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The Hobbit (film series)

2015-01-17T19:56:06Z

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{{Currentevent}}
{{disambig-more|The Hobbit|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Film infobox
| image=[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - logo.jpg|250px]]
| name=The Hobbit
| director=[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="HBTitles">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=2563|articlename=Titles and Release Dates Announced|dated=31-May-2011|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> [[Andy Serkis]] (Second Unit Director)<ref name="HBAndy"/>
| producer=Peter Jackson [[Fran Walsh]] [[Carolynne Cunningham]] [[Philippa Boyens]] (Co-Producer) [[Ken Kamins]] (Executive Producer) [[Zane Weiner]] (Executive Producer)<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| writer=[[Guillermo del Toro]] Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| narrator=
| starring=[[Martin Freeman]] [[Ian McKellen]] [[Richard Armitage]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> ''[[The Hobbit (film series)#Confirmed cast|See cast section below for more]]''
| music=[[Howard Shore]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
| cinematography=[[Andrew Lesnie]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
| editing=
| studio=[[New Line Cinema]] [[MGM]] [[WingNut Films]]<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| distributor=[[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]<ref name="HBTitles"/>
| released='''''An Unexpected Journey''''': 14 December, 2012 '''''The Desolation of Smaug''''': 13 December, 2013 '''''The Battle of the Five Armies''''': 17 December, 2014<ref name="HBTitles2">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/the-hobbit-trilogy-titles-and-release-dates/|articlename=The Hobbit Trilogy titles and release dates|dated=2-September-2012|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=2-September-2012}}</ref><ref name="TABAMoved">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2013/02/28/69532-third-hobbit-moved-from-july-to-december-2014/?fb_source=pubv1|articlename=Third ‘Hobbit’ movie release moved from July to December 2014|dated=28-February-2013|website=TORN|accessed=1-March-2013}}</ref>
| runtime=
| country=New Zealand United Kingdom United States
| language=English
| budget=
| website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ Official Blog]
| imdb_id=0903624
}}
'''''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|An Unexpected Journey]]''''', '''''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug|The Desolation of Smaug]]''''', and '''''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies|The Battle of the Five Armies]]''''', known collectively as '''''The Hobbit''''', are three live-action films based upon [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] [[1937]] [[The Hobbit|novel of the same name]].<ref name="HBTitles"/><ref name="HBTitles2"/> The three films are being directed by [[Peter Jackson]] and are conceived as prequels to Jackson's earlier project, [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].<ref name="PJCasting1"/><ref name="PJFilmThree"/>

[[Martin Freeman]] plays the films' title role of [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] is portrayed by [[Richard Armitage]],<ref name="PJCasting1"/> and [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] plays the dragon [[Smaug]].<ref name="PJCasting4"/> Several cast members from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] reprise their roles, including [[Ian McKellen]] as [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Cate Blanchett]] as [[Galadriel]], [[Andy Serkis]] as [[Gollum]], [[Hugo Weaving]] as [[Elrond]], [[Christopher Lee]] as [[Saruman]], [[Orlando Bloom]] as [[Legolas]] and [[Elijah Wood]] as [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].<ref name="PJCasting1"/>

Filming in [[New Zealand]] began on [[21 March]], [[2011]] and ended on [[6 July]], [[2012]];<ref name="BBCNews1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12803125|articlename=Hobbit filming finally under way|dated=21-March-2011|website=[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ BBC News Online]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref><ref name="PJFilming"/> Like ''The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy'', ''The Hobbit'' films were produced back-to-back and released over three consecutive years: '''''An Unexpected Journey''''' was released in North America on [[14 December]], [[2012]], '''''The Desolation of Smaug''''' on [[13 December]], [[2013]], and '''''The Battle of the Five Armies''''' on [[17 December]], [[2014]].<ref name="HBTitles"/><ref name="HBTitles2"/><ref name="TABAMoved"/>

[[Peter Jackson]] initially planned to produce two films, but following the conclusion of principal photography, and on seeing early cuts of these films, he decided that he wanted 'to tell more of the tale'. Therefore on [[30 July]], [[2012]], Jackson announced that 'two films will become three'.<ref name="PJFilmThree"/><ref name="FilmThreePR">{{webcite|author=[[New Line Cinema]], [[MGM|Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios]], and [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/the-hobbit/peter-jacksons-long-awaited-filmed-adaptation-of-the-hobbit-to-be-a-trilogy/413954741973470|articlename=PETER JACKSON’S LONG-AWAITED FILMED ADAPTATION OF THE HOBBIT TO BE A TRILOGY|dated=30-July-2012|website=Facebook|accessed=30-July-2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
The three ''Hobbit'' films follow [[The_Hobbit#Synopsis|the plot]] from [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien's]] ''[[The Hobbit]]'' in addition to added details revealed in [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|the Appendices]] to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

For more specific information see the plot section for each respective film:

*[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey#Plot|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey''#Plot]]
*[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug#Plot|''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug''#Plot]]
*[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies#Plot|''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies''#Plot]]

==Development==
===Origins===
[[Peter Jackson]] and [[Fran Walsh]] first considered the possibility of filming ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in [[1995]]. They hoped to produce three films, the first based on ''The Hobbit'', with the second and third films being adaptations of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Rights to ''The Hobbit'' proved difficult to secure because whilst [[Saul Zaentz]] owned the production rights, [[United Artists]] held the distribution rights. After much wrangling with studios and the script, filming began for the three-film adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The notion of a ''Hobbit'' film was consequently put to one side. Indeed, after completing his ''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy project, Jackson was averse to the idea of directing an adaptation of ''The Hobbit''.<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide">[[Brian Sibley]], ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Official Movie Guide]]'' (2012)</ref>

{{Blockquote|If I were to make these films, I would be frustrated because I would be constantly thinking about what I had done on ''The Lord of the Rings''. I would somehow feel that I had to build or improve on that. I thought it would be a fairly unsatisfying experience to have to compete against my own movies.|[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>}}

===Directorship===
The apathy of [[Peter Jackson]] was the first obstacle to block the way to a ''Hobbit'' film (or films). In early [[2005]] it came to public attention that Jackson was suing [[New Line Cinema]].<ref name="BBCNewsPJSues">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4312463.stm|articlename=Director sues over Rings profits|dated=2-Mar-2005|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> This cast doubt on whether or not The Hobbit would ever be made. Jackson later told fans that, due to the dispute, he would neither direct nor produce the film.<ref name="BBCNewsPJSues" /> In late 2007 it was confirmed that Jackson would not direct, but ''would'' be an executive producer for two Hobbit movies.<ref name="BBCNewsPJProducer">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7150644.stm|articlename=Jackson to produce Hobbit movies|dated=18-Dec-2007|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> It was later announced that [[Guillermo del Toro]] would direct the films, and that Jackson will be an active 'executive producer' with the possibility that he would help direct some scenes if necessary.<ref name="BBCNewsGdTDirector">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7366375.stm|articlename=Del Toro to direct Hobbit movies|dated=25-April-2008|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref>

However, on [[30 May]] [[2010]] it was revealed that del Toro could no longer commit himself to direct ''The Hobbit'' films, citing the continued delays in production in his reasoning.<ref name="BBCNewsGdTDirectorLeave">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10204138|articlename=Guillermo del Toro 'leaves' as director of The Hobbit|dated=1-June-2010|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> Peter Jackson later announced that he would direct both films.<ref name="NZHPJDirector">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10681008|articlename=The Hobbit gets green light, Jackson to direct|dated=16-Oct-2010|website=[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/ NZ Herald News]|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref>

===The Tolkien Estate's legal action against New Line Cinema===
{{Blockquote|The estate has [...] asked for a court order giving them the ability to terminate any rights the studio have to make films based on other Tolkien works, including The Hobbit.|BBC News Online<ref name="BBCNewsTELegal"/>}}
Production of ''The Hobbit'' films was held up by the [[Tolkien Estate|Tolkien Estate's]] legal action against [[New Line Cinema]]. The Estate should have received 7.5 per cent of all profits from the films under the agreement made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] with United Artists in [[1969]]. Crucially, they also sought to stop the production of ''The Hobbit'' films until the case was settled.<ref name="BBCNewsTELegal">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7240421.stm|articlename=Rings film studio sued for $150m|dated=12-Feb-2009|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref> The legal row was finally settled in September [[2009]] after the Tolkien Estate successfully sued New Line Cinema for breach of contract and fraud, receiving a reported $220 million in compensation.<ref name="BBCNewsTELegalSettle">{{webcite|articleurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8245300.stm|articlename=Legal path clear for Hobbit movie|dated=8-September-2009|website=BBC|accessed=11-Feb-2012}}</ref>

===Industrial dispute in New Zealand===
Even before the issue of the directorship had been settled, and before the project was given the go-ahead by the studios, the International Federation of Actors (IFA) told actors to actively avoid participation in the production of ''The Hobbit'' films.<ref name="BBCIndustrial1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11414204|articlename=Union tell actors to avoid Hobbit films|dated=26-September-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> The IFA issued this "Do Not Work Order", on [[24 September]], [[2010]], on the basis that the studios refused to engage in union-negotiated contracts.<ref name="FIADNW">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftra.org/4AB692BB8467439D83C12A8A2C44B077.htm|articlename=FIA Do Not Work Order: 'The Hobbit'|dated=24-September-2010|website=[http://www.aftra.org/ The American Federation of Television and Radio Artists]|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> Meanwhile the studios argued that they could not make an agreement with a trade union under New Zealand law.<ref name="BBCIndustrial1"/>

[[Peter Jackson]] subsequently warned that the dispute could lead to a huge delay and that production could easily transfer to Eastern Europe.<ref name="BBCIndustrial2">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11417340|articlename=Peter Jackson threatens Hobbit shutdown|dated=27-September-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> John Key, the incumbent Prime Minister of New Zealand, weighed in on the dispute saying that he hoped the dispute would not force ''The Hobbit'' production to move overseas. He also announced that the New Zealand government had gotten involved in the discussions.<ref name="BBCIndustrial3">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11465248|articlename=Hobbit movie 'should stay in New Zealand' says PM|dated=4-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref>

Whilst the studios announced that filming would begin the following February,<ref name="BBCIndustrial4">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11560411|articlename=The Hobbit to begin filming in February next year|dated=17-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> the dispute remained unsettled. With the studios seriously considering moving the production abroad, large numbers of New Zealanders protested in Auckland, [[Wellington]], and Christ Church.<ref name="BBCIndustrial5">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11617860|articlename=New Zealanders rally behind Hobbit shoot|dated=25-October-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> A settlement was finally reached on [[27 October]], [[2010]], with the Prime Minister himself announcing the news, hoping to prevent the loss of jobs in New Zealand and to reinforce the country's Tolkien tourism industry.<ref name=BBCIndustrial6>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11633724|articlename=The Hobbit will be made in New Zealand, PM confirms|dated=27-October-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> As part of the agreement, the New Zealand government passed legislation which clarified that film industry workers are independent contractors rather than employees.<ref name="BBCIndustrial7>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11649734|articlename=Hobbit legislation passed in New Zealand|dated=29-October-2010|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref> Filming finally began on [[21 March]], [[2011]].<ref name="BBCNews1"/>

===Film Three===
The original plan was to produce two films, entitled ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' and ''The Hobbit: There and Back Again'' (to be released in [[14 December]] [[2012]] and [[13 December]] [[2013]] respectively).<ref name="HBTitles"/>

With principal photography coming to a close in [[July]], [[2012]],<ref name="PJFilming">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151062342726558&set=a.10150238899061558.364437.141884481557&type=1|articlename=We made it!|dated=6-July-2012|website=FB|accessed=6-July-2012}}</ref> [[Peter Jackson|Jackson]] began to discuss the notion of a third film with [[Fran Walsh]] and [[Philippa Boyens]].<ref name="EmpireDecember2012">Ian Nathan, 'An Unexpected Trilogy', ''Empire'', 282 (December 2012)</ref>

At [[Wikipedia:San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con International]] 2012, [[Peter Jackson]] revealed that he hoped to film more material (based on [[The Appendices]]) in [[2013]]; this led to speculation that there could be a third "Hobbit" film. These rumours gained substance following media reports that Jackson was in discussion with [[Warner Bros.]] about the notion of an additional film.<ref>{{webcite|author=Ben Fritz, Steven Zeitchik and Nicole Sperling|articleurl=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-hobbit-third-movie-jackson-20120724,0,2208206.story|articlename=|dated=24-July-2012|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ Los Angeles Times]|accessed=26-July-2012}}</ref> It later emerged that Walsh and Boyens were sent to Los Angeles to pitch the idea to [[Warner Bros.]] whilst Jackson continued to shoot footage.<ref name="EmpireDecember2012"/>

On [[30 July]], [[2012]], [[Peter Jackson]] announced that there would indeed be a third "Hobbit" film. After watching the early cuts of the first two films, Jackson, Walsh and Boyens decided that they wanted to tell more of the story.<ref name="PJFilmThree">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/an-unexpected-journey/10151114596546558|articlename=An unexpected journery|dated=30-July-2012|website=Facebook|accessed=20-July-2012}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|We know how much of the story of [[Bilbo Baggins]], the Wizard [[Gandalf]], the Dwarves of [[Erebor]], the rise of the [[Sauron|Necromancer]], and the Battle of [[Dol Guldur]] will remain untold if we do not take this chance. The richness of the story of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', as well as some of the related material in the appendices of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', allows us to tell the full story of the adventures of Bilbo Baggins and the part he played in the sometimes dangerous, but at all times exciting, history of Middle-earth.|[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="PJFilmThree"/>}}

On [[31 August]], [[2012]], it was revealed that the titles of the second and third films would be ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'' and ''The Hobbit: There and Back Again'' respectively. The release of the first and second film remained unchanged, whilst the third film is due for release on [[17 December]], [[2014]] (moved from the initial release date of [[18 July]], 2014).<ref name="HBTitles2"/><ref name="TABAMoved"/>

On [[24 April]], [[2014]], Peter Jackson revealed that the final film would be re-titled ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''

==Filming==
[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson Filming.jpg|thumb|right|Peter Jackson on the last day of principal photography.]]Back-to-back filming for ''The Hobbit'' films began [[21 March]], [[2011]].<ref name="BBCNews1"/> All location filming was done at sites across [[New Zealand]], and most on-set filming took place at [[Stone Street Studio]], [[Wellington]].<ref name="ProductionVideo7">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10151028043926807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #7|dated=6-June-2011|website=FB|accessed=6-June-2012}}</ref> Filming also took place at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom in [[July]], [[2011]]. Using their F Stage and N&P Stages, the production filmed scenes with [[Christopher Lee]] who could not fly to New Zealand.<ref name="Pinewood1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/news/hobbit-pinewood|articlename=The Hobbit at Pinewood|website=[http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ Pinewood Studios]|accessed=02-August-2012}}</ref><ref name="ProductionVideo3">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10150326323406807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #3|dated=21-July-2011|website=FB|accessed=02-August-2012}}</ref>

Principal photography ended on [[6 July]], [[2012]], after 266 days filming.<ref name="PJFilming"/>

Although "pick-up" filming had already been planned for [[2013]], it emerged that extra filming would need to take place to accommodate the expansion of the project from two films into three.<ref name="EmpireDecember2012"/>

==Technical details==
===3D===
[[File:John Howe and Alan Lee - 3D concept art.png|thumb|left|3D concept art by [[John Howe]] and [[Alan Lee]]]]
''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'', ''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug'', and ''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies'' were filmed in 3D using [[Wikipedia:Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED Epic]] cameras. A rig designed by [[Wikipedia:3ality Technica|3ality Technica]] is being used in the filming of the three films; here two cameras and a mirror are used in order to achieve an intraocular effect similar to that of a human's (the distance between the eyes). This is how the depth required for 3D film is achieved.<ref name="ProductionVideo4">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10150451523596807|articlename=THE HOBBIT, Production Video #4|dated=4-Nov-2011|website=FB|accessed=10-Feb-2012}}</ref>

Most of [[John Howe|John Howe's]] and [[Alan Lee|Alan Lee's]] concept art has continued to be produced in 2D. However, they have collaborated on 3D pieces using the simple red and blue 3D effect.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

===48 frames per second===
Breaking with conventional filming techniques, ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'', ''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug'', and ''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies'' are being filmed by capturing 48 frames per second (FPS), twice the normal film standard of 24 frames per second. This makes the film look far more realistic. When describing what people thought when they saw clips of ''The Hobbit'' shown at 48 frames per second, Peter Jackson said that it's 'like the back of the cinema has had a hole cut out of it where the screen is and you're actually looking into the real world'.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

Jackson later discussed the advantages of filming at higher frame rate and in 3D.

{{Blockquote|Now, in the digital age, there’s no reason whatsoever to stick to 24 fps. [...] Science tells us that the human eye stops seeing individual pictures at about 55 fps. Therefore, shooting at 48 fps gives you much more of an illusion of real life. The reduced motion blur on each frame increases sharpness and gives the movie the look of having been shot in 65mm or IMAX. One of the biggest advantages is the fact that your eye is seeing twice the number of images each second, giving the movie a wonderful immersive quality. It makes the 3D experience much more gentle and hugely reduces eyestrain. Much of what makes 3D viewing uncomfortable for some people is the fact that each eye is processing a lot of strobing, blur and flicker. This all but disappears in HFR 3D.|[[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="PJHFR3D">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/notes/peter-jackson/qa-on-hfr-3d/10151299493836558|articlename=Q&A ON HFR 3D|dated=19-November-2012|website=FB|accessed=19-November-2012}}</ref>}}

Additionally, the ''The Hobbit'' films are being filmed at a 5K resolution. This is substantially larger than the conventional 1080 HD resolution. The films are being filmed digitally onto 128 GB memory cards that fit into the RED Epic camera.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

One of the drawbacks of filming 48 frames per second at 5K resolution is that the make-up, prosthetic, prop, set, and costume departments have to work differently. For example, the make-up and prosthetic departments have to redden up the faces of the actors much more than usual because otherwise their skin colour will turn up yellow on the final film. Furthermore, real hair has to be used in order to achieve an authentic look when it moves around.<ref name="ProductionVideo4"/>

Ten minutes of footage was shown at 48 FPS during the [[Warner Bros.]] presentation at [[Wikipedia:CinemaCon|CinemaCon]] [[2012]]. The reaction was mixed. The ''Los Angeles Times'' described the picture as 'hyper-realistic' and the Associated Press described 'vivid, with grass blades, facial lines and soaring mountains appearing luminous and pronounced. The actors looked almost touchable, as if they were performing live on stage'. However, an anonymous projectionist said that '[i]t looked like a made-for-TV movie'.<ref name="BBC48FPS">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17836380|articlename=Peter Jackson unveils new Hobbit footage|dated=25-April-2012|website=BBC|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref><ref name="LAT48FPS">{{webcite|articleurl=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/04/cinemacon-hobbit-frame-rate-depp-gatsby.html|articlename=CinemaCon: Footage of 'The Hobbit' draws mixed reaction|dated=24-April-2012|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ ''Los Angeles Times'']|accessed=31-July-2012}}</ref>

==Games and merchandise==
===Video games===
In late [[2011]], the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] would release a video game based on ''The Hobbit'' in lieu of the release of ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' in December [[2012]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Ben Fritz|articleurl=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/18/business/la-fi-1018-ct-warner-interactive-20111018/2|articlename=Warner's approach to video games is paying off|dated=18 October 2011|website=[http://www.latimes.com/ ''Los Angeles Times'']|accessed=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In September [[2012]], [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] announced that it would produce two free-to-play video games, in co-operation with [[Kabam]].
*The first, a mobile-phone game named ''[[The Hobbit: Kingdoms of Middle-earth]]'', was released in November 2012. In this game the player is able to manage his own kingdom and play as either [[Elves]] or [[Dwarves]].<ref name="IGN-Kingdom and Armies">{{webcite|author=Luke Karmali|articleurl=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/26/warner-bros-announces-the-hobbit-games|articlename=Warner Bros. Announces The Hobbit Games|dated=26 September 2012|website=[http://www.ign.com IGN]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.kabam.com/nl/the-hobbit-kingdoms|articlename=THE HOBBIT: KINGDOMS OF MIDDLE-EARTH|dated=|website=[http://www.kabam.com Kabam]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref>
*The second, a strategic browser-based game called ''[[The Hobbit: Armies of the Third Age]]'', allows the player to play as either the [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]] or [[Orcs]] (including several heroes from ''The Hobbit'' films). It is is unknown when ''The Hobbit: Armies of the Third Age'' will be released.<ref name="IGN-Kingdom and Armies"/><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.kabam.com/nl/the-hobbit-armies|articlename=THE HOBBIT: ARMIES OF THE THIRD AGE|dated=|website=[http://www.kabam.com Kabam]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref>

''[[Guardians of Middle-earth]]'', a "Multiplayer Online Battle Arena" video game by Monolith Productions, will include some playable characters ("guardians") from The Hobbit films. Additional The Hobbit "guardians" will be added after the release of The Hobbit, to tie in with the films.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.guardiansofmiddleearth.co.uk/game|articlename=Game Info|dated=|website=[http://www.guardiansofmiddleearth.co.uk/ Guardians of Middle-earth]|accessed=24 November 2012}}</ref>

===Lego===
On [[17 December]], [[2011]], it was announced that the [[Lego|Lego Group]] had received the rights to create Lego sets based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey''. The first sets on The Hobbit were released in the end of 2012.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://aboutus.lego.com/en-us/news-room/2011/december/warner-bros-consumer-products-and-the-lego-group/|articlename=Building sets based on THE LORD OF THE RINGS™ Trilogy and the Two Films Based on THE HOBBIT|dated=16 December 2011|website=lego.com|accessed=2 March 2012}}</ref>

==People involved==
*Production - [[New Line Cinema]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*United States Distribution - [[Warner Brothers]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*International Distribution - [[MGM]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Director - [[Peter Jackson]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Second Unit Director - [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name="HBAndy">
{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=2234|articlename=Andy Serkis to serve as Second Unit Director|dated=8-April-2011|website=[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ The Hobbit Blog]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
*Producers - [[Peter Jackson]], [[Fran Walsh]], and [[Carolynne Cunningham]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Co-Producer - [[Philippa Boyens]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Executive Producers - [[Ken Kamins]] and [[Zane Weiner]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Writers - Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Guillermo del Toro<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Director of Photography - [[Andrew Lesnie]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Production Designer - [[Dan Hennah]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Conceptual Designers: [[Alan Lee]] and [[John Howe]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Composer - [[Howard Shore]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Make-up and Hair Designer - [[Peter King]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Costume Designers - [[Ann Maskrey]] and [[Richard Taylor]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
*Design and production of weaponry, armour, and prosthetics - [[Weta Workshop]] overseen by [[Richard Taylor]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>

===Cast===
[[File:The Hobbit (film series) - cast.jpg|right|thumb|'Bilbo' and the 'thirteen dwarves' (N.B. Rob Kazinsky has since been replaced by Dean O'Gorman to play Fíli).<ref name="PJCasting2"/>|400px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Actor !! Role
|-
| [[Richard Armitage]] || [[Thorin]]<ref name="PJCasting1">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Bell]]<ref name="WBPressRelease1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.warnerbroscanada.com/index.php/coming-soon/the-hobbit/|articlename=THE HOBBIT: AN UNEXPECTED JOURNEY|website=[http://www.warnerbroscanada.com/ Warner Bros. Canada]|accessed=9-Feb-2012}}</ref> || [[Bain]]<ref name=Bell>{{webcite|author=Evie Bowman|articleurl=http://news.mymiddleearth.com/2012/07/03/exclusive-qa-with-hobbit-actor-john-bell/|articlename=EXCLUSIVE! Q&A WITH HOBBIT ACTOR JOHN BELL|dated=03-July-2012|website=MEN|accessed=04-July-2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manu Bennett]]<ref group="note">[[Conan Stevens]] was initially cast as [[Azog]]. (see: {{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}).</ref> || [[Azog]]
|-
| [[Cate Blanchett]] || [[Galadriel]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Orlando Bloom]] || [[Legolas]]<ref name="PJCasting5">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ/posts/10150265634081558|articlename=Ten years ago,...|dated=27-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jed Brophy]] || [[Nori]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Adam Brown]] || [[Ori]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[John Callen]] || [[Óin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Billy Connolly]] || [[Dáin Ironfoot]]<ref name="BBCCasting1">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16960081|articlename=Billy Connolly lands dwarf role in The Hobbit|dated=9-Feb-2012|website=BBC|accessed=9-Feb-2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] || [[Smaug]]<ref name="PJCasting4"/>The [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Luke Evans]] || [[Bard]]<ref name="PJCasting4"/> [[Girion]]
|-
| [[Martin Freeman]] || [[Bilbo Baggins]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Stephen Fry]] || The [[Master of Lake-town]]<ref name="PJCasting3">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ryan Gage]]<ref group="note">[[Ryan Gage]] was initially cast as [[Drogo Baggins]]. (see: {{webcite|author=Earl|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2011/07/14/46113-ryan-gage-tweets-about-hobbit-costume-fitting/|articlename=Ryan Gage Tweets About Hobbit “Costume Fitting”|dated=02-Aug-2012|website=TORN|accessed=02-Aug-2012}}).</ref> || [[Alfrid]]<ref name="PJCasting3"/>
|-
| [[Mark Hadlow]] || [[Dori]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[Bert]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Peter Hambleton]] || [[Glóin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[William]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Dan Hennah]] || The [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]]<ref name="Weta1">[[Daniel Falconer]], ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Art & Design]]'', p. 30</ref>
|-
| [[Ian Holm]] || Older [[Bilbo Baggins]]<ref name="PJCasting6">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10150232032911558&id=141884481557|articlename=One comment that...|dated=22-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barry Humphries]] || [[Great Goblin|Goblin King]]<ref name="PJCasting4"/>
|-
| [[Stephen Hunter]] || [[Bombur]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[William Kircher]] || [[Bifur]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/> [[Tom]]<ref name="HobbitOfficialMovieGuide"/>
|-
| [[Christopher Lee]] || [[Saruman|Saruman the White]]<ref name="TelegraphCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8311016/Christopher-Lee-will-star-in-the-Hobbit-prequel.html|articlename=Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel|dated=08-Feb-2011|website=[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ The Telegraph]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Evangeline Lilly]] || [[Tauriel]]<ref name="PJCasting4">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lawrence Makoare]]<ref group="note">In his brief, unidentified appearance in ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'', [[Bolg]] was played by [[Conan Stevens]]. (see: {{webcite|author=MrCere|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/04/22/55228-exclusive-hobbits-conan-stevens-chats-with-torn/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Hobbit’s’ Conan Stevens chats with TORn|dated=22-April-2012|website=TORN|accessed=02-Aug-2012}}).</ref> || [[Bolg]]
|-
| [[Sylvester McCoy]] || [[Radagast|Radagast the Brown]]<ref name="IMCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Ian McKellen]]|articleurl=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/hobbit-movie/110510.htm|articlename=2 Elves and another Wizard|dated=10-May-2011|website=[http://www.mckellen.com/ Ian McKellen's website]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ian McKellen]] || [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Bret McKenzie]] || [[Lindir]]<ref name="IMCasting"/>
|-
| [[Graham McTavish]] || [[Dwalin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Mike Mizrahi]] || [[Thráin II|Thráin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[James Nesbitt]] || [[Bofur]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Mary Nesbitt]] || [[Tilda]]
|-
| [[Peggy Nesbitt]] || [[Sigrid]]
|-
| [[Dean O'Gorman]]<ref group="note">Rob Kazinsky was initially cast as [[Fíli]]. (see: {{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150239464391558|articlename=Casting news!|dated=30-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref> || [[Fíli]]<ref name="PJCasting2]]<ref name="PJCasting2">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150239464391558|articlename=Casting news!|dated=30-April-2011|website=FB|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lee Pace]] || [[Thranduil]]<ref name="PJCasting2"/>
|-
| [[Mikael Persbrandt]] || [[Beorn]]<ref name="AFTONBLADETCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/film/article13349150.ab|articlename=Persbrandt den bäste för jobbet|dated=30-April-2011|website=[http://www.aftonbladet.se/ AFTONBLADET]|accessed=21-Dec-2011}}</ref>

|-
| [[Andy Serkis]] || [[Gollum]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Ken Stott]] || [[Balin]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Jeffrey Thomas]] || [[Thrór]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Aidan Turner]] || [[Kíli]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
| [[Hugo Weaving]] || [[Elrond]]<ref name="IMCasting"/>
|-
| [[Elijah Wood]] || [[Frodo Baggins]]<ref name="PJCasting1"/>
|-
|}

==Gallery==
{{Seealso|:Category:Images from The Hobbit (film series)}}
{{Gallery
|title=Pictures from the production of ''The Hobbit'' films
|height=200
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bilbo Baggins in Bag End.jpg|[[Martin Freeman]] as [[Bilbo Baggins]] in [[Bag End]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Gandalf the Grey.jpg|[[Ian McKellen]] as [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]].
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Gandalf in Bag End.jpg|Gandalf in Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson in Bag End 1.jpg|[[Peter Jackson]] on the set of Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Martin Freeman and Peter Jackson.jpg|Martin Freeman and Peter Jackson on the set of Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Peter Jackson in Bag End 2.jpg|Peter Jackson on the set of Bag End.
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - the Dwarves.jpg|The thirteen [[dwarves]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Nori, Ori and Dori.jpg|[[Nori]], [[Ori]] and [[Dori]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Óin and Glóin.jpg|[[Óin]] and [[Glóin]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Fíli and Kíli.jpg|[[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Bombur, Bofur and Bifur.jpg|[[Bombur]], [[Bofur]] and [[Bifur]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Balin and Dwalin.jpg|[[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]].
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Thorin.jpg|[[Thorin]].
}}

==See also==
*''The Hobbit'' (film series)
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''
*''[[The Hobbit]]''
*[[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]
*[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
*[[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]
*[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]
*[[:Category:Images from The Hobbit (film series)|Images from ''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
**[[:Category:Images from The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|Images from ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]
*''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' tie-in books
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Annual 2013]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Art & Design]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Chronicles: Creatures & Characters]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Official Movie Guide]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The Movie Storybook]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The World of Hobbits]]''
**''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: Visual Companion]]''

==External links==
*[http://www.thehobbit.com/index.html TheHobbit.com] (official website)
*[http://www.thehobbitblog.com/ TheHobbitBlog.com] (official blog)
*[http://www.facebook.com/PeterJacksonNZ Peter Jackson's Facebook page]

{{References|n}}

{{Films}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:The Hobbit (film series)| ]]
[[de:Der Hobbit (Film)]]
[[fa:هابیت (مجموعه فیلم)]]
[[fi:Hobitti (2012-2014)]]
[[fr:divertissements/adaptations/films/th]]

Silmarils

2015-01-17T19:51:20Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

{{objects
| image=[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Silmarils.jpg|250px]]
| name=Silmarils
| othernames=The Great Jewels, The Three Jewels, Jewels of Fëanor
| derivation=
| location=[[Formenos]], [[Angband]], various
| ownedby=[[Fëanor]], [[Morgoth]], various
| maker=[[Fëanor]]
| appearance=Hard, bright crystals that glow
| references=''[[The Silmarillion]]''
|}}
The '''Silmarils''' ([[Quenya]] '''''Silmarilli''''') were three gems of immense might and beauty.
==Description==
The gems were crafted of the hard crystalline substance ''[[silima]]'', which [[Fëanor]] had devised, as their shell, and were named after it. In their heart burned some of the [[Light of Valinor]] from the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]]. Their exact nature and manner of making the Silmarils were known only to Fëanor, and none other succeeded in making gems of comparable greatness and beauty. Varda hallowed the Silmarils so that no mortal or evil hands were allowed to touch them without being burned and withered. <ref name=unrest>{{S|7}}</ref>

But the Silmarils were tainted by arrogance and lust by anyone who desired them, starting with Morgoth, then Fëanor. As the [[Doom of Mandos]] proclaimed, it resulted in evil ends, such as the [[Fall of the Noldor]], the [[Oath of Fëanor]], [[Kinslaying]]s and the destruction of [[Doriath]].

==History==
[[File:Alice Falto - Fëanor.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alice Falto]] - ''Feanor'']]
The Silmarils were created by [[Fëanor]] in [[Valinor]] after the un[[chaining of Melkor]]. According to a legend, Fëanor conceived the idea of capturing the light of the trees from the hair of [[Galadriel]], which shone with gold and silver.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> Fëanor gave his heart to their making and could not duplicate them.

Fëanor wore the jewels at festivals and the [[Eldar]] admired them. Melkor coveted their light and soon, corrupted by his lies, Fëanor started to lock them away, and became greedy for them. After Fëanor was exiled to [[Formenos]], the Silmarils were stored in a chamber of iron.<ref name=unrest/>

Together with [[Ungoliant]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] destroyed the Two Trees. The Silmarils now contained all that remained of the light of the Trees. The [[Valar]] entreated Fëanor to give up the Silmarils so they could restore the Trees, but he refused.
===Theft===
Then news came: Melkor had killed Fëanor's father [[Finwë]], the King of the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]], and stolen all the gems. He and Ungoliant fled to the northlands of [[Middle-earth]], where his ancient [[Utumno|fortresses]] were, but they quarreled as the spider had devoured all the gems, and wanted also the Silmarils, something that Melkor, now named [[Morgoth|''Morgoth'']] by Fëanor, would not allow, even though their holy light burnt his hands and ceaselessly tormented him. The Silmarils were set on his [[Iron Crown]].

Fëanor was furious at Melkor and at the Valar's perceived desire to take the gems for their own purposes, and, swearing that he and his sons would not rest until the Silmarils were recovered, he led the Ñoldor back to Middle-earth. His flight, led to no end of grief for the Elves and eventually for the [[Men]] of Middle-earth. [[War of the Jewels|Five major battles]] were fought in [[Beleriand]], but ultimately the Ñoldor failed.
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Beren recovers a Silmaril.jpg|thumb|left|[[Anke Eißmann]] - ''Beren recovers a Silmaril'']]
The [[Sindar]]in King [[Thingol]] knew of the Silmarils from the Noldor. Wishing to dispose [[Beren]], he tasked him to [[Quest for the Silmaril|fetch one]] for the hand of his daughter. Impelled by his love for [[Lúthien]], Beren reached [[Angband]] through great peril and loss and recovered one, only for it to be swallowed by [[Carcharoth]]. The hallowed light tormented evil Carcharoth, until he was slain in the [[Hunting of the Wolf]]. The Silmaril thus was delivered to Thingol, fulfilling his Quest.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

===Doom of the Noldor===
Instead of giving it to the [[Sons of Fëanor]], Thingol had the gem stored inside the dwarven pendant [[Nauglamir]] by the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]], who however also coveted the jewel and killed Thingol. Doriath was [[Battle of the Thousand Caves|ruined]] by the Dwarves. The Nauglamir was recovered by Beren in [[Tol Galen]], and Luthien wore it until her second death, becoming the fairest vision east of the Sea. It was said that their second death came early, because their combined beauty was too bright for mortal lands. After her death, a Lord of the [[Laiquendi]] brought the Nauglamir back to [[Doriath]] and [[Dior]] who wore it. These news came to the sons of Fëanor, who, stirred by their Oath, came to Doriath and resolved to [[Second Kinslaying|battle]], during which three of the brothers were killed, and [[Menegroth]] was ruined. However the Nauglamir was rescued by [[Elwing]] and Sindarin survivors who fled to the [[Havens of Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>

Years passed and the Silmaril passed to the hands of Elwing's husband, [[Eärendil]], the lord of the Havens of Sirion. His people considered the Silmaril to be a blessing for their houses and ships. But the sons of Fëanor still pursued the Silmaril and when they learned that Elwing escaped there, they made their demand in friendly terms, while Eärendil was absent in one of his voyages. But the people of Sirion refused to surrender it, considering it a rightful prize of Beren and Luthien. Therefore the Fëanorians resolved to [[Third Kinslaying|another assault]], but again, Elwing and the Nauglamir had escaped. With the help of [[Ulmo]], Elwing and the Silmaril ended up in the hands of Eärendil; it was its light that guided him through the [[Shadowy Seas]] and he found his way to Valinor. The Valar then set this Silmaril as a [[Star of Eärendil|Star]] and worn on his brow.<ref name=war>{{S|Earendil}}</ref>
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm.jpg|left|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Maedhros Casts Himself into a Chasm'']]
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Maglor Casts a Silmaril into the Sea'']]
The other two gems remained in Morgoth's hands, and were taken from him only at the end of the [[War of Wrath]]. However, soon afterwards, they were stolen by Fëanor's two surviving sons [[Maedhros]] and [[Maglor]]. But because of their crimes in order to reclaim the jewels, they were unworthy of them, and the jewels burned their hands, in refusal of their rights of possession. In agony, Maedhros threw himself and his Silmaril into a fiery pit, and Maglor threw his into the sea.<ref name=war/>

Thus the Silmarils remained in all three elements of Arda -- in the sky, soil and water --, fulfilling the prophecy made by [[Mandos]] shortly after the making of the gems. <ref name=unrest/>

It is said that Fëanor will return only for [[Dagor Dagorath]]. Following Melkor's final return and ultimate defeat, the World [[Arda Unmarred|will be changed]] and the Silmarils recovered. They will then be surrendered to [[Yavanna]], who will break them and use their light to revive the [[Two Trees]]. The [[Pelóri|Pelóri Mountains]] will be flattened and the light of the Two Trees will fill Arda again in a new age of Eternal Bliss.<ref>{{SM|CQ19}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is said to contain ''[[silima]]'', the substance they were made from<Ref>{{S|Elements}}</ref> as well as an element from brightness, [[RIL]].<ref name=Ety/>

They mean "radiance of pure light".<ref>{{L|148}}</ref> It might contain the ending ''rille'' "brilliance".<ref>{{VT|46}} p.11</ref>

The proper [[Quenya]] plural form is ''Silmarilli'', Silmarils being an Anglicised name.

==Names==
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']] appears the [[Noldorin]] name '''''Silevril''''', being related to [[Quenya]] ''Silmaril''.<ref name=Ety>{{LR|Etymologies}}, pp. 383 (entry [[RIL]]), 385 (entry [[SIL]])</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] appears to have retained the Noldorin form in [[Sindarin]], since the name ''Pennas Silevril'' (apparently the Sindarin translation of Quenya ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'')<ref>[[Helge Fauskanger]], [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin, the Noble Tongue: Sindarin Plural Patterns] at [[Ardalambion]] (accessed 10 July 2011)</ref> is used in later manuscripts.<ref>{{MR|P3II1}}, p. 200</ref>

Other Noldorin names from the ''Etymologies'' are ''Golodhvir'' meaning "Noldo-jewel(s)" (cf. ''[[Golodh]]'' meaning "Noldo") and ''Mirion'' pl. ''Miruin'' meaning "Great jewel/s".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, (entry [[MIR]])</ref>

In [[Aelfwine]]'s [[Old English]] translations, the name ''Silmaril'' is rendered phonetically as ''Sigelmaerels''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]] it is composed of OE ''sigel'' = sun, jewel, ''maerels'' = 'rope', actually referring to the Nauglamir.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>
==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Silmarils|Images of Silmarils]]
*[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
*''[[The Silmarillion]]''
*[[Nauglamir]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]
[[de:Silmaril]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/silmarils]]
[[fi:Silmarilit]]

Elmo

2015-01-17T19:29:36Z

Nauglafring: Added link to "Celeborn"

{{rewrite}}
'''Elmo''' was an [[Elf]] of the [[Nelyar]] born at [[Cuiviénen]]. He was the brother of [[Thingol|Elwë]] and [[Olwë]]. He remained behind when Elwë was lost, becoming one of the [[Sindar]] of [[Doriath]].<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Elmo was developed to explain the reference in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' that [[Celeborn]] was a "kinsman of Thingol". One of the solutions was to establish Celeborn as the son of an unimportant brother of Thingol.

In other, later writings, Celeborn is made into a [[Teleri]]n Elf, and a relative of Olwë of [[Valinor]] instead, but this was not further developed or published.

{{References}}

[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Teleri]]
[[de:Elmo]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/teleri/falmari/elmo]]
[[fi:Elmo]]

George William Tolkien

2014-10-20T00:42:57Z

Nauglafring:

'''George William Tolkien''' ([[20 October]] [[1784]] - [[1 June]] [[1840]]), son of [[John Benjamin Tolkien (George's father)|John Benjamin Tolkien]] and [[Mary Wall]], was J.R.R. Tolkien's great-grandfather.

George was married to [[Eliza Lydia Murrell]] ([[1787]] - [[1863]]).

==Children==
* George Tolkien
* Eliza
*[[John Benjamin Tolkien]] ([[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur's]] father)
*[[Alfred Tolkien]]
*[[Henry Tolkien]]
* William Murrel
* Mary
* Ann
* Septimus
* Anne

==See also==
*[http://londonstreetviews.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/henry-tolkien-music-publisher/ Henry Tolkien]

[[Category:Tolkien Family|Tolkien, George William]]
[[Category:British people|Tolkien, George William]]
[[Category:People by name|Tolkien, George William]]

Beornings

2014-09-13T22:06:10Z

Nauglafring:

{{people
| image=[[Image:Angelo Montanini - Beornings.jpg|250px]]
| name=Beornings
| dominions=Upper [[Vales of Anduin]]
| languages=[[Westron|Common Speech]]
| height=
| length=
| skincolor=
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions=
| lifespan=
| members=[[Beorn]], [[Grimbeorn]]
}}
'''Beornings''' were a people of the upper [[Vales of Anduin]], between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name=AppMen/><ref name=H18/><ref name =FRII1/>
==History==
The Beornings were close kin of the [[Éothéod]], the [[Woodmen]] of Mirkwood and the [[Bardings]].<ref>{{App|A2}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref> Their ancestors were related to the [[Edain]],<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref> perhaps akin to the [[House of Hador|Third House]] of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{UT|8}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Five Armies]] and the decimation of the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], many [[Northmen]] gathered around [[Beorn]] who became a great chief. It is possible that the Beornings became known as a people through being descendants of [[Beorn]].<ref name=H18>{{H|18}}</ref><ref name=FRII1>{{FR|II1}}</ref> During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Grimbeorn]], son of Beorn, was the leader of the Beornings.<ref name=FRII1/>

The Beornings kept open the passages of the [[Ford of Carrock]] and the [[High Pass]] in return for tolls,<ref name=FRII1/> likely clearing the paths from [[Dale]] to [[Rivendell]] from evil creatures such as [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]].<ref>{{TI|XIII}}, pp. 263-4 (note 15)</ref>

In the events leading up to the [[War of the Ring]], the Beornings helped [[Aragorn]], who was taking [[Gollum]] to Mirkwood, to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|10}}, "(ii) Other Versions of the Story"</ref>

During the War of the Ring, while wearing the One Ring upon Amon Hen, Frodo saw the land of the Beornings aflame, hinting that Sauron's forces had attacked them.<ref>{{FR|II10}}</ref>

After the War of the Ring, the Beornings and the Woodmen were given central [[Eryn Lasgalen]] by [[Thranduil]] and [[Celeborn]].<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
They spoke the [[Westron|Common Speech]],<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Leila Keene and Pat Kirke]]" (cf. ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', p. 72)</ref> and had perhaps also their own dialect of it or tongue.<ref name=AppMen>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 34 (§14)</ref>

Through many generations, the descendants of Beorn were like him [[skin-changers]], able to take the shape of a [[bears|bear]].<ref group=note>Since it is unknown if all Beornings came from the line of Beorn, one can only guess if this was valid for all the Beornings.</ref> Some of Beorn's descendants were grim like him and even "bad", but none of them matched Beorn in size and strength.<ref name=H18/>

The Beornings seemed to have shared a dislike for [[Dwarves]],<ref name=FRII1/><ref>{{H|7}}: [Beorn speaking:] "''I am not over fond of dwarves''"</ref> perhaps related to the latters' praise of metals and the formers' disinterest in it.<ref>{{H|7}}: "''[The Dwarves] spoke most of gold and silver and jewels and the making of things by smith-craft, and Beorn did not appear to care for such things: there were no things of gold or silver in his hall, and few save the knives were made of metal at all.</ref>

They were known as great bakers, famous for their honey-cakes (which could feed travellers similarly to the ''[[lembas]]'').<ref>{{FR|II8}}</ref>

==Etymology==

*''[[Beorn#Etymology|beorn]]'' + ''[[-ings]]''

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Beornings in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:The One Ring (role-playing game) - Beorning.jpg|A Beorning in ''[[The One Ring (role-playing game)|The One Ring]]''
}}
'''2011-: [[The One Ring (role-playing game)|''The One Ring'' (role-playing game)]]:'''

:Beornings are one of the playable cultures. The game describes them as rough Men, sometimes outlaws, gathered under the banner of Beorn. One of their cultural Virtues is the ability to take control of a 'spirit animal' whilst sleeping, a talent taught to some Beornings by Beorn himself.<ref>{{TOR|Adventures}}, pp. 41-6</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Beornings|Images of Beornings]]
{{references|n}}
[[Category:Beornings| ]]
[[Category:Demonyms]]
[[de:Beorninger]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:beornides]]
[[fi:Beorningit]]

J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century

2014-06-21T17:56:06Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup, added links

{{disambig-more|J.R.R. Tolkien|[[J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book|
title=J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century|
image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Author of the Century.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[Tom Shippey]]|
isbn=0-261-10400-4|
publisher=London: [[HarperCollins|HarperCollinsPublishers]]|
date=[September] [[2000]]|
format=Hardcover (22.5 × 14.5 cm)|
pages=xxxv, 347|
}}
'''''J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century''''' is a scholarly study of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his work by [[Tom Shippey|Professor Tom Shippey]]. The book was also published in an American edition: Boston: Houghton Mifflin, [March] 2001. ISBN 0-618-12764-X (hbk).<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam]], ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books about Tolkien]'', as of 20 August, 2010</ref>
==From the publisher==
Recent polls have consistently declared that J.R.R. Tolkien is "the most influential author of the century" and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is "the book of the century." In support of these claims, Tom Shippey, the prominent medievalist and scholar of fantasy, now presents us with a fascinating companion to the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, focusing in particular on ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''The Lord of the Rings'', and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

The core of the book consists of three chapters that examine ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a linguistic and cultural map, as a twisted web of story, and as a response to the meaning of myth. Shippey presents a unique argument to explain the nature of evil and gives readers a compelling insight into the complicated interweaving of many strands as the narrative moves between characters and into the remarkable skill behind the construction of such a rich and complex story. Other chapters examine ''The Hobbit'', explaining the hobbits' anachronistic relationship to the heroic world of Middle-earth; the fundamental importance of ''The Silmarillion'' to Tolkien's canon; and an illuminating look at ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]'', and other lesser-known works in connection to Tolkien's life.

With a clear and accessible style, Shippey offers a new approach to Tolkien, to fantasy, and to the importance of language in literature. He demonstrates how ''The Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings'', and ''The Silmarillion'' form part of a live and continuing tradition of storytelling that can trace its roots back through Grimms' ''Fairy Tales'' to ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''. ''J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century'' not only gives readers a deeper understanding of Tolkien and his work, but also serves as a learned and entertaining introduction to some of the finest and most influential works of fantasy ever written.
{{references}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Books by Tom Shippey]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]
[[de:J.R.R. Tolkien: Autor des Jahrhunderts]]

Forums:Fili--future King under the Mountain?

2014-06-21T17:19:04Z

Nauglafring:

<div style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px">'''[[Main Page|Tolkien Gateway]] > [[Forum:Council|Forums]] > {{PAGENAME}}'''</div> [[Category:Council]]



Hi,

On the Fili page it states that he is Thorin's heir and should become King under the Mountain after his uncle's death. I do not recall any such statement anywhere in the legendarium, though Tolkien refers to Dain Ironfoot as Thorin's heir. It is possible that in Dwarf culture the succession could not pass through the female line (Dis), and thus Fili would not be his uncle's heir, though he is closest of kin. Does anyone have more information on this than I do?

[[User:Nauglafring|Nauglafring]] 13:15, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

:I think it's a fair assumption that Fili was Thorin's heir. But you're right in that Tolkien never explicitly said so. However, it could be implied from the ordering of sentences like this: "There fell also Fíli and Kíli, his sister-sons. But Dáin Ironfoot, his cousin, who came from the Iron Hills to his aid and was also his rightful heir, became then King Dáin I ...". i.e. Tolkien only states that Dain was the rightful heir after saying that both Kili and Fili died along with Thorin.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 13:26, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

Ought we rephrase the article so as not to state it positively?

[[User:Nauglafring|Nauglafring]] 17:19, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

Forums:Fili--future King under the Mountain?

2014-06-21T13:15:26Z

Nauglafring: Created page with "<div style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px">'''Tolkien Gateway > Forums > {{PAGENAME}}'''</div> Category:Council..."

Void

2014-06-17T03:00:57Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup, links added

{{quote|Lost and forgotten be, darker than the darkness, Where gates stand forever shut, till [[Arda Unmarred|the World is mended]]|[[Tom Bombadil]], ''[[Fog on the Barrow-downs]]''}}

'''The Void''', or the '''Timeless Void''', was a term used in various ways.

Cosmologically, it describes the uninhabited regions of existence outside the World, the absence of the [[Flame Imperishable]].

[[Morgoth|Melkor]] used to wander in the Void to look in vain for the Flame Imperishable.

The [[Timeless Halls]] of [[Ilúvatar]] seem to be apart from the Void; [[Eä]] is created amidst the Void but is not a part of it.

After his defeat in the [[War of Wrath]], [[Morgoth|Melkor]] was cast out into the Timeless Void, but legends predict that he will return to the World before its end. The Void into which Morgoth was cast, which surrounded Arda and was thus a part of [[Eä]], was often confused by [[Elves]] and [[Men]] with the void that existed before the creation of [[Eä]].<ref>{{MR|P5VII}}</ref>

==Names==
The Void was also known as the '''Outer Dark''' (or the Outer Darkness), the Everlasting Dark, the Ancient Darkness. [[Quenya]] names were ''Avakúma'', ''Oiakúma''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 8</ref>, and ''[[Kúma]]''.<ref>{{HM|IX}}, p. 31</ref><ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379</ref>
{{references}}
{{cosmology}}
[[Category: Cosmology]]
[[de:Kúma]]
[[fi:Ajaton Tyhjyys]]

Letter 22

2014-06-17T02:54:36Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup, slight expansion

{{letter infobox
| #=22
| to=C.A. Furth of [[Allen and Unwin|Allen & Unwin]]
| date=[[4 February]] [[1938]]
| subject=''[[The Hobbit]]'' ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''
}}{{letter|22}}
==Summary==
In this letter, Tolkien enclosed a copy of ''[[A Long-expected Party]]'', the first chapter of the ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (presumably for [[Letter 21|review by Rayner Unwin]]).
[[Image:C.A. Furth 4 February 1938.png|thumb|left]]
He also mentioned receiving a letter from a young reader with a list of ''errata'' found in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. Subsequently he had tasked his youngest son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]], who was confined to bed at the time with a heart condition, with finding more, paying him twopence per mistake.<ref group="note">This may be considered Christopher Tolkien's first documented 'study' of his father's works.</ref> Tolkien enclosed both the lists, in the hope that they might one day be required.

==Notes==
<references group="note" />
{{letters}}

House of Elendil

2014-06-16T02:33:07Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

The '''House of Elendil''' was the royal line of the [[Dunedain]] established in
[[Middle-earth]] and ruled the [[Realms in Exile]].
==History==
[[Elendil]] the son of [[Amandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Amandil]] escaped the [[Downfall of Númenor]] with his two sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]]. They sought refuge in [[Middle-earth]], where they founded two kingdoms: [[Arnor]] in the north, and [[Gondor]] in the south. Elendil ruled both of these as [[High King of the Dúnedain]], and from his descendants came the line of Kings in both the North-kingdom and the South-kingdom.

Elendil himself was slain in the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], and his elder son Isildur inherited the [[High King of the Dúnedain|High Kingship]]. Two years later, Isildur himself, together with his three elder heirs, was lost in the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]. His only remaining heir, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], was only a boy, effectively leaving Arnor without a King. Thus the House of Elendil split into two lines. In the south, Isildur's nephew [[Meneldil]] had been left to rule Gondor in his uncle's name. Meneldil now took up the full Kingship of Gondor, and Gondor was ruled by his descendants for more than two thousand years.

When Valandil came of age, he inherited Arnor, the northern realm of his father. Valandil and his descendants ruled the [[Arnor|North-kingdom]] for many generations, until dissent arose among the sons of the tenth King, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]]. This conflict ultimately saw Arnor divided into three kingdoms: [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. Eärendur's eldest son and true heir, [[Amlaith]], took control of Arthedain, while his brothers took up rule in the other new lands. Arthedain endured for more than a thousand years, but eventually all three kingdoms of the [[Northern Dúnedain]] fell to the armies of [[Angmar]].

The line of Elendil was not broken in that defeat. The heir of [[Arvedui]], the last King of [[Arthedain]], was [[Aranarth]]. He took the title [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]], and his descendants led a proud but scattered people through the last millennium of the [[Third Age]]. The last Chieftain was Aranarth's heir through many generations: [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], who united the [[Two Kingdoms]] after the [[War of the Ring]] and became the first King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Thus the House of Elendil returned to Gondor.

==See also==
*[[House of Isildur]] and [[Kings of Arnor]]
*[[House of Anárion]] and [[Kings of Gondor]]
[[Category:House of Elendil| ]]

Thorin

2014-05-30T23:47:17Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup/clarification

{{Countdown}}
{{disambig-more|Thorin|[[Thorin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{dwarves infobox
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|250px]]
| name=Thorin II
| pronun=
| othernames=Thorin Oakenshield Thorin<ref name=AppA3>{{App|A3}}</ref>
| titles=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]<ref name=AppA3/> [[King under the Mountain]]<ref name=H10>{{H|10}}</ref>
| position=
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]]<ref>{{UT|9}}</ref> [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name=AppA3/>
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2746}}
| birthlocation=[[Lonely Mountain]]
| rule={{TA|2850}} – {{TA|2941|n}}
| death={{TA|2941}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of Five Armies]]
| age=195
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=[[Thráin II]]
| siblings=[[Frerin]], [[Dís]]
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Sky-blue hood with a long silver tassel,<ref name="H1">{{H|1}}</ref> coat of gold-plated rings,<ref name="H13"/> belt crusted with scarlet stones<ref name="H13">{{H|13}}</ref>
| weapons=[[Orcrist]] Silver-hafted axe<ref name="H13"/>
| steed=
}}
<center>{{quote|I am Thorin son of Thrain son of Thror King under the Mountain! I return!|Thorin<ref name="H10">{{H|10}}</ref>

|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=H1/>}}</center>
'''Thorin II''' ([[Third Age]] {{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}), also known as '''Thorin [[Oakenshield]]''', was the [[King of Durin's Folk]] from {{TA|2850}} until his death in {{TA|2941}}, being the son of [[Thráin II]], grandson of [[Thrór]] and older brother to [[Frerin]] and [[Dís]]. Thorin led [[Durin's Folk]] of the [[Blue Mountains]] during their time in exile. In {{TA|2941}} he led the quest for [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] accompanied by twelve [[dwarves]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], and [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]]; he briefly became [[King under the Mountain]] until he perished following the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{UT|9}}; {{H|10}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

==Appearance==
Thorin wore a sky-blue hood with a long silver tassel. Around his neck he wore a golden chain, upon which he attached his grandfather's key.<ref name="H1"/>
{{Blockquote|It was Thorin, but you could only have told it by his golden chain, and by the colour of his now dirty and tattered sky-blue hood with its tarnished silver tassel.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="H9">{{H|9}}</ref>}}

==History==
===Youth and exile===
[[File:Smaug MERP.png|thumb|Smaug the dragon.]]
Thorin was born in {{TA|2746}}, presumably in the Lonely Mountain where his grandfather, [[Thrór]], was King under the Mountain. Thorin was still a youngster (aged c. 24), by Dwarves' reckoning, when the dragon [[Smaug]] descended upon the mountain of Erebor in flames. Smaug left the mannish town of [[Dale]] in ruins and killed many dwarves who were inside the mountain. Thrór and Thráin (Thorin's father) escaped using a secret [[Back Door]]. Meanwhile Thorin was one of the few Dwarves who were not inside the mountain at the time. Thus the surviving [[Dwarves of Erebor]] were driven into exile and Thrór, Thráin, and Thorin fled south.<ref name=AppA3/><ref name=H1/>

===The War of the Dwarves and Orcs===
Weary, elderly and disillusioned, Thrór departed from [[Dunland]] with [[Nár (companion of Thrór)|Nár]]. They came to [[Azanulbizar]] and the [[East-gate|Eastern gate]] of [[Moria]], which they found was open. Whilst Nár stayed behind (and urged his companion to do the same) Thrór approached and entered the gate, and was murdered by [[Azog]]. He added insult to injury by branding Thrór's brow with the name 'AZOG' in [[Runes|Dwarfrunes]]. Thus it was that the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] began following the return of Nár, who bore the news to Thráin.<ref name=AppA3/>
[[File:Mikel Janin - Battle of Azanulbizar.jpeg|left|thumb|Mikel Janin - ''Battle of Azanulbizar'']]
The war was fought long and hard between the two races, ultimately ending in a pyrrhic Dwarven victory at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}}. Both Thráin and Thorin were wounded during this battle and [[Frerin]] (Thorin's brother) was killed. When his shield broke, in its stead he used an [[oak]] branch to block the blows of his foes.<ref>{{App|A3}}, note 46.</ref> Despite victory no Dwarf dared to re-enter [[Moria]] out of fear of [[Durin's Bane]].<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

In memory of this, Thorin swore to always bear a plain shield of oak with no device until he should be hailed king,<ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> and thus he earned the epithet '''Oakenshield'''.

===Return into exile===
[[File:Charles Burggraf - We will get it back.jpg|thumb|right|left|Charles Burggraf - ''"We will get it back"'']]
Thráin, Thorin, and the other survivors of [[Durin's Folk]] left Azanulbizar and returned to [[Dunland]]. However they soon began to wander [[Eriador]] before settling at last in the [[Blue Mountains]]. Here they prospered in their own fashion, forging iron objects and increasing their numbers (albeit, due to a scarceness of [[Dwarf-women]], very slowly, and by wandering Longbeards who heard of his dwelling). Nonetheless they all still longed to return to the Lonely Mountain.<ref name=AppA3/>

By this time Thráin was in possession of [[Ring of Thrór|the last]] of the [[Seven Rings]] of power. It is possible that as [[Sauron|Sauron's]] power grew so too did the ring's influence over Thráin. His burning desire for gold and to return to the Lonely Mountain became too great and in {{TA|2841}} he set out to return. Thorin was never to see his father again for Sauron captured and imprisoned Thráin in [[Dol Guldur]]. Thus it was that in {{TA|2850}}, following Thráin's death, Thorin became the [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]] at the age of ninety-five. Thorin and his people were content living in the [[Blue Mountains]] and [[Eriador]] but as the years waned Thorin's desire to return to Erebor grew.<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{App|B2}}</ref>

===The Quest for Erebor===

====A new hope====
{{Blockquote|Listen to me, Thorin Oakenshield ! [...] If this hobbit goes with you, you will succeed. If not, you will fail. A foresight is on me, and I am warning you.|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="UT9">{{UT|9}}</ref>}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Gandalf and Thorin.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Gandalf and Thorin'']]
The fortunes of the House of Durin changed when Thorin met [[Gandalf]] by chance in {{TA|2941}}.<ref group="note">Different accounts dispute the exact location of this first meeting. One source states that it occurred at an Inn in [[Bree]]. Whilst another states that Thorin started talking to Gandalf when he overtook him on the road.</ref> They then proceeded to go to [[Thorin's Halls]]. There they discussed their tales and Gandalf formulated a plan. Gandalf knew that Sauron could have potentially used Smaug with devastating effect. Therefore both he and Thorin had a shared interest in removing Smaug. Gandalf wanted Thorin and a company of dwarves to travel to the Lonely Mountain taking [[Bilbo Baggins]] with them. Gandalf's instinct was that the Quest for Erebor would only be successful if Bilbo accompanied them.
[[File:LotR LCG- Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|Thorin Oakenshield at Bag End]]
Therefore Gandalf invited Thorin and other Dwarves to [[Hobbiton]] of the [[Shire]], instructing them to look for a [[smial]] whose door was marked with the sign of the thief (as the dwarves had gotten it into their head that Bilbo was a thief). Thus Thorin found himself in [[Bag End]], where they perused the hobbit's hospitality. However, Thorin and the dwarves were not convinced; it was not until Gandalf revealed [[Thrór's Map]] and key that Thorin was convinced that the quest would be profitable to him. Even after the "[[An Unexpected Party|Unexpected Party]]" Gandalf only persuaded Thorin to take Bilbo on the morning that they set off.<ref>{{App|A3}}; {{UT|9}}</ref>

Thus it was that in {{TA|2941}} Thorin set off for the Lonely Mountain with Gandalf, Bilbo Baggins, [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]], [[Balin]], [[Dwalin]], [[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]], [[Óin]], [[Glóin]], [[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], and [[Bombur]]. A short time into the journey the adventurers found a Troll's cave. Here they found a hoard of treasure which included blades made in the ancient city of [[Gondolin]]. Bilbo found a knife that he named [[Sting]], Gandalf acquired [[Glamdring]] and meanwhile Thorin found [[Orcrist]].<ref>{{H|2}}</ref> Whilst [[Thorin and Company]] were in [[Rivendell]] [[Elrond]] read the inscriptions on the blades and informed them of their sword's histories. He also read the [[moon-letters]] on Thrór's map; it read "''stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks [...] and the setting sun with the last light of [[Durin's Day]] will shine upon the keyhole.''"<ref>{{H|3}}</ref>

====The return of the King under the Mountain====
[[File:David T. Wenzel - Thorin in Esgaroth.jpg|thumb|left|David T. Wenzel - ''Thorin in Esgaroth'']]
Upon reaching [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], the closest settlement to the Lonely Mountain, Thorin was greeted warmly and the men of Lake-town hailed the return of the [[King under the Mountain]].<ref name=H10/> They soon reached the Lonely Mountain itself and "''with the last light of Durin's Day''" they found the secret side-door, using the key to open it.<ref>{{H|11}}</ref> Thorin sent Bilbo in to carry out his duty as their 'esteemed burglar'. This enraged Smaug who sought to destroy the burglar and take out his vengeance on the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{H|12}}</ref> The dragon was slain by [[Bard]] who pierced an un-armoured spot on the dragon's underside.<ref>{{H|14}}</ref>

Upon hearing the news of the death of Smaug, Thorin was overcome by greed. He fortified the main entrance to the mountain and refused to share any of the treasure. Hosts of [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] and [[Lake-men]] approached the mountain led by the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] and Bard respectively. Thorin refused to accept their claims to a share in the treasure and sent for his cousin, [[Dáin Ironfoot]], who brought more than five-hundred Dwarves from the [[Iron Hills]].<ref>{{H|15}}; {{H|16}}</ref> Bilbo sought to bring an end to the dispute; to this end he secretly gave the [[Arkenstone]] to Bard and the Elvenking to use in making a deal with Thorin. When Thorin heard about Bilbo's actions he was furious and felt betrayed by the Hobbit.<ref>{{H|17}}</ref>

====Death====
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Death of Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|right|[[Darrell Sweet]] - ''The Death of Thorin Oakenshield'']]However all disputes were cast aside when the army of [[Bolg]], Azog's son, suddenly attacked. Thus the three armies of [[Elves]], [[Men]], and [[Dwarves]] united against the two armies of [[Orcs|Goblins]] and [[Wargs]]: the [[Battle of Five Armies]] had begun. As the battle drew on, Thorin leapt from the front gate and rallied all Elves, Men, and Dwarves to him. The armies of the [[free peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]] emerged triumphant. Nonetheless [[Kíli]] and [[Fíli]] were killed and Thorin was gravely wounded. Before he died Thorin spoke to Bilbo and commended his good character, courage and friendship. With that, he died. He was laid to rest deep within the Lonely Mountain. Dain Ironfoot, the new King under the Mountain, placed the Arkenstone upon Thorin's chest, whilst the Elvenking laid Orcrist upon Thorin's tomb.<ref>{{H|17}}; {{H|18}}</ref>

==Personality==
{{Blockquote|Thorin did not live to enjoy his triumph or his treasure. Pride and greed overcame him in spite of my warning|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="UT9"/>}}
Thorin was capable of being stubborn, proud, and greedy. According to Gandalf he was, from the beginning, contemptuous about the notion that [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] should go with him on his long-desired adventure to the Lonely Mountain; he thought that Gandalf was trying to mock him and make him look foolish. Indeed, Thorin found it difficult to accept the advice of Gandalf at all, believing that he should have been drawing plans for war and battle rather than planning to use a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] as a burglar. But he gradually came to respect the Hobbit's value to his quest, as Bilbo again and again proved his stealth and courage. Thorin's most coveted prize was the [[Arkenstone]], something which Bilbo believed was not only the heart of the mountain but the heart of Thorin also. Thorin's greed was epitomised at the moment when he discovered that Bilbo had given the Arkenstone to the Elvenking and Bard: he lifted Bilbo up, shouting, 'I will throw you to the rocks'. Upon his deathbed Thorin repented his ways, saying that "''if more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world.''"<ref>{{UT|9}}; {{H|17}}; {{H|18}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | DAI | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]] ''{{TA|2440|n}}-{{TA|2589|n}}''}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | THR | | FRO | | | | GRO |THR=[[Thrór]] ''{{TA|2542|n}}-{{TA|2790|n}}''|FRO=[[Frór]] ''{{TA|2552|n}}-{{TA|2589|n}}''|GRO=[[Grór]] ''{{TA|2563|n}}-{{TA|2805|n}}''}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | THN | | | | | | | | NAI |THN=[[Thráin II]] ''{{TA|2644|n}}-{{TA|2850|n}}''|NAI=[[Náin (son of Grór)|Náin]] ''{{TA|2665|n}}-{{TA|2799|n}}''}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| THO | | FRE | | DIS | | | | DII |THO='''Thorin II Oakenshield''' ''{{TA|2746|n}}-{{TA|2941|n}}''|FRE=[[Frerin]] ''{{TA|2751|n}}-{{TA|2799|n}}''|DIS=[[Dís]] ''{{TA|2760|n}}-Unknown''|DII=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] ''{{TA|2767|n}}-{{TA|3019|n}}''}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | FIL | | KIL | | TH3 |FIL=[[Fíli]] {{TA|2859|n}}-{{TA|2941|n}}|KIL=[[Kíli]] ''{{TA|2864|n}}-{{TA|2941|n}}''|TH3=[[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]] ''{{TA|2866|n}}-Unknown''}}
{{familytree/end}}</div>

==Etymology==
<div style="float:right; border:1px solid #f0f0f0; color:#000; background-color:#ffffff; padding:5px; margin-bottom:5px; margin-left:5px">
<div style="text-align:center">[[File:Thorin Hobbit runes.png|Thorin]]</div>
<div style="text-align:center">'''Thorin'''</div>
<div style="text-align:center; font-size:x-small">'''[[Runes|Anglo-Saxon Runes]] used in ''[[The Hobbit]]'''''</div>
</div>
Thorin's name is one from the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. It means "Bold".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

The epithet "[[Oakenshield]]" also comes from the ''Dvergatal''. ''Eikinskjaldi'' means "Oakenshield", and it has long been considered the name of a Dwarf. However, because the name appears twice, both in Dúrinn's and Dválinn's line, it has also been suggested that it simply means "with an oaken shield".<ref>P.H. Salus, Taylor Beekman, "[http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk.proxy-ub.rug.nl/articles/displayItemPage.do?FormatType=fulltextimages&QueryType=articles&ResultsID=12E4F77F8FAA34BB2&ItemNumber=9&PageNumber=1 'Eikinskjaldi, Fjalarr', and 'Eggþer': Notes on Dwarves and Giants in the 'Völuspá'"], published in ''[[wikipedia:Neophilologus|Neophilologus]]'' Vol 53 (1969), Issue #1, pp. 76-81</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In early manuscripts of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the name ''[[Gandalf]]'' was used by Tolkien for the character who later would be named "Thorin Oakenshield" in the published works.<ref>{{HH|Intro}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Thorin in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (1966 film) - Thorin.png|Thorin in the 1966 adaptation of ''[[The Hobbit (1966 film)|The Hobbit]]''.
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Thorin.jpg|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Thorin.JPG|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|Sierra's The Hobbit]]
|File:Thorin II-LOTRO1.png|Thorin in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Thorin.jpg|Thorin in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
===Films===
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Thorin Oakenshield is the commander of the garrison of [[Dale]]. He is not a royal.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Hans Conried]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Thorin was portrayed by [[Richard Armitage]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Thorin in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio:

:{{Blockquote|As a young Dwarf Prince, Thorin witnessed the destruction and terror wrought when a great fire-breathing dragon attacked the Dwarf Kingdom of Erebor. When no one came to the aid of the surviving Dwarves, a once proud and noble race was forced into exile. Now, as the strong, fearless fighter and respected leader of The Company of Dwarves, Thorin is determined to reclaim his homeland and destroy the beast that brought such misery upon his people.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}

:: Unlike many other adaptations where Thorin is depicted as white haired, Thorin is portrayed as younger looking (in the original book he was the oldest of the Dwarves in the Company; in the movies he appears to be roughly in the middle of the thirteen age-wise). Thorin, however, does have streaks of gray in his black hair.

===Radio series===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[John Justin]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

===Games===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76 (accessed 24 March 2011)</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Thorin's voice is provided by [[Clive Revill]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Thorin plays no role in the storyline, but makes a brief appearance in a flashback taking place in {{TA|2941}}.

'''2014: ''[[LEGO The Hobbit: The Video Game]]'':''': Thorin appears as he is in the movies, but in the form of a LEGO minifigure. He is voiced by Richard Armitage.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Thorin|Images of Thorin]]

{{References|n}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=dwarf
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| born={{TA|2746}}
| died={{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=[[Thráin II]]
|next=[[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]
|nrow=2
|list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]
|dates={{TA|2850}} – {{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq
|pvac=None
|prev=[[Thrór]], 170 years earlier
|list=4th [[Kings under the Mountain|King under the Mountain]]
|dates={{TA|2941}}
}}
{{seq-end}}{{Thorin and Company}}

[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[de:Thorin II.]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/3a/thorin_ii]]
[[fi:Thorin II Tammikilpi]]

Elven customs

2014-05-28T01:48:21Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

The Elves had various '''Customs''' they practiced.

==Marriage==

Spouses can choose each other long before they are married and be betrothed. The betrothal is subject to parental approval unless the parties are of age and intend to marry soon, at which point the betrothal is announced at a meeting of the two houses, during which the couple exchange rings. The betrothal lasts at least a year, and is revocable by the return of the rings (but is rarely broken). After their formal betrothal, the couple appoints a time for the wedding when at least a year has passed.

Marriage is celebrated at a feast of the two houses. The spouses return their betrothal rings and receive others worn on their index fingers. The bride’s mother gives the groom a jewel to be worn, but the marriage is only achieved with its consummation. Technically, only the words exchanged by the bride and groom (including the speaking of the name of Eru) and the consummation are required for marriage.

==Naming conventions==
The following traditions were practiced among the Noldor; other Eldar had slightly different conventions. Naming conventions are complex, as both parents named the child, and the Elves often chose additional names for themselves later, or were given names by others.

===Essë===
The Noldor were typically given one name (an ''[[essë]]'') at birth. This name was given by the father, therefore called the Father-name. The name was often derived from the father's or the mother's own name.
The most prominent example for this are [[Finwë]] and his descendants:
*Finwë gave to his oldest son [[Fëanor]] the name ''Curufinwë'' (skilled Finwë).
*Many of Finwë's descendants bear the ''fin'' element in their names, such as [[Fingolfin]], [[Finarfin]], [[Fingon]] and [[Finrod]].

Fëanor in turn also gave to all his sons names based on Finwë, with slight derivation:
*His eldest son [[Maedhros]] was given the name ''Nelyafinwë'' (third Finwë), the second son [[Maglor]] was named ''Canafinwë'' (strong-voiced Finwë), the fourth son [[Caranthir]] was named ''Morifinwë'' (dark Finwë) and the youngest son [[Amras]] was named ''Telufinwë'' (last Finwë).
The prefixes are partially based on physical appearance and skills and thus might be added some time after birth.

===Amilessë===
When the children had become older, they received a second name from their mother, the ''amilessë''. They often described the physical appearance of the child or a character trait.
As an example, [[Galadriel]]'s amilessë was ''Nerwen'', meaning man-maiden due to her height, physical strength and pride. [[Celegorm]]'s amilessë was ''Tyelkormo'', meaning "hasty-riser" referring to his quick temper (Celegorm is the Sindarin rendering of the name).
Sometimes the mother-name divulged details about an Elf's fate or strong characteristics, such as the name Fëanor (spirit of fire) or the mother-name of [[Amras]] ''Umbarto'' (the Fated), then called ''amilessi tercenyë'' ("mother names of insight"). These names were rarely given, but considered extremely important.

===Cilmessë===
As the Noldo grew older, he or she chose a second name, called a ''cilmessë'', or "chosen name". This name reflected the Noldo's unique linguistic tastes. It was not used by those who did not know the Noldo well and would be considered rude to do so, and for this reason no example for a cilmessë is known, as they wouldn't appear in historical records and tales. In those cases, the Father-name (which remained the official name throughout the Noldo's life) would be used.

===Epessë===
The ''epessë'' or the "after-name" was the fourth type. The after-name was given later in life (not necessarily by the Elf's kin), as a title of admiration and honour. In some circumstances, the ''epessë'' was chosen by the Elf himself or herself.
A typical example for an epessë is [[Galadriel]]. Galadriel is the Sindarin rendering of ''Alatáriel'', the latter being the Telerin ''epessë'' originally given to her by [[Celeborn]], meaning "Maiden Crowned by a Radiant Garland".

===Special cases===
Due to the Noldor's migration to Middle-earth, where they abandoned their native language and adopted [[Sindarin]], there are a few more complex cases. Many of the original names have been rendered into Sindarin, but not translated entirely correct. In other cases two names have been merged, creating a new epessë.
For example [[Maedhros]], the oldest son of [[Fëanor]], was called ''Russandol'' (copper-top) by his brothers, due to his auburn hair. His mother name was ''Maitimo'' (well-shaped one). Maedhros is the combination of both names.

Another very special case is Amras. His mother-name was Umbarto, meaning the fated. His father Fëanor was disturbed by this name and changed it to Ambarto.

[[Category: Elves]]

The Inklings (book)

2014-04-27T18:31:04Z

Nauglafring:

{{disambig-more|Inklings|[[Inklings (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
|title=The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends
|image=[[Image:inklings_book.gif|250px]]
|author=[[Humphrey Carpenter]]
|publisher=[[Allen and Unwin|George Allen and Unwin]]
|date=October [[1978]]
|format=Paperback
|pages=Hardback in dustwrapper
|isbn=0048090115
}}
'''''The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends''''' is a book by [[Humphrey Carpenter]], originally published in [[1978]].

Includes a large number of previously unpublished extracts from letters and other writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. Also includes a reproduction of a note to Dr. Warfield M. Firor from the [[Inklings]], to which Tolkien added his name and a potted four line biography.

{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Scholarly books|Inklings, The]]
[[Category:Biography books]]
[[Category:Books by Humphrey Carpenter|Inklings, The]]
[[Category:Publications by title|Inklings, The]]

The Inklings (book)

2014-04-27T18:30:43Z

Nauglafring:

{{disambig-more|Inklings|[[Inklings (disambiguation)]]}}
{{book
|title=The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends
|image=[[Image:inklings_book.gif|250px]]
|author=[[Humphrey Carpenter]]
|publisher=[[Allen and Unwin|George Allen and Unwin]]
|date=October [[1978]]
|format=Paperback
|pages=Hardback in dustwrapper
|isbn=0048090115
}}
'''''The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends''''' is a book by [[Humphrey Carpenter]], originally published in [[1978]].

Includes a large number of previously unpublished extracts from letters and other writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. Also includes a reproduction of a note to Dr Warfield M. Firor from the [[Inklings]], to which Tolkien added his name and a potted four line biography.

{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Scholarly books|Inklings, The]]
[[Category:Biography books]]
[[Category:Books by Humphrey Carpenter|Inklings, The]]
[[Category:Publications by title|Inklings, The]]

Christopher Tolkien

2014-04-25T17:59:04Z

Nauglafring:

{{author infobox
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien.jpg|250px]]
| name=Christopher Tolkien
| born=[[21 November]], [[1924]]
| died=
| education=[[Wikipedia:Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[Oxford]]
| occupation=Author, Professor
| location=England France
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com TolkienEstate.com]
}}
'''Christopher John Reuel Tolkien''' (born [[21 November]], [[1924]]) is the third child and youngest son of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Edith Tolkien]]. He is the literary executor of the [[Tolkien Estate]] and has edited much of his father's work for posthumous publication.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/Non-Fiction/Pages/History-of-Middle-earth.aspx?page=2&sdt=1&sort=pno&objsct=History%20of%20Middle-earth|articlename=History of Middle-earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkien.co.uk Tolkien.co.uk]|accessed=18-11-2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Christopher Tolkien was named after his father's friend, [[Christopher Wiseman]] (he also sometimes uses his confirmation name, "John" as seen on his initials of maps of [[The Lord of the Rings]], "CJRT").

Born in [[Leeds]] and raised in [[Oxford]], Christopher went to the Dragon School in Oxford and Oratory School in Caversham, Berkshire. Due to a heart ailment, he was forced to stay at home and work with a private tutor. He enjoyed watching stars with a telescope as well as a passion for railways. As early as age four and five, Christopher was concerned with the consistency of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.
{{Blockquote|Last time, you said Bilbo's front door was blue, and you said Thorin had a golden tassel on his hood, but you've just said that Bilbo's front door was green and that Thorin's hood was silver|Christopher Tolkien, foreword to The Hobbit}}

Christopher proved invaluable in correcting ''The Hobbit'' after its publication and was paid twopence a correction.

==Young adulthood==
In July of [[1943]] he entered the Royal Air Force and in November of that year he went to South Africa to train as a pilot. His absence did not however slow his contributions to his father's works as his father continually sent him parts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' to go over. In [[1945]] he returned to England and was stationed in Shropshire and later that year he returned to Oxford. On October 9th, [[1945]] his father informed him that the [[Inklings]] wished to consider him a permanent member. The task of reading ''The Lord of the Rings'' to the Inklings was passed on to Christopher and it was generally agreed that he was a better reader than his father. In 1954-55 Christopher was delegated the re-drawing of his father's ''Lord of the Rings'' maps for publication.

==Adulthood==
In [[1946]] Christopher returned to Trinity College to resume his studies and reading English. For a while his tutor was [[C.S. Lewis]]. His thesis was a translation of ''The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise'' and he received his B.A. in [[1949]]. Christopher also became a lecturer in Old and Middle English as well as Old Icelandic at Oxford. He worked as an editor on Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales,'' the ''Pardoner's Tale'', and the ''Nun's Priest's Tale''. From [[1963]] to [[1975]] he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford but resigned when he began to devote his time to his father's literary affairs.

==After his father's death==
[[File:Christopher Tolkien (black and white).jpg|thumb]]
After his father's death, Christopher embarked on organizing the masses of his father's notes, some of them written on odd scraps of paper a half-century earlier. Much of the material was handwritten, frequently a fair draft was written over a half-erased first draft, and names of characters routinely changed between the beginning and end of the same draft. Deciphering this was an arduous task, and perhaps only someone with personal experience of J.R.R. and the evolution of his stories could have made any sense of it; even so, Christopher has admitted to having to occasionally guess at what his father intended.

With the help of [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] he managed to compile ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in only four years. During this time he also edited his father's translations of ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', and ''[[Sir Orfeo]]''. He also worked on the ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]'' which was first published in [[1975]] as ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings]]'' in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''.

Christopher spent the years after continuing to study his father's works and taking the responsibilities of the [[Tolkien Estate]]. He recorded portions of ''The Silmarillion'' in [[1977]] and [[1978]] which was issued by Caedmon Records, New York. In [[1979]] he wrote about his father's illustrations and drawings for their publication in Tolkien calendars and ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]''. Through [[1980]] and [[1983]] Christopher edited ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', ''[[The Monsters and the Critics|The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'', and ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' which was the first volume in his twelve volume series of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', the last of which was published in [[1996]]. In 1998 he edited a new edition of ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' including the poem [[Mythopoeia]]. In [[2007]], he edited ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''. His latest publications have been the editing of ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'' ([[2009]]) and ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' ([[2013]]).

==Response to adaptations==
{{Expansion}}
{{Blockquote|...I recognize that this is a debatable and complex question of art, and the suggestions that have been made that I 'disapprove' of the films, whatever their cinematic quality, even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ, are wholly without foundation.|Christopher Tolkien}}

==Family==
Christopher's first wife, [[Faith Tolkien|Faith]] (1928) took an English degree at Oxford and they had one son, [[Simon Tolkien]]. A [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien's bust at Exeter.jpg|bust]] of Tolkien by Faith was exhibited at the Royal Academy: Tolkien paid for its casting in bronze. It is now in the English Library in Oxford.

Christopher's second wife, [[Baillie Tolkien|Baillie]] (1941) is Canadian, and is the daughter of Winnipeg surgeon [[Alan Klass]], and Helen Klass (née Jacob). She has a BA in English from the University of Manitoba and an MA from Oxford. She worked as J.R.R. Tolkien's secretary and was responsible for the section on poetry in the 1965 index to ''The Lord of the Rings''. She later edited ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]''. She and Christopher have two children, [[Adam Tolkien]] and [[Rachel Tolkien]].

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*195?: ''Tolkien Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks Konungs''. C.J.R. Tolkien (Oxford University, Trinity College). B. Litt. thesis. 1953/4. [Year uncertain]
*[[1956]]: ''Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks''. Ed. [E.O.] G. Turville-Petre. London: University College London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1956; introduction by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1958]]: ''The Pardoner's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1958. [29 Oct 58]
*[[1959]]: T''he Nun's Priest's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1959. [28 Feb 60]
*[[1960]]: ''The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise''. Ed. and trans. Christopher Tolkien. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons (Icelandic Texts), 1960. [30 Jun 60]
*[[1969]]: ''The Man of Law's Tale''. Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Nevill Coghill and Christopher Tolkien. London: George G. Harrap, 1969. [Jun 69]
*[[1975]]: ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'' (editor)
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' (editor)
*[[1979]]: ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (editor)
*[[1980]]: ''[[Unfinished Tales|Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[1981]]: ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (editor with [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'' (editor)
*[[1983]]: ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' (editor)
*[[1984]]: ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' (editor)
*[[1985]]: ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (editor)
*[[1986]]: ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (editor)
*[[1988]]: ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (editor)
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (editor)
*[[1989]]: ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (editor)
*[[1990]]: ''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (editor)
*[[1992]]: ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (editor)
*[[1993]]: ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (editor)
*[[1994]]: ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (editor)
*[[1996]]: ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (editor)
*[[2007]]: ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'' (editor)
*[[2009]]: ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'' (editor)
*[[2013]]: ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' (editor)
*[[2014]]: ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]'' (editor)

===Articles===
*[[1955]]-[[1956|6]]: ''Saga-Book'' (University College, London, for the Viking Society for Northern Research) 14, part 3 (1955-6), pp. [141]-63.
**"The Battle of the Goths and the Huns"
*[[1975]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''
**"[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]". J.R.R. Tolkien, ed. Christopher Tolkien
*[[1975]]: ''[[Les aventures de Tom Bombadil]]''
**[Handwritten note by Christopher Tolkien, dated March 1974, introducing two pages of script by J.R.R. Tolkien]
*[[1980]]: [[Mallorn 14|''Mallorn'' 14]]
** "''The Silmarillion'', by J.R.R. Tolkien: A brief account of the book and its making"
*[[1982]]: ''Quettar'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9
**"The Tengwar Numerals". Christopher Tolkien ('CRT after JRRT'); rptd. ''Beyond Bree'' Dec. 1984, p. 1. Further, untitled, explanation of Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien ('CRT after JRRT 10 March 1982'), in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.
*[[1983]]: ''Amon Hen'' 63, August 1983, p. 4
**"...Future Publishing". Reproduced as 'Statement by Christopher Tolkien' in ''Beyond Bree'', November 1983, p. 2.
*[[1984]]: [[Amon Hen 70|''Amon Hen'' 70]], November 1984, p.3.
**"'Moria Gate' ... Another Look"
*[[1986]]: ''[[Beyond Bree July 1986]]'', pp. 1-3
**"Notes on the Differences in editions of ''The Hobbit'' cited by Mr. David Cofield"
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Hobbit (50th Anniversary edition)|The Hobbit]]''. J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; fiftieth anniversary edition.
**Foreword
*[[1988]]: ''Beyond Bree'', August 1988, pp. 1-2
**"The BBC Pronunciation Guide to ''The Lord of the Rings''". Nancy Martsch. [About the transcription of Christopher Tolkien's recording of words and names in ''The Lord of the Rings'' for the BBC production by Brian Sibley.]
*[[1994]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', (1994 edition by HarperCollins Publishers, p.1140 of the one-volume edition)
**"A Note on the Maps"
*[[2012]]: ''Le Monde'', 5 July
**"Tolkien, l'anneau de la discorde" by Raphaëlle Rérolle (interview; [http://www.worldcrunch.com/culture-society/my-father-039-s-quot-eviscerated-quot-work-son-of-hobbit-scribe-j.r.r.-tolkien-finally-speaks-out/hobbit-silmarillion-lord-of-rings/c3s10299/ English translation])

===Ephemera===
*[[1976]]: [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1976]]: Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Ashmolean Museum Oxford ... Oxford: The Ashmolean Museum, 1976. Introduction by Baillie Tolkien. [?14 Dec 76]
*[[1977]]: ''[[The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Brief Account of the Book and its Making]]'' (pamphlet)
*[[1977]]: [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979]]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978. Notes on the Pictures by Christopher Tolkien.
*[[1978]]: Map of Beleriand and the Lands to the North [poster]. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978. As drawn by Christopher Tolkien for The Silmarillion, with colouring by H.E. Riddett.
*[[1980]]: Letter from Christopher Tolkien to Jared Lobdell, 21 June 1974, reproduced in: Eorclanstanar [Precious Stones] or The Hobbitiana: an offering of rarities by J.R.R. Tolkien [catalogue]. Melissa and Mark Hime [booksellers]. Idyllwild, California: 1980.

===Audio===
*[[1977]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: The Silmarillion: Of Beren and Luthien, read by Christopher Tolkien''. New York: Caedmon Records TC1564, 1977. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)
*[[1978]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: Of the Darkening of Valinor, and Of the Flight of the Noldor, from The Silmarillion, read by Christopher Tolkien''. New York: Caedmon Records TC 1579, 1978. Sleeve notes by Christopher Tolkien. (Sleeve also has photo of CT.)
*[[1992]]:''The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son'', Read by J.R.R.Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien, HarperCollins Audiobooks.
*[[2007]]: The Children of Húrin Audiobook, Preface and introduction Read by Christopher Tolkien . HarperCollins Audiobooks.

==Family Tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | | | | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| JOT | | MIT | | FAI |y|CHT |y| BAT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien (b. 1920)|Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|FAI=[[Faith Tolkien|Faith Faulconbridge]]|BAT=[[Baillie Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | SIT | | | ADT | | RAT |SIT=[[Simon Tolkien]]|ADT=[[Adam Tolkien]]|RAT=[[Rachel Tolkien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien|Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
* [[:Category:Images of Christopher Tolkien|Images of Christopher Tolkien]]

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, Christopher}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Cartographers]]
[[Category:Inklings]]
[[Category:Letter receivers]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]
[[de:Christopher Tolkien]]
[[fi:Christopher Tolkien]]

Arkenstone

2014-04-11T17:12:29Z

Nauglafring:

[[Image:Donato Giancola - The Arkenstone.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Arkenstone'' by [[Donato Giancola]]]]
{{quote|That stone of all the treasure I name unto myself, and I will be avenged on anyone who finds it and withholds it.|[[Thorin]]<ref name="Thief">{{H|Thief}}</ref>}}
The '''Arkenstone''' was a great jewel discovered beneath the roots of the [[Lonely Mountain]] during the reign of [[Thráin I]] and prized by his descendants as the "'''Heart of the Mountain'''".

==History==
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Heart of the Mountain.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Heart of the Mountain'']]
The Arkenstone was discovered soon after the establishment of the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]-kingdom in the Lonely Mountain, and the Dwarves used all their skill to work the gem into a shimmering multi-faceted jewel.

In the centuries after its discovery, the Arkenstone became an heirloom of the Kings of [[Durin's folk]]. It was carried away into the [[Grey Mountains]] by Thráin's son, and in time brought back to the [[Great Hall of Thráin]] under the Mountain by his descendant [[Thrór]]. When the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] sacked Lonely Mountain, the Arkenstone was lost to the Dwarves of Durin's Folk — it lay among Smaug's booty in the halls of Erebor.
[[File:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Arkenstone.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - Arkenstone]]
Many years later, when [[Thorin]] led a band of Dwarves to recover their ancient realm, their companion [[Bilbo Baggins]] discovered the Arkenstone, but kept it for himself. Thorin sought for it while exploring the treasure, and swore an oath to take revenge on anyone who knowingly kept it from him, but Bilbo stayed silent nonetheless.<ref name="home"/> Later, when the [[Lake-men]] and the [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] came to demand a share of Smaug's treasure from Thorin, Bilbo was disturbed by Thorin's unwillingness to barter. Hoping to aid negotiations, he secretly entered the camp of the Men and Elves and delivered the Arkenstone to their leaders, [[Bard]] and [[Thranduil]]. The next day a twelfth share of the treasure was demanded from Thorin for the ransom of his people's heirloom.<ref name="Thief"/>

After the [[Battle of Five Armies]], enmity was set aside between the leaders of the Dwarves, Elves, and Men, and Bard of [[Dale]] placed the Heart of the Mountain on the breast of Thorin in Thorin's tomb. Thus, nearly a thousand years after its discovery, the Arkenstone was buried once more in the depths beneath the Lonely Mountain.

==Description==
The Dwarves worked the stone into a multifaceted jewel. It shone with its own pale light, but when outer light fell upon the Arkenstone, it "...changed it into ten thousand sparks of white radiance shot with glints of the rainbow". It was a heavy gem, small enough for [[Bilbo Baggins]] to hold in one hand, yet not so small that he could close his own small hand around it.<ref name="home">{{H|Home}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Arkenstone means roughly "precious stone", although the element *''arken'' does not exist in modern English. ''Arkenstone'' is a modernization of an ancient word which appears in the [[Edda]] as ''jarknasteinn'' and in [[Old English]] as ''eorclanstán''.

Note that [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] used the word ''eorclanstánas'' to refer to the [[Silmarilli]] in Old English texts by [[Eriol]].<ref>{{HM|SM}}, [[The Earliest Annals of Valinor]]</ref> Some fans explore the possibility that the Arkenstone was one of the Silmarilli, specifically the one [[Maedhros]] threw in the chasm, until supposedly found by the Dwarves of Erebor.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://forum.barrowdowns.com/showthread.php?t=2158|articlename=New evidence for the Arkenstone-Silmaril case|dated=|website=[http://forum.barrowdowns.com/ Forum.barrowdowns.com]|accessed=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/17693|articlename=RE: Eorclanstanas (was Re: For JDR: Query on Hobbit geography)|dated=2 January 2007|website=Mythsoc|accessed=9 June 2013}}</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In the writing of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] halted after the capture of the Dwarves by the Wood-elves and sketched out the continuation of the story in plot notes. In these notes Bilbo stole a "gem", which became a "marvelous gem", and finally the "Jem [sic] of Girion" which the king of [[Dale]] had given to the Dwarves for the arming of his son.<ref>{{HH|PNB}}, p. 364</ref> As noted by [[John D. Rateliff]], the Gem of Girion was to be offered by the Dwarves to Bilbo as his share of the payment,<ref>{{HH|PNB}}, (vii) ''The Gem of Girion'', p. 373</ref> thus solving the problem of how to transport Bilbo's one-fourteenth share back to [[Bag End]].

Tolkien originally had the notion that Bilbo would kill Smaug. As his story progressed Tolkien decided that this strained credibility and so he introduced [[Bard]] as the dragon slayer and made him the heir of Girion. This led to a series of re-conceptualizations since now the Lake-men and the Elves were no longer mere opportunistic scavengers; there was one within their ranks with a legitimate claim to part of the treasure. The Gem of Girion became the Arkenstone and the one part of the hoard that Thorin would insist upon keeping. The elevation of Girion's gem led to the invention of the [[Necklace of Girion]] as the payment of Girion to the Dwarves for the arming of his son.<ref>{{HH|While}}, (ii) ''The Arkenstone as Silmaril'', p. 603</ref>

{{References}}
[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]
[[de:Arkenstein]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/arkenstone]]
[[fi:Arkkikivi]]

Beorn

2014-03-20T15:52:59Z

Nauglafring:

{{men infobox
| image=[[File:Nicholas Bayrachny - Beorn.jpg|250px]]
| name=Beorn
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Beorn's Hall]]
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]], [[Beornings]]
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Unknown
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=between {{TA|2941}} and {{TA|3018|n}}
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Grimbeorn]]
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=Black
| eyes=
| clothing=Woollen tunic
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Beorn''' was a [[skin-changer]], a man who could assume the appearance of a [[bears|bear]].

==History==
[[File:Jef Murray - At the Carrock.jpg|''At the Carrock'' by [[Jef Murray]]|thumb|left]]
His origins lay in the distant past, and [[Gandalf]] suspected he and his people had originally come from the mountains, until the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] drove them away. He lived with his tame [[horses]] in a wooden house ([[Beorn's Hall]]) between the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Mirkwood]], to the east of the [[Anduin|Great River]] of [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]].

Beorn named the [[Carrock]] and created the steps that led from its base to the flat top. Once Gandalf saw him as a bear sitting all alone on the top of the Carrock watching the moon sinking towards the Misty Mountains, and heard him growl in the tongue of bears "''The day will come when [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|they]] will perish and I shall go back!''". While Gandalf knew him, Beorn did not know Gandalf; but he knew his cousin, [[Radagast]].<ref name=Queer/>

During the [[The Quest of Erebor|Quest of Erebor]], Beorn received Gandalf, [[Bilbo Baggins]], and the thirteen [[Dwarves]] and gave the Dwarves and Bilbo help in their quest.<ref name=Queer>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

In the [[Battle of Five Armies]], Beorn appeared transformed into a giant bear, rescued [[Thorin]] from the [[Orcs|Goblins]], and killed their leader, [[Bolg]].<ref name=H18>{{H|18}}</ref>

After Thorin's burial, Beorn followed Bilbo, Gandalf and [[Thranduil]] on their way back to the west. Beorn once more hosted Bilbo and Gandalf and other [[Woodmen]] who came to celebrate [[Yule]].<ref name=H18/>

Eventually became a "''great chief''" in the [[Vales of Anduin]], and it is said that his descendants also were skin-changers, able to take the shape of a bear.<ref name=H18/> His people became known as the [[Beornings]],<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''passim''</ref> and they helped defend [[Thranduil]]'s kingdom of northern Mirkwood.<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref>

Beorn died some time before the [[War of the Ring]] began,<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and was succeeded by his son [[Grimbeorn|Grimbeorn the Old]].<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==Character==
Beorn was generally benevolent and hated goblins and wargs; but he was also a loner and distrustful of travelers and beggars. He was never polite, and became easily angry and appalling. He never invited people into his house and his very few friends who lived a good way away, came no more than a couple to his house at a time. Added to this, Beorn was not fond of [[Dwarves]].

Although fierce to his enemies, once convinced of the others' goodwill, he was welcoming, generous and helpful.

He did not eat any meat, as he could talk with his animals, who helped him. His grove was occupied by huge [[bees]]. Beorn's diet was mainly honey and cream

==Etymology==
''[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beorn Beorn]'' is an [[Old English]] word meaning "a warrior, a hero, a man of valour" (also, poetic "man"), cognate to [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] ''[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bj%C7%ABrn björn]'' ("bear").<ref name=AH164>{{HM|AH}}, pp. 164-5</ref><ref name=RW>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 95-6</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 207</ref> In the Scandinavian-speaking countries ''Björn''/''Bjørn'' is a personal name, attested since the 11th century.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==

In early manuscripts of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the name of the character that would become Beorn is ''Medwed''. Medwed's ability to change shape to a bear was due to an enchantment, perhaps of his own.<ref>{{HH|Medwed}}</ref> The similarity between ''Medwed'' and ''[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medved Medved]'', the Russian word for "bear", is striking, but it is ultimately unknown if Tolkien had this in mind.

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], [[Ilkorin]] ''[[ber]]'' ("valiant man, warrior") and [[Danian]] ''[[Beorn (Nandorin)|beorn]]'' ("man") derive from the [[Elvish]] [[Sundocarme|root]] [[BER]].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 352 (root BER-; cf. root [[BES|BES-]])</ref>

==Inspiration==

It has been suggested that the character Beorn was influenced by the Norse ''[[wikipedia:Hrólfs saga kraka|Saga of Hrólfr Kraki]]''.<ref name=RME73>[[Tom Shippey]], ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'' (second edition), pp. 73-4</ref> In the saga appears a great bear defending [[wikipedia:Hrólfr Kraki|Hrólfr Kraki]], and also a man cursed to being transformed into a bear during nighttime. The work was well-known to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], as one of his students and friend, Stella Miller, made [[The Saga of Hrolf Kraki|a translation of the saga]] dedicated to Tolkien, [[E.V. Gordon]] and C.T. Onions;<ref name=AH164/> but even more importantly as Tolkien himself wrote an unpublished short story of the tale, entitled ''[[Sellic Spell]]''.<ref>{{HM|MB}}, pp. 256-60</ref>

Another suggested inspiration is the character of [[Beowulf]], "''whose name is commonly explained as Beowulf = 'bees' wolf' = honey-eater = bear, and one who breaks swords, rips off arms and cracks ribs with ursine power and clumsiness.''"<ref name=RME73/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Beorn in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:Glen Michael Angus - Beorn.jpg|Beorn in ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]''
|File:Stefano Baldo - Beorn.jpg|Beorn in ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game|MECCG]]''
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Beorn.jpg|Beorn in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Beorn as a bear.png|Beorn in bear form in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: Beorn is one of the Lords of the Beijabar (Beornings). His manor is called Muidwe Beorn.<ref>{{ICE|8003}}, p. 19</ref><ref>{{ICE|2019}}, pp. 105-6</ref>

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
: Beorn is a Character, with the Home Site Beorn's House.

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
: Beorn appears only in the shape of a black bear.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]], "The Clouds Burst"</ref>

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
: [[Mikael Persbrandt]] portrays Beorn.<ref name="AFTONBLADETCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/film/article13349150.ab|articlename=Persbrandt den bäste för jobbet|dated=30-April-2011|website=[http://www.aftonbladet.se/ AFTONBLADET]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Beorn|Images of Beorn]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Beornings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[de:Beorn]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:beornides:beorn]]
[[fi:Beorn]]

Swans of Gorbelgod

2014-03-11T03:27:51Z

Nauglafring:

The '''Swans of Gorbelgod''' were a race of [[swans]] remembered in legend on [[Númenor]]. They were white and of an unusually great size.<ref>{{PM|XVII}}, p. 426</ref> Little else is known about these creatures, or about the location of Gorbelgod.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In the manuscript, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] used the name ''Dur nor-Belgoth'' and changed it later to ''Gorbelgod''.<ref>{{PM|XVII}}, p. 437</ref>
{{references}}
{{Legend}}
[[Category:Birds]]

Primitive Quendian

2014-03-11T03:25:24Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

{{stub}}
'''Primitive Quendian''' is the proto-language of the '''Quendi''', or [[Elves]], which they spoke soon after their [[Awakening of the Elves|Awakening]].

Primitive Quendian split into [[Common Eldarin]] and the many [[Avari]] languages. The etymologies published in ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' and later etymological essays often derived terms common to [[Eldar]]in languages from Primitive Quendian bases, and a list of some Primitive Quendian words is given in an essay ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]'' (in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'').

'''See also: [[Languages]]'''
==Inspiration==
According to [[Ross Smith]], the description of how [[Elves]] created languages encapsulate Tolkien's notions about the birth of language. In that primitive stage, there was an original semantic unity among sign, signifier, and signified, which then fragmented into more complex systems, resulting in speech and naming. According to Smith, Tolkien's views coincide with those of [[Owen Barfield]].<ref>Ross Smith, "Linguistic and Aesthetic Theory in Tolkien" [[Cormarë Series]] No. 12</ref>
{{references}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/primelv.htm Primitive Quendian page at Ardalambion]

[[Category:Elvish]]
[[fi:Alkuhaltiakieli]]

Nightingales

2014-03-11T03:21:51Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

'''Nightingales''' were small brown birds of [[thrushes|thrush]] kind, famous for their clear singing and for the fact that they would sing at night as well as during the day (hence their name).

The [[Maia]] [[Melian]] was said to always have nightingales about her, and she taught them their songs. It was the song of these birds that enchanted [[Elwë]], lord of the [[Teleri]], when he was wandering alone in [[Nan Elmoth]] and came upon Melian.<ref name="Thingol">{{S|Thingol}}</ref>

==Names and Etymology==
Nightingale in [[Sindarin]] is '''''dúlin'''''<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''dú''</ref> or ''merilin''. The Sindarin poetic word for "nightingale" was ''[[tinúviel]]'', the name [[Beren]] gave to [[Lúthien]] when he first saw her.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref> They were also called the "Birds of [[Melian]]", circling above her head while she sat in [[Menegroth]].

In [[Quenya]] the nightingale is called ''lómelindë'',<ref name="Thingol"/> ''tindómerel'',<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''tin-''</ref> or ''morilinde''<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 373 (root [[MOR|MOR-]])</ref>.

{{references}}

[[category:Birds]]

Hunter and Rider

2014-03-11T03:17:44Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

{{disambig-more|The Hunter|[[The Hunter (disambiguation)]]}}
'''The Hunter''' was a shadowy creature of [[Elves|Elvish]] legend, said to have plagued the newly-awakened [[Elves]] at [[Cuiviénen]].
The true identity of the Hunter is unknown. The legend could have had its source in lies spread by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] about [[Oromë]], in an attempt to deceive the Elves into thinking that he was evil. It is also possible that the Hunter was one of the "''shadows and [[Spirits (creatures)|evil spirits]]''" sent by Melkor to spy upon and harass the [[Quendi]], or even Melkor himself.<ref name=S3>{{S|3}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[The Rider]]

{{references}}
{{legend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunter, The (Create of Morgoth)}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Other races]]
[[de:Melkor#Namen_und_Titel]]
[[fi:Metsästäjä (Esiajat)]]

The Rider

2014-03-11T03:16:34Z

Nauglafring: Expansion

'''The Rider''' was a shadowy creature of [[Elvish]] legend, sent by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] to trouble the first [[Elves]] at [[Cuiviénen]]. The true identity of the Rider is unknown. The legend could have had its source in lies spread by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] about [[Oromë]], in an attempt to deceive the Elves into thinking that he was evil. It is also possible that the Rider was one of the "''shadows and [[Spirits (creatures)|evil spirits]]''" sent by Melkor to spy upon and harass the [[Quendi]], or even Melkor himself.<ref name=S3>{{S|3}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[The Hunter (creature)]]
{{references}}
{{legend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rider, The}}
[[Category:Other races]]
[[fi:Ratsastaja]]

Glaurung

2014-03-07T02:20:23Z

Nauglafring:

{{Dragon infobox
| image=[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Glaurung sets forth to seek Turin.jpg|250px]]
| name=Glaurung
| othernames=[[Undolaurë]] [[Laurundo]] Glorund (in the [[Lost Tales]])
| titles=''The Father of Dragons'' ''The Great Worm'' ''The Deceiver'' ''The Golden''
| realm=[[Nargothrond]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| hoard=Treasure of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]], including the [[Nauglamir]].
| birth={{FA|260}}
| birthlocation=[[Angband]]
| death={{FA|499}}
| deathlocation=[[Cabed-en-Aras]]
| slayer=[[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]]
| type=''[[Urulókë]]''
| legs=Yes
| wings=No
| colour=Golden
}}{{Pronounce|Glaurung.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{quote|Here not long since was the Great Worm of Angband, most fell of all the creatures of the Enemy!|[[Voronwë]]<ref name="UTTuor">{{UT|1}}</ref>}}
'''Glaurung''' ([[Sindarin|S]]. pron. {{IPA|[ˈɡlaʊruŋ]}}) was the first of the [[dragons]]<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}.</ref> and one of the foremost lieutenants of [[Morgoth]] during the [[First Age]].

==Names, epithets & titles==
As the first and greatest of the dragons of Morgoth, Glaurung was sometimes referred to as the '''Great Worm''',<ref name="SFifth">{{S|20}}</ref><ref name="CHComingGlaurung" /> the '''Worm of Morgoth''',<ref name="CHDeathGlaurung" /> the '''Great Worm of Angband'''<ref name="UTTuor" /> and the '''Gold-worm of Angband'''.<ref name="UTNarn">{{UT|2}}</ref> He bore the epithets '''the Golden''',<ref name="SRuin">{{S|18}}.</ref> and '''the Deceiver'''{{fact}} (the latter presumably referring to his dealings with the [[children of Húrin]]). He was also described as the '''Father of Dragons'''<ref name="SRuin" /> and the '''first of the [[Urulóki]]''',<ref name="SReturn">{{S|13}}.</ref> though whether this implies he actually sired the rest of his kind is uncertain.

From {{FA|495}} to {{FA|499|n}} he ruled a host of [[orcs]] as the 'dragon-king' of the former Elven-realm of [[Nargothrond]].<ref name="CHComingGlaurung" />

==History==
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Glaurung is Humbled.jpg|thumb|left|''Glaurung is Humbled'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]

Exactly when Glaurung was created is not known, but he first emerged from [[Angband]] in {{FA|260}},<ref name="GA260">{{GA|260}}.</ref> during the [[Siege of Angband]]. Although he was still young according to the long life of Dragons, and not grown to his full strength, his initial assault pushed the [[Noldor]] from [[Ard-galen|Ardgalen]], which he took and defiled, to [[Dorthonion]] and the [[Ered Wethrin]]. This victory was short-lived, however, and Glaurung was forced back to Angband when [[Fingon]] rode against him with a company of mounted archers. Morgoth was not pleased that Glaurung had revealed himself while still immature, and did not allow any more forays from Angband for some two hundred years.<ref name="SReturn" /><ref name="GA260" />

===The ''Dagor Bragollach'' and ''Nirnaeth Arnoediad''===
The siege of Angband was broken in {{FA|455}}<ref name="GADBragollach">{{GA|145–148}}</ref> in the ''[[Dagor Bragollach]]'', the Battle of Sudden Flame. Glaurung, now grown to his full might, led the largest army of [[balrogs]] and [[orcs]] yet assembled against the leaguer of the Noldor and overthrew it. He then pressed against the [[people of Fëanor]] and, defeating a contingent of their riders upon the plain of [[Lothlann]] and forcing [[Maglor's Gap]], burned all the land between the arms of [[Gelion]].<ref name="SRuin" />

The counter-attack came in {{FA|472}},{{fact}} when the [[Union of Maedhros]] marched in force against Angband in the decisive battle of the ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]'', the Unnumbered Tears. Glaurung and his brood entered the battle in the early hours of the third morning, when Morgoth loosed his last strength against the combined forces of [[Fingon]], [[Turgon]] and [[Maedhros]]:
{{blockquote|The strength and terror of the Great Worm were now great indeed, and Elves and Men withered before him; and he came between the hosts of Maedhros and Fingon and swept them apart.|{{S|20}}.}}
But the [[Dwarves]] of [[Belegost]] with their great war masks withstood him. Surrounded and hewed at by their axes, Glaurung was driven into a rage and slew [[Azaghâl]] the [[Lord of Belegost]]. But with his last stroke the Dwarf-lord dealt Glaurung a grievous wound to the belly and the dragon and his brood fled back to Angband, leaving the final victory over the Union to [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] and his balrogs.<ref name="SFifth" />

===Destruction of Nargothrond===
In the autumn of {{FA|495}}<ref name="GA495a">{{GA|275}}.</ref> Glaurung led an army of [[Orcs]] against [[Nargothrond]]. He passed over [[Anfauglith]] and first assailed the north [[Vales of Sirion]], then coming south laid waste to [[Eithel Ivrin]] and [[Talath Dirnen]]. His advance was checked by the [[Mormegil]], [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]], who led the forces of Nargothrond out to meet Glaurung in the [[Battle of Tumhalad]]. The Elves were utterly defeated; [[King of Nargothrond|King]] [[Orodreth]] was slain, and although Túrin attempted to rally the survivors to a last defence of Nargothrond itself, Glaurung came there first. The dragon passed swiftly over the bridge over [[Narog]] and destroyed the [[Doors of Felagund]].<ref name="CHFall">{{CH|11}}.</ref>

[[Image:John Howe - Nienor and Glaurung.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|''Nienor and Glaurung'' by [[John Howe]].]]

As Glaurung's orcs were sacking the city Túrin arrived and cut his way to the captives. As he did so Glaurung emerged from the doors and put him under his spell. Túrin was transfixed by the gaze of dragon as the captives, among them [[Finduilas]], were led away. Then Glaurung spoke to Túrin and convinced him not to go after Finduilas but to return to [[Dor-lómin]] and rescue his mother [[Morwen]] and sister [[Niënor]] (when in fact they had already fled to [[Doriath]]). After weaving the first strand of his plot to bring doom to the children of [[Húrin]], who Morgoth had cursed, he drove away his orcs and made his abode in Nargothrond, casting down the bridge and, in true dragon fashion, laying down to sleep on the great horde he had plundered.<ref name="CHFall" />

The following year, {{FA|496}},<ref name="GA496a">{{GA|304–308}}.</ref> Glaurung's slumber was disturbed. Hearing of the fall of Nargothrond a small party from Doriath, including Morwen and Niënor, was sent to seek tidings, especially of the fate of Túrin. His keen sight quickly detected them and, as they approached his dwelling, he issued forth into the Narog and created a steam and reek that scattered the spies in confusion. Glaurung then crept swiftly towards [[Amon Ethir]] where he meant Niënor, alone, and placed her under the same spell he had her brother Túrin. But this time rather than subtle deceits he used his power to completely obliterate Niënor's memory and left her to wander in the wild.<ref name="CHJourney">{{CH|14}}.</ref>

===Death===
[[Image:Guy Gondron - The Slaying of Glaurung.jpg|thumb|left|''The Slaying of Glaurung'' by [[Guy Gondron]].]]

For the next several years Glaurung ruled as the 'dragon-king' of what was once the Realm of Nargothrond, gathering many Orcs to him.<ref name="CHComingGlaurung">{{CH|16}}.</ref> Meanwhile Niënor escaped from [[Mablung|Mablung's]] care and wandered into [[Brethil]]. There she was found by Túrin, now living amongst the [[Halethrim]], who named her Níniel. Not knowing that they were brother and sister (Túrin having never met his sister and Níniel ignorant of her true identity), the two fell in love and were married.<ref name="CHJourney" /><ref name="CHNienor">{{CH|15}}.</ref> In {{FA|498}} Glaurang began to send his orcs against Brethil, and thereby forced Túrin to reveal himself.<ref name="GA498">{{GA|319}}.</ref> The next summer<ref name="GA499">{{GA|321}}.</ref> he came there himself, but was caught by an ambush before he could reach the Halethrim's dwellings at [[Ephel Brandir]]: Túrin lay in wait in the gorge of [[Cabed-en-Aras]], and as Glaurung attempted to leap over it he was dealt a mortal blow by [[Gurthang]], Túrin's black sword.<ref name="CHDeathGlaurung">{{CH|17}}.</ref>

However even as he lay dying on the banks of [[Teiglin]], the Deceiver completed the doom he had woven for the children of Húrin. Túrin was rendered unconscious by Glaurung's noxious blood and Níniel, coming upon the scene, thought him dead. With his last breath the dragon revealed his plot, and as he died his spells were undone, so Niënor Níniel regained her memory. In despair she leapt to her death into Cabed-en-Aras, and when Túrin awoke and also learned the truth from Brandir, he cast himself upon his own sword.<ref name="CHDeathGlaurung" /><ref name="CHDeathTurin">{{CH|18}}.</ref>

==Brood==
Glaurung's brood accompanied him in the Nirnaeth Arnoediad<ref name="SFifth" /> and after his death were present during the [[Fall of Gondolin]], by which time they had become "many and terrible".<ref name="STuor">{{S|23}}.</ref>

Exactly what this brood consisted of and, by extension, what Tolkien intended Glaurung's relationship to the rest of the dragons is unclear. The titles "Father of the Dragons" and "first of the ''urulóki''" are also ambiguous in terms of whether Glaurung is a progenitor or simply the first to be created. His 'brood' could be all subsequent dragons, just one 'subspecies', or simply his immediate children. Certainly there is a case to be made that [[Ancalagon]] and the winged-dragons were a separate creation of Morgoth's, based on this passage:
{{blockquote|[Morgoth] loosed upon his foes the last desperate assault that he had prepared, and out of the pits of Angband there issued the winged dragons, that had not before been seen|{{S|24}}.}}
On the other hand, the only two named winged-dragons (Ancalagon and [[Smaug]]) were also ''urulóki'': they breathed fire. There are no other dragons explicitly stated to be like Glaurung, both fire-breathing but not flying, making it difficult to argue from Tolkien's published works that he intended Glaurung's brood to constitute a discrete lineage. In the end all that can be gleaned of how Tolkien conceived of the 'taxonomy' of dragons comes from isolated references to different types like ''urulóki'', ''[[cold-drake]]'' and ''[[long-worms]]'', so the problem likely does not have a ([[canon|canonical]]) answer.

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==

Throughout early versions of the legendarium, Glaurung was known by different names: ''Glórund'' (the c. [[1916]]-[[1919|19]] ''[[The Book of Lost Tales (disambiguation)|Lost Tales]]'') > ''Glórung'' (the [[1926]] '[[Sketch of the Mythology]]') > ''Glómund'' (the [[1930]] ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]''; the ''[[Lay of Leithian]]'') > ''Glaurung'' (the c. [[1951]] '[[The Grey Annals|Grey Annals]]'; the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]'').<ref>{{SM|2a}} ([Section] 13)</ref><ref>{{HM|RB}}, Chapter XII "Conversations with Smaug": (i) ''Tolkien's Dragons''</ref>

==Portrayal in Adaptations==

'''[[1988]], [[1994]]: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''

:Glaurung was described and given role-playing statistics in the supplements ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth|Creatures of Middle-earth]]'' and [[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (2nd edition)]]. His name was given the [[Quenya]] translation "Golden Gloom".<ref>{{ICE|2012}}, p. 111</ref> Furthermore, Glaurung was conceived to have bred the cold-drakes ''Scatha'' and ''Ando-anca'' (whose names were suggested to be revised to ''Skadi'' and ''Skell'').<ref>[[Chris Seeman]] (1998), "Dragons of the North", in ''[[Other Hands]]'' [[Other Hands 23|Issue 23]]</ref>

==See Also==
* [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]]
* [[:Category:Images of Glaurung|Images of Glaurung]]

{{dragons}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Dragons]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Glaurung]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/animaux/dragons/glaurung]]
[[fi:Glaurung]]

Ringló Vale

2014-02-27T23:28:45Z

Nauglafring:

{{stub}}
{{expansion}}
'''Ringló Vale''' translates to "Valley of the cold flood" and was a vale located in [[Gondor]]. The valley was the location of a Gondorian fiefdom. In {{TA|3019}}, [[Dervorin]], son of the Lord of Ringló Vale, led 300 foot-soldiers to the support of [[Minas Tirith]] before the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].

[[Category:Valleys]]
[[Category:Gondor]]
[[de:Ringló-Tal]]
[[fi:Ringlón laakso]]

Éomer

2014-02-25T04:51:45Z

Nauglafring:

{{rohirrim infobox
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Éomer.jpg|250px]]
| name=Éomer
| pronun=
| othernames=''Éadig''
| titles=[[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]
| position=[[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]]
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=[[Oath of Eorl]]
| language=[[Rohirric]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2991}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|63}}
| death={{FoA|63}}
| deathlocation=
| age=93
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Eorl]]
| parentage=[[Éomund]] &[[Théodwyn]]
| siblings=[[Éowyn]]
| spouse=[[Lothíriel]]
| children=[[Elfwine]]
| gender=Male
| height=Around 6' 6"<ref name="RC367"/><ref name="RC229"/>
| hair=Dark blond hair{{fact}}
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Gúthwinë]]
| steed=[[Firefoot]]
}}
<center>{{quote|Hail, Éomer, King of the Mark!|Rohirrim<ref name="Partings">{{HM|RK}}, "[[Many Partings]]"</ref>}}</center>
'''Éomer ''Éadig''''', of the [[House of Eorl]], was the eighteenth [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]], and first of the Third Line. He was the son of [[Théodwyn]], sister of King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]], and [[Éomund]], a Chief Marshal of the Riddermark. After he and his sister [[Éowyn]] were orphaned Théoden adopted them as his own children.<ref name="Appendix A">{{HM|AA}}, "[[Appendix A]] (ii)"</ref>

== History ==

=== Youth ===
[[File:Anna Lee - Young Éomer and Éowyn.jpg|thumb|left|''Young Éomer and Éowyn'' by Anna Lee]]
Éomer was born in {{TA|2991}} as son of [[Éomund]] and [[Théodwyn]]. When he was eleven years old his father was slain by [[Orcs|Orc]] raiders in the [[Emyn Muil]]. His mother fell ill and died soon after. His uncle [[Théoden]] adopted him and his sister [[Éowyn]] as his own children and they went to live at [[Meduseld]].

Éomer grew strong and tall and became a valiant and skilled warrior and rider. Théoden made him [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] and he was in command of the [[East-mark]] like his father. He had his home at [[Aldburg]] in the [[Folde]], one of the oldest towns of Rohan. With his [[Éored]] he defended Rohan mainly against Orcs from [[Mordor]].<ref name="Appendix A">{{HM|AA}}, "[[Appendix A]] (ii)"</ref>

=== Struggle against Saruman===
[[File:John Howe - Eomer 2.jpg|thumb|''Éomer'' by [[John Howe]]]]
But Rohan's enemies were not only at the borders but also within. [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], the King's advisor, was secretly a spy of the wizard [[Saruman]], who dwelled at [[Isengard]] and had become a servant of [[Sauron]]. Gríma in secret worked to weaken Théoden and his kingdom and Théoden fell deeply under his influence. Gríma, however, did not manage to destroy Éomer's loyalty to Théoden or his son [[Théodred]], whom Éomer regarded as his brother although he actually was his cousin.
In the summer of {{TA|3018|n}} [[Boromir]], son of [[Denethor|Denethor II]], crossed Rohan on his way to [[Rivendell]]. Éomer learned from him about the dream of [[Isildur's Bane]]. On [[19 September]] {{TA|3018|n}} [[Gandalf]] arrived at [[Edoras]] and warned Théoden of the threat from Saruman. But Théoden, under Grima's influence, told him to take any horse and go. Soon after Gandalf's departure Men, Orcs and Wargs in Saruman's service began to fight openly against the Rohirrim. Saruman claimed lordship over Rohan and blocked the [[Gap of Rohan]].
The chief obstacles to an easy conquest of Rohan by Saruman were now Théodred and Éomer. Therefore Saruman sent out all his fiercest warriors with special orders to slay Théodred at all costs. So it came to the first great battle in the conflict, the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]], on [[25 February]] {{TA|3018|n}}. After untiring assaults on Théodred's position he was finally killed.

The day after the battle Èomer gained knowledge of a troop of Orcs entering Rohan from the east. Unbeknownst to Éomer, they were the same Orcs that had taken [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]] captive. Suspecting an alliance between Saruman and Sauron, he wanted to hunt them down. Under the strong influence of Grima, Théoden forbade Éomer to pursue the Orcs because Edoras would have been unguarded. But Éomer neglected the order since he already suspected Grima's treachery.
On [[27 February]] he set out with his [[Éored]].<ref name="Appendix B">{{HM|AB}}, "[[Appendix B]]"</ref> At the end of the next day they caught sight of the Orcs at the border of [[Fangorn Forest]]. They surrounded them and remained watchful throughout the night. With several small attacks they weakened the troop till another Orc band from Isengard arrived. But the Rohirrim succeeded in defeating them and surrounded the first troop even closer.

With the first light of the new day the Rohirrim proceeded to attack. They killed all the Orcs and Éomer himself slew their leader [[Uglúk]]. The hobbits meanwhile were able to flee into Fangorn Forest.
Fifteen men and 12 horses did not survive the assault. They were buried in a mound encircled with fifteen spears.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Uruk-hai]]"</ref>

On the way back to Edoras the Rohirrim met [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]. Éomer demanded their names and business. Fighting almost broke almost out between them, but Aragorn prevented this. He then told Éomer his true name and showed him his sword, [[Andúril]]. Éomer now listened to the story of their journey, and learned about the losses of [[Gandalf]] and [[Boromir]]. When Aragorn revealed that they had tracked the band of Orcs all the way from the [[Emyn Muil]] in the hope of rescuing the hobbits, Éomer was astonished and gave Aragorn the name "[[Wingfoot]]", recognizing the difficulty of crossing so much terrain in so little time. He revealed that his men had destroyed the band of Orcs, and that it was fruitless to go searching for his friends. He instead urged Aragorn to return with him to Edoras to help the people of Rohan in their need, but Aragorn refused and insisted that he be able to continue his search for the hobbits. Although he was counteracting the law of Rohan by letting Aragorn go free, Éomer decided to trust him and he even lent him and his companions two horses, [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]], to help them in their search, but he asked them to prove his trust by bringing them back to Edoras when their search was over.<ref name="Riders">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"</ref>

Upon his return to Edoras, Éomer threatened Gríma, but Grìma arrested him and accused him of breaking the law because he had pursued the Orcs and had allowed strangers to roam freely without Théoden's permission.
[[File:John Howe - Helm's Deep.jpg|thumb|right|500px|''Helms Deep by [[John Howe]]'']]
Éomer was released after Gandalf healed Théoden from the influence of Gríma. He was delighted to see that his king was recovering quickly from his weakness. Now Grima's treachery was revealed and only owing to Gandalf's intervening he was not killed but expelled from the [[Golden Hall]]. Théoden, now realizing the situation, decided to lead the Rohirrim into battle against Saruman instantly. The Three Hunters and Gandalf accompanied them when they left Edoras the same day.<ref name="King">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The King of the Golden Hall]]"</ref>

The following day they met the scout [[Ceorl]] who had been sent out by [[Erkenbrand]] to warn Éomer. He was surprised to come across King Théoden's army riding north and brought news that Saruman had let loose his forces and that the Rohirrim had been forced to retreat across the Isen with great losses. These tidings caused Théoden to reconsider his strategy. After consultation with Gandalf he decided to ride to join Erkenbrand at [[Helm's Deep]] while the wizard left them saying that he would meet them there.

They arrived at Helm's Deep on the night of [[3 March]] and Éomer oversaw the preparations for the great battle. In the middle of the night the siege began and when battering rams attacked the gates Éomer and Aragorn led a sortie through a passage on the side of the Hornburg that drove the enemies threatening the doors away. In the course of this Gimli saved Éomer's life when he killed two Orcs who had ambushed Éomer. The battle continued throughout the night and ever more attackers scaled the walls with large ladders. Aragorn and Éomer had to repeatedly move the defenders, who were getting weary, to repel the Orcs. With the help of a device of Saruman's the Orcs caused an explosion under the wall that made a wide hole in it. From then on the attackers could not be stopped and the defenders were separated. Éomer and Gimli retreated to the [[Glittering Caves]] whereas Aragorn and Legolas defended the Hornburg.

The battle seemed lost when at dawn Gandalf returned with Erkenbrand and 1000 riders from the Westfold. Together they drove the enemies out of the deep and into a forest of [[Huorns]] that had arrived during the night and from which no Orcs returned.<ref name="Deep">{{HM|TT}}, "[[Helm's Deep (chapter)|Helm's Deep]]"</ref>
After the end of the battle Éomer accompanied his king to Isengard.<ref name="Road">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Road to Isengard]]"</ref> There they met Saruman who tried to enthral Théoden with his magic voice. But both Éomer and Théoden saw through him and his dark designs. Théoden said that Rohan would have no peace until Saruman and his works had perished. Gandalf then broke Saruman's staff and cast him from the Order of Wizards and the [[White Council]].<ref name="Voice">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"</ref>

=== The Battle of the Pelennor Fields ===
On [[5 March]] the company set out to Helm's Deep. While they rested in the night Pippin took the [[Palantíri|palantir]] [[Orthanc-stone|of Orthanc]] from the sleeping Gandalf, looked in it and was confronted by Sauron. Knowing the peril Pippin was in Gandalf said farewell to the others and departed with Pippin towards Minas Tirith.<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> The Three Hunters and the Rohirrim continued their journey towards Helm's Deep where they arrived on [[6 March]]. Now Aragorn looked into the palantir and revealed himself to Sauron. Knowing that this would force Sauron's to attack prematurely, he left the Rohirrim, and took the [[Paths of the Dead]] with the [[Grey Company]]. Éomer was afraid of never seeing him again, but Aragorn predicted that they would "meet again, though all the hosts of Mordor should stand between." before setting out.<ref name="Passing">{{RK|Company}}</ref>

Éomer accompanied his king to the muster of Dunharrow where he met his sister Éowyn again. Then the Red Arrow of Gondor which requested Rohan's aid was brought by a messenger and the Rohhirim set out in great haste to Minas Tirith.<ref name="Muster">{{RK|Muster}}</ref> They used narrow mountain paths and on [[13 March]] reached Drúadan Forest where they met [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]] the chief of the Drúedain. He agreed to lead the Rohirrim by a secret road past the Orc hosts that laid siege to Minas Tirith.
[[File:Per Sjögren - The Battle of the Pelennor Fields.jpg|thumb|''The Battle of the Pelennor Fields'' by Per Sjögren.]]
So the Rohirrim arrived on the battleground of the [[Pelennor Fields]] at dawn on [[15 March]]. Éomer led the first Éored that should follow the king's banner in the centre.<ref name="Ride">{{RK|Ride}}</ref> The Rohirrim were strong and filled with wrath and many enemies were slain. The Rohirrim went hither and thither at their will and so Éomer was only brought to Théoden when the king was already mortally wounded. Before his death Théoden hailed Éomer as King of the Mark and Éomer and those who stood by wept. When Éomer recognized Éowyn lying nearby a cold fury rose in him and without taking counsel or waiting for the approach of the men of the City he led his men across the field slaying all enemies in their path. As they charged he shouted out "Death! Ride, ride to ruin and the world's ending!".

But soon fortune turned against Éomer and he and his men were encircled. Just in time came the aid of the horsemen of Gondor among them [[Hirluin|Hirluin of the Green Hills]] and [[Imrahil]] prince of [[Dol Amroth]] came. But ever more enemies came from [[Osgiliath]] and when the black ships of the [[Corsairs]] came up the [[Anduin]] the battle seemed lost. Éomer rallied the Rohirrim for a last fight against the Corsairs when he realized the standard of Aragorn unfurling on the first ship.
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Eomer and Aragorn (colour).jpg|left|thumb|''Eomer and Aragorn'' by Abe Papakhian]]
The enemies fled when they saw that their own ships were filled with foes and so Éomer met Aragorn in the midst of the battlefield as Aragorn had predicted.<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

The battle ended in victory and Éomer learned that Éowyn was not dead but lay gravely ill in the [[Houses of Healing]]. He also learned that the contact with the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgul]] was not the only reason for her sickness but that also her despair had worsened it. Aragorn managed to heal Éowyn and she awoke at her brother's call. Meriadoc Brandybuck was also healed and Éomer made him a Knight of the Riddermark in return for his aid for Éowyn and Théoden.<ref name="Healing">{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

The next day Éomer took part in the debate of the Captains of the West. There Gandalf told that their hope now lay with Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee, who had gone to Mordor to destroy the One Ring wrought by Sauron. Gandalf councelled that they should ride to the [[Black Gate]] in order to force Sauron to empty his land and to give the Ring-bearers their only chance. Aragorn agreed and Éomer decided to follow his friend in return for his aid in their time of need.<ref name="Debate">{{RK|Debate}}</ref>

On [[18 March]] the Host of the West, Gandalf, the Three Hunters and Éomer among them, set out towards the Black Gate. They arrived there on [[25 March]] and withstood the forces of the enemy until the Ring was destroyed and Sauron and his servants and works perished.<ref name="Gate">{{RK|Gate}}</ref>

After the great victory Aragorn set up his camp on the [[Field of Cormallen]] in [[North Ithilien]] and Éomer took part in the celebrations there.<ref name="Cormallen">{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>
Together with the other Captains of the West he returned to Minas Tirith and attended the coronation of Aragorn on [[1 May]]. A week later he set out to Rohan with Éowyn for there was much to organize and to set in order. Before his departure he renewed the [[Oath of Eorl]] for Aragorn and both swore everlasting friendship between Rohan and Gondor.<ref name="Steward">{{RK|Steward}}</ref> Éomer returned in July and brought Théoden's body back to Edoras. On [[10 August]] there the funeral of Théoden took place and Éomer announced the betrothal of Éowyn to Faramir, the [[Steward of Gondor]] and [[Prince of Ithilien]]. When the feast was over, Éomer and Éowyn gave Merry the name [[Holdwine]], "loyal friend," of the Mark, and the ancient [[Horn of the Mark]], an heirloom of the [[House of Eorl]].<ref name="Partings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===King of the Mark===
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Sons of Rohan.jpg|thumb|King Éomer and his son [[Elfwine]].]]
But though Sauron had perished the King of the West had many enemies to destroy before the White Tree could grow in peace. So Éomer often fulfilled the [[Oath of Eorl]] and went with King Elessar far into the [[East]] and [[South]] of Middle-earth. He was known as '''Éomer Éadig''', or "the Blessed", because during his reign Rohan recovered from the hurts of the War and became a rich and fruitful land again. He wedded Princess [[Lothíriel]], daughter of Prince [[Imrahil]] of [[Dol Amroth]], whom he had met during his stay in Gondor and she bore him a son [[Elfwine]] the Fair.<ref name="Appendix A">{{App|A2i}}</ref>

In [[Fourth Age 63]] Éomer asked his Knight Merry Brandybuck to visit him one last time. Both Merry and his friend Pippin came to Rohan and stayed for a while. In the autumn of that year, King Éomer died and his son Elfwine the Fair became King of Rohan. King Éomer had reigned for 65 years, longer than any other King of Rohan save [[Aldor the Old]].<ref name="Appendix B">{{App|B5}}</ref>

== Personality ==

He was tall, strong and possessed of great passion and also was considered a valiant and splendid warrior and a discerning and decent man. Éomer became a great, wise and skilled warrior and rider. In a note written well after the initial publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien gave Éomer's height as "of like height with [[Aragorn]]", due to his grandmother [[Morwen Steelsheen]], who was of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] descent.<ref name="RC367">[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 367</ref> Aragorn's height has been estimated at 6 feet, 6 inches.<ref name="RC229">[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 229</ref

== Weapon ==>

Éomer's sword was called [[Gúthwinë]], which is [[Old English]] for "battle-friend".

== Etymology ==

His name is likely derived from the Anglo-Saxon words ''eoh'' ("war-horse"), and ''mere'', ("grand, excellent, famous"). He adopted the epithet ''Éadig'' during his kingship, which is an [[Old English]] word meaning "happy, wealthy" and usually translated as "blessed", used for saints in medieval literature.<ref>http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/old_to_new_english_e.htm</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Éomer.jpg|Éomer (presumably) in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Éomer.jpg|Éomer (right; presumably) in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
Image:Karl Urban as Eomer.jpg|Éomer in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:LOTRO-Éomer.jpg|Éomer in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]
</gallery>
'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The part of Éomer is played by [[Noel Johnson]].<ref name="RT1723">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1723, [[16 November]] [[1956]]</ref>

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Éomer and his army are shown slaying [[Uglúk]]'s band of Orcs, and later arriving at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] alongside [[Gandalf]] to help turn the tide (Éomer taking the place of [[Erkenbrand]], in that regard). Though his name is mentioned by other characters, he is never officially identified and does not have any lines — nor is any animation superimposed over the rotoscoped live-action.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|The Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Matthew Locricchio]] plays Éomer.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]], "[[The Search for the Hobbits]]"</ref> He is portrayed as the son of [[Théoden]], rather than the sister-son.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]], "[[The White Rider (1979 episode)|The White Rider]]"</ref>

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:An unnamed Man (who has no lines) flanks Théoden leading into the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], is later present during the [[Last Debate]], and eventually flanks Aragorn as the mustered forces march to the [[Black Gate]]. This character could very well be Éomer, but it is never confirmed.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Éomer is portrayed by [[Anthony Hyde]]. He is imprisoned at the request of [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], but after the latters removal from [[Edoras]], he proudly serves beside his uncle in the Battle of the Hornburg and the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Éomer is played by [[Karl Urban]]. He is explicitly exiled by [[Gríma]], and an outcast and renegade until he arrives at Helm's Deep, summoned by [[Gandalf]]. Like [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s film, Éomer replaced [[Erkenbrand]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Éomer is a hero unit for the [[Rohan]]-faction. His shouts are voiced by [[Chris Edgerly]].

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Éomer|Images of Éomer]]
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=rohirrim
| house=House of Eorl
| born={{TA|2991}}
| died={{FoA|63}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Théoden]]
| list=18th [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|63}}
| next=[[Elfwine]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eomer}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Rulers of Rohan]]
[[de:Éomer]]
[[fa:ائومر]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes_du_nord/rohirrim/eomer]]
[[fi:Éomer]]

Éomer

2014-02-25T04:49:34Z

Nauglafring:

{{rohirrim infobox
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Éomer.jpg|250px]]
| name=Éomer
| pronun=
| othernames=''Éadig''
| titles=[[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]
| position=[[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]]
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=[[Oath of Eorl]]
| language=[[Rohirric]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2991}}
| birthlocation=
| rule={{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|63}}
| death={{FoA|63}}
| deathlocation=
| age=93
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Eorl]]
| parentage=[[Éomund]] &[[Théodwyn]]
| siblings=[[Éowyn]]
| spouse=[[Lothíriel]]
| children=[[Elfwine]]
| gender=Male
| height=Around 6' 6"<ref name="RC367"/><ref name="RC229"/>
| hair=Dark blond hair{{fact}}
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Gúthwinë]]
| steed=[[Firefoot]]
}}
<center>{{quote|Hail, Éomer, King of the Mark!|Rohirrim<ref name="Partings">{{HM|RK}}, "[[Many Partings]]"</ref>}}</center>
'''Éomer ''Éadig''''', of the [[House of Eorl]], was the eighteenth [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]], and first of the Third Line. He was the son of [[Théodwyn]], sister of King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]], and [[Éomund]], a Chief Marshal of the Riddermark. After he and his sister [[Éowyn]] were orphaned Théoden adopted them as his own children.<ref name="Appendix A">{{HM|AA}}, "[[Appendix A]] (ii)"</ref>

== History ==

=== Youth ===
[[File:Anna Lee - Young Éomer and Éowyn.jpg|thumb|left|''Young Éomer and Éowyn'' by Anna Lee]]
Éomer was born in {{TA|2991}} as son of [[Éomund]] and [[Théodwyn]]. When he was eleven years old his father was slain by [[Orcs|Orc]] raiders in the [[Emyn Muil]]. His mother fell ill and died soon after. His uncle [[Théoden]] adopted him and his sister [[Éowyn]] as his own children and they went to live at [[Meduseld]].

Éomer grew strong and tall and became a valiant and skilled warrior and rider. Théoden made him [[Third Marshal of the Riddermark]] and he was in command of the [[East-mark]] like his father. He had his home at [[Aldburg]] in the [[Folde]], one of the oldest towns of Rohan. With his [[Éored]] he defended Rohan mainly against Orcs from [[Mordor]].<ref name="Appendix A">{{HM|AA}}, "[[Appendix A]] (ii)"</ref>

=== Struggle against Saruman===
[[File:John Howe - Eomer 2.jpg|thumb|''Éomer'' by [[John Howe]]]]
But Rohan's enemies were not only at the borders but also within. [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], the King's advisor, was secretly a spy of the wizard [[Saruman]], who dwelled at [[Isengard]] and had become a servant of [[Sauron]]. Gríma in secret worked to weaken Théoden and his kingdom and Théoden fell deeply under his influence. Gríma, however, did not manage to destroy Éomer's loyalty to Théoden or his son [[Théodred]], whom Éomer regarded as his brother although he actually was his cousin.
In the summer of {{TA|3018|n}} [[Boromir]], son of [[Denethor|Denethor II]], crossed Rohan on his way to [[Rivendell]]. Éomer learned from him about the dream of [[Isildur's Bane]]. On [[19 September]] {{TA|3018|n}} [[Gandalf]] arrived at [[Edoras]] and warned Théoden of the threat from Saruman. But Théoden, under Grima's influence, told him to take any horse and go. Soon after Gandalf's departure Men, Orcs and Wargs in Saruman's service began to fight openly against the Rohirrim. Saruman claimed lordship over Rohan and blocked the [[Gap of Rohan]].
The chief obstacles to an easy conquest of Rohan by Saruman were now Théodred and Éomer. Therefore Saruman sent out all his fiercest warriors with special orders to slay Théodred at all costs. So it came to the first great battle in the conflict, the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]], on [[25 February]] {{TA|3018|n}}. After untiring assaults on Théodred's position he was finally killed.

The day after the battle Èomer gained knowledge of a troop of Orcs entering Rohan from the east. Unbeknownst to Éomer, they were the same Orcs that had taken [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]] captive. Suspecting an alliance between Saruman and Sauron, he wanted to hunt them down. Under the strong influence of Grima, Théoden forbade Éomer to pursue the Orcs because Edoras would have been unguarded. But Éomer neglected the order since he already suspected Grima's treachery.
On [[27 February]] he set out with his [[Éored]].<ref name="Appendix B">{{HM|AB}}, "[[Appendix B]]"</ref> At the end of the next day they caught sight of the Orcs at the border of [[Fangorn Forest]]. They surrounded them and remained watchful throughout the night. With several small attacks they weakened the troop till another Orc band from Isengard arrived. But the Rohirrim succeeded in defeating them and surrounded the first troop even closer.

With the first light of the new day the Rohirrim proceeded to attack. They killed all the Orcs and Éomer himself slew their leader [[Uglúk]]. The hobbits meanwhile were able to flee into Fangorn Forest.
Fifteen men and 12 horses did not survive the assault. They were buried in a mound encircled with fifteen spears.<ref name="Uruk-hai">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Uruk-hai]]"</ref>

On the way back to Edoras the Rohirrim met [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]]. Éomer demanded their names and business. Fighting almost broke almost out between them, but Aragorn prevented this. He then told Éomer his true name and showed him his sword, [[Andúril]]. Éomer now listened to the story of their journey, and learned about the losses of [[Gandalf]] and [[Boromir]]. When Aragorn revealed that they had tracked the band of Orcs all the way from the [[Emyn Muil]] in the hope of rescuing the hobbits, Éomer was astonished and gave Aragorn the name "[[Wingfoot]]", recognizing the difficulty of crossing so much terrain in so little time. He revealed that his men had destroyed the band of Orcs, and that it was fruitless to go searching for his friends. He instead urged Aragorn to return with him to Edoras to help the people of Rohan in their need, but Aragorn refused and insisted that he be able to continue his search for the hobbits. Although he was counteracting the law of Rohan by letting Aragorn go free, Éomer decided to trust him and he even lent him and his companions two horses, [[Hasufel]] and [[Arod]], to help them in their search, but he asked them to prove his trust by bringing them back to Edoras when their search was over.<ref name="Riders">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"</ref>

Upon his return to Edoras, Éomer threatened Gríma, but Grìma arrested him and accused him of breaking the law because he had pursued the Orcs and had allowed strangers to roam freely without Théoden's permission.
[[File:John Howe - Helm's Deep.jpg|thumb|right|500px|''Helms Deep by [[John Howe]]'']]
Éomer was released after Gandalf healed Théoden from the influence of Gríma. He was delighted to see that his king was recovering quickly from his weakness. Now Grima's treachery was revealed and only owing to Gandalf's intervening he was not killed but expelled from the [[Golden Hall]]. Théoden, now realizing the situation, decided to lead the Rohirrim into battle against Saruman instantly. The Three Hunters and Gandalf accompanied them when they left Edoras the same day.<ref name="King">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The King of the Golden Hall]]"</ref>

The following day they met the scout [[Ceorl]] who had been sent out by [[Erkenbrand]] to warn Éomer. He was surprised to come across King Théoden's army riding north and brought news that Saruman had let loose his forces and that the Rohirrim had been forced to retreat across the Isen with great losses. These tidings caused Théoden to reconsider his strategy. After consultation with Gandalf he decided to ride to join Erkenbrand at [[Helm's Deep]] while the wizard left them saying that he would meet them there.

They arrived at Helm's Deep on the night of [[3 March]] and Éomer oversaw the preparations for the great battle. In the middle of the night the siege began and when battering rams attacked the gates Éomer and Aragorn led a sortie through a passage on the side of the Hornburg that drove the enemies threatening the doors away. In the course of this Gimli saved Éomer's life when he killed two Orcs who had ambushed Éomer. The battle continued throughout the night and ever more attackers scaled the walls with large ladders. Aragorn and Éomer had to repeatedly move the defenders, who were getting weary, to repel the Orcs. With the help of a device of Saruman's the Orcs caused an explosion under the wall that made a wide hole in it. From then on the attackers could not be stopped and the defenders were separated. Éomer and Gimli retreated to the [[Glittering Caves]] whereas Aragorn and Legolas defended the Hornburg.

The battle seemed lost when at dawn Gandalf returned with Erkenbrand and 1000 riders from the Westfold. Together they drove the enemies out of the deep and into a forest of [[Huorns]] that had arrived during the night and from which no Orcs returned.<ref name="Deep">{{HM|TT}}, "[[Helm's Deep (chapter)|Helm's Deep]]"</ref>
After the end of the battle Éomer accompanied his king to Isengard.<ref name="Road">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Road to Isengard]]"</ref> There they met Saruman who tried to enthral Théoden with his magic voice. But both Éomer and Théoden saw through him and his dark designs. Théoden said that Rohan would have no peace until Saruman and his works had perished. Gandalf then broke Saruman's staff and cast him from the Order of Wizards and the [[White Council]].<ref name="Voice">{{HM|TT}}, "[[The Voice of Saruman]]"</ref>

=== The Battle of the Pelennor Fields ===
On [[5 March]] the company set out to Helm's Deep. While they rested in the night Pippin took the [[Palantíri|palantir]] [[Orthanc-stone|of Orthanc]] from the sleeping Gandalf, looked in it and was confronted by Sauron. Knowing the peril Pippin was in Gandalf said farewell to the others and departed with Pippin towards Minas Tirith.<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|Palantir}}</ref> The Three Hunters and the Rohirrim continued their journey towards Helm's Deep where they arrived on [[6 March]]. Now Aragorn looked into the palantir and revealed himself to Sauron. Knowing that this would force Sauron's to attack prematurely, he left the Rohirrim, and took the [[Paths of the Dead]] with the [[Grey Company]]. Éomer was afraid of never seeing him again, but Aragorn predicted that they would "meet again, though all the hosts of Mordor should stand between." before setting out.<ref name="Passing">{{RK|Company}}</ref>

Éomer accompanied his king to the muster of Dunharrow where he met his sister Éowyn again. Then the Red Arrow of Gondor which requested Rohan's aid was brought by a messenger and the Rohhirim set out in great haste to Minas Tirith.<ref name="Muster">{{RK|Muster}}</ref> They used narrow mountain paths and on [[13 March]] reached Drúadan Forest where they met [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]] the chief of the Drúedain. He agreed to lead the Rohirrim by a secret road past the Orc hosts that laid siege to Minas Tirith.
[[File:Per Sjögren - The Battle of the Pelennor Fields.jpg|thumb|''The Battle of the Pelennor Fields'' by Per Sjögren.]]
So the Rohirrim arrived on the battleground of the [[Pelennor Fields]] at dawn on [[15 March]]. Éomer led the first Éored that should follow the king's banner in the centre.<ref name="Ride">{{RK|Ride}}</ref> The Rohirrim were strong and filled with wrath and many enemies were slain. The Rohirrim went hither and thither at their will and so Éomer was only brought to Théoden when the king was already mortally wounded. Before his death Théoden hailed Éomer as King of the Mark and Éomer and those who stood by wept. When Éomer recognized Éowyn lying nearby a cold fury rose in him and without taking counsel or waiting for the approach of the men of the City he led his men across the field slaying all enemies in their path. As they charged he shouted out "Death! Ride, ride to ruin and the world's ending!".

But soon fortune turned against Éomer and he and his men were encircled. Just in time came the aid of the horsemen of Gondor among them [[Hirluin|Hirluin of the Green Hills]] and [[Imrahil]] prince of [[Dol Amroth]] came. But ever more enemies came from [[Osgiliath]] and when the black ships of the [[Corsairs]] came up the [[Anduin]] the battle seemed lost. Éomer rallied the Rohirrim for a last fight against the Corsairs when he realized the standard of Aragorn unfurling on the first ship.
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Eomer and Aragorn (colour).jpg|left|thumb|''Eomer and Aragorn'' by Abe Papakhian]]
The enemies fled when they saw that their own ships were filled with foes and so Éomer met Aragorn in the midst of the battlefield as Aragorn had predicted.<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref>

The battle ended in victory and Éomer learned that Éowyn was not dead but lay gravely ill in the [[Houses of Healing]]. He also learned that the contact with the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgul]] was not the only reason for her sickness but that also her despair had worsened it. Aragorn managed to heal Éowyn and she awoke at her brother's call. Meriadoc Brandybuck was also healed and Éomer made him a Knight of the Riddermark in return for his aid for Éowyn and Théoden.<ref name="Healing">{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

The next day Éomer took part in the debate of the Captains of the West. There Gandalf told that their hope now lay with Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee, who had gone to Mordor to destroy the One Ring wrought by Sauron. Gandalf councelled that they should ride to the [[Black Gate]] in order to force Sauron to empty his land and to give the Ring-bearers their only chance. Aragorn agreed and Éomer decided to follow his friend in return for his aid in their time of need.<ref name="Debate">{{RK|Debate}}</ref>

On [[18 March]] the Host of the West, Gandalf, the Three Hunters and Éomer among them, set out towards the Black Gate. They arrived there on [[25 March]] and withstood the forces of the enemy until the Ring was destroyed and Sauron and his servants and works perished.<ref name="Gate">{{RK|Gate}}</ref>

After the great victory Aragorn set up his camp on the [[Field of Cormallen]] in [[North Ithilien]] and Éomer took part in the celebrations there.<ref name="Cormallen">{{RK|Cormallen}}</ref>
Together with the other Captains of the West he returned to Minas Tirith and attended the coronation of Aragorn on [[1 May]]. A week later he set out to Rohan with Éowyn for there was much to organize and to set in order. Before his departure he renewed the [[Oath of Eorl]] for Aragorn and both swore everlasting friendship between Rohan and Gondor.<ref name="Steward">{{RK|Steward}}</ref> Éomer returned in July and brought Théoden's body back to Edoras. On [[10 August]] there the funeral of Théoden took place and Éomer announced the betrothal of Éowyn to Faramir, the [[Steward of Gondor]] and [[Prince of Ithilien]]. When the feast was over, Éomer and Éowyn gave Merry the name [[Holdwine]], "loyal friend," of the Mark, and the ancient [[Horn of the Mark]], an heirloom of the [[House of Eorl]].<ref name="Partings">{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

===King of the Mark===
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Sons of Rohan.jpg|thumb|King Éomer and his son [[Elfwine]].]]
But though Sauron had perished the King of the West had many enemies to destroy before the White Tree could grow in peace. So Éomer often fulfilled the [[Oath of Eorl]] and went with King Elessar far into the [[East]] and [[South]] of Middle-earth. He was known as '''Éomer Éadig''', or "the Blessed", because during his reign Rohan recovered from the hurts of the War and became a rich and fruitful land again. He wedded Princess [[Lothíriel]], daughter of Prince [[Imrahil]] of [[Dol Amroth]], whom he had met during his stay in Gondor and she bore him a son [[Elfwine]] the Fair.<ref name="Appendix A">{{App|A2i}}</ref>

In [[Fourth Age 63]] Éomer asked his Knight Merry Brandybuck to visit him one last time. Both Merry and his friend Pippin came to Rohan and stayed for a while. In the autumn of that year, King Éomer died and his son Elfwine the Fair became King of Rohan. King Éomer had reigned for 65 years, longer than any other King of Rohan save [[Aldor the Old]].<ref name="Appendix B">{{App|B5}}</ref>

== Personality ==

He was tall, strong and possessed of great passion and also was considered a valiant and splendid warrior and a discerning and decent man. Éomer became a great, wise and skilled warrior and rider. In a note written well after the initial publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien gave Éomer's height as "of like height with [[Aragorn]]", due to his grandmother [[Morwen Steelsheen]], who was of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] descent.<ref name="RC367">[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 367</ref> Aragorn's height has in a similar fashion been revealed as 6 foot and 6 inches,<ref name="RC229">[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 229</ref>

== Weapon ==

Éomer's sword was called [[Gúthwinë]], which is [[Old English]] for "battle-friend".

== Etymology ==

His name is likely derived from the Anglo-Saxon words ''eoh'' ("war-horse"), and ''mere'', ("grand, excellent, famous"). He adopted the epithet ''Éadig'' during his kingship, which is an [[Old English]] word meaning "happy, wealthy" and usually translated as "blessed", used for saints in medieval literature.<ref>http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/old_to_new_english_e.htm</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Éomer.jpg|Éomer (presumably) in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Éomer.jpg|Éomer (right; presumably) in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
Image:Karl Urban as Eomer.jpg|Éomer in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:LOTRO-Éomer.jpg|Éomer in [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]
</gallery>
'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The part of Éomer is played by [[Noel Johnson]].<ref name="RT1723">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1723, [[16 November]] [[1956]]</ref>

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Éomer and his army are shown slaying [[Uglúk]]'s band of Orcs, and later arriving at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] alongside [[Gandalf]] to help turn the tide (Éomer taking the place of [[Erkenbrand]], in that regard). Though his name is mentioned by other characters, he is never officially identified and does not have any lines — nor is any animation superimposed over the rotoscoped live-action.

'''1979: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|The Mind's Eye's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:[[Matthew Locricchio]] plays Éomer.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]], "[[The Search for the Hobbits]]"</ref> He is portrayed as the son of [[Théoden]], rather than the sister-son.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]], "[[The White Rider (1979 episode)|The White Rider]]"</ref>

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:An unnamed Man (who has no lines) flanks Théoden leading into the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], is later present during the [[Last Debate]], and eventually flanks Aragorn as the mustered forces march to the [[Black Gate]]. This character could very well be Éomer, but it is never confirmed.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Éomer is portrayed by [[Anthony Hyde]]. He is imprisoned at the request of [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], but after the latters removal from [[Edoras]], he proudly serves beside his uncle in the Battle of the Hornburg and the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Éomer is played by [[Karl Urban]]. He is explicitly exiled by [[Gríma]], and an outcast and renegade until he arrives at Helm's Deep, summoned by [[Gandalf]]. Like [[Ralph Bakshi]]'s film, Éomer replaced [[Erkenbrand]].

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Éomer is a hero unit for the [[Rohan]]-faction. His shouts are voiced by [[Chris Edgerly]].

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Éomer|Images of Éomer]]
{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=rohirrim
| house=House of Eorl
| born={{TA|2991}}
| died={{FoA|63}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Théoden]]
| list=18th [[Kings of Rohan|King of Rohan]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|63}}
| next=[[Elfwine]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eomer}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[Category:Rulers of Rohan]]
[[de:Éomer]]
[[fa:ائومر]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes_du_nord/rohirrim/eomer]]
[[fi:Éomer]]

Dwarves

2014-02-24T01:10:50Z

Nauglafring:

{{sources}}
{{race
|image=[[File:Alarie - A bunch of dwarves.jpg|250px]]
|name= Dwarves
|dominions= [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], [[Belegost]], [[Nogrod]], [[Iron Hills]], [[Orocarni]], [[Glittering Caves]], [[Grey Mountains]], Northern [[Misty Mountains]], [[Blue Mountains]]
|languages= [[Khuzdul]] ([[Dwarvish]]), [[Iglishmêk]] (sign language)
|height= 4 to 5 feet
|length=
|skincolor= Probably white
|haircolor= Red, white, grey, blonde, brown, black
|distinctions= Short in stature, beards
|lifespan= c. 195 <ref name="LOTRProjectStats">{{webcite|author=Emil Johansson|articleurl=http://lotrproject.com/statistics.php|articlename=Lord of the Rings in Statistics|website=[http://lotrproject.com/ Lord of the Rings Project]|accessed=09-September-2012}}</ref>
|members= [[Durin|Durin I]], [[Gimli]], [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]]
}}
{{quote|Since they were to come in the days of the power of [[Morgoth|Melkor]], [[Aulë]] made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefor they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever.|[[The Silmarillion]], "[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]"}}
The '''Dwarves''', or '''''[[Khazâd]]''''' in their own tongue, were beings of short stature, often friendly with [[Hobbits]] although long suspicious of [[Elves]]. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivaled in some of their arts even by the Elves.

While there were several tribes (Houses) of the Dwarves, the most prominent was that of the [[Longbeards]].
==History==
===Origin===
Unlike Elves and [[Men]], the Dwarves are not counted among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Their creator was [[Aulë#Names and etymology|Mahal]], known as [[Aulë]] the Smith. Aulë created the Seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] deep beneath an unknown mountain somewhere in [[Middle-earth]], from whom all other Dwarves are descended. However, Aulë did not have the divine power to grant independent life to any creation, and the dwarves were bound to his will. [[Ilúvatar]] came and reprimanded Aulë, who confessed his desire to create more living things, but in repentance lifted his hammer to destroy the dwarves. Even as the blow was about to land, the dwarves cowered and begged for mercy, as Ilúvatar had taken pity and given true life to the creations of his child, including them in His plan for [[Arda]]. However, Ilúvatar did not wish them to wake before the [[Elves]], whom he intended to be the first-born. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar, but he bade Aulë lay them to sleep in their chamber deep beneath the mountain, and they were to awake after the [[Awakening of the Elves]]. <ref>{{S|2}}</ref>

[[File:BFME2 - Dwarf 4.jpg|thumb||Dwarves as portrayed in [[The Battle for Middle-earth II]] game.]]
The Seven Fathers awoke in their places in pairs with their wives, though [[Durin|Durin I]] had awoken alone. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}</ref><ref>{{PM|X}}</ref>

The seven clans of the Dwarves were:

* [[Longbeards]], Durin's Folk, originally from [[Gundabad]].
* [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]], originally from [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]].
* [[Ironfists]] and [[Stiffbeards]], originated in the [[Orocarni]] in the far East.
* [[Blacklocks]] and [[Stonefoots]], originated in the Orocarni.

Durin settled in the caves above [[Kheled-zâram]] which later became the greatest of Dwarf realms, [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Therefore the halls of the Longbeards were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom.

There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the [[Petty-dwarves]], who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the [[Elves]] in the First Age.

Dwarves generally lived far from the sea and avoided getting on boats, as they disliked the sound of the ocean and were afraid of it. <ref>{{S|10}}</ref>

===First Age===
The Dwarves for many years did not know any other folk, until Firebeards and Broadbeams had their first meeting with the [[Elves]] in [[Beleriand]] in the year [[Years of the Trees 1250|1250]] of the [[Years of the Trees]]. From that time on there was friendship between the [[Sindar]] and the Dwarves, and they began exchanging knowledge and creating ring-mails and many other works; the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] were unmatched in Middle-earth in smithing. They delved the caves of [[Menegroth]], and adopted the [[cirth|writing]] of [[Daeron]]. It was the Dwarves who told the Sindar about [[Orcs]] attacking their Elven kin on the other side of the mountains, which prompted King [[Thingol]] to begin a build up of arms which the Dwarves made for him.

Later on a great army of Orcs attacked the Elves, but in the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] were defeated and fled. Those that got away ran south right into an army of Dwarves who issued from Mount Dolmed and destroyed them.

After the [[Return of the Noldor]], [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] desired to settle himself in the [[Caves of Narog]] and the Dwarves of the Ered Luin aided him and gave him the dwarven name ''Felak-gundu'' (''[[Felagund]]''). They eventually made for him the [[Nauglamír]]. This necklace without equal contained one of the [[Silmarils]], and sparked jealosy and conflicts over its true ownernship rights. These initial conflicts receded by the beginning of the Second Age, but were rekindled to a new intensity by the discord sown by [[Sauron]]. They eventually created a rivalry and mistrust between Elves and Dwarves that endured to the end of the Third Age, when [[Gimli]] the Dwarf bridged the distance between the two races by developing a deep admiration for lady [[Galadriel]] and forming a strong friendship with [[Legolas]] the Elf.

Things finally came to a head between the forces of Morgoth and the Elves, Men, and Dwarves in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. The Dwarves fought for the [[Union of Maedhros]]

In early [[Second Age]] the most many of the [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] houses migrated to [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] from their cities in the [[Blue Mountains]] which were ruined during the sinking of Beleriand.

===Second Age===
The Dwarves had little participation in most of the important events involving the other races. However their friendship with the Elves perhaps became more close than ever; the Dwarves of [[Moria]] maintained close connections to the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] of [[Eregion]]; the [[Doors of Durin]] of Moria were built to facilitate the communication between the two people, and was constructed jointly by both races.

When Eregion was sacked by [[Sauron]]'s forces, the Dwarves assailed them from behind however it was too late to stop him from conquering all [[Eriador]].<ref name="UTGalad">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>
[[File:Liz Danforth - Annatar and the Seven Rings.png|thumb|Annatar and the seven rings, by [[Liz Danforth]].]]
When "[[Annatar]]" distributed the Rings of Power, he gave [[seven Rings|seven]] to Dwarf Lords in order to subdue and control them. However, they did not have the same effect as they did over Men. Dwarves did not shift into the [[wraith-world]] and in fact resisted domination. The Rings only augmented their greed and ability to create riches.

At the end of the Age, some of the [[Dwarves of Moria]] joined the great host of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] and went to the [[War of the Last Alliance|great War]].

===Third Age===

[[File:Angus McBride - Dwarves.jpg|thumb|left|''The Dwarves are upon You!'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]
In [[Third Age 1980]], after centuries of greedy digging for [[Mithril]] and other minerals, the Dwarves woke a [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] that was sleeping in the deeps of the Misty Mountains since the First Age. The Dwarves fled Khazad-dum, which from then on was called ''Moria'', which means "Black pit".

Most of Durin's folk left for the [[Grey Mountains]] in the North, while some followed the new king, [[Thráin I]], who briefly went to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|1999}}. For more than 300 years the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] prospered until the Dragons in the far North started to gain strength. Some fled to the [[Iron Hills]], while most followed the the new king [[Thrór]] to Erebor to start a new [[Kingdom under the Mountain]]. There, they prospered for over 200 years until the dragon [[Smaug]] descended in {{TA|2770}}. The King and his company went in exile South, while most of the survivors went to the Iron Hills.

Durin's folk settled in [[Dunland]], and in {{TA|2790}} King Thrór traveled North to Moria where he was killed by the [[Orcs|Goblin]] king [[Azog]]. Thrór's son [[Thráin II]] (who had received the Last of the Seven Rings from his father before his departure) summoned all the Houses of Dwarves to war. Thus began the [[War of Dwarves and Orcs]], in which the Dwarves destroyed all the Goblin strongholds in the [[Misty Mountains]] culminating to the great [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] where all the dwarven clans united. The Goblin hosts issuing from Moria were strong and relentless until the arrival of fresh [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. The Battle ended with the victory of Dwarves, but at great cost. The Dwarven clans however were unwilling to repopulate Moria. Thráin therefore came to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established his realm there.

[[File:Angelo Montanini - Dori.jpg|thumb|[[Dori]] by [[Angelo Montanini]].]]
The Wizard [[Gandalf]] was instrumental into helping Thráin's son Thorin in reclaiming the Kingdom of Erebor. Thorin gathered around him [[Thorin and Company|twelve dwarves]], mostly from his own line, and was joined by [[Gandalf]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. The [[Quest of Erebor]] ended with the death of [[Smaug]]. After a quarrel with the Men and Elves over the unguarded hoard, the Dwarves - assisted by those from the [[Iron Hills]] - united with the Men and Elves to fight the attacking Goblins and Wargs, in what was called the [[Battle of Five Armies]], where Thorin was killed.

[[Gimli]] son of Glóin joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] as a representative of the Dwarves and befriended [[Legolas]] during the [[War of the Ring]].

===Fourth Age===
Not much is known about the Dwarves in the [[Fourth Age]]. After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Gimli]] brought a part of Durin's Folk from Erebor to the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and founded a colony there. Subsequently, Gimli went on many travels with his friend Legolas, and History lost track of their fate. Through their friendship and influence, the feud between the two races that had lasted for millennia finally ended, shortly before the departure of the last Elves from Middle-earth. It is rumored that Gimli and Legolas eventually boarded a ship that sailed down the river Anduin, out to sea and across to Valinor in the year {{FoA|120}}. Gimli would thus have become the only Dwarf to ever be permitted to cross to the Undying Lands.

[[Durin VII]] (the Last), retook Moria and brought Khazad-dûm back to its original splendor, and the Longbeards lived there till the "world grew old and the days of Durin's race ended".

==Nature==
The Dwarves were created by Aulë to be strong, resistant to fire and the evils of Morgoth. They were hardier than any other race, secretive, stubborn, and steadfast in enmity or loyalty. They were generally less corruptible than Men. When Sauron attempted to enslave the Free Folk of Middle-earth using the [[Rings of Power]], the Elves completely resisted his power (indeed, his hand had never sullied the Three Rings), while the Nine Rings utterly corrupted the Men who bore them into the [[Ringwraiths]]. In contrast, the Dwarves were sturdy and resistant enough that Sauron was not able to dominate them using the Seven Rings. At most, the Seven Rings sowed strife among the Dwarves and filled their wearers with an insatiable greed for gold, but they did not turn them into wraiths subservient to the Dark Lord, and he considered his plan to have failed. Sauron was furious at the Dwarves' resistance, spurring his drive to recapture the Seven Rings from them.

The lifespan of Dwarves was varied depending on their ancestry. The Longbeards were particularly long-lived, but by the Third Age their lifespan was diminished and they lived, on average, 250 years. Occasionally they would live up to 300 years of age, but such a phenomenon was rare, comparable to a Man living to 100. Dwarves were considered too young for heavy labor or war until they were around 30 years of age (hence the slaying of Azog by [[Dain Ironfoot]] at age 32 was a great feat). By the age of 40, Dwarves were hardened into the appearance that they would keep for most of their lives. Between the approximate ages of 40 and 240, most Dwarves were equally hale and able to work and fight with vigor. They took on the appearance of age only about ten years before their death, wrinkling and greying rapidly, but never going bald.<ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

Sickness was almost unknown to the Dwarves, as they were immune to human diseases. Corpulence, however, could effect them. In prosperous circumstances, many grew fat by the age of 200 and became physically inept. <ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

Despite being 4.5 - 5 feet (1.35 - 1.52 m) tall, they were known for their strength and endurance in battle, as well as their fury, particularly when avenging their fallen kin, and for being some of the greatest warriors in all of Middle-earth. They fought valiantly in many wars and battles over the Ages holding axes. In appearance their more distinctive characteristic was their beard which they have from the beginning of their lives, male and females alike; and which they shave only in shame.<ref>{{WJ|13}}</ref>

As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda and crafts. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth, but had a tendency toward gold lust, and committed their share of rash and greedy acts. Among these was the dispute over the [[Nauglamír]], which led to the slaying of Elu [[Thingol]] and stirred up the initial suspicion between Elves and Dwarves to open hatred.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Dwarves are fiercely devoted to their children. In their desire for their children to grow up hardy and enduring, they may treat them harshly, but they will protect them at all costs. Dwarves resent injuries to their children and to their parents more than injuries to themselves.<ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

The Dwarves' numbers, although they sometimes flourished, often faced periods of decline, especially in periods of war. The slow increase of their population was due to the rarity of [[Dwarf-women]], who made up only about a third of the total population. Dwarves seldom wedded before the age of ninety or more, and rarely had so many as four children. They took only one husband or wife in their lifetime, and were jealous, as in all matters of their rights. The number of Dwarf-men that married was actually less than a third, for not all the Dwarf-women took husbands; some desired none, some wanted one they could not have and would have no other. Many Dwarf-men did not desire marriage because they were absorbed in their work.<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref> <ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

Dwarf-women seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. When they did travel, they were so alike Dwarf-men in voice, appearance, and garb that it was hard for other races to tell them apart. They were likewise seldom named in genealogies, joining their husbands' families. The only Dwarf-woman named in Tolkien's legendarium is [[Dís]], sister of Thorin Oakenshield, who was given a place in the records because of the gallant deaths of her sons, Fíli and Kíli. The scarcity of women, their rare mention, and their identical looks with the males, coupled with the Dwarves' secretive culture, led many to mistakenly believe that Dwarves were born out of stone, and upon death they returned to that stone.<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref> <ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>

==Religion==
The Dwarves loved and reverenced the Vala Aulë. In an earlier version of the legendarium it is hinted that the Dwarves do not know about Ilúvatar, or that they disbelieve his existence, but later writings contradict that suggestion.<ref>{{S|10}}</ref> <ref name="#">{{LT2|IV}}</ref> <ref>{{S|2}}</ref>

Of old the Elves believed that the Dwarves would have no future in [[Arda Unmarred]], but the Dwarves themselves held to a promise that Ilúvatar would hallow them and adopt them as his Children. They maintained that after death Aulë (Mahal) cared for them, gathering them to the [[Halls of Mandos]] with the other Children of Ilúvatar, though in halls set apart. It is said that after the Last Battle they will work alongside Aulë in the remaking of Arda.<ref>{{S|2}}</ref>

==Language==
The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was called [[Khuzdul]]. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, because it was difficult, and the Dwarves kept it secret, preferring to communicate in the languages of their neighbors. Only one Khuzdul phrase was well known to outsiders: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!". The Dwarves taught Khuzdul carefully to their children, as a learned language, not a cradle-tongue, and thus the language changed very little over the ages, unlike those of other races.
The Dwarves also devised a secret language of gestures to communicate between themselves in silence, the ''[[iglishmêk]]''.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 395</ref>
==Names==
The Dwarves called themselves the ''[[Khazâd]]'', the name Aulë gave them; this is adapted as ''[[Hadhod]]rim'' in [[Sindarin]], and ''[[Casar]]i'' in [[Quenya]]. Casari was the common word for Dwarves among the [[Noldor]], but the [[Sindar]] usually called them ''Naugrim'' or ''Nogothrim'', the Stunted People.
In their dealings with people of other races, the Dwarves did not reveal their true names, rather adopting new names in other languages (the [[petty-dwarves]] were an exception). During the Third Age, the Longbeards used [[northern Mannish]] names in public.

==Inspiration==
Almost all the names of the Dwarves of Middle-earth are taken from the Old Norse [[Völuspá]].

According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of ''dwarf'' is ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''. He once referred to ''dwarves'' as "a piece of private bad grammar" (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|Letters]]'', 17), but in Appendix F to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' he explains that if we still spoke of ''dwarves'' regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word ''dwarf'' as with ''man''. The form ''dwarrow'' only appears in the word ''Dwarrowdelf'', a name for [[Moria]]. Tolkien used ''Dwarves'', instead, which corresponds with ''Elf'' and ''Elves'', making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales.

The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books, especially ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]],'' has led to the popular use of the term ''dwarves'' to describe this race in fantasy literature. Before Tolkien, the term ''dwarfs'' (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. In fact, the latter spelling was so common that the original editor of ''The Lord of the Rings'' "corrected" Tolkien's ''dwarves'' to ''dwarfs'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 138).

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In the earliest versions of Tolkien's Middle-earth mythology (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'') the dwarves were evil beings created by [[Morgoth|Melkor]].

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Dwarves|Images of Dwarves]]

==External links==

*"[http://lingwe.blogspot.se/2013/02/did-tolkien-coin-plural-dwarves.html Did Tolkien coin the plural “dwarves”?]" by [[Jason Fisher]]

{{references}}

{{Dwarvenclans}}

[[Category:Dwarves| ]]
[[Category:Races]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]

[[de:Zwerge]]
[[fa:دورف]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/nains/nains]]
[[fi:Kääpiöt]]

Legolas/Disputes

2014-02-24T00:03:57Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

'''[[Legolas]]''', despite being a minor character of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], is easily the most disputed on various issues.

==Age==
While Legolas' age is never given in Tolkien's writings, some [[Tolkienist|Tolkien scholars]] have estimated he is at the most 800 – 900 years old by the time of the War of the Ring, and at least 500, though probably more; however, many others disagree on the maximum figure. Without any direct mention to the contrary, he could also have been born as early as the First Age. At the very least, we know he is over 139 years old, because he is older than Gimli (see below).

The figure of 500 years minimum was derived from the following — at one point in ''The Two Towers'', he says that the leaves have fallen in Mirkwood 500 times since [[Meduseld]] was built, and he appears to be describing it as if he actually experienced this:
{{quote|Seven mounds upon the left, and nine upon the right," said Aragorn. "Many long lives of men it is since the [[Meduseld|golden hall]] was built.""Five hundred times have the red leaves fallen in Mirkwood in my home since then," said Legolas, "and but a little while does that seem to us.""But to the Riders of the Mark it seems so long ago," said Aragorn, "that the raising of this house is but a memory of song, and the years before are lost in the mist of time.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The White Rider]]"}}

To see their reasoning for an age of 800 – 900 years, see the articles referred to [[#external links|below]].

In ''Laws and Customs Among the Eldar'', Tolkien states that the mental development of Elf-children is much quicker than those of Mannish children. By their first year, Elf-children can already walk, speak, and even dance.
{{quote|The Eldar grew in bodily form slower than Men, but in mind more swiftly. They learned to speak before they were one year old; and in the same time they learned to walk and to dance, for their wills came soon to the mastery of their bodies. Nonetheless there was less difference between the two Kindreds, Elves and Men, in early youth; and a man who watched elf-children at play might well have believed that they were the children of Men, of some fair and happy people.|''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', "[[Laws and Customs Among the Eldar]]"}}

If we are to infer that Elves can have concrete memories at a younger age than Men do, Legolas could conceivably have remembered the last 500 autumns that have passed, starting when he was very young.

However, he could be merely commenting on the contrasting viewpoints of Men and Elves on time ("and but a little while does that seem to us"); more importantly, 500 years is here clearly "the time elapsed since Meduseld was built". At face value, his statement says ''nothing'' about his age — to go further would only be speculation.

It is certainly possible that he was older than many fans imagine him to be (probably due to the influence of Bloom and his portrayal). In ''The Two Towers'', he calls Aragorn (born {{TA|2931}}, 87 years old in {{TA|3018|n}}, 88 at the end of the War some months later) and Gimli (born {{TA|2879}}, 139 years old in {{TA|3018|n}}) "children" while in [[Fangorn Forest]], and says that he does not ''feel'' young:
{{quote|It [the forest] is old, very old," said the Elf. "So old that almost I feel young '''again''', as I have not felt since I journeyed with you children. It is old and full of memory. I could have been happy here, if I had come in days of peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The White Rider]]"}}

Also, he speaks of watching oaks grow from acorns to "ruinous age", suggesting that he is in fact old, though possibly young for Elves (some kinds of oak can live for a very long time):
{{quote|These are the strangest trees that I ever saw," [Legolas] said; "and I have seen many an oak grow from acorn to ruinous age. I wish that there were leisure now to walk among them: they have voices, and in time I might come to understand their thought.|ibid}}

However, even the minimum figure of 500 can still apply here, since Tolkien could have had the English oak in mind, and it can live up to about 500 years.

Also, some readers point out that his birthdate is not recorded in the Appendices. For them, this might be a sign that he was born in the [[First Age]], since the Appendices only record dates from the [[Second Age]] onwards. It might, at the very least, mean that he was born before the [[Third Age]], since birth dates for characters born then (even relatively minor ones like [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]) ''are'' usually given.

== Hair color ==
His father [[Thranduil]] was blond, so many assume that Legolas must have been blond also (indeed, both [[Ralph Bakshi]] and [[Peter Jackson]] make him blond). However, Tolkien describes his head as "dark" when he shoots down a [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]]'s [[Fell beasts|Fell beast]] in ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' in the following quote, suggesting the contrary to some:
{{quote|Frodo looked up at the Elf standing tall above him, as he gazed into the night, seeking a mark to shoot at. His head was dark, crowned with sharp white stars that glittered in the black pools of the sky behind.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Great River]]"}}

According to this camp, his hair must be either dark brown or black, as was the norm for the Sindar. (Blond hair was mostly exclusive to the [[Vanyar]].) However, the "blond" camp points out that the above quote takes place ''at night'', and opines that his head may have appeared "dark" due to shadows, rather than his actual hair color.

== Birth order ==
Some assume that he is an only child; however, he could be only one of Thranduil's children. Thranduil did let him leave Mirkwood to find a new elf-community in Ithilien, suggesting to some that he was not his heir; but then others opine that given the longevity of Elves and the relative safety of Middle-earth after Sauron's downfall, Thranduil could go on ruling the Woodland Realm as long as he liked or until he felt the sea-longing. No definitive evidence is given, either way.

===Legolas of Gondolin===
The name ''Legolas Greenleaf'' first appeared in ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'', one of the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', circa 1917. The character is mentioned only once and is unrelated to the character discussed above. As the Lost Tales were the first embodiment of Tolkien's mythology, and by the time ''The Lord of the Rings'' was written much had changed, this in all likelihood is not the same Elf, and he was not included in the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.
{{quote|But the others, led by one '''Legolas Greenleaf''' of the [[House of the Tree|house of the Tree]], who knew all that plain by day or by dark, and was night-sighted, made much speed over the vale for all their weariness, and halted only after a great march.|''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', "[[The Fall of Gondolin]]"}}

The [[Legolas (elf of Gondolin)|Legolas of Gondolin]], who Tolkien would likely have renamed, has a different etymology. His name (''Laiqalassë'' in its pure form) comes from the primitive [[Quenya]] (''Qenya'') words ''laica'' ("green") and ''lassë'' ("leaf"). The names are very similar, but the characters were different: Legolas of Gondolin was possibly a [[Noldor]] in exile, of the House (kindred) of the Tree. However, the published ''Silmarillion'', in describing [[Turgon]]'s founding of Gondolin, states that Turgon took with him up to a third of the people under [[Fingolfin]], but an even larger number of the Sindar. Thus, whether Legolas of Gondolin was of Noldorin or Sindarin descent is debatable.
[[category:debates]]

Spiders

2014-02-15T14:36:39Z

Nauglafring:

{{rewrite}}
{{race
|image= [[File:John Howe - Spiders of Mirkwood.jpg|250px]]
|name=Spiders
|dominions=[[Mirkwood]]
|languages=
|height=Various
|length=
|skincolor=Black or Grey
|haircolor=
|feathers=
|distinctions=Spiders in form
|lifespan=Unknown
|members=[[Shelob]]?
}}

'''Spiders''' were small eight-legged creatures, known for capturing their prey in intricate webs. Many spiders of [[Middle-earth]] were known to reach a colossal size.

==History==

There was a more sinister side to the spiders of Middle-earth that entered it with the monstrous [[Ungoliant]] in the years before the [[First Age]]. A gigantic creature of spider-shape, it was she who destroyed the [[Two Trees]] of [[Valinor]] by sucking the light out of them, and escaped with [[Morgoth|Melkor]] into the lands of Middle-earth. Though Ungoliant herself disappeared into the far south, she left the northern lands infested with her offspring. During the First Age, the mountains of the [[Ered Gorgoroth]] were infested with these monsters, and became a place of dread.

The most famous of Ungoliant's children lived far to the south and east of the Ered Gorgoroth, on the borders of the land of [[Mordor]]. This was [[Shelob]], who haunted a network of tunnels watching the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], making a living on the hapless [[Orcs]] of [[Sauron]]. She had offspring of her own, too, smaller than she but with a cruel intelligence, that spread throughout the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north into [[Mirkwood]]. It was creatures like these that [[Bilbo Baggins]] encountered in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and through fighting them that his sword acquired its name [[Sting]].

The offspring of Ungoliant differed in several important respects from normal spiders, beside their enormous size. Shelob is said to have had a stinger.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}</ref> Likewise, the spiders of Mirkwood seem to have had stingers as well as "insect eyes" (possibly compound eyes rather than eye clusters).<ref>{{H|8}}</ref>

==Names==

In [[Sindarin]], the word for "spider" is '''''ungol'''''.<ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, p. 490</ref> It is found in such names as [[Shelob's Lair|Torech Ungol]], [[Ungoliant#Etymology|Ungoliant]], and [[Cirith Ungol]].

In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for "spider" is ''cing'' or ''cingwin'' (a struck out word was ''gung''). A deleted [[Qenya]] word for "spider" was ''ung-we''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 26, 43</ref>

==Inspiration==
* A common myth is that Tolkien was bitten by a spider when he was young and this fueled his hatred for the species in his works, this is proven inaccurate through the below quotes:
{{quote|...when Ronald [Tolkien] was beginning to walk, he stumbled on a tarantula. It bit him, and he ran in terror across the garden until the nurse snatched him up and sucked out the poison. When he grew up he could remember a hot day and running in fear through long, dead grass, '''but the memory of the tarantula itself faded, and he said that the incident left him with no especial dislike of spiders.'''|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}

{{quote|I knew that the way [for Frodo, Sam, and Gollum] was guarded by a Spider. And if that has anything to do with my being stung by a tarantula when a small child, people are welcome to the notion (supposing the improbable, that any one is interested). I can only say that I remember nothing about it, should not know it if I had not been told; and '''I do not dislike spiders particularly, and have no urge to kill them.''' I usually rescue those whom I find in the bath!|{{L|163}}}}

* Regarding the spiders in ''[[The Hobbit]]'':
{{quote|I put in the spiders largely because this was, you remember, primarily written for my children (at least I had them in mind), and one of my sons [Michael] in particular dislikes spiders with a great intensity. I did it to thoroughly frighten him and it did!|From an interview of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] on January 15, 1957 by Ruth Harshaw for the "Carnival of Books" radio show. (According to ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]'')}}

{{quote|Throughout his life, Tolkien’s son Michael had what he called “a deep-rooted abhorrence of spiders.”|''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]''}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:''See [[Shelob#Portrayal in adaptations|Shelob: Portrayal in adaptations]]''

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Non-player (NPC, computer controlled) spiders are found in a number of areas of Middle-earth. Players can play a spider in the Player-versus-Player (PvP) area of the [[Ettenmoors]] once the player reaches level ten. Spiders in ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' have the ability to root and spit poison from a distance.

:The appearance of spiders vary from zone to zone for NPC spiders and from rank to rank for player controlled spiders. They all look like very large spiders from the size of a cat up to the size of a large elephant.

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:The spiders of Mirkwood are portrayed in the film.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of spiders|Images of spiders]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Spiders]]
[[Category:Other races]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[de:Spinnen]]

Eärendil

2014-02-13T02:10:08Z

Nauglafring: Expansion

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-more|Eärendil|[[Eärendil (disambiguation)]]}}
{{half-elf infobox
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Earendil the Mariner.jpg|250px]]
| name=Eärendil
| pronun=
| othernames=''[[Azrubêl]]'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]), ''[[Ardamir Eärendil|Ardamírë]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]] [[Amilessë|mn]]), The Mariner, The Blessed, Bright, Halfelven
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Gondolin]], [[Havens of Sirion]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=c. {{FA|503}}
| birthlocation=[[Gondolin]]
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Hador]], [[House of Fingolfin]]
| heritage=[[Men|Man]] father, [[Elves|Elf]] mother
| parentage=[[Tuor]] and [[Idril]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Elwing]]
| children=[[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=[[Vingilótë]] (ship)
}}{{Pronounce|Earendil.mp3|Ardamir}}
<center>{{quote|Eärendil was a mariner that tarried in [[Arvernien]] he built a [[Vingilótë|boat]] of timber felled in [[Nimbrethil]] to journey in...|''[[Eärendil by Bilbo|Eärendil]]'' by [[Bilbo Baggins]]}}</center>
'''Eärendil the Mariner''' ([[Quenya|Q]] "sea-friend", pron. {{IPA|[ˌe.aˈrendil]}}) was one of the [[Peredhil]] ([[Sindarin|S]] "Half-elven"), and an important figure in the legends of the [[Elder Days]]. Descended from all the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses]] of the [[Edain]], he was the first known person to reach [[Aman]] in the [[First Age]]. He was crucial in the [[War of Wrath]] and the patriarch of the line of the [[Kings of Númenor]] through his youngest son.

== History ==
The son of [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]], daughter of King [[Turgon]], Eärendil was raised as a child in [[Gondolin]]. Eärendil was seven years old when [[Fall of Gondolin|Gondolin fell]], and narrowly escaped death at the hands of his kinsman [[Maeglin]] during the battle. He was borne out on the shoulders of Idril's house-carle [[Hendor]], and lived afterwards in [[Arvernien]] by the [[Havens of Sirion]]. Eärendil later became the leader of the people who lived there, and married [[Elwing]], daughter of [[Dior]] the son of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]]. They had two sons, [[Elrond]] and [[Elros]].
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Eärendil the Mariner.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''Eärendil the Mariner'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]

With the aid of [[Círdan]] the Shipwright, Eärendil built a ship, ''[[Vingilótë]]'' (or ''Vingilot''), and sailed around the seas west of Middle-earth, leaving his wife behind in Arvernien. At this time Elwing had in her possession the [[Silmaril]] that Beren had wrested from [[Morgoth]]. News of this came to the sons of [[Fëanor]] that were still living, and they attacked the people living in Arvernien, and slew most of them. But Elwing, rather than be captured, threw herself with the Silmaril into the sea. The Silmaril was not lost, however:
{{quote|For [[Ulmo]] bore up Elwing out of the waves, and he gave her the likeness of a great white bird, and upon her breast there shone as a star the Silmaril, as she flew over the water to seek Eärendil her beloved. On a time of night Eärendil at the helm of his ship saw her come towards him, as a white cloud exceeding swift beneath the moon, as a star over the sea moving in strange courses, a pale flame on wings of storm. And it is sung that she fell from the air upon the timbers of Vingilot, in a swoon, nigh unto death for the urgency of her speed, and Eärendil took her to his bosom; but in the morning with marveling eyes he beheld his wife in her own form beside him with her hair upon his face, and she slept.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath"|}}

Hearing of the tragedy that had befallen in Arvernien, Eärendil then sought after [[Valinor]], and he and Elwing found their way there at last. Eärendil thus became the first of all mortals to set foot in Valinor. Eärendil then went before the [[Valar]], and asked them for aid for Men and Elves in Middle-earth, to fight against Morgoth; and the Valar accepted his plea.
[[File:Jef Murray - Earendil.jpg|thumb|left|''Earendil'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]
Because Eärendil had undertaken this errand on behalf of Men and Elves, and not for his own sake, [[Manwë]] forbore to deal out the punishment of death that was due; and because both Eärendil and Elwing were descended from a union of Elves and Men, Manwë granted to them and their sons the gift to choose to which race they would be joined (a gift that was further passed to the children of Elrond, who became known as the [[Half-elven]]). Elwing chose to be one of the Elves. Eärendil would have rather been one of the Men; however, for the sake of his wife, he chose to be one of the Elves.

{{quote|But when all was spoken, Manwë gave judgement, and he said: 'In this matter the power of doom is given to me. The peril that he ventured for love of the Two Kindreds shall not fall upon Eärendil, nor shall it fall upon Elwing his wife, who entered into peril for love of him; but they shall not walk again ever among Elves or Men in the Outer Lands. And this is my decree concerning them: to Eärendil and to Elwing, and to their sons, shall be given leave each to choose freely to which kindred their fates shall be joined, and under which kindred they shall be judged.'.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath"|}}

[[File:Ted Nasmith - Eärendil and the Battle of Eagles and Dragons.jpg|thumb|Eärendil and the Battle of Eagles and Dragons]]
The Valar, having listened to Eärendil's plea, went with a mighty host to Middle-earth, and overthrew Morgoth, and bound him. Eärendil took part in the battle, his ship Vingilótë was blessed by the Valar, and filled with a shining white flame and sent to the skies. He sailed at its helm with the Silmaril bound upon his brow. Alongside [[Thorondor]] and the [[Eagles]], Eärendil the Mariner slew the great dragon [[Ancalagon]] and cast it down onto [[Thangorodrim]], the event which, along with the sheer devastation caused by the [[War of Wrath]], led to the Ruin of [[Beleriand]].

Eärendil lived on in Valinor and the gleaming of the Silmaril upon his brow could still be seen in the skies of the distant West as the bright Evening Star.<ref name="S24">{{S|24}}</ref> Those who remained in Middle-earth called it '''Gil-Estel''' ([[Sindarin|S]] "Star of High Hope").

== Genealogy ==
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;">
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| MAR | | HAL | | BEO | | NOL |V| VAN | | | |MAR=[[Marach]] ''[[House of Hador]]''|HAL=[[Haldad]] ''[[House of Haleth]]''|BEO=[[Bëor]] ''[[House of Bëor]]''|NOL=[[Finwë]] ''[[Noldor]]''|VAN=[[Indis]] ''[[Vanyar]]''}}
{{familytree| |L|~|V|~|J| | | |:| | | | | |:| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | HUO |~|y|~| RIA | | | | TUR |y| ELE | |HUO=[[Huor]] ''{{FA|444}} - [[First Age 472|472]]''|RIA=[[Rían]] ''{{FA|450}} - [[First Age 472|472]]''|TUR=[[Turgon]] ''born during [[Years of the Trees|YOTT]]''|ELE=[[Elenwë]] ''born during [[Years of the Trees|YOTT]]''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | TUO |~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~| IDR | | | |TUO=[[Tuor]] ''born {{FA|472}}''|IDR=[[Idril|Idril Celebrindal]] ''born during [[Years of the Trees|YOTT]]''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | EAR |y| ELW | | | | | |ELW=[[Elwing]] ''born {{FA|503}}''|EAR='''EÄRENDIL''' ''born {{FA|503}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | ROS | | RON | | | | | |ROS=[[Elros]] ''{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}''|RON=[[Elrond]] ''born {{FA|532}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | KON | | |!| | | | | | |KON=''[[Kings of Númenor]]''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree|boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | ARA |~| ARW | | | | | |ARA=[[Aragorn]] ''{{TA|2931}} - {{FoA|120}}''|ARW=[[Arwen]] ''{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
</div>
 

== Names and Etymology ==

Eärendil was known by many epithets: Eärendil Halfelven<ref>{{S|23}}</ref>, Eärendil [[the Blessed]]<ref>{{S|17}}</ref><ref>{{S|IV}}</ref>, Bright Eärendil<ref name="S24"/><ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>, and Eärendil the Mariner<ref name="S24"/><ref>{{S|V}}</ref>.

''Eärendil'' was his given [[father-name]]. His [[mother-name]] was ''[[Ardamir Eärendil|Ardamírë]]''. ''Eärendil'' is a [[Quenya]] name, meaning "Devoted to the Sea", literaly "Sea lover" (''[[eär]]'' + ''[[-ndil]]'').<ref>{{S|Appendix}}</ref><ref>{{PM|XI}}: ''The names of Finwë's descendants''</ref>

Although these Quenya names were not given [[Sindarin]] forms in the [[legendarium]], experimental [[Sindarization|Sindarized]] forms, such as ''Aerendil'' and ''Aerennel'', were used by Tolkien in certain manuscripts.<ref>{{PM|XI}}: Note 52</ref>

Eärendil was translated as [[Azrubêl]] in [[Adûnaic]].

== Inspiration ==
[[Image:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Earendil's_Heraldic_Device.JPG|right|thumb|100px|One of the two Heraldic Devices [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] designed for the House of Eärendil]]
While ''Eärendil'' is a [[Quenya]] name inside the [[legendarium]], Tolkien created the name based on [[Old English]] literature. Tolkien himself stated that the name was derived from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''éarendel''.<ref>{{L|297}}</ref> He says that he was struck by the "great beauty" of the name as early as 1913, which he perceived as "entirely coherent with the normal style of A-S, but euphonic to a peculiar degree in that pleasing but not 'delectable' language."

There is a poem by Tolkien dated to 1914 entitled ''The Voyage of Eärendel the Evening Star''.<ref>{{LT2|V}}, pp. 267–9</ref> Tolkien was also aware of the name's Germanic cognates (Old Norse ''Aurvandill'', Lombardic ''Auriwandalo''), and the question why the Anglo-Saxon one rather than the Lombardic or Proto-Germanic form should be taken up in the mythology is alluded to in ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]''.<ref>{{SD|Notion}}</ref> The Old Norse together with the Anglo-Saxon evidence point to an astronomical myth, the name referring to a star, or a group of stars, and the Anglo-Saxon in particular points to the Morning Star as the herald of the rising Sun (in ''Crist'' christianized to refer to John the Baptist).

Tolkien was particularly inspired by the lines in ''Crist'':

<blockquote>''éala éarendel engla beorhtast / ofer middangeard monnum sended'' 
"Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / sent over Middle-earth to men."</blockquote>

which can be taken as the inspiration not only for the role of Eärendil in Tolkien's work, but also for the term [[Middle-earth]] (translating ''Middangeard'') for the inhabitable lands.

The first line is paralleled by [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]'s exclamation in [[Cirith Ungol]], ''"[[Aiya]] Eärendil Elenion Ancalima!"'' which is in [[Quenya]] and translates as "Hail Eärendil, brightest of stars!" Frodo's exclamation was in reference to the "[[Phial of Galadriel|Star-glass]]" he carried, which contained the light of Eärendil's star, the [[Silmaril]].

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Eärendil|Images of Eärendil]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Half-elven]]
[[Category:House of Bëor]]
[[Category:House of Eärendil| ]]
[[Category:House of Fingolfin]]
[[Category:House of Hador]]
[[Category:House of Haleth]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Vanyar]]
[[de:Earendil der Seefahrer]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:semi-elfes:earendil]]
[[fi:Eärendil]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Earendil}}

Tolkien and Wagner

2014-02-13T02:00:48Z

Nauglafring: Added links

{{book
| title=Tolkien and Wagner: The Ring and Der Ring
| image=[[Image:Tolkien and Wagner.png|225px]]
| author=[[Christopher MacLachlan]]
| editor=
| illustrator=
| publisher=[[Walking Tree Publishers]]
| date=[[25 February]] [[2012]]
| format=Paperback
| pages=240
| isbn=978-3-905703-21-4
| series=[[Cormarë Series]]
| precededby=[[Hobbit Place-names]]
| followedby=[[Wagner and Tolkien|Wagner and Tolkien: Mythmakers]]
}}
'''''Tolkien and Wagner: The Ring and'' Der Ring''' investigates the relationship between the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and [[Richard Wagner]]. It was published as No. 24 in the [[Cormarë Series]].

==From the publisher==

Tolkien famously rejected comparison of his Ring with Wagner's, though there is good evidence that Tolkien knew much more about ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' than he let on after the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Analysis of that work from a Wagnerian point of view enables consideration of it in a new way. By exploring the parallels between Wagner's Ring and Tolkien's, a fresh interpretation of Tolkien's work emerges, one that hinges on associating [[Gandalf]] with Wotan. Like Wagner's god, Gandalf has to find a way of solving the problems posed by the Ring and like Wotan he cannot succeed without other people. When the plots of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (and ''[[The Hobbit]]'') are examined in this way it becomes apparent how much they owe to Wagner's music-drama, and the role of Gandalf is opened to new explanation.

==External links==
*[http://www.walking-tree.org/books/hobbit_place-names.php Official product page]

{{Template:Cormarë}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Scholarly books]]

Aen

2014-02-13T01:53:47Z

Nauglafring:

__NOTOC__
'''aen''' is a [[Sindarin]] word which probably means "should", "rather", "they" or generally a passive voice marker; its exact meaning, usage and etymology is unclear.
==Etymology==
The word is not easy to analyze. If its meaning is "should", there is a possibility that it is a cognate or related to the [[Quenya]] expression ''[[nai]]'', "may it be that".
==Example==
The word ''aen'' is seen in the phrase of the ''[[King's Letter]]''

*''[[i]] [[sennui]] "[[Panthael]]" [[esta]]thar [[aen]]''

This is translated as "who ought to be called 'Fullwise'"<ref>{{HM|SD}} p.126</ref> (referring to [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]]).

==Syntax==
''aen'' follows the verb ''estathar'', which is future tense and means "they will name". It is not known if ''aen'' can follow verbs of other tenses. Likewise, it is not known if ''aen'' is the pronoun ("'''they''' should name him Fullwiise"), a marker of the passive voice ("He should '''be called''' Fullwise"), or an optative marker which expresses a wish ("Whom instead '''should''' call Fullwise").

Another riddle is the word ''[[sennui]]'', which is also of unknown meaning, with possibilities being "should" or "instead".
==See also==
*[[sennui]]
*[[nai]]
==External links==
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en.html Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary], see entries for ''aen'' and ''sennui''
{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Sindarin words]]

Timeless Halls

2014-02-11T19:44:24Z

Nauglafring:

{{cleanup}}'''The Timeless Halls''' are the dwelling of [[Ilúvatar|Eru]], as distinct from the [[Void]]. They have existed before and outside the boundaries of the [[Eä|universe]], and may or may not have a physical form. Although without limit, they are said to stretch from the [[Abyss]] to the [[Firmament]].

In [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo's]] [[Song of Eärendil]], the [[Ilmarin|halls]] of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]] are referred to as "The Timeless Halls."

{{cosmology}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Buildings]]

[[de:Zeitlose Hallen]]
[[fi:Ajattomat Salit]]

Aragorn

2014-02-11T03:17:32Z

Nauglafring: Punctuation/link

{{disambig-two|the King of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]|[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]|[[Aragorn I]]}}
{{arnorian infobox
| image=[[File:John Howe - Elessar.jpg|250px]]
| name=Aragorn
| pronun=
| othernames=Aragorn II, [[Elessar]], Strider, [[Thorongil]] (''[[Aragorn#Names and titles|see below]]'')
| titles=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| position=[[Rangers of the North|Ranger]]
| location=[[Rivendell]] [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]
| birth=[[1 March]] {{TA|2931}}
| birthlocation=[[Eriador]]
| rule={{TA|2933}} - {{TA|3019|n}} (Chieftain) {{TA|3019}} - {{FoA|120}} (King)
| death={{FoA|120}}
| deathlocation=[[Gondor]]
| age=210
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Isildur]]
| parentage=[[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Arwen]]
| children=[[Eldarion]], at least two daughters
| gender=Male
| height=6'6<nowiki>''</nowiki> (198cm)<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, p. 229</ref>
| hair=Dark, flecked with grey<ref name="Sign">{{FR|Sign}}</ref>
| eyes=Grey<ref name="Sign"/>
| clothing=High leather boots, dark-green cloak<ref name="Sign"/>
| weapons=[[Andúril]]
| steed=[[Roheryn]] and [[Hasufel]]
}}

<center>{{quote|Tall as the sea-kings of old, he stood above all that were near; ancient of days he seemed and yet in the flower of manhood; and wisdom sat upon his brow, and strength and healing were in his hands, and a light was about him.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Steward and the King]]}}</center>
'''Aragorn''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈaraɡorn]}}; 1 March [[Third Age]] {{TA|2931|n}} – [[Fourth Age]] {{FoA|120|n}}, aged 210 years<ref>{{HM|AB}}.</ref>) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was a [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest [[Men|Man]] of his time, leading the [[Dúnedain|Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]'s forces, helping to destroy [[the One Ring]], and reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]].

==History==
===Early Life===
Aragorn was born in {{TA|2931}} to the Chieftain Arathorn, and received the name Aragorn. But his grandmother, [[Ivorwen]], noted with foresight that Aragorn would one day wear on his breast a green stone.

A legend says that the [[Wizard]] [[Gandalf]] had brought [[Elfstone|such a stone]] from [[Valinor]]. He gave the Elessar to the [[Elves|Elven]] Lady [[Galadriel]], and remarked prophetically that she would pass it to another, who will also be called Elessar.<ref>{{UT|6}}</ref> From this would come his royal name ''Elessar'' ([[Quenya]] for "Elfstone"), and he would be a healer and a renewer.

When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when an [[Orcs|Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]] as if he was his own son. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named '''''[[Estel]]''''' ([[Sindarin]] for "Hope") instead. During his life in Rivendell he accompanied the sons of Elrond, [[Elrohir]] and [[Elladan]], on their journeys. <ref name="A1v">{{App|A1v}}</ref>
[[File:Stephen Hickman - Aragorn and Arwen.jpg|thumb|left|''Aragorn and Arwen'' by [[Stephen Hickman]]]]
Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry when he returned from a journey with Elrohir and Elladan in {{TA|2951}}, when Aragorn was twenty years old; as part of this revelation, he delivered to him the heirlooms of [[House of Isildur|his House]]: the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. Later, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lothlórien]].<ref name="A1v"/>

===Life as a Ranger===
Estel took up his proper name as Aragorn, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and after he took leave of his mother and Elrond he went into [[The Wild]].<ref name="A1v"/> In {{TA|2953}} he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]] in {{TA|2956}}, and they became great friends.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> At Gandalf's advice he started to become interested in [[the Shire]] and became known as '''''Strider''''' in this region.
[[File:Catherine Chmiel - Ecthelion,Thorongil and Boromir study.jpg|thumb|200px|right|"Thorongil" with [[Ecthelion II]], by [[Catherine Karina Chmiel]]]]
From {{TA|2957}} to {{TA|2980}} Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and [[Steward]] [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor.<ref name="TA"/> Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was '''''Thorongil''''' (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and became one of Ecthelion II's most important advisers. He warned Ecthelion of the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], who threathened the [[Southern Fiefs]] and was eventually allowed by Ecthelion to attack [[Umbar]]. He led a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|Surprise Attack on the Havens of Umbar]] with a few Gondorian ships, destroying many of their ships and slaying its lord with only few casualties. After his return in [[Pelargir]] he crossed the [[Anduin]] and left Gondor to travel into the far East and South "exploring the hearts of men good and evil" and learning about the "plots and devices" of the servants of the Dark Lord.<ref>{{App|A1ivS}}</ref>

Later in 2980 on his return to Rivendell he entered [[Lothlórien]], and there once again met Arwen in [[Caras Galadhon]]. For one season they lived together in Lothlórien. At midsummer he gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.<ref name="A1v"/>

Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This harsh condition had a precedent: King [[Thingol]]'s request that [[Beren]] obtain a [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].<ref name="A1v"/>

===Hunt for Gollum===
In the year [[Third Age 3001|3001]], as a now revealed [[Sauron]] continued to regain power in [[Mordor]], Aragorn began assisting [[Gandalf]] for news of [[Gollum]]. Gandalf suspected that the ring [[Bilbo Baggins]] found near Gollum's lake was in fact [[the One Ring]]. In {{TA|3007}} shortly returns to [[Eriador]] where he visits his mother for the last time, she dies before that year's spring.

In [[Third Age 3017|3017]] after searching intermittently over the years,<ref name="TA"/> Aragorn finally overtakes Gollum in the [[Dead Marshes]] on [[1 February]]. With Gollum he travelled through the northern [[Emyn Muil]], to prevent being found by Sauron's spies, and crossed the Anduin at the [[Sarn Gebir]]. He travelled further north along the edges of [[Fangorn Forest]] and through Lothlórien,<ref name="UT">{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> where the Elves sent a message to Gandalf.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}, Note 5</ref> He travelled alongside the Anduin to the north until he arrived at the [[Carrock]]. With the aid of the [[Beornings]] he crossed the Anduin with Gollum and entered [[Mirkwood]]. He took Gollum to [[Thranduil]] in to be held captive.<ref name="UT"/> He then returns west where he meets with Gandalf at [[Sarn Ford]] and learns of [[Frodo Baggins]]' plan to leave the shire with the Ring late September and then went to his own journey.<ref name="Strider">{{FR|Strider}}</ref>

===War of the Ring===
[[File:Timothy Ide - Frodo at the Prancing Pony.jpg|thumb|Aragorn watching "[[Mr. Underhill]]".]]
When Aragorn returned to his area, the [[Elves]] who followed [[Gildor Inglorion]] told Aragorn the Black Riders were had been seen, and Gandalf had been missing and there were no messages from him. Aragorn and his [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] kept watch over the border of [[the Shire]] and the [[East Road]] waiting for sight of Frodo but there were no news of them leaving [[Buckland]].<ref name="Strider"/>

While staying in [[Bree]], Aragorn crossed the paths of four hobbits in [[The Prancing Pony]]. Aragorn watched as the hobbits clumsily hid their names and intentions. He watched as [[Frodo Baggins]], the leader of the party, fell from a table and disappeared as he put the ring on. Aragorn, whose name was given as Strider, seemed to show no surprise, only annoyance at Frodo’s foolish vanishing act. He arranged for an interview that night, where he warned them of the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] and [[Bill Ferny]], then bluntly requested that they use him as a guide. After some consideration, and a note given them by the forgetful [[Barliman Butterbur]] from Gandalf condoning him, Frodo agreed.
[[File:Jef Murray - Amon Sûl.jpg|thumb|left|''Amon Sûl'' by Jef Murray]]
Aragorn’s plan to reach Rivendell was to first head toward [[Archet]] and bear right to [[Weathertop]]. After the [[Ambush at Weathertop]] and the wounding of Frodo, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] took over the position as leader of the Hobbits. After a while they met [[Glorfindel]], a friend of Aragorn’s, and it was not much later that they arrived in Rivendell.
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Reforging of the Sword.jpg|thumb|[[Darrell Sweet]] - ''The Reforging of the Sword'']]
After the Council of Elrond Aragorn became a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. As a preparation for his travel, the ancient shards of [[Narsil]], the heirloom of his House, were reforged after 3 millennia. Aragorn carried the Sword Reforged, and renamed it [[Andúril]].

Aragorn's intentions were to travel with the company for a while before returning to [[Gondor]] with [[Boromir]]. Aragorn encouraged the taking of the [[Caradhras|Redhorn Pass]], which ended in disaster. He reluctantly conceded to Gandalf’s choice to pass through [[Moria]], though his sense of foresight warned him for Gandalf. Indeed, after Gandalf fell into the abyss with [[Durin's Bane]], Aragorn was naturally elected leader of the company, despite some resentment by Boromir.
====Leading the Fellowship of the Ring====
[[File:Gift.jpg|thumb|left|Galadriel giving the Elessar to Aragorn]]
Aragorn again amazed the rest of the Fellowship by his apparent closeness to the people of [[Lothlórien]], and his friendship with [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. At their departure, Galadriel offered him the [[Elfstone]] as a wedding gift from the family of the Elven bride to the groom, foretelling his marriage to Arwen.<ref>{{MR|P3II3}}</ref>. It was worn by Aragorn ever after and from that he later took the name '''Elessar'''.

Even at the [[Rauros|Falls of Rauros]] he was undecided, leaving it to Frodo for the final decision. For though it was obvious he wished to go to [[Minas Tirith]] with Boromir, he yet felt that it was his duty to go where the [[Ring-bearer]] chose.

[[File:Inger Edelfeldt - Death of Boromir.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Aragorn at the death of Boromir, by [[Inger Edelfeldt]]]]
After Frodo escaped him and Boromir perished, he with the remaining members of the Fellowship, namely [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]], chose to try and save [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] from the [[Uruk-hai]] that had ambushed them, forming the group that would later be known as the [[Three Hunters]].

He met [[Éomer]] in the fields of [[Rohan]], and an instant friendship formed, both feeling the honesty and lordliness of the other. Éomer took a risk for his sake, giving him horses, with the promise that one day soon Aragorn would return to [[Edoras]]. Aragorn, tracking the Hobbits, followed into Fangorn Forest, where he met the resurrected [[Gandalf|Gandalf the White]]. After the restoration of [[Théoden]], he rode to [[Helm's Deep]] to fight in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. There he, alongside his new-found “brother” Éomer, and King Théoden, marshaled the defense against [[Saruman]]’s army. His revealed majesty upon the battlements of the Hornburg as he waited for the dawn caused some of the [[Dunlendings|Wild men]] to pause and shudder, and he heralded the return of Gandalf with [[Erkenbrand]].

After Pippin’s terrifying experience with the [[Orthanc-stone]], Gandalf presented it in a formal manner to Aragorn, its rightful master, who hinted that it would be used by him eventually. After the departure of Gandalf and Pippin to Minas Tirith, he rode for a while longer with Théoden, meeting up with his friend [[Halbarad]] of the North, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], and a company of staunch and fearless Rangers. Elladan and Elrohir gave him a message from Elrond: "''The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the [[Paths of the Dead]]''". Halbarad bore a gift from the Lady Arwen – the [[Standard of Elendil]]. Aragorn knew the path set before him.

====Return of the King====
A little while later Aragorn took his companions and his rangers and set out for [[Dunharrow]], departing from the King’s company. His course was clear: to take the Paths of the Dead, to summon the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men]]. In Dunharrow, he met the lady [[Éowyn]], who had fallen in love with him. After making it clear that he could not accept her love, he turned towards the evil road with the dawn.

The [[Grey Company]] passed through the [[Dark Door]] and the [[Dwimorberg]], the Dead following, and coming at last to the [[Stone of Erech]], Aragorn summoned them to his aid. They drew their swords and blew their horns in answer, and swept down upon the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] at [[Pelargir]] drove the mariners away. Aragorn released them, and took the [[Black Ships]] north to Minas Tirith, where the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] raged. The Standard of Elendil broke forth, and his Dúnedain swept down, giving the final blow to the army of [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]]. The counter-attacked army of [[Sauron]] crumbled utterly. But Aragorn did not enter the city.
[[File:Luca Michelucci - 1999 - March.jpg|thumb|175px|left|The Black ships, by [[Luca Michelucci]]]]
Aragorn, furling his banner, appointed [[Imrahil]] the temporary lord of the City, as the law demanded. Eventually, however, Aragorn did come to the [[Houses of Healing]], where he tended and restored Merry, Éowyn, and [[Faramir]], in accordance with the prophecy “''The hands of the king are the hands of a healer, and so shall the rightful king be known''”. Aragorn then left the city, hooded and cloaked, and yet the people of Minas Tirith followed him, for they had heard rumours. Yet when in the morning they saw the banner of [[Dol Amroth]], they wondered if the Return of the King had been but a dream.

Aragorn held [[Last Debate|council]] with his trusted companions, namely Gandalf, Éomer, Imrahil, and Elrond’s sons – Halbarad had fallen in battle. He agreed to draw forth the forces of [[Mordor]] for the benefit of the [[Quest of the Ring]], and so arranged matters for the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. After the destruction of the Ring in [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]] and victory at the [[Morannon]], Aragorn returned at last in the triumphant manner that befitted his position. He was crowned at the gates of Minas Tirith, winning the hearts of the people of [[Gondor]].

===Reign as Elessar===
[[File:Brothers Hildebrandt - Return of the King.jpg|thumb|[[Brothers Hildebrandt]] - The Return of the King]]Aragorn ruled the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]].

Some days after his coronation, Gandalf took Elessar up the slopes of Mount [[Mindolluin]], and there he found the scion of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the symbol of his mastery of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]. Elrond and Arwen came to Gondor and Elrond gave Elessar the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]] signifying the Kingship of Arnor. He wedded Arwen on Midsummer's day of 3019, and then was forced to bid his old friends farewell. He turned back to his new kingdom as the [[Fourth Age]] dawned and the Ringbearers left the shores of Middle-earth forever.

One of his first tasks in the re-ordering of his realm was the restoration of [[Orthanc]] and ordered the [[Orthanc-stone]] to be returned there. With this opportunity, many secrets and hoarded treasures were revealed including the [[Elendilmir]] which Saruman took from Isildur's body. Elessar received the Elemdilmir with reverence and took it with him as he established his full kingship of [[Arnor]].<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

Elessar gave his [[Steward]] Faramir the title [[Lord of Emyn Arnen]] and created him as [[Prince of Ithilien]]<ref>{{RK|Steward}}</ref>. He declared the [[Drúadan Forest]] to belong to the [[Drúedain]] and a protected enclave of his Kingdom.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref> He also re-established the Great [[Council of Gondor]] whose chief councellor was the Steward<ref>{{L|244}}</ref>. He also renewed the [[Oath of Cirion]] with Éomer.

As for the [[Shire]], he declared it a Free Land under the protection of the Northern Sceptre and forbid Men from entering it. He appointed the [[Thain]], the [[Master of Buckland]], and the [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] Counsellors of the North-kingdom. Also he offered to the Shire the [[Westmarch|lands]] up to the [[Emyn Beraid]].<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref>

He founded the royal [[House of Telcontar]], he had a son and a number of daughters.

King Elessar died after 210 years of life and 122 years of rule and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Aragorn Elessar.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name '''''Aragorn''''' is [[Sindarin]], meaning '''"Revered King"''', from ''[[aran]]'' ("king") and ''[[gorn|(n)gorn]]'' ("dreaded, revered").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 113</ref>

This clear etymology from Tolkien was not revealed until the publication in 2007 of "Words, Phrases & Passages in ''The Lord of the Rings''", a late 1950s manuscript. Before that, several theories were proposed:
*[[Ruth S. Noel]] and several others proposed "King of the Tree",<ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'', p. 114</ref> but Tolkien specifically said that this was not the case.<ref>{{L|347}}</ref>
*[[David Salo]] deduces "Having Kingly Valor"<ref>[[David Salo]], ''[[A Gateway to Sindarin]]'', p. 341</ref> from Tolkien's cryptic "'Kingly Valour' (for so is that name interpreted)".<ref>{{PM|Foreword}}, p. xii</ref> This is still the most often cited etymology; Robert Ireland's ''[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]'' gives the variation "Royal Zeal".<ref>Robert Ireland, ''[[A Tolkien Dictionary]]'', [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_AC.html The Lord of the Rings A-C].</ref>
*[[Carl F. Hostetter]] proposed the meanings "King of the Globe" or "King of the Hill" in his analysis of the [[King's Letter]].<ref>[[Carl F. Hostetter]], "The 'King's Letter': An Historical and Comparative Analysis", [[Vinyar Tengwar 31|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 31]], p. 18</ref>

The [[Quenya]] form of ''Aragorn'' was '''''Aracorno'''''.<ref name="WP">{{PE|17}}, p. 71</ref>

===Names and titles===
* '''Aragorn II''' - Aragorn's name as [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]. He was likely named after [[Aragorn I]].
* [[Thorongil]] - [[Sindarin|S]] "Eagle of the Star", a pseudonym used in [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]. Pronounced {{IPA|[θoˈroŋɡil]}}.
* '''Elessar''' - [[Quenya|Q]] "Elfstone", Aragorn's name as a king. Despite popular use as such, Aragorn was never known as "Aragorn Elessar", "Aragorn II Elessar" or "[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|King Aragorn]]". Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈlesːar]}}.
* [[Envinyatar|''Envinyatar'', the Renewer]]
* '''Edhelharn''' - The [[Sindarin]] equivalent of Elessar, used in the King's Letter.<ref>{{SD|XI2}}, p. 128ff</ref> Pronounced {{IPA|[eˈðel.harn]}}.
* [[Elfstone]] - The [[Westron|Common Speech]] version of the previous two.
* [[Estel]] - [[Quenya|Q]]. Usually glossed as "Hope", the concept ''estel'' more widely means "hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose". Pronounced {{IPA|[ˈestel]}}.
* [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]] - A sobriquet given by the men of [[Bree]]. Aragorn used it mockingly.
* '''Wingfoot''' - A honorary name given by [[Éomer]] after the pursuit of the [[Uruk-hai]] through the [[Eastemnet]].<ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref>
* [[Telcontar]] - A [[Quenya]] form of "Strider", this was the name of Elessar's Royal House. It was not used independently. Pronounced {{IPA|[telˈkontar]}}.
* [[Heir of Isildur|Isildur's Heir]] - A poetic address, as he was the heir of [[Isildur]].
* '''The Dúnadan''' - "[[Dúnedain|Man of the West]]", a name given by [[Bilbo Baggins]] when their friendship evolved.
* '''Longshanks''' - another, though less frequently used, sobriquet in Bree, ascribed to [[Bill Ferny]]. The legs of the [[Bree-landers|Bree-men]] were shorter than the legs of the [[Dúnedain]].
* '''Arakorno''' - A rare Quenya form of Aragorn, which only appeared in a discussion about the words for Quenya "and".<ref name="WP"/> Pronounced {{IPA|[ˌaraˈkorno]}}.

==Family tree==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | EAR |y| ELW | | GAL |y| CEL |GAL=[[Galadriel]]|CEL=[[Celeborn]]|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]}}
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ROS | | RON |y| CLB | | |ROS=[[Elros]]|RON=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | KON | | | | |!| | | | | |KON=''[[Kings of Númenor]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | LOA | | | | |!| | | | | |LOA=''[[Lords of Andúnië]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ELE | | | | |!| | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ISI | | ANA | | |!| | | | | |ISI=[[Isildur]]|ANA=[[Anárion]]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | KOG | | |!| | | | | |KOA=''[[Kings of Arnor]]''|KOG=''[[Kings of Gondor]]''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | KOA | | OND | | |!| | | | | |OND=[[Ondoher]]|KOA=''[[Kings of Arthedain]]''}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ARV |V| FIR | | |!| | | | | |ARV=[[Arvedui]]|FIR=[[Fíriel]]}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | COD | | | | |!| | | | | |COD=''[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | ART |y| GIL |!| | | | | |ART=[[Arathorn II]]|GIL=[[Gilraen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ARA |y| ARW | | | | |ARA='''ARAGORN '''|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ELD | | SDS | | | | |ELD=[[Eldarion]]|SDS=''several sisters''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earliest unpublished versions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''), the character that later became Aragorn was called '''''[[Trotter]]''''' instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He had wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<center><gallery>
File:WiMe-Aragorn&Frodo VS Nazgul-1-.png|<center>''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Strider.jpg|<center>[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]</center>
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Aragorn.jpg|<center>[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]</center>
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Aragorn.jpg|<center>[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]</center>
File:Aragorn Anduril viv lotr.JPG|<center>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]</center>
File:Aragorn LOTRO.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center>
File:2011-12-23 00061.jpg|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''</center>
File:LEGO Aragorn poster.png|<center>Aragorn as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''</center>
</gallery></center>

'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Godfrey Kenton]].

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[John Hurt]]. Some critics have accused this character of looking too much like a [[wikipedia:Stereotypes_of_Native_Americans|stereotype of a Native American]].

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Aragorn is provided by [[Tom Luce]].

'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Aragorn was voiced by [[Robert Stephens]].

'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a playable character. He has brown hair and is bearded, he bears a golden sword.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Aragorn is played by [[Viggo Mortensen]], though, [[Stuart Townsend]] was originally cast in the role. Townsend was deemed too young. Mortensen had just two weeks to train for his first scene, the standoff with the [[Nazgûl]] at [[Weathertop]]. Mortensen portrays Aragorn full of self-doubt; a change that was presumably made to fit him in the modern "anti-hero" jacket.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:[[Daran Norris]] provided the voice of Aragorn, who is one of the three playable characters.

'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|Peter Jackson's The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Aragorn's part is this film is largely similar to the events in book. The most significant difference being that in the book, there was no [[Wargs|Warg]] attack on the party traveling to Helm's Deep and Aragorn did not fall down a cliff.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''
:Aragorn is one of the three playable characters.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|Peter Jackson's The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Aragorn shows great trouble over the choice whether or not he should become king, whereas in the book, there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king from the very first time his lineage is revealed.

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Aragorn is a playable character, his storyline is dubbed "Path of a King". He journey through Paths of the Dead with Legolas and Gimli, later they fight on Pelennor fields and at the Black Gate.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a Hero Unit for the Free People side. He is present in Lothlorien, Battle of Hornburg and Siege of the Minas Morgul.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a Hero Unit for the Rohan faction in skirmishes, he also accompanies the Fellowship in the storyline mode.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Aragorn is now the Hero for the Men of the West faction.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:In the Prologue, Aragorn saves Men/Hobbit characters from brigands, but is forced to leave soon, as he has to intercept Frodo in Bree. Later arriving at the Prancing Pony, the characters meet him again and help him looking in surrounding area for Hobbits, who did not arrive in time. When player returns, Aragorn and the Hobbits already departed, and their next meeting is in Rivendell, where Aragorn entrusts the player with defense of the North while the Fellowship is gone. Later, in [[Lothlórien]], Aragorn is seen residing in [[Caras Galadhon]]

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Aragorn is a playable hero available in several missions.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Aragorn is an important character of the game, and is mentioned as one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]] in the introduction of the game.<ref name="Prologue">[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>
:He is a friend of two of the game's main characters, [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]] and [[Andriel]]. Aragorn had met [[Andriel]] during his visits at [[Rivendell]],<ref name="Backstory Andriel">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#elfAnchor|articlename=Elven Character: Andriel's History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=25 December 2011}}</ref> while he had met Eradan, when he served as Ranger at Sarn Ford. Aragorn was impressed by his skills and bravery, and taught him much about tracking. Eradan was a companion of Aragorn on many of his journeys. Aragorn trusted Eradan much, though he never told him what the reason was behind the protection of [[the Shire]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.warinthenorth.com/the-game/heroes/backstory#dunedainAnchor|articlename=Human Character: Eradan's History|dated=|website=War in the North|accessed=24 December 2011}}</ref>

:Eradan, Andriel and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] meet Aragorn in the Prancing Pony to warn him, on Halbarad's request, after the Nazgûl attacked and defeated the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] at [[Sarn Ford]], and entered the Shire. They also tell him about an conservation between the Witch-king and [[Agandaûr]], which the three heroes overheard shortly after the attack. Agandaûr summoned the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] and assembled an army in [[Fornost]], which plans to aid the Nazgûl in their search to [[the One Ring]]. Aragorn sends Eradan, Andriel and Farin to Fornost, to stop Agandaûr and his army.<ref name="Prologue"/> While Eradan, Andriel, Farin, [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] stopped Agandaûr's army,<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Chapter 1: Fornost''</ref> Aragorn met with [[Frodo Baggins]] and left Bree.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Chapter 2: The Barrow Downs'', Bree</ref>

'''2012: ''[[Lego|Lego The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:A mini figure of Aragorn is included in the [[Lego#Sets|sets]] '''Attack at Weathertop''', '''The Battle of Helm's Deep''', '''The Battle at the Black gate''', and '''The Pirate ship ambush'''.<ref name="2012 sets">{{webcite|author=Calisuri|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/02/12/53563-more-lord-of-the-rings-lego-details-from-toy-fare-2012/|articlename=More Lord of the Rings LEGO Details from Toy Fare 2012|dated=12 February 2012|website=TORN|accessed=18 February 2012}}</ref>

'''See also:''' [http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/10975/1/Aragorn_Final.pdf "Aragorn Seen Through Different Media"] by [[Connie Veugen]], comparing the introduction of Strider in Ralph Bakshi's film, the radio play, Peter Jackson's film and [[Vivendi]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|video game]] of ''The Fellowship of the Ring.

==Titles==
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=arnorian
| house=[[House of Telcontar]] Continuation of the senior branch of the [[House of Isildur]]
| born=[[1 March|March 1]], {{TA|2931}}
| died={{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| prow=2
| prev=[[Arathorn II]]
| list=16th [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]
| dates={{TA|2933}} – {{TA|3019|n}}
| next=Position abolished
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq
| list=39th [[Heir of Isildur|Heir]] of [[Isildur]]
| dates={{TA|2933}} - {{FoA|120}}
| next=[[Eldarion]]
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Gandalf]]
| list=Leader of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| dates=[[15 January|January 15]] - [[22 August|August 22]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=Position abolished
| nvac=None
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Eärnur]]''', 969 years earlier
| list=34th [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
| next=[[Eldarion]]
| nrow=4
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]]''', 2,158 years earlier
| list=11th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Vacant
| prev=Last held by: '''[[Isildur]]''', 3,017 years earlier
| list=1st [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=New title
| list=Head of the [[House of Telcontar]]
| dates={{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}
}}
{{seq-end}}{{northernline}}
{{fellowship}}

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]
*[[Timeline of Aragorn]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]
[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:House of Aranarth]]
[[Category:House of Telcontar| ]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Aragorn II.]]
[[fa:آراگورن دوم]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/aragorn_ii]]
[[fi:Aragorn II]]

Bridge of Nimrodel

2014-02-11T03:14:19Z

Nauglafring:

{{location
| image=
| name=Bridge of Nimrodel
| type=Bridge
| location=Western [[Lothlórien]]
| inhabitants=
| realms=[[Lothlórien]]
| description=Elven bridge
| climate=
| othernames=
| etymology=
| created=Unknown
| destroyed=Long before the [[War of the Ring]]
| events=
}}
The '''Bridge of Nimrodel''' once spanned the river [[Nimrodel (river)|Nimrodel]] near its meeting with the [[Celebrant]]. It was part of the path from [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] into [[Lothlórien]]. By the time the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] came to the river on [[15 January]] {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref>, the bridge had long broken down.<ref name="Lorien">{{FR|II6}}</ref> In the absence of a bridge, [[Legolas]] led the party down the deep-cloven bank to wade across the soothing waters.<ref name="Lorien"/>
{{references}}
[[Category:Bridges]]
[[fi:Nimrodelin silta]]

Noldorin

2014-02-11T03:09:50Z

Nauglafring: More cleanup

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-two|the earlier version of [[Sindarin]]|dialect of [[Quenya]] spoken by the [[Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]]|[[Exilic Quenya]]}}
'''Noldorin''' is an [[Elvish]] dialect from an earlier version of the [[legendarium]], a precursor to [[Sindarin]].

==History==
[[Kornoldorin]] ("Gnomish of [[Kôr]]" or "Old Noldorin") was the language of the [[Gnomes]] in [[Valinor]]. It was similar to [[Qenya]], the language of the [[Vanyar|Lindar]], but incorporated [[Solosimpin]] influence.

When the Gnomes came to the [[Great Lands]] with [[Fëanor]], they intermingled with the [[Ilkorindi]], the [[Dark Elves]], and their languages, Kornoldorin and [[Ilkorin]] respectively, were likewise mingled. This was the origin of Noldorin.

Noldorin was rich in various dialects, including those of [[Mithrim]], [[Gondolin]], [[Nargothrond]], and [[Himring]].<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}} p.177</ref><ref>{{PE|14}} p.61-62</ref>

==External history==
A Celtic-sounding language spoken by the Gnomes/Noldoli existed since the beginning of Tolkien's mythology. In its first stages it was called [[Gnomish]] and resembled the later Noldorin/Sindarin despite noticeable differences.

The evolution of the language continued over several years. During the 1930s it was known as Noldorin, and gained a greater similarity to the Sindarin of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. This version of the language appears in the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]''.

Noldorin was the existing version of the language during the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The Elvish phrases in ''The Lord of the Rings'', now known as Sindarin, were "Noldorin" in Tolkien's mind throughout the writing process. It was only while compiling the Appendices that he decided to rewrite the language's backstory and change the name to Sindarin.

Tolkien consulted the Noldorin language of the ''Etymologies'' extensively in his work on Sindarin, adapting old words to fit his new version of the language. This same method of adapting Noldorin words to create Sindarin equivalents is used by modern students of Elvish. The resulting vocabulary is typically referred to as "[[Neo-Sindarin]]" to distinguish it from attested Sindarin.

===An Example of Noldorin to Sindarin Adaption===
The Old Noldorin initial ''l-/r-'' became ''lh-/rh-'' in Noldorin. In Sindarin, however, they remain the same. The Old Noldorin diphthong ''ai'' becomes ''oe'' in Noldorin, but ''ae'' in Sindarin.

According to the ''Etymologies'', the Old Noldorin word ''raika'' evolved into Noldorin ''rhoeg''. A modern student of Elvish would update this word to the Neo-Sindarin *''r

==See also==aeg''.
*[[Kornoldorin]]
*[[Salmar]] (also named Noldorin in early manuscripts)

==External links==
*[http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/#grammar_noldorin Three articles about Noldorin] by [[Thorsten Renk]].
{{references}}
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Elvish]]
[[Category:Quenya]]
[[Category:Sindarin]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/gnomique]]

Noldorin

2014-02-11T03:06:45Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup/rewriting

{{cleanup}}
{{disambig-two|the earlier version of [[Sindarin]]|dialect of [[Quenya]] spoken by the [[Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]]|[[Exilic Quenya]]}}
'''Noldorin''' is an [[Elvish]] dialect from an earlier version of the [[legendarium]], a precursor to [[Sindarin]].

==History==
[[Kornoldorin]] ("Gnomish of [[Kôr]]" or "Old Noldorin") was the language of the [[Gnomes]] in [[Valinor]]. It was similar to [[Qenya]], the language of the [[Vanyar|Lindar]], but incorporated [[Solosimpin]] influence.

When the Gnomes came to the [[Great Lands]] with [[Fëanor]], they mixed and intermingled with the [[Ilkorindi]], the [[Dark Elves]]; similarly their languages, Kornoldorin and [[Ilkorin]] were fused and amalgamated, this was the origin of Noldorin.

Noldorin was rich in various dialects of [[Mithrim]], [[Gondolin]], [[Nargothrond]], [[Himring]] and several other varieties.<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}} p.177</ref><ref>{{PE|14}} p.61-62</ref>

==External history==
A Celtic-sounding language spoken by the Gnomes/Noldoli existed since the beginning of Tolkien's mythology. In its first stages it was called [[Gnomish]] and resembled the later Noldorin/Sindarin despite noticeable differences.

The evolution of the language continued over several years. During the 1930s it was known as Noldorin, and gained a greater similarity to the Sindarin of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. This version of the language appears in the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]''.

Noldorin was the existing version of the language during the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The Elvish phrases in ''The Lord of the Rings'', now known as Sindarin, were "Noldorin" in Tolkien's mind throughout the writing process. It was only while compiling the Appendices that he decided to rewrite the language's backstory and change the name to Sindarin.

Tolkien consulted the Noldorin language of the ''Etymologies'' extensively in his work on Sindarin, adapting old words to fit his new version of the language. This same method of adapting Noldorin words to create Sindarin equivalents is used by modern students of Elvish. The resulting vocabulary is typically referred to as "[[Neo-Sindarin]]" to distinguish it from attested Sindarin.

===An Example of Noldorin to Sindarin Adaption===
The Old Noldorin initial ''l-/r-'' became ''lh-/rh-'' in Noldorin. In Sindarin, however, they remain the same. The Old Noldorin diphthong ''ai'' becomes ''oe'' in Noldorin, but ''ae'' in Sindarin.

According to the ''Etymologies'', the Old Noldorin word ''raika'' evolved into Noldorin ''rhoeg''. A modern student of Elvish would update this word to the Neo-Sindarin *''raeg''.

==See also==
*[[Kornoldorin]]
*[[Salmar]] (also named Noldorin in early manuscripts)

==External links==
*[http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/#grammar_noldorin Three articles about Noldorin] by [[Thorsten Renk]].
{{references}}
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Elvish]]
[[Category:Quenya]]
[[Category:Sindarin]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/gnomique]]

Fire-drakes

2014-02-11T02:46:22Z

Nauglafring:

{{race
|image=[[Image:Searching Eye.jpg|250px]]
|name=Urulóki
|dominions=
|languages=
|height=
|length=Very long, presumably 30'+
|skincolor=Unknown, perhaps various
|haircolor=
|feathers=
|distinctions=Fire-breathing; later with wings
|lifespan=
|members=[[Glaurung]], [[Ancalagon]], [[Smaug]]
}}

"''…the fire-drakes of the North, issued from [[Angband]]'s gates by night.''"<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref>

'''Fire-drakes''' ([[Quenya]] ''[[Urulókë|Urulóki]]'') were fire breathing [[Dragons]].
==History and Characteristics==
The fire-drakes were the more powerful of the two fundamental divisions of dragon-kind (the other being the [[cold-drakes]]), who, as the name suggests, were able to breathe fire. [[Glaurung]], the [[Father of Dragons]], was the first of the species.<ref name=Return/> He first appeared in the middle of the [[First Age]] but the Urulóki were known to have survived even after the downfall of [[Morgoth]]. Other dragons considered to be of the fire-drakes during the [[Elder Days]] were [[Ancalagon|Ancalagon the Black]] and the terrible [[Beast of Gondolin]].

[[Smaug]], the last of the truly powerful dragons, was slain by [[Bard]] in the late [[Third Age]].<ref>{{HM|H}}, ''passim''</ref> We can be sure that he was not the last of the fire-drakes, though, because [[Gandalf]] refers to fire-breathing dragons in the time before the [[War of the Ring]], nearly eighty years after Smaug's death.<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Dragons]]
[[de:Drachen]]
[[fi:Lohikäärmeet]]

Poetic Edda

2014-02-11T02:44:56Z

Nauglafring: Expansion

The '''''Poetic Edda''''' or '''''Elder Edda''''' is a collection of [[Old Norse]] alliterative verse poetry preserved in a 13th century Icelandic manuscript, the Codex Regius. Together with the 13th century Prose Edda, it is the primary surviving source for Germanic legend and Norse myth. One of the poems contained in it, the ''[[Völuspá]]'', was a major source of inspiration to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].

==External links==
* [[wikipedia:Poetic Edda|Poetic Edda]] at Wikipedia.
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Poems]]

Lindir

2014-02-07T14:16:56Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup

'''Lindir''' was an Elf of [[Rivendell]].
__NOTOC__
== History ==
After [[Bilbo Baggins]]'s rendition of his ''[[Song of Eärendil]]'', Lindir claimed that he was unable to tell which parts were written by [[Aragorn]], and which by Bilbo himself, explaining that he knew little of [[Mortals]] and their ways.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Lindir'' seems to mean "Singer".{{fact}}

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
[[File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Lindir.jpg|thumb|right|Lindir in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'']]
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Lindir is portrayed by [[Bret McKenzie]]. He welcomes Gandalf and the party of Dwarves to Rivendell in place of Elrond, who is hunting, and later reports to Lord Elrond that [[Thorin]] and his companions have departed in secret. <ref name="IMCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Ian McKellen]]|articleurl=http://www.mckellen.com/cinema/hobbit-movie/110510.htm|articlename=2 Elves and another Wizard|dated=10-May-2011|website=[http://www.mckellen.com/ Ian McKellen's website]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> McKenzie also appeared in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)]] as an extra dubbed "[[Figwit]]" by fans. It is unclear whether that character is intended to be Lindir.

{{References}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Elves]]

Upon the Hearth the Fire is Red

2014-02-07T14:13:04Z

Nauglafring: Grammar etc. cleanup

'''Upon the Hearth the Fire is Red''' is a poem found in [[Three is Company]], the third chapter of Book One of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.

==Context==
The [[hobbits]] are walking through the [[Southfarthing]] of [[the Shire]] to [[Buckland]] when they begin to hum a walking song. The lyrics are by [[Bilbo Baggins]], set to a tune that was "as old as the hills". He had taught the song to [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] during their walks in the lanes of the [[Water-valley]].

After the hobbits finish singing the song, they hear the sound of hooves.

==Text==
<poem>
Upon the hearth the fire is red,
Beneath the roof there is a bed;
But not yet weary are our feet,
Still around the corner we may meet
A sudden tree or standing stone
That none have seen but we alone.
Tree and flower and leaf and grass,
Let them pass! Let them pass!
Hill and water under sky,
Pass them by! Pass them by!

Still around the corner there may wait
A new road or a secret gate,
And though we pass them by today,
Tomorrow we may come this way
And take the hidden paths that run,
Towards the [[Moon]] or to the [[Sun]].
Apple, thorn and nut and sloe
Let them go! Let them go!
Sand and stone and pool and dell,
Fare you well! Fare you well!

Home is behind, the world ahead,
And there are many paths to tread
Through shadows to the edge of night,
Until the stars are all alight.
Then world behind and home ahead,
We'll wander back to home and bed.
Mist and twilight, cloud and shade,
Away shall fade! Away shall fade!
Fire and lamp, and meat and bread,
And to bed! And then to bed!
</poem>

==Adaptations==
* The [[Tolkien Ensemble]] sang this song and titled it ''The Walking Song (I)'', it is sung by Peter Hall.
* In [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]], [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] ([[Billy Boyd]]) sings a song inspired by this poem, the lyrics are as follows:
<poem>
Home is behind. The world ahead.
And there are many paths to tread.
Thru shadow to the edge of night.
Until the stars are all alight.
Mist and shadows, cloud and shade.
All shall fade. All shall fade.
</poem>

==See also==
* [[Poems in The Lord of the Rings]]

[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Weather Hills

2014-02-07T06:31:52Z

Nauglafring:

{{location
| image=[[File:David Monette - Weathertop.jpg|250px]]
| name=Weather Hills
| type=Hills
| location=Central [[Eriador]], northeast of [[Bree]]
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| realms=[[Arnor]], [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| description=A hilly, defensive region
| othernames=
| etymology=
| events=[[Angmar War]]
| references=[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]], [[Appendix A]]
}}

'''Weather Hills''' was the name among Men for the north-south range of hills that lay in central [[Eriador]], and in ancient times marked part of the border between the lands of [[Arthedain]] and [[Rhudaur]]. Weathertop, or [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], lay at the southern end of the range. When [[Angmar]] was formed and Rhudaur became hostile to Arthedain, [[Argeleb I]] fortified the range but was later slain there by men of [[Rhudaur]]. Marks of this fortification still existed in the path [[Aragorn]] led the hobbits on to reach [[Weathertop]].

==Inspiration==
* Possibly the the Lickey Hills, Worcestershire, England. ([[:Image:Map of Lickey Hills, Worcestershire, England.gif|See map]])
{{quote|The boys [Ronald and Hilary] had the freedom of these grounds [Rednal, Worcestershire], and further afield they could roam the steep paths that led through the trees to the high Lickey Hill[s?]|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: The Weather Hills, called ''Emyn Sûl'' ("Hills of the Wind") in Sindarin, run some ninety miles northwest to southeast. Local inhabitants work a few small mines or keep grazing sheep.<ref>{{ICE|2023}}, pp. 23, 49</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Arnor]]

The Muster of Rohan

2014-02-07T06:30:29Z

Nauglafring:

{{rotkchapters}}
'''The Muster of Rohan''' is the third chapter of the fifth book in ''[[The Return of the King]]''.

===Summary===
[[Théoden]] and the [[Riders of Rohan|Riders]] reach the outer hills of [[Rohan]] after a hard three days’ journey. [[Éomer]], Théoden’s sister-son, urges his uncle not to go further east, but Théoden insists on going to war. Gathering the remaining Riders of Rohan, Théoden decides to ride to the Hold at [[Dunharrow]], where the people of Rohan have taken shelter in anticipation of war. He finds [[Éowyn]], the Lady of Rohan, waiting there among her people, and he orders the host to rest for the night.

At dinner, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] waits at Théoden’s side, fulfilling his duties as the king’s new squire. Théoden further explains to Merry the legend of the [[Paths of the Dead]], speculating about whether or not Aragorn will survive. A messenger from [[Gondor]] enters the tent. Merry is startled by the man’s armor, as it reminds him of [[Boromir]]. The stranger brings a [[Red Arrow]]—a summons, sent only in times of great peril—from the [[Steward of Gondor]]. Théoden states that six thousand Riders will set out for [[Minas Tirith]] in the morning, but that they will not reach Minas Tirith for a week.

There is no sunrise the next morning; a great Darkness has descended, and all the land is buried under a terrible gloom emanating from [[Mordor]]. As the host prepares to leave, Théoden asks Merry to stay behind when they pass the city of [[Edoras]]. The ride to Gondor will be hard and swift, and none among the Riders can afford the burden of carrying the hobbit along. Merry is sorely disappointed, but the king has made up his mind. Éowyn, however, escorts Merry to a small booth and outfits him as best she can in the armor of the King’s Guard. She bids Merry farewell and returns to her tent.

In Edoras, Merry loses all hope of going to Gondor until a young and slender Rider offers to carry Merry with him secretly to battle. The Rider introduces himself as Dernhelm. Merry gratefully accepts, and soon Théoden’s host departs for Minas Tirith.
[[Category:The Return of the King chapters|Muster of Rohan]]
[[fi:Rohanin kutsunta (TSH)]]

Finrod

2014-02-07T06:10:22Z

Nauglafring: Typo fix

{{noldor infobox
| image=[[Image:Anna Lee - Finrod.jpg|250px]]
| name=Finrod Felagund
| pronun=
| othernames=''Findaráto''/''Artafinde'' ([[Telerin|T]]/[[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]) ''[[Ingoldo]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]]) [[Nóm]] or Nómin
| titles=Lord/King of [[Nargothrond]]
| position=
| location=[[Tirion]]; [[Nargothrond]]
| affiliation=[[Quest for the Silmaril]]
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Telerin]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Taliska]]
| birth=After [[Years of the Trees|Y.T.]] [[Years of the Trees 1280|1280]]
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]
| rule={{FA|52}} - [[First Age 465|465]]
| death={{FA|465}}
| deathlocation=[[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] & [[Eärwen]]
| siblings=[[Angrod]], [[Aegnor]] and [[Galadriel]]
| spouse=Lover of [[Amarië]]
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Golden
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}{{Pronounce|Finrod Felagund.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Finrod''' was an Elven king of the [[Noldor]], eldest son of [[Finarfin]], brother to [[Angrod]], [[Aegnor]] and [[Galadriel]]. Finrod was like his father in his fair face and golden hair, and also in his noble and generous heart.

In [[Beleriand]] Finrod became the ruler of [[Nargothrond]]. He was a wise, just and powerful Elf, and a great traveller.<ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', p. 144</ref>
== History ==
Finrod was born in [[Eldamar]]. He was friend with [[Turgon]] son of [[Fingolfin]], and his beloved was [[Amarië]] of the [[Vanyar]].

Finrod was among those who opposed [[Fëanor]] and the oath. However when the Noldor were set to depart from [[Aman]], he also joined them, for he would not be sundered from his friends and his people who were eager to go.
=== The Return of the Noldor ===
Finrod along with his father led the rear of the host along with many of the noblest and wisest of the Noldor; and often they looked behind them to see their fair city, especially Finrod for he had to leave Amarië behind.

Finrod and his people did not participate in the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]. While they were travelling up the coast of [[Araman]], the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Mandos]] appeared and pronounced the [[Doom of the Noldor]], and in that hour Finarfin forsook the march and returned to [[Valinor]] with many of his people. But Finrod and his siblings went forward still and led their people on the long and perilous march to [[Middle-earth]].

=== Life in Beleriand ===
After their victory in the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]], the Noldor started building their numerous realms. Finrod established the tower of [[Minas Tirith in Beleriand|Minas Tirith]] on the island of [[Tol Sirion]]. Once while journeying southward along the river [[Sirion]], Finrod and his friend [[Turgon]] encamped upon its banks. And [[Ulmo]] coming up the river laid a deep sleep upon them and heavy dreams; and it seemed to each that he was bidden to prepare for a day of evil, and to establish a retreat, lest [[Morgoth]] should burst from [[Angband]] and overthrow the armies of the North.

Now on a time Finrod and his sister [[Galadriel]] were guests of King [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]] their kinsman in [[Doriath]]. There Finrod told Thingol of his admiration for the halls of [[Menegroth]]; and Thingol spoke to him of the deep gorge of the river [[Narog]]. Thingol told him about the caves under the [[High Faroth]] in its deep western shore. Thus Finrod came to the [[Caverns of Narog]] and established there deep halls and armouries; and that stronghold was called [[Nargothrond]]. In this he was aided by the [[Dwarves]] of the [[Blue Mountains]], and Finrod rewarded them with many jewels from Valinor. And in that time was made for him the [[Nauglamír]], the Necklace of the Dwarves. After Nargothrond was made Finrod committed Minas Tirith to the keeping of [[Orodreth]] his nephew.

=== Encounter with Men ===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Felagund Among Bëor’s Men.jpg|thumb|''Felagund Among Bëor’s Men'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When three hundred years and more had passed since the Noldor came to Beleriand, Finrod Felagund lord of Nargothrond journeyed east of Sirion and went hunting with [[Maglor]] and [[Maedhros]] sons of Feanor. But he wearied of the hunt and passed on alone towards the mountains of [[Ered Lindon]]. There in the lands of [[Thargelion]] in [[East Beleriand]] Finrod was first of the Noldor to come across [[Men]]. These were the kindred and followers of [[Bëor]] [[The Old]]. He went among them while they were sleeping and picking up a harp which Bëor had laid aside played music upon it such as the ears of men had not heard. When the men awoke and listened to his song, each thought that he was in some fair dream. He long stayed with them, learning [[Taliska|their language]] and teaching them [[Sindarin]]. He also intervened on behalf of the [[Laiquendi]] of [[Ossiriand]], who feared Men would destroy their home, and he got permission of [[Thingol]], who held rule over all [[Beleriand]], to guide the Men to [[Estolad]].

Finrod had a close friendship with [[Andreth]] of the [[House of Bëor]], whom he often visited during the [[Siege of Angband]] to converse with her on the matters of Elves and Men. One such conversation was written down and later known as ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]''.

Finrod participated at the [[Dagor Bragollach]] fighting in the [[Fen of Serech]] when he was surrounded by [[Orcs]]. It was [[Barahir]] of the [[House of Bëor]] who saved his life, and Finrod swore an oath of abiding friendship and aid in every need to Barahir and all his kin. As a token he gave Barahir his ring, which became known as the [[Ring of Barahir]].

=== Quest for the Silmaril ===
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Beren before Felagund.jpeg|thumb|''Beren before Felagund'' by [[Anke Eißmann]].]]
When, ten years later, Barahir's son [[Beren]] came to Nargothrond seeking help, Finrod went with him on the [[Quest for the Silmaril]] to repay his debt. [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], who were living in Nargothrond at the time, persuaded (using barely veiled threats related to their [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]]) most of Nargothrond to stay behind; only ten warriors, headed by one [[Edrahil]], were faithful and came with them. Beneath the [[Shadowy Mountains]] they came upon a company of [[Orcs]], and slew them all in their camp. They took their gear and weapons and by the magic of Finrod their own forms and faces were changed to the likeness of Orcs. Thus disguised they came far upon their northward road between [[Ered Wethrin]] and the highlands of [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]]. However the twelve were captured and imprisoned by [[Sauron]] on [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] ("Isle of Werewolves"). Thus befell the contest of Finrod and Sauron. Finrod strove with Sauron in songs of power, and the power of the Elven King was very great but in the end Sauron had the mastery. It is told in the [[Lay of Leithian]]:

<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
He chanted a song of wizardry,
Of piercing, opening, of treachery,
Revealing, uncovering, betraying.
Then sudden Felagund there swaying
sang in answer a song of staying,
Resisting, battling against power,
Of secrets kept, strength like a tower,
And trust unbroken, freedom, escape;
Of changing and of shifting shape,
Of snares eluded, broken traps,
The prison opening, the chain that snaps,
Backwards and forwards swayed their song.
Reeling and foundering, as ever more strong
The chanting swelled, Felagund fought,
And all the magic and might he brought,
Of Elvenesse into his words.
Softly in the gloom they heard the birds
Singing afar in Nargothrond,
The sighing of the sea beyond,
Beyond the western world, on sand,
On sand of pearls in Elvenland.
Then the gloom gathered; darkness growing
In Valinor, the red blood flowing
Beside the sea, where the Noldor slew
The Foamriders, and stealing drew
Their white ships with their white sails
From lamplit havens. The wind wails,
The wolf howls. The ravens flee.
The ice mutters in the mouths of the sea.
The captives sad in Angband mourn,
Thunder rumbles, the fires burn-
And Finrod fell before the throne.
</poem>

[[File:Anke Eißmann - Death of Finrod Felagund.jpeg|thumb|left|''Death of Finrod Felagund'' by Anke Eißmann]]
Then Sauron stripped from them their disguise, but though their kinds were revealed, he could not discover their names or their purposes. Then Sauron imprisoned them and one by one they were killed by werewolves until only Beren and Felagund were left, but none of the companions betrayed them. And when the werewolf came to kill Beren, Felagund put forth all his power and burst his bonds; and he wrestled with the werewolf, and slew it with his hands and teeth. Yet he himself was wounded to the death, and he died in the dark, in Tol-in-Gaurhoth, whose great tower he himself had built. Thus King Finrod Felagund, the fairest and most beloved of the house of [[Finwë]], redeemed his oath.

=== Reincarnation ===
[[File:Donato Giancola - Lore.jpeg|thumb|An Elf loremaster ponders at a mural of Finrod leading his House in battle]]
Because of Finrod's noble actions in life, and his reluctance to journey to Middle-earth, he was reincarnated after only a short time. He and [[Glorfindel]] were the only elves who were known to have been reincarnated before the [[War of Wrath]]. It is noted in the ''Lay of Leithian'' that Finrod was soon allowed to return to life in Valinor, and "now dwells with Amarië", so they probably were wed later. It is also noted in [[The Silmarillion]] that "''Finrod walks with Finarfin his father beneath the trees in [[Eldamar]]''".

== Etymology ==
The name Finrod is the Sindarin form of his [[father-name]] ''Findaráto'' ("[Golden-]Haired Champion"). His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was ''[[Ingoldo]]'' ("The Noldo", singular for [[Noldor]]) or the name can also mean 'one-eminent of the kindred' which is in simpler words 'the wise.'

'''''Felagund''''' was an [[epessë]] given to him by the [[Dwarves]] that expanded the caves of Nargothrond, and meant "Hewer of Caves". It is not Sindarin, but rather Sindarized [[Khuzdul]], from ''[[Felakgundu]]''.

Finrod was also called ''[[Nóm]]'' ("Wisdom") by [[Bëor]] and his [[House of Bëor|people]]. His other titles include "Master of Caves" (by the Dwarves), "King of Nargothrond", "Lord of Nargothrond", and "[[Friend-of-Men]]" which in elvish was ''[[Edennil]]'' and ''[[Atandil]]'', [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]] respectively.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | FIN |y| EAR | | | | | | |FIN=[[Finarfin]]|EAR=[[Eärwen]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |FRD='''FINROD'''|ANG=[[Angrod]]|ELD=[[Eldalótë]]|AEG=[[Aegnor]]|GAL=[[Galadriel]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | | | | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | GIL | | | | | | | | | | |GIL=[[Gil-galad]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other Versions of the Legendarium ==
In earlier versions of the Middle-earth myths (see: [[The History of Middle-earth]]), and in the first edition of [[The Lord of the Rings]], the name '''Finrod''' was given to the character later known as Finarfin. Finrod Felagund was then named '''[[Inglor Felagund]]'''. Because of that, some people speculate that Gildor Inglorion was Finrod's son, but there is much evidence to the contrary (see: [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]]).

In the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', Orodreth is Finrod's brother: this was an editorial decision by [[Christopher Tolkien]] and an admitted mistake. Orodreth was actually the son of Angrod and thus Finrod's nephew.

{{references}}
* ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
* ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''
* ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Finrod|Images of Finrod]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:House of Olwë]]
[[de:Finrod]]
[[fi:Finrod]]

Elmar

2014-02-07T06:09:12Z

Nauglafring:

{{men infobox
| image=
| name=Elmar
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Agar]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=[[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=[[Second Age]]
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Buldar]]
| children=[[Hazad Longbeard]]
| gender=Female
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Elmar''' was a [[Men|woman]] who lived during the [[Second Age]] before the return of the [[Númenóreans]] to [[Middle-earth]]. She was the mother of [[Hazad Longbeard]] and grandmother of [[Tal-Elmar (character)|Tal-Elmar]] from the story bearing the same name. She belonged to the "Fell Folk of the East". After a battle Elmar had been taken prisoner by [[Buldar]]. He brought her to his region, called [[Agar]], and wedded her mostly against her wish. Because of this, she placed a curse on the people of Agar, that they should weaken and fade with time, which eventually happened. She had many sons, of which the youngest and closest to her heart was Hazad. She died during Hazad's boyhood, but Hazad named his youngest son Tal-Elmar in her memory and due to the fact that the child resembled her.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | BLD |y| ELM |BLD=[[Buldar]]|ELM='''ELMAR'''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | HZD | | |HZD= [[Hazad Longbeard]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | TEL | | |TEL=[[Tal-Elmar (character)|Tal-Elmar]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In a penciled note Tolkien considered removing Buldar and having Elmar be wed to Hazed instead.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}, note 5</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:People of Agar]]
[[Category:Mannish words]]

Great Goblin

2014-02-07T05:45:13Z

Nauglafring: Clean-up & clarification

{{orc infobox
|image=[[File:John Howe - The Great Goblin.jpg|250px]]
|name=Great Goblin
|othernames=
|birth=
|death={{TA|2941}}
|race=
|gender=Male
|height=
|hair=
|eyes=
}}
The '''Great Goblin''' was the chief of the [[Orcs|Goblins]] who dwelt in [[Goblin-town]] beneath the [[High Pass]] in the [[Misty Mountains]]. He was described as “tremendous” and had a huge head.<ref name="Hill">{{H|Hill}}</ref>

In {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> [[Thorin and Company]] were captured by the Great Goblin's people after taking refuge in a [[Front Porch|cave]] while crossing the [[Misty Mountains]]. When the [[Dwarves]] and [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] were hauled before the Great Goblin he questioned them regarding their intentions, while accusing them of being spies, thieves, murderers, and friends of [[Elves]]. When one of his guards showed the Great Goblin [[Thorin]]'s sword, [[Orcrist]], he howled with rage and rushed at Thorin with open mouth. At that moment all of the lights in the cave were extinguished and a flashing sword stabbed the Great Goblin fatally. The company soon realized that it was [[Gandalf]] who had killed the Great Goblin with his blade [[Glamdring]].<ref name="Hill"/>

It was the death of the Great Goblin that tickled [[Beorn]]'s fancy enough to gain the Company access to his hall and hospitality. Once Beorn confirmed their tale he warmed up to true friendship and provided the party with aid, advice, and mounts to ride to the border of [[Mirkwood]].<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

A further consequence of the Great Goblin's demise was a rekindling of the goblins' fury towards Dwarves, which led to preparations for war to secure domination of the North. The goblins assembled at Mount [[Gundabad]] and were about to sweep southward when they learned of the death of [[Smaug]]. Altering their plans, the goblins marched by night through the mountains and appeared unexpectedly at [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], almost immediately after the arrival of [[Dáin Ironfoot]], and precipitated the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{H|Burst}}</ref>

==Portrayal in Adapatations==
<gallery>File: The Hobbit (1977 film) - Great Goblin 2.jpg|The Great Goblin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Goblin King.jpg|The "Goblin King" in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''</gallery>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:In the animated version of ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Hobbit]]'', the Great Goblin was voiced by [[John Stephenson]].

'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]:'''
:The "Goblin King" was portrayed by [[Barry Humphries]] through voice acting and motion capture.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of the Great Goblin|Images of the Great Goblin]]

{{References}}

[[Category:Orcs]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Evil]]
[[de:Großer Ork]]
[[fi:Iso Hiisi]]

User talk:Wingfoot

2014-01-29T17:23:50Z

Nauglafring: /* Dwarves */ new section

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Ralph Scott|name=Wingfoot}}

-- [[User:Mith|'''Mith''']] ([[User talk:Mith|'''Talk''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|Contribs]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|Edits]]) 19:49, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

== Dwarves ==

Thanks for the help with cleanup!

[[User:Nauglafring|Nauglafring]] 17:23, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Firebeards

2014-01-29T17:20:44Z

Nauglafring: Expansion, added references.

[[File:Warren Mahy - Firebeard dwarf.png|thumb|A Firebeard dwarf by [[Warren Mahy]]]]
The '''Firebeards''' were one of the seven houses of the [[Dwarves]]. They were originally paired with the [[Broadbeams]]. The ancestor of the Firebeards was among the oldest (together with the ancestors of the [[Broadbeams]] and [[Longbeards]]) of the Seven Ancestors of the Dwarves.<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref>

The Firebeards (with the Broadbeams) awoke in [[Mount Dolmed]] in the [[Blue Mountains]], and lived there throughout the history of their people. These two houses built the great Dwarven cities of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] in the Blue Mountains, and dwelt in them before their ruining in the [[War of Wrath]]. It is not clear whether they shared the two cities or whether each house dwelt in its own.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> In an [[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two|earlier version of the legendarium]] the two cities are clearly inhabited by separate houses; however, Belegost is said to be the home of the [[Longbeards]].<ref name="#">{{LT2|IV}}</ref>
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
: The House corresponding to the Firebeards is called '''Úri's Folk''', said to being "''instantly recognizable by the fiery hue of their beards''". After the destruction of Nogrod, some of Úri's Folk went to join the Longbeards at Khazad-dûm, while others delved new halls in the southern Ered Luin.<ref>{{D|M}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dwarves of Nogrod]]

{{references}}
{{dwarvenclans}}

[[de:Feuerbärte]]
[[fi:Tuliparrat]]

Völuspá

2014-01-29T17:18:35Z

Nauglafring: Cleanup, sentence added for continuity.

[[Image:Codex Regius - Voluspa.JPG|thumb|right|Völuspá in the 13th century ''[[wikipedia:Codex Regius|Codex Regius]]''.]]
'''''Völuspá''''' ("Prophecy of the Seeress") is the first poem of the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', a collection of [[Old Norse]] poems. It is preserved whole in two manuscripts, the Codex Regius and the Hauksbók, and partially in Snorri Sturleson's Prose Edda. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] was influenced greatly by the saga, most obviously in the fact that most of the names of his Dwarves were drawn from it. [[Christopher Tolkien]] suggests that "''those Dwarf-names in The Hobbit provided the whole starting-point for the Mannish languages in Middle-earth.''"<ref>{{PM|II}}, Commentary to §58</ref><ref>Charles B. Noad, "[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/book_reviews_01.html Review: The Peoples of Middle-earth (The History of Middle-earth XII)]" at Tolkiensociety.org. See section "Dwarvish and Mannish Related". Retrieved 30 August 2010.</ref>

Almost all of the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Middle-earth]], as well as [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]], are taken from a section of the Völuspá called the ''Dvergatal'' (the "Catalogue of Dwarves").<ref name="Letter25">{{L|25}}</ref><ref group="note">The ''Dvergatal'' is now considered a later interpolation, and is often omitted from newer editions of ''Völuspá''.</ref> The ''Dvergatal'' is contained in stanzas 10–16:

{| align=center
|-
| align=center | '''Original'''
| align=center | '''Bellows translation'''
|-
| {{blockquote|<poem>
10. Þar var Móðsognir mæztr of orðinn
dverga allra, en Durinn annarr;
þeir mannlíkun mörg of gerðu
dvergar í jörðu, sem Durinn sagði.

11. Nýi, Niði, Norðri, Suðri,
Austri, Vestri, Alþjófr, Dvalinn,
Nár ok Náinn Nípingr, Dáinn
Bívurr, Bávurr, Bömburr, Nóri,
Ánn ok Ánarr, Óinn, Mjöðvitnir.

12. Veggr ok Gandalfr, Vindalfr, Þorinn,
Þrár ok Þráinn, Þekkr, Litr ok Vitr,
Nýr ok Nýráðr, nú hefi ek dverga,
Reginn ok Ráðsviðr, rétt of talða.

13. Fíli, Kíli, Fundinn, Náli,
Hefti, Víli, Hannar, Svíurr,
Billingr, Brúni, Bíldr ok Buri,
Frár, Hornbori, Frægr ok Lóni,
Aurvangr, Jari, Eikinskjaldi.

14. Mál er dverga í Dvalins liði
ljóna kindum til Lofars telja,
þeir er sóttu frá salar steini
Aurvanga sjöt til Jöruvalla.

15. Þar var Draupnir ok Dolgþrasir,
Hár, Haugspori, Hlévangr, Glóinn,
Dóri, Óri Dúfr, Andvari
Skirfir, Virfir, Skáfiðr, Ái.

16. Alfr ok Yngvi, Eikinskjaldi,
Fjalarr ok Frosti, Finnr ok Ginnarr;
þat mun æ uppi meðan öld lifir,
langniðja tal Lofars hafat.
</poem>}}
| {{blockquote|<poem>
10. There was Motsognir | the mightiest made
Of all the dwarfs, | and [[Durin]] next;
Many a likeness | of men they made,
The dwarfs in the earth, | as Durin said.

11. Nyi and Nithi, | Northri and Suthri,
Austri and Vestri, | Althjof, [[Dwalin|Dvalin]],
[[Nár (companion of Thrór)|Nar]] and [[Náin (disambiguation)|Nain]], | Niping, [[Dáin (disambiguation)|Dain]],
[[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], | [[Bombur]], [[Nori]],
An and Onar, | Ai, Mjothvitnir.

12. Vigg and [[Gandalf]] | Vindalf, [[Thráin (disambiguation)|Thrain]],
Thekk and [[Thorin]], | [[Thrór|Thror]], Vit and Lit,
Nyr and Nyrath,-- | now have I told--
Regin and Rathsvith-- | the list aright.

13. [[Fíli|Fili]], [[Kíli|Kili]], | [[Fundin]], [[Náli|Nali]],
Hepti, Vili, | [[Hannar]], Sviur,
(Billing, Bruni, | Bildr and Buri,)
[[Frar]], Hornbori, | Fræg and [[Loni]],
Aurvang, Jari, | Eikinskjaldi.

14. The race of the dwarfs | in [[Dwalin|Dvalin]]'s throng
Down to [[Lofar]] | the list must I tell;
The rocks they left, | and through wet lands
They sought a home | in the fields of sand.

15. There were Draupnir | and Dolgthrasir,
Hor, Haugspori, | Hlevang, [[Glóin|Gloin]],
[[Dori]], [[Ori]], | Duf, Andvari,
Skirfir, Virfir, | Skafith, Ai.

16. Alf and [[Ingwe|Yngvi]], | Eikinskjaldi,
Fjalar and Frosti, | Finn and Ginnar;
So for all time | shall the tale be known,
The list of all | the forbears of [[Lofar]].
</poem>}}
|}

==Notes==
<references group="note" />
{{references}}
==External links==
* [[wikipedia:Völuspá|Völuspá]] at Wikipedia.
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/~glaemscrafu/texts/dvergatal-a.htm Dvergatal] in [[Glǽmscrafu]] (Text, translation and sound sample)
* [http://etext.old.no/Bugge/voluspa/ Völuspá] (Old Norse full text)
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe03.htm Völuspá] (English translation by Henry Adams Bellows)

[[Category:Poems]]