ref name="UTPalantiri">{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

In {{TA|2510}},<ref name="UTIsen" /> after the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]], the lands of [[Calenardhon]] were ceded to the [[Éothéod]] and [[Eorl]] became the first king of [[Rohan]]. Nonetheless Gondor retained control of the fortress of Isengard, and Orthanc remained the third tower of the southern realm. During this time Isengard was manned by a small number of Gondorians led by a hereditary Captain. However the keys of Orthanc were kept by the Stewards of Gondor.<ref name="UTCirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>

Over time the links and correspondence between Isengard and [[Minas Tirith]] became ever more infrequent; whilst retaining the keys of Orthanc, the Stewards forsook the tower as their thoughts looked eastwards. Eventually the line of Gondorian chieftains failed and the people mingled ever more with the [[Dunlendings]]. They even allowed them entry into Isengard and eventually the two peoples willingly merged into one. Thus it was that Isengard came under the control of the Dunlendings who led numerous raids on the [[Westfold]]. Whilst the Rohirrim had not the strength to assail the fortress, the Dunlendings were eventually starved out in the great famine after the [[Long Winter]]. Therefore both [[Fréaláf|King Fréaláf]] and [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Steward Beren]] greatly welcomed [[Saruman|Saruman's]] offer to take command of Isengard. Thus it was that, in {{TA|2759}},<ref name="AppStewards">{{App|Stewards}}</ref> the wizard was given the keys of Orthanc.<ref name="UTIsen" />

Saruman began to desire [[The One Ring|the ring]] for himself and hoped that it might reveal itself by giving [[Sauron]] time to re-gain his strength. As head of the [[White Council]], Saruman overruled Gandalf's call for an attack on [[Dol Guldur]] in {{TA|2851}}. However, in {{TA|2941}}, after Saruman discovered that the servants of Sauron were searching for the ring near [[Gladden Fields]], he agreed to attack Sauron's fortress in [[Mirkwood]]. After the last meeting of the White Council in {{TA|2953}}, Saruman withdrew to [[Isengard]] and fortified it. It was in ''circa'' {{TA|3000}} that Saruman used the [[Orthanc-stone]] for the first time. Thus it was that Sauron corrupted Saruman's mind and bent it to his will.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref>

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Gandalf Escapes Upon Gwaihir.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Gandalf Escapes Upon Gwaihir'']]
{{Blockquote|Gandalf the Grey caught like a fly in a spider's treacherous web!|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="FRCouncil">{{FR|Council}}</ref>}}
In {{TA|3018}}, [[Gandalf]] rode to the foot of Orthanc and there met [[Saruman]]. It was then that Saruman revealed his true thoughts to Gandalf. He declared his desire to become a ruler of [[Men]] and to join with [[Sauron]]. But, most importantly, he announced his desire for [[The One Ring]]. Gandalf refused to submit to Sauron and Saruman. Subsequently, Saruman had Gandalf taken to the pinnacle of Orthanc where, Saruman schemed, Gandalf would stay until he reveal the location of the ring or until Sauron reclaimed it for himself. There Gandalf was trapped and for the first time he saw [[wolves]] and [[orcs]] in the valley of Isengard below. After many weeks of imprisonment,<ref group="note">[[Gandalf]] was imprisoned on [[10 July]], {{TA|3018}} and escaped in the early hours of [[18 September]], {{TA|3018|n}}.</ref> Gandalf escaped as [[Gwaihir]] the [[Eagles|Great Eagle]] came unlooked-for to Orthanc and bore him away.<ref name="FRCouncil"/>

On [[2 March]], {{TA|3019}}, the [[Ents]] of [[Fangorn Forest]] began their [[Battle of Isengard|attack on Isengard]]. By the next day, the Ents have completely subdued Isengard.<ref name="AppB3">{{App|B3}}</ref> [[File:Ted Nasmith - The Wrath of the Ents.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Wrath of the Ents'']]
However, their attacks on Orthanc proved futile because the rock of the tower was too hard for the Ents to damage. Therein Saruman remained.<ref name="TTFlotsam">{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref> On [[5 March]], [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], [[Gandalf]], [[Aragorn]], [[Legolas]], and [[Gimli]] approached the foot of Orthanc and climbed its stair until they reached the door. There they parleyed with Saruman, who remained inside the tower and spoke to them from a balcony above the door. Saruman refused to co-operate and subsequently Gandalf cast him from the [[Istari|order of Wizards]] and the [[White Council]], and broke Saruman's staff. After this confrontation, [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], who was also inside Orthanc, threw the [[Orthanc-stone|''palantír'' of Orthanc]] at the party outside as a parting shot.<ref name="TTVoice"/>

A week before [[22 August]], {{TA|3019}},<ref name="AppB3"/> when [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] and company arrived at Orthanc, Saruman had departed Isengard with Gríma Wormtongue. However, before he left, [[Treebeard]] made him lock the tower and hand over the keys of Orthanc.<ref name="RKPartings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===Fourth Age===
One of [[Aragorn|King Elessar's]] first tasks in the re-ordering of his realm was the restoration of Orthanc. He ordered that the [[Palantíri|palantír]] recovered from [[Saruman]] should be returned to the tower. It was then that the tower was searched and many secrets were revealed. It became clear that Saruman had hoarded many ancient treasures and heirlooms. They found that, with the aid of [[Gríma|Wormtongue]], Saruman had acquired jewels and heirlooms of [[Eorl]]. With the help of [[Gimli]] a hidden door was found and opened. Inside a casket found on a shelf they found two precious items. One was a small golden case attached to a chain; this was used by [[Isildur]] to bear [[the One Ring]]. The second item in the casket was the [[Elendilmir]], the "white star of Elvish crystal upon a fillet of ''[[mithril]]''" that had been lost since Isildur's demise. Elessar recieved the Elemdilmir with reverence and took it with him as he established his full kingship of [[Arnor]]. It was clear that Saruman had found the remains of Isildur and that he had probably burned the body.<ref name="UTIsen" />

Orthanc and the lands of Isengard remained part of the [[Reunited Kingdom|Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor]]. However King Elessar granted the [[Ents]] complete self-governance of the area surrounding Orthanc. This new forest became known as the [[Treegarth of Orthanc]].<ref name="RKPartings" />

==Etymology==
{{Transcribed|Tengwar Orthanc.png|Orthanc|Tengwar, Sindarin mode}}

''Orthanc'' displays a curious double etymology (co-existing "by design or chance") since it has a meaning both in the "[[Rohirric|language of the Mark of old]]" (rendered as [[Old English]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'') and [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s constructed language [[Sindarin]].<ref name=Ui>{{HM|RC}}, p. 243 (citing the "[[Unfinished index]]")</ref><ref name=TTRoad /> Tolkien regarded this coincidence as an 'accident'.<ref name="UTIstari">{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

In Old English, ''Orthanc'' is said to mean "Cunning Mind".<ref name=TTRoad/> [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] has noted that Old English ''orþanc'' as a noun means "original, inborn thought" or "a skilful contrivance or work, artifice, device, design"; as an adjective it means "cunning, skilful".<ref name=Ui/> Cf. the meaning of Saruman's name "the one of cunning devices" or "Man of Skil".<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref>

In the published text, ''Orthanc'' is said to mean "Mount Fang" in [[Elvish]].<ref name=TTRoad/> In other sources, the name is glossed as "forked-height".<ref name=Ui/><ref>{{S|Appendix}} (glossed as "Forked Height")</ref> The name is likely supposed to be Sindarin,<ref name=Ui/> consisting of ''[[or]]'' + ''[[thanc]]''.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.tolkiendil.com/langues/english/i-lam_arth/compound_sindarin_names#o|articlename=Compound Sindarin Names in Middle-earth|website=[http://www.tolkiendil.com/ Tolkiendil]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

==Tolkien's changing conception of Orthanc==
{{Gallery
|title=Sketches by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
|height=300
|width=250
|lines=4
|File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Orthanc I.jpg|This sketch reflects Tolkien's description of Orthanc in an early manuscript of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
|File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Orthanc.jpg|This sketch complements best Tolkien's description of Orthanc in {{TT|III8}}
}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Orthanc in Adaptations
|height=140
|width=200
|lines=3
|File:Orthanc film.jpg|Orthanc in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:Orthanc EA RotK.png|Orthanc in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' video game]]:'''
|File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Orthanc concept art.jpg|Concept art of '''Orthanc''' in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''
|File:LOTRO-Rise of Isengard-Orthanc-1-.png|'''Orthanc''' in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard]]''
}}
===Films===
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Orthanc and [[Barad-dûr]] are presented as ''The Two Towers'' identified in the title of the film. Tolkien himself was never certain about which two towers ''The Two Towers'' referred to; in [[Letter 140]] noted his disapproval of the title itself but also stated that the title was deliberately ambiguous. Indeed it could refer to Orthanc and Barad-dûr, Minas Tirith and Barad-dûr, or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol.<ref>{{L|140}};{{L|143}}</ref> Later Tolkien seemed to settle with Orthanc and Minas Morgul in his original design for the jacket of ''The Two Towers''.<ref>{{L|140|1}}</ref> However the producers of ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' decided that, for theatrical and stylistic purposes, ''The Two Towers'' should refer to the towers of Orthanc and Barad-dûr.

===Games===
'''2004: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Orthanc is part of the scenery in the mission "The Road to Isengard", visible as Gandalf makes his way to the dam.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]], "The Road to Isengard"</ref> It also appears in cutscenes at various stages of the game.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Orthanc will feature in the new region, [[Isengard]], added to [[Lord of the Rings Online]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Olivetti|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2011/04/21/through-turbines-palantir-developers-outline-lotros-future/|articlename=Through Turbine's palantír: Developers outline LotRO's future|dated=21-April-2011|website=[http://massively.joystiq.com/ MASSIVELY by joystiq]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Orthanc|Images of Orthanc]]
*[[Isengard]]

{{References|n}}
[[Category:Misty Mountains]]
[[Category:Towers]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Orthanc]]
[[fi:Orthanc]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/orthanc]]

User talk:Mith/2015

2015-05-11T23:21:22Z

Leopold Break: /* Reminding */

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<span style="letter-spacing:.2em;"><nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~</span>'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>

== Hans-Ulrich Möhring ==

Hey Mith! I saw, that you deleted the article about the German translator Hans-Ulrich Möhring (''The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún'') with the comment ''"Just not notable enough"''. Möhring was now responsible for the German translation of another posthum released work. ''The Fall of Arthur'' will be published under the title ''König Arthurs Untergang'' on 21 March, 2015 in Germany, translated by Hans-Ulrich Möhring. I think, that two translations of complex lyrics by J.R.R. Tolkien are enough to legitimate the existence of an article about him. What do you think? --[[User:Sigismond|Sigismond]] 09:08, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

:For me, no (although others might take a different view). We have a painful habit on TG of creating articles about individuals which are essentially one line: "X is a Y who worked on Z." Is there anything (verifiable) to say about Möhring as translator of ''Sigurd and Gudrún'' and ''The Fall of Arthur'' beyond the fact that he translated them? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 09:14, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

::I see what you mean. To write something about his translation work on ''The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún'' (in my opinion) would make no sense in an English Wiki, so the only mentionable point would be the fact, that Möhring corresponded with Tom Shippey while translating. If you think, that the article is of no importance for Tolkien Gateway, then it's ok. I just wanted to know the reasons. --[[User:Sigismond|Sigismond]] 09:32, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

:::If he'd corresponded with Tolkien himself then that would put him in a different category, in my view. My fear is having an article that essentially doesn't really tell the reader anything. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 19:26, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

== Page merging question ==

Hey Mith, I went ahead and tackled merging [[Sea-elves]] into [[Teleri]]. I wasn't sure if my method of merging the pages was right: I copied the wiki-edit text to the other page and edited it some, then marked the original page for deletion. I changed the links that lead to Sea-elves to [[Falmari]] or Teleri where needed. I wasn't sure if this was good or if I needed to do anything else/something different. [[User:Xsys|xsys]] 19:39, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

:Hi xsys, and welcome to Tolkien Gateway! To merge a page we transfer the appropriate content and turn the page into a redirect (i.e. we don't mark it for deletion) - the reason for this is so people who search for "Sea-elves" will be taken to the Teleri page, for example. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 20:30, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

::That makes sense. Thanks! [[User:Xsys|xsys]] 20:33, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

==Images==

Good evening. This is [[User talk:2.84.120.176|User2.84.120.176]]. Could you upload upload more images on the page [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]];I dont have this ability, but you do have this ability. Upload and put these NEW images on the Category:Images from The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.OK; {{unsignedanon|2.84.120.176}}

:Thanks for getting in touch. Remembering that the DVD of ''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies'' isn't out yet (and therefore screencaps aren't so easy to obtain), do you have any particular images in mind? Or, perhaps you could [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup sign up to Tolkien Gateway] and upload them yourself? --{{User:Mith/sig}} 11:02, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

==Reminding==

Hi Mith, I wonder if you could please check your email? I've sent you a request a week ago :) [[User:Leopold Break|Leopold Break]] 10:06, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

:I have received the email but I passed it onto [[User:Hyarion]] to respond. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:46, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

::Thanks a lot. Anyway, I hope that he could reply to us soon, since, as it seems, he does not appear frequently. So here I put this forward again, mean not in the slightest to bother you. We are eager to make contact with Alan Lee, so I would be appreciated if you could give me the email address of him. [[User:Leopold Break|Leopold Break]] 16:44, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

:::I generally don't give out other people's email addresses without their permission. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 21:22, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

:::I must apologize for my rudeness and discourtesy. [[User:Leopold Break|Leopold Break]] 23:21, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

User talk:Mith/2015

2015-05-11T16:44:27Z

Leopold Break: /* Reminding */

User talk:Mith/2015

2015-05-11T10:06:57Z

Leopold Break:

Bolg

2015-05-06T20:15:35Z

Leopold Break:

__NOTOC__
{{orc infobox
|image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Bolg.jpg|250px]]
|name=Bolg
| pronun=
| othernames="Bolg of the North"<ref name=H17/>
| titles=
| position=[[Orcs|Orc]]-chieftain
| location=[[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{TA|2941}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Five Armies]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=[[Azog]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Orcs]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=Scimitar
}}
'''Bolg of the North''' was an Orc warlord.
==History==
Bolg was the son of [[Azog]],<ref name=H17>{{H|17}}</ref> who succeeded his father as leader of the northern [[Orcs]] after Azog was killed by [[Dáin Ironfoot]] at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in [[Third Age]] {{TA|2799|n}}.<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref> This started Bolg's hatred towards the [[Dwarves]] and after the [[Great Goblin]] was killed during an encounter with [[Thorin and Company]] in {{TA|2941}}, his hatred for them grew even more.{{fact}}

Bolg gathered an army of Orcs from the [[Misty Mountains]] to their capital at [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]]. They marched eastward through the [[Grey Mountains]] with a host of [[Wargs]] and a cloud of [[bats]] overhead.<ref name=H17/>

Once they reached the [[Lonely Mountain]], Bolg led the Orcs and Wargs into battle with the Dwarves, [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]], and [[Lake-men]]. Surrounding him was a group of huge Orcs with steel scimitars.<ref name=H17/> When [[Thorin]] attempted to pierce their ranks he became surrounded, and would later die from the wounds he sustained. The [[Eagles]] arrived and after them came [[Beorn]] in the shape of a bear. Beorn killed Bolg and the Orcs and Wargs were soon defeated.<ref>{{H|18}}</ref>

==Etymology==
There have been several attempts to give a meaning of the name ''Bolg''. One is a regular [[Orkish]] treatment of ''[[Boldog]]'', another a connection to [[Westron]] ''[[Bolger Family#Etymology|bolg]]''.

In ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'', a word from a little known and little expanded language, ''[[Mágol]]'', is given, ''bolg'', which means "strong". [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] at one time considered making Mágol an Orkish language. An [[wikipedia:Primitive Irish|Ivernian]] word "bolg", of unknown meaning, is also cited by [[John D. Rateliff|Rateliff]].<ref>{{HM|RB}}, p. 710</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Bolg.jpg|thumb|right|Bolg as he ultimately appears in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]]]
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Bolg is played by [[wikipedia:Conan Stevens|Conan Stevens]] (via practical costume) in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'', by [[wikipedia:Lawrence Makoare|Lawrence Makoare]] (via motion-capture and CG) in ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'', and by [[wikipedia:John Tui|John Tui]] (also via motion-capture and CG) in ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''.

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:Bolg makes a brief appearance during the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]]<ref name="TORNBolg">{{webcite|author=MrCere|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/04/22/55228-exclusive-hobbits-conan-stevens-chats-with-torn/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Hobbit’s’ Conan Stevens chats with TORn|dated=22-April-2012|website=TORN|accessed=05-September-2012}}</ref> (though he is never actually identified as being Bolg in the film), where he is seen fighting against [[Dwalin]] during the flashback to the battle outside [[Moria]], until he is incapacitated and knocked down.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:Azog (who survives the War of the Dwarves and Orcs in the films) is summoned to [[Dol Guldur]] to become the commander of [[Sauron]]'s Orc armies. While there, [[Azog]] dispatches his son Bolg to take his place in hunting Thorin and Company. With his pack of Orcs, Bolg tracks Thorin and Company through [[Mirkwood]], attacks the Wood-elves as the Company escapes in barrels, and eventually follows the [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] to [[Lake-town]].
:At Lake-town, Bolg and his Orcs attack the peoples in search of the Dwarves, but find only four. When they attack, they are in turn attacked by two [[Elves]]: [[Legolas]] and [[Tauriel]]. He goes after Legolas, and the two begin a duel (in which Legolas uses [[Orcrist]], the weapon of [[Thorin]]). While Legolas is distracted by other Orcs, Bolg withdraws and rides a Warg down a dock. He is then pursued by Legolas, now on a horse.

'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''
:He is first seen in this film when he meets his father who is leading Sauron's forces to capture [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. When he realises [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves]] will come to Erebor, Azog sends Bolg to lead a separate Orc army detachment raised in [[Gundabad]]. Arriving with an advance force, he aids his father against Thorin [[Oakenshield]]'s commando team on [[Ravenhill]], nearly kills the Elf Tauriel, and slays the Dwarf [[Kíli]] when he comes to her defense. Soon afterwards, however, he is confronted and killed by Legolas, who drives one of his battle-knives into his head. Bolg's body subsequently falls of the mountain and is crushed by a boulder falling on top of it.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Bolg|Images of Bolg]]

{{References}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[Category:Orcs]]
[[Category:Orkish words]]
[[de:Bolg]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:orques:bolg]]
[[fi:Bolg]]

Thain

2015-05-05T07:55:13Z

Leopold Break:

[[File:Gregor Roffalski - Thain Peregrin I.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Gregor Roffalski]] - ''Thain Peregrin I'']]
The '''Thain''' was an office of great respect in [[the Shire]]. The Thain was master of the [[Shire-moot]] and captain of the [[Shire-muster]] and [[Hobbitry-in-arms]].<ref name="Order">{{FR|Ordering}}</ref>

==History==
For nearly four hundred years after its foundation, the Shire had been part of the lands of [[Arthedain]], and under the rule of that land's [[Kings of Arthedain|King]]. Ultimately, Arthedain fell to the forces of [[Angmar]], and its last King, [[Arvedui]], was lost in {{TA|1975}},<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> leaving the [[Shire-hobbits]] without a ruler. They remedied this by choosing a new leader from among themselves, [[Bucca of the Marish]], who was given the title ''thain'', a word simply meaning "chief" in [[Hobbitish|their dialect]].

In origin a military office, Thainship passed strictly through the male line.<ref name=Letter>{{L|214}}</ref>

Bucca and his descendants, a family known as the [[Oldbucks]], served as Shire-thain for twelve generations. The twelfth Thain, one [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]], left the Shire and crossed the River [[Brandywine]] to found [[Buckland]].<ref name="Conspiracy">{{FR|I5}}</ref> With his departure, the Thainship passed to a new line, the [[Took Family|Tooks]], and specifically to [[Isumbras Took I]].<ref name="Order"/>; thenceforth, the thain would be sometimes called simply "the Took".<ref name="Order"/>

As a rule, the Thain was also the head of the Took clan and the [[Great Smials]], but the two offices were not identical; one example illustrating the difference was the case of Thain Ferumbras III: He inherited the Thainship from his father, Fortinbras II, but his mother [[Lalia Clayhanger]] remained the head of the Tooks.<ref name=Letter/>

From Isumbras I, the line of the Took Shire-thains continued unbroken to the time of the [[War of the Ring]] and beyond with Peregrin I when thainship became also a Counsellor office of the [[Reunited Kingdom|North Kingdom]].<ref name="Later">{{App|Later}}</ref>

The last recorded Thain was his son, [[Faramir Took I]], the thirty-fourth to hold the title of Shire-thain.<ref name="Later"/> The fact that both he and his father [[Peregrin Took]] are recorded as the first of that name shows that there must have been more Thains after this time, and the office clearly lasted well into the [[Fourth Age]].

==Line of Thains==
{{cleanup}}
It is known that there were at least thirty-three Shire-thains, from Bucca, who became Thain in [[Third Age 1979]], to Faramir I, who took on the title in [[Fourth Age 63]], more than a thousand years later.

* '''I''' [[Bucca of the Marish]] (Thain from Third Age 1979)<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> - The first Thain was given the title in 1979 (379 by the [[Shire-reckoning]]) in a time when the northern lands were recovering from a devastating war in which the old kingdom of Arthedain had come to an end. He was succeeded by Thains of the Oldbuck line.
* '''II-XI''' Ten Thains of the Oldbuck line (Thains for about 300 years to [[Third Age 2340]])<ref name="TA"/> - Bucca was followed by Thains whose names are not recorded, but who took the surname ''Oldbuck'' in honour of their ancestor.
* '''XII''' [[Gorhendad Oldbuck]] (Thain to [[Third Age 2340]])<ref name="TA"/> - The line of the Oldbucks came to an end with Gorhendad, who crossed the River Brandywine and founded Buckland, changing his name to Brandybuck.<ref name="Conspiracy"/> The Thainship passed from him to the Took family, and Gorhendad was succeeded by the first Thain of the Took line.
* '''XIII''' [[Isumbras Took I|Isumbras I]] (Thain from [[Third Age 2340]])<ref name="TA"/> - The thirteenth Thain in line from Bucca, and the first of the Took line. Isumbras' descendants would hold the Thainship for the rest of the recorded history of the Shire.
* '''XIV-XXI''' Eight Thains of the Took line (Thains for about two hundred years to [[Third Age 2683]]) - The eight Tooks to hold the Thainship after Isumbras I are nowhere named, but we can infer some of their identities from the names of later holders of the office. Among these eight must have been [[Isengrim Took I|Isengrim I]], [[Ferumbras Took I|Ferumbras I]], [[Paladin Took I|Paladin I]] and [[Isumbras Took II|Isumbras II]], but no records of their Thainships are known.
* '''XXII''' [[Isengrim Took II|Isengrim II]] (Thain for 39 years to [[Third Age 2722]])<ref name="Took">{{App|Took}}</ref> - The twenty-second Thain, and tenth of the Took line. He began the excavation of [[Great Smials]], which would become the seat of the Thains in the [[Tookland]]. He became Thain soon after the first [[pipe-weed]] was introduced into the Shire by [[Tobold Hornblower]].<ref name="TA"/> He was succeeded by his son.
* '''XXIII''' [[Isumbras Took III|Isumbras III]] (Thain for 32 years to [[Third Age 2759]])<ref name="Took"/> - His younger son was [[Bandobras Took]], the famous "Bullroarer". In Isumbras' time the Shire was greatly troubled by [[Orcs]], and Bandobras defeated a band of them at the [[Battle of Greenfields]] during his Thainship. Bandobras, though, was Isumbras' younger son - the Thainship passed instead to his older brother.
* '''XXIV''' [[Ferumbras Took II|Ferumbras II]] (Thain for 42 years to [[Third Age 2801]])<ref name="Took"/> - He was succeeded by his son.
* '''XXV''' [[Fortinbras Took I|Fortinbras I]] (Thain for 47 years to [[Third Age 2848]])<ref name="Took"/> - At the beginning of his Thainship, the Shire would have seen much activity as Dwarves of [[Durin's Folk]] travelled westward to settle in the [[Blue Mountains]]. He was succeeded by his son.
* '''XXVI''' [[Gerontius Took|Gerontius]] (Thain for 72 years to [[Third Age 2920]])<ref name="Took"/> - The famous Old Took, who held the office of Thain for a total of seventy-two of his one hundred and thirty years, and had a total of twelve children. During his Thainship, the Shire suffered the dreadful privations of the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]], and invasions of White Wolves. He was succeeded by the eldest of his many sons.
* '''XXVII''' [[Isengrim Took III|Isengrim III]] (Thain for 10 years to [[Third Age 2930]])<ref name="Took"/> - Due to the Old Took's many years in office, his eldest son Isengrim was no less than eighty-eight years old when he inherited the Thainship. He held it for just ten years and died without leaving an heir. He was succeeded by his younger brother.
* '''XXVIII''' [[Isumbras Took IV|Isumbras IV]] (Thain for 9 years to [[Third Age 2939]])<ref name="Took"/> - Like his brother Isengrim, Isumbras came old to the Thainship, being ninety-two when he took office. After his short time as the Shire-thain, he was succeeded by his son.
* '''XXIX''' [[Fortinbras Took II|Fortinbras II]] (Thain for 41 years to [[Third Age 2980]])<ref name="Took"/> - Early in his time as Thain there was a sensation in [[Hobbiton]], due to the mysterious disappearance into the Wild - and later reappearance - of one [[Bilbo Baggins]] of [[Bag End]]. Fortinbras was succeeded by his son.
* '''XXX''' [[Ferumbras Took III|Ferumbras III]] (Thain for 35 years to [[Third Age 3015]])<ref name="Took"/> - He was Thain at the time of Bilbo Baggins' famous farewell feast and Birthday Party, which indeed he attended. He never married, and so left no heir. The descent of the Thainship passed to the line of Gerontius' fourth son [[Hildigrim Took|Hildigrim]], and specifically to Hildigrim's grandson.
* '''XXXI''' [[Paladin Took II|Paladin II]] (Thain for 19 years to [[Fourth Age 13]])<ref name="Later"/> - Born in the time that his great uncle Isumbras IV was Thain, Paladin took up a farming life at [[Whitwell]] in the Tookland.<ref>{{RK|V1}}</ref> He was Thain during the War of the Ring, and held the Tookland against the [[Ruffians|ruffians]] who invaded the Shire at that time. He was succeeded by his fourth child, but eldest son.
* '''XXXII''' [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin I]] (Thain for 50 years to [[Fourth Age 63]]<ref name="Later"/>) - Peregrin Took of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] inherited the Thainship some thirteen years after his return from adventuring in the south, and held the title into his old age, serving also as Counsellor of the North Kingdom. At the age of ninety-four, he gave up the office and rode away once again into the countries of the south with his friend [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]; they were never seen in the Shire again.<ref name="Later"/> He was succeeded by his son.
* '''XXXIII''' [[Faramir Took I|Faramir I]] (Thain from Fourth Age 63)<ref name="Later"/> - Named for [[Faramir]] the [[Prince of Ithilien]], little is known of Thain Faramir, except that he married [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s daughter [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]] in Fourth Age 41.<ref name="Later"/> Doubtless he was succeeded by further generations of Shire-thains, but of them we have no record.

==Etymology==
Thain is a [[Hobbitish]], alternative (invented by Tolkien) spelling of the [[wikipedia:Early Modern English|Early Modern English]] word ''[[wikipedia:Thegn|thane]]''. Both words derive from [[Old English]] ''þegn''.

A Thane in Anglo-Saxon England was a lord holding lands from the king in his own jurisdiction, much like the thain of the Hobbits who kept the Shire instead of the King of Arnor. The title of thane was more or less equivalent to a baron.
==Note==

{{References}}

[[Category:Hobbitish Titles]]

[[de:Thain]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/thain]]
[[fi:Thain]]

Category:China users

2015-05-03T10:49:45Z

Leopold Break: Redirected page to Category:Chinese users

#redirect[[Category:Chinese users]]

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T10:37:01Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user China}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a newborn MediaWiki-based Tolkien site in China: [http://lotr.huiji.wiki 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki''. </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]].<ref>[http://lotr.huiji.wiki/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}
[[Category:Chinese users]]

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T10:34:49Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
{{user China}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a newborn MediaWiki-based Tolkien site in China: [http://lotr.huiji.wiki 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki''. </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]]<ref>[http://lotr.huiji.wiki/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}
[[Category:Chinese users]]

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T10:34:14Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a newborn MediaWiki-based Tolkien site in China: [http://lotr.huiji.wiki 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki''. </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]]<ref>[http://lotr.huiji.wiki/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}
[[Category:Chinese users]]

Category:Chinese users

2015-05-03T10:34:05Z

Leopold Break:

<div style="float:right;">{{User China}}</div>Users who are from '''[[wikipedia:China|China]]'''.<br/><br/>You can add yourself to this category by adding the userbox: <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User China|User China]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>, or add the following to your [[Help:User page|user page]]:<pre>[[Category:Chinese users|{{PAGENAME}}]]</pre>

[[Category:Gatekeepers by nationality|China]]

Category:Chinese users

2015-05-03T10:32:59Z

Leopold Break: Created page with "<div style="float:right;">{{User China}}</div>Users who are from '''China'''.<br/><br/>You can add yourself to this category by adding the userbox: <nowiki>{{..."

<div style="float:right;">{{User China}}</div>Users who are from '''[[wikipedia:China|China]]'''.<br/><br/>You can add yourself to this category by adding the userbox: <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:User China|User China]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>, or add the following to your [[Help:User page|user page]]:<pre>[[Category:China users|{{PAGENAME}}]]</pre>

[[Category:Gatekeepers by nationality|China]]

Tolkien Gateway:Userboxes

2015-05-03T10:29:55Z

Leopold Break:

Directory of userboxes available here on Tolkien Gateway.

==Factions==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user dale}}
{{usbk|User Dwarves}}
{{usbk|User Elves}}
{{usbk|user gondor}}
{{usbk|user harad}}
{{usbk|user mordor}}
{{usbk|user numenor}}
{{usbk|user rohan}}
{{usbk|user saruman}}
{{usbk|User dunedain north}}
{{usbk|User dwarves}}
{{usbk|User elves}}
{{usbk|user hobbits}}
{{usbk|user men}}
{{usbk|user elves noldor}}
{{usbk|user wizards}}
{{usbk|user evil}}
{{usbk|user good}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Loremasters==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user lore-0}}
{{usbk|user lore-1}}
{{usbk|user lore-2}}
{{usbk|user lore-3}}
{{usbk|user lore-4}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Opinions==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user balrogwings}}
{{usbk|user balrogwings2}}
{{usbk|user balrogwings3}}
{{usbk|user balrogwings4}}
{{usbk|user balrogwings5}}
{{usbk|user dagor-no}}
{{usbk|user dagor-yes}}
{{usbk|user entwives}}
{{usbk|user entwives2}}
{{usbk|user entwives3}}
{{usbk|user entwives4}}
{{usbk|user evil2}}
{{usbk|user feanor evil}}
{{usbk|user orcs are elves}}
{{usbk|user singing orcs}}
{{usbkbottom}}


==Language Ability==
===Dutch Ability===
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user nl-0}}
{{usbk|user nl-1}}
{{usbk|user nl-2}}
{{usbk|user nl-3}}
{{usbk|user nl-4}}
{{usbk|user nl-N}}
{{usbkbottom}}

===English Ability===
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user en-0}}
{{usbk|user en-1}}
{{usbk|user en-2}}
{{usbk|user en-3}}
{{usbk|user en-4}}
{{usbk|user en-N}}
{{usbkbottom}}

===French Ability===
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user fr-0}}
{{usbk|user fr-1}}
{{usbk|user fr-2}}
{{usbk|user fr-3}}
{{usbk|user fr-4}}
{{usbk|user fr-N}}
{{usbkbottom}}

===German Ability===
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user de-0}}
{{usbk|user de-1}}
{{usbk|user de-2}}
{{usbk|user de-3}}
{{usbk|user de-4}}
{{usbk|user de-N}}
{{usbkbottom}}

===Spanish Ability===
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user es-0}}
{{usbk|user es-1}}
{{usbk|user es-2}}
{{usbk|user es-3}}
{{usbk|user es-4}}
{{usbk|user es-N}}
{{usbkbottom}}

===Swedish Ability===
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user sv-0}}
{{usbk|user sv-1}}
{{usbk|user sv-2}}
{{usbk|user sv-3}}
{{usbk|user sv-4}}
{{usbk|user sv-N}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Browser==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user chrome}}
{{usbk|user firefox}}
{{usbk|user ie}}
{{usbk|user opera}}
{{usbk|user safari}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Edits==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user 500e}}
{{usbk|user 1000e}}
{{usbk|user 2000e}}
{{usbk|user 3000e}}
{{usbk|user 4000e}}
{{usbk|user 5000e}}
{{usbk|user 7500e}}
{{usbk|user 10000e}}
{{usbk|user 15000e}}
{{usbk|user 20000e}}
{{usbk|user 25000e}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Contribution Time==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user under3m}}
{{usbk|user 3m}}
{{usbk|user 6m}}
{{usbk|user 9m}}
{{usbk|user 1y}}
{{usbk|user 1.5y}}
{{usbk|user 2y}}
{{usbk|user 3y}}
{{usbk|user 4y}}
{{usbk|user 5y}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Nationality==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|User Australia}}
{{usbk|User Austria}}
{{usbk|User Belgium}}
{{usbk|User Canada}}
{{usbk|User China}}
{{usbk|User England}}
{{usbk|User EU}}
{{usbk|User Finland}}
{{usbk|User France}}
{{usbk|User Germany}}
{{usbk|User Greece}}
{{usbk|User India}}
{{usbk|User Iran}}
{{usbk|User Ireland}}
{{usbk|User Luxembourg}}
{{usbk|User Mexico}}
{{usbk|User Netherlands}}
{{usbk|User New Zealand}}
{{usbk|User Russia}}
{{usbk|User Scotland}}
{{usbk|User South Africa}}
{{usbk|User Sweden}}
{{usbk|User Ukraine}}
{{usbk|User UK}}
{{usbk|User USA}}
{{usbk|User Wales}}
{{usbkbottom}}

==Miscellaneous==
{{usbktop}}
{{usbk|user admin}}
{{usbk|user interwiki}}
{{usbk|user irc}}
{{usbk|user randompage}}
{{usbk|user recentchanges}}
{{usbk|user ref}}
{{usbk|user TSmember}}
{{usbkbottom}}

[[Category:Tolkien Gateway|Userboxes]]
[[Category:Userbox templates| ]]

Template:User China

2015-05-03T10:25:30Z

Leopold Break: Created page with "{{userbox | border-c=#C00000 | id=70px | id-c= | info=This user is from '''China'''. | info-c=orange | cat=China users }} <noinclude>{{clea..."

{{userbox
| border-c=#C00000
| id=[[File:China.png|70px]]
| id-c=
| info=This user is from '''[[wikipedia:China|China]]'''.
| info-c=orange
| cat=China users
}}
<noinclude>{{clear}}<pre>{{User China}}</pre>

[[Category:Nationality userbox templates|China]]</noinclude>

File:China.png

2015-05-03T10:25:06Z

Leopold Break:

== Licensing ==
{{PD-released}}

User talk:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T08:50:38Z

Leopold Break:

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Leopold Break}}

-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 12:16, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

== Permission ==
You have it. :) Are you encountering any problems? --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 18:53, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

:Hi Ederchil, thank you so much! But could you please check your email? I sent a much longer and further permission request to you... --[[User:Leopold Break|Leopold Break]] 05:14, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

:I've replied. --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 08:14, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

::Yes and I've seen it! That's very kind of you! Well, maybe now I should go to "bother" User:Mith with almost the same words... --[[User:Leopold Break|Leopold Break]] 08:50, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

User talk:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T08:50:12Z

Leopold Break: /* Permission */

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T08:03:49Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a newborn MediaWiki-based Tolkien site in China: [http://lotr.huiji.wiki 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki''. </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]]<ref>[http://lotr.huiji.wiki/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T08:03:11Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a newborn MediaWiki-based Tolkien site: [http://lotr.huiji.wiki 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki''. </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]]<ref>[http://lotr.huiji.wiki/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T08:02:34Z

Leopold Break:

{{user infobox
| image=
| name=Leopold Break
| othernames=
| position=
| language=Chinese
| location=Hubei Province, China
| occupation=Student
| birth=February 18, 1998
| birthlocation=
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=1.79
| hair=Black
| eyes=Brown
| irc=
| email= {{nospam|leopoldbreak|126.com}}
| facebook=
| twitter=
| linkedin=
| website=
| userboxes=
{{user en-2}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
}}

Hi there! I'm Leopold Break, a 17-year-old high school student from China.

I don't have a good enough mastery of English grammar or expressions, but I do have my devotion to Tolkien's legendarium.

I am also one of the administrators of a newborn MediaWiki-based Tolkien site: [http://lotr.huiji.wiki 魔戒中文维基]<ref group=note>I don't know if your computer could show mandarin characters, so the name of this site means ''The Lord of the Rings Chinese Wiki'' </ref>

We have just successfully received the copyright permission from [[Ted Nasmith]]<ref>[http://lotr.huiji.wiki/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA:%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83/Ted_Nasmith LotR Chinese Wiki:Copyrights/Ted Nasmith]</ref>

==Notes==

{{References}}

User talk:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T05:15:15Z

Leopold Break: /* Permission */

User talk:Leopold Break

2015-05-03T05:14:45Z

Leopold Break:

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Leopold Break}}

-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 12:16, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

== Permission ==
You have it. :) Are you encountering any problems? --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 18:53, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

:Hi Ederchil, thank you so much! But could you please check your email? I sent a much longer and further permission to you... --[[User:Leopold Break|Leopold Break]] 05:14, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

User:Leopold Break

2015-05-02T20:48:03Z

Leopold Break: Created page with "{{user infobox | image= | name=Leopold Break | othernames= | position= | language=Chinese | location=Hubei Province, China | occupation=Student | birth=February 18, 1998 | birthl..."

Paladin Took I

2015-05-02T18:25:16Z

Leopold Break: As a mistake maker, I'll be appreciate if I'm permitted to have a try on editing these new pages. :)

{{hobbit infobox
| image=
| name=Paladin Took I
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Thain]] of [[the Shire]]
| position=
| location=[[The Shire]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=between {{SR|1}} and {{SR|1101}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=between {{SR|1}} and {{SR|1101}}
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| family=[[Took Family|Took]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
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| gender=Male
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'''Paladin Took I''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of [[the Shire]].

==History==
Paladin presumably lived in the first millennium of the [[Shire-Reckoning]] during which he became [[Thain]], sometime after [[Isumbras Took I|Isumbras I]].

No record of his name exists, but [[Paladin Took II|Paladin II]], the Thirteen-first [[Thain]], was named after him.<ref>The existence of this character is deduced from the ordinals in {{App|Took}}</ref>

==Etymology==
A "[[wikipedia:Paladin|paladin]]" is a high office which existed in medieval Europe - which entered into many tales - and was noble office held by a honourable and valiant knight. In particular, a paladin was one of the twelve peers of Charlemagne's court. The term comes from the Latin ''palatinus'' which means "of the palace".<ref>[[Jim Allan]] (ed.), ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', "Giving of Names"</ref>

{{References}}
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Thains]]
[[Category:Took]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman names]]