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Sub-creation

2020-11-16T00:29:59Z

Neithan: Citation needed

{{Sources}}
'''Sub-creation''' was a term used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] for a philosophical concept both inside and outside his [[legendarium]].

===In Arda===
'Sub-creation' was used to describe the creative efforts of the [[Ainur]], [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]], and the race of [[Men]] (including [[Hobbits]]), all of whom are themselves creations by [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]] or in the case of the Dwarves, by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Aulë]] and given life by Eru. It is called 'sub-creation' because original creation is the province of Eru alone, and that which is made by those created by Eru is derivative from the works of the One.

A notable example of sub-creation and its limitations is [[Morgoth]]'s efforts to produce the races of [[Orcs]] and [[Trolls]]. Unable to duplicate true creation, Morgoth instead corrupted or emulated beings already in existence. Orcs were produced from corrupted Elves, while Trolls were said to have been made in mockery of the [[Ents]] using the element of stone. Morgoth was not able to simply bring new beings into existence but had to use resources that already existed in [[Arda]].

===In reality===
'Sub-creation' was also used by J.R.R. Tolkien to refer the to process of world-building and creating myths. In this context, a human author is a 'little maker' creating his own world as a sub-set within God's primary creation. Like the beings of [[Middle-earth]], Tolkien saw his works as mere emulation of the true creation performed by God.

===See also===
*[[Mythopoeia]]

[[Category: Concepts]]

Arvernien

2020-07-10T22:15:32Z

Neithan: ë /* History */

{{location infobox
| name=Arvernien
| image=[[File:Christopher Tolkien - Bay of Balar.jpg|250 px]]
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=In [[Beleriand]], south of [[Narog]] and west of [[Sirion]]
| type=Region
| description=Coastal region of [[Bay of Balar|Balar]]
| regions=[[Cape Balar]], [[Nimbrethil]]
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Noldor]], [[Falathrim]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
{{quote|Eärendil was a mariner that tarried in Arvernien he built a boat of timber felled in Nimbrethil to journey in|''[[Song of Eärendil]]''<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>}}

'''Arvernien''' was the coastland of [[Beleriand]] west of the [[Mouths of Sirion]]. It had the protection of [[Ulmo]].

==History==
Arvernien was originally an uninhabited land, known mainly for the forest of [[Nimbrethil]],<ref>{{HM|S}}, "Index"</ref> but after the rout that became known as the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Battle of Unnumbered Tears]] and the subsequent destruction of the Havens of [[Brithombar]] and [[Eglarest]], [[Círdan]] and [[Falathrim|his folk]] dwelt in this region. Though at first they lived on the [[Isle of Balar]], they later founded the [[Havens of Sirion]].<ref name="5B">{{S|Fifth}}</ref> The area became a known refuge, as when [[Gondolin]] [[Fall of Gondolin|fell]], many of its people fled southward too<ref name="Fall">{{S|Gondolin}}</ref> and those were followed by [[Iathrim|refugees]] from [[Doriath]].

The Havens were devastated by the [[Third Kinslaying]] when the remaining [[Sons of Fëanor]] came to claim the [[Nauglamir]] held by [[Eärendil]]. Following Eärendil's return from his journeys out at sea and the [[War of Wrath]] in which Morgoth was defeated, Beleriand, and Arvernien with it, was destroyed.<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Tolkien only ever gave an incomplete translation of the name ''Arvernien'': "(the land) beside the ''[[Verna]]''".<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 19, 71 (July [[2007]])</ref>

Except the core element ''Verna'', the name can be analyzed as prefix ''[[ar|ar-]]'' meaning "beside, without" (see also ''[[argad]]'') and the geographical ending ''[[-ien]]'' which translates as "land of". The meaning of ''Verna'' is, however, unclear.

Considering that the name was an invention of Tolkien's early legendarium, when Beleriand was still called ''Broseliand'', [[David Salo]] suggested the name might actually have been inspired by the French region of [[wikipedia:Auvergne|Auvergne]].<ref>[[David Salo]], ''[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/34598 Message 34598]'', [[Elfling]]</ref>
{{references}}
{{navigation
| title=Arvenien
| north-west= [[Falas]]
| north= [[Narog]]
| north-east= [[Nan Tathren]]
| west= [[Belegaer]]
| east= [[Sirion]]
| south-west= [[Cape Balar]]
| south= [[Bay of Balar]]
| south-east= [[Mouths of Sirion]]
|}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]

[[de:Arvernien]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/beleriand/arvernien]]
[[fi:Arvernien]]

Rohanese

2019-06-27T04:41:27Z

Neithan: Replace broken link with archived version

{{sources}}
{{unnamed}}
The '''Rohan language''' refers to the language spoken by the [[Rohirrim]] of [[Rohan]].
==History==
The Rohan language is derived from the language of the [[Éothéod]], who were among the [[Northmen]] and was related to other Northmen languages, such as those of [[Rhovanion]], [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]], and [[Dale]].

The [[Hobbits]] before their [[Wandering Days]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]] had contact with that people and their languages had many words in common. For example the Rohirrim had retained the legend of the being known as ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (translated as ''hol-bytla''), a term which became ''[[kuduk]]'' by the Hobbits, the name they had for themselves.

Many archaic [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] names bear similarities to Rohan's, since the ancestors of [[The Shire]] hobbits lived on the upper reaches of the [[Anduin]], close to the ancestors of the Rohirrim, and there was apparently a good deal of linguistic cross-fertilisation.

Despite its relation to [[Westron]], the Rohan language was not intelligible to its speakers. [[Legolas]] was unable to understand the songs, however he noted that the language is like the land itself: rich and rolling in part, and else hard and stern as the mountains.

==Structure==
Rohan names often have the element ''lô-/loh-'', which means "horse". ''[[Lōgrad]]'' means "Rohan" or "[[Riddermark|Horse-mark]]"; ''[[Lohtûr]]'' means "[[Éothéod|Horse-people]]".

The latter shows the element ''[[tûr]]'' also seen in the name ''[[Tûrac]]'' "[[Théoden|People-king]]".

==Name==

Tolkien did not give a definite specific name for the language of the Rohirrim other than in one manuscript, where he apparently uses the short name "'''Rohan'''" for this tongue (and also [[Christopher Tolkien]], in one instance, refers to the language of Rohan as "Rohan"<ref name="N">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref>).<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 153</ref>

[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' also use the word "Rohan" but they call it "'''Rohanese'''" at one instance.<ref>{{HM|N}}, pp. 750-81</ref> Tolkien himself used the adjective ''Rohanese'' in ''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]'',<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 8</ref> but it is not clear by the context if the word is the name of a language, or simply an adjective.

[[Robert Foster]] in ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'' uses the name '''Rohirric''', which has stuck among the students of Tolkien's languages. Perhaps it was modelled on "Rohirrim" and the ending ''-ic'' of "Adûnaic". [[Christopher Gilson]] uses "Rohirric" in the List of Abbreviations to "[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words, Phrases & Passages in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]",<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 220</ref> as well as [[Helge Fauskanger]] in [[Ardalambion]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm|articlename=Various Mannish Tongues - the sadness of Mortal Men?|dated=|website=Arda|accessed=10 February 2013}}</ref>

[[Lisa Star]] has claimed that ''Rohirian'' is found in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' p. 55, which is untrue, and also in a manuscript labeled [[Marquette University|Mq]]15:10. It has been suggested that the manuscript actually says ''Rohirin'' (the ending ''-rin'' being an element seen in ''[[Sindarin]]''), but it is just a theory.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Andreas Möhn]]|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/How_to_speak_Rohirric.html|articlename=How to Pronounce Rohirin|dated=|website=[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/M-earth.html Middle-earth Science Pages]|accessed=10 February 2013}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
{{main|Old English}}
Tolkien rendered the Rohan language as Old English, but also included Scandinavian names, such as [[Westfold]]. Even modernized names show a strong Anglo-Saxon influence. Old English was supposed to render an archaic form of [[Westron]], which was supposedly rendered by Modern English. This solution occurred to Tolkien in 1942, when he was searching for an explanation of the Eddaic name of the dwarves already published in [[The Hobbit]].{{fact}}

Some words show the plural ending "-as", as were Old English nouns of the strong-masculine declension.

The Rohirrim used the Germanic patronymic "-ing". They called themselves the '''[[Eorlingas]]''', and [[Beorn]]'s people were the '''[[Beornings]]''', Scyld's people were the Scyldingas in Norse and Anglo-Saxon mythology.

[[Théoden]] was referred to as "Théoden King", rather than "King Théoden", just as Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon kings had the word "konungr"/"cyning" ("king") added after their names, e.g. ''Hervarðar konungr'', rather than before.

Some Old English names that render Rohirric words include:

* '''[[Éothéod]]:''' from "eoh" ("war-horse") and "þeod" ("folk", "people", "nation")
* '''[[Gríma]]:''' possibly from "grima" ("mask", "helmet", "ghost")
* '''[[Eorl]]:''' from "eorl" ("nobleman")
* '''[[Théodred]]:''' from "þeod" ("folk", "people", "nation") and "ræd" ("counsel")
===Translation===
As [[Westron]] is rendered in the novels with English, Rohan language is always translated through [[Old English]]. This is because [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] tried to reproduce for English readers its archaic flavour in relationship to the Common Speech. Westron is an amalgamated language which, although deriving from [[Adûnaic]], was formed from the languages of the [[Middle Men]], much like the English language with many influences from [[Celtic]] and [[Wikipedia:Norman language|Norman]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_creole_hypothesis|articlename=Middle English creole hypothesis|dated=29 October 2012|website=[http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia]|accessed=10 February 2013}}</ref>

However, the relationships between the two pairs of languages is not identical: Old English is the direct ancestor of modern English, but Rohan was not the direct ancestor of Westron, since the latter derives from [[Adûnaic]].

In some cases, Tolkien did not provide genuine Old English words, but rather modernizations.{{fact}} Such names are:
*[[Edoras]] and [[Dunharrow]] instead of ''Eodoras, Dūnhaerg''
*[[Snowbourn]] and [[Upbourn]] instead of ''Snāwburna, Upburnan''
*Firien instead of ''Firgen'' in the names [[Halifirien]], [[Firienfeld]] and [[Firienholt]].
*[[Entwade]], [[Entwash]], [[Entwood]] instead of ''Entwaed, Entwaesc, Entwudu''
*[[Woses]] instead of ''Wāsan''; also isolated from the English term ''Woodwoses''.
*[[Elfwine]], [[Éothain]], [[Shadowfax]], [[Gríma|Wormtongue]], [[Gamling]] and [[Greyhame]] instead of ''Ælfwine, Éothegn, Sceadufaex, Wyrmtunga, Gameling, Grēghama''

The reason was that those names were said to be intelligible by speakers of [[Westron]]; [[Gondorians]] were familiar of the place-names of Rohan (like ''Entwade''), while Hobbits recognized some common elements with [[Hobbitish|their dialect]].<ref name="N"/>

==External links==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211150724/http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/How_to_speak_Rohirric.html How to pronounce Rohirin] by [[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]]

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Rohirric| ]]
[[de:Sprache der Rohirrim]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/rohanais]]
[[fi:Rohirrimin kieli]]

Racism

2018-06-29T00:59:29Z

Neithan: /* Orcs */ Remove strange link

{{sources}}
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Easterlings'']]

Fans and critics of Tolkien's works have observed several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. As early as the first edition of the Lord of the Rings this topic was discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]] who wrote that people who dislike a clear demarcation of good and evil ''"imagine they have seen a rigid demarcation between black and white people."''

Tolkien's legendarium also makes many references to topics related by extension to racialism, such as eugenics, bloodlines, and (by extension) even the superiority of heredity over other authorities.

Some of these accusations of racism may be partially explained by a wider reading of Tolkien's works or a deeper thematic analysis, and others are more difficult to dismiss. In Tolkien's extensive letters one can find both comments that can be interpreted as racism as well as defense against the accusations.

[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.

In the Foreword to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below).

The global popularity of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate popular interest in, as well as criticism of, Tolkien's writing.

==Indications==

===Orcs===
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.

Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black <ref>''The Lord of the Rings'' book two chapter 5: ''"some are large and evil: black Uruks of Mordor"'' and appendix A: ''"In the last years of Denethor I the race of uruks, black orcs of great strength, first appeared out of Mordor"''</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>''The Lord of the Rings'' book six chapter 2 ''"it was of a small breed, black-skinned, with wide and snuffling nostrils: evidently a tracker of some kind."''</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' In one of his letters, Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types."''([[Letter 210]])

While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" is undoubtedly insensitive given today's standards, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also points out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which are historically associated with the Middle-East).

Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves or men. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race.

===Light vs. Dark===
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". In 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all."<ref>The Guardian (2 December 2002)</ref>. Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.

The whole of Tolkien's Legendarium contains a conflict between ''literal'' light (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and darkness (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. This ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness, although both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone.

But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.

===Evil Men===
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back.

In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.

While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.

However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy.

Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.

===Racism in Middle-earth===
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]]. The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable, and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] takes a strand of [[Galadriel]]'s hair, he is described as having ''"look[ed] into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."''

It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).

The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].

The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].

===Dwarves as Jews===

Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews:
{{quote|"The dwarves of course are quite obviously - wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>http://www.daisy.freeserve.co.uk/jrrt_int.htm</ref>}}
One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" ([[Letter 176]])

Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and it is stated in one of the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings that "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people.

However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]]. Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews.

===Numenoreans===

Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dunedain (literally "Men of the West") of Numenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref>

==Counterindications==
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.

*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of Christianity (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.

*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.

*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age.

*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).

*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings.

*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.

*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy. There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings.

*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.

*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.

*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Note that in a letter (#131), Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.

*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.

==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==

In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]], a right-oriented Italian political party, had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref>

Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref>

==Relevant Passages from the text==
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}

{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}

==Tolkien on Racism==
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}

{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}

{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}

{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}

{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}

{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}

==External links==

*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune
{{references}}
[[Category:Debates]]
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]

Three Rings

2018-06-17T04:21:03Z

Neithan: Remove errant </ref>

{{quote|And of all the Elven-rings Sauron most desired to possess them, for those who had them in their keeping could ward off the decays of time and postpone the weariness of the world.|[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]}}
The '''Three Rings''' were magical artifacts, three of the [[Rings of Power]]. They were forged by Celebrimbor and his smiths with the desire of "understanding, making, and healing" and granted the power to preserve all things unstained.<ref name=l144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=council>{{FR|Council}}</ref> They were named '''[[Vilya]]''', '''[[Narya]]''', and '''[[Nenya]]''' after the principal elements of air, fire, and water (respectively).

Whereas the other [[Rings of Power]] gave the power to control and conquer, and [[Wraith-world|made their wearers invisible]], the Three were different. [[Sauron]] did not assist in their making nor ever did he touch them, and his taint was not directly upon them.<ref name=l131>{{L|131}}</ref> But, as they were created according to the craft taught by him, they would fall under the power of [[the One Ring]].<ref name=rings/>

==Names and descriptions of the Three Rings==

* [[Nenya]], The Ring of Water, also called the Ring of Adamant, made of ''[[mithril]]'' with a shimmering white stone; it was the chief of the Three<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, p. 251</ref> originally worn by [[Celebrimbor]] himself but given to [[Galadriel]]
* [[Narya]], The Ring of Fire, set with a ruby; originally worn by [[Gil-galad]], then by [[Círdan]], who finally gave it to [[Gandalf]].
* [[Vilya]], The Ring of Air and mightiest of the Three, gold with a sapphire stone; originally worn by [[Gil-galad]] but given to [[Elrond]].

The Rings were named after the three principal elements, each matching the color of their stones. Their names also match the fates of the three [[Silmarils]].<ref group=note>[[Maglor]] threw one into the sea, [[Maedhros]] fell with one in the lava, while [[Earendil]] keeps one in the sky.</ref><ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Stan Brown|articleurl=http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q3-Names What were the names of the Three Rings, and what were they made of?|website=[http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm FAQ of the Rings]}}</ref> However not much is known about their specific powers and whether they had anything to do with each element.<ref>{{webcite|author=Stan Brown|articleurl=http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q3-Powers What special powers did the Three Rings have?|website=[http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm FAQ of the Rings]}}</ref>

==History==
After "[[Annatar]]" taught and assisted the [[Gwaith-i-Mirdain]] with creating the [[Rings of Power]], he left [[Eregion]]. Celebrimbor's smiths proceeded then to forge Three more on their own with the knowledge already gained from him. Their forging was completed by around {{SA|1590}}.<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> Annatar didn't learn about them, and they were "unsullied", free from Sauron's corrupting influence.

When Sauron created the One Ring, the Elves who wore the Rings of Power heard his voice and realized they had been deceived.<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Celebrimbor then sent his three rings away for safekeeping: He gave Nenya to [[Galadriel]] in [[Lothlórien]], who advised him to send the other two west away from Sauron, so he gave Vilya and Narya to [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] in [[Lindon]].

As the Elves failed him, Sauron [[War of the Elves and Sauron|waged war]] against Eregion and succeeded in claiming the Rings of Power. But the Three remained outside his grasp and their whereabouts were seldom revealed.

After Sauron's defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] at the end of the [[Second Age]], the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]] were free to wear them. During the [[Third Age]], the Rings were not idle.<ref>{{FR|Council}}, Elrond's words to Gloin</ref> They were used to create enclaves of peace and protection where memory and beauty were preserved from wear and decay.<ref name=rings/><ref name=l131/>

During the [[War of the Ring]] [[Frodo Baggins]] found out that Galadriel held Nenya, using it to preserve [[Lothlórien]] from withering, and [[Aragorn]] reprimanded him for revealing this. The other two rings were revealed at the end of the Third Age, after Frodo destroyed [[the One Ring]], and the Dark Lord Sauron was completely overthrown. It transpired that [[Elrond]] had wielded [[Vilya]] and presumably used its powers to keep [[Rivendell]] a haven safe from attack. It was [[Gandalf]] who wielded [[Narya]], given to him by [[Círdan]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, p.389</ref>

After the destruction of the One Ring, their power diminished and became plain relics. Not being able to hold back Time and preserve the High-elven lore and beauty, their bearers, in the [[Last Riding of the Keepers]], left [[Middle-earth]] on the [[White Ship]].<ref name=l144/><ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> The [[Third Age]] ended and the [[Dominion of Men]] began.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:In the introduction of the movie, the Three Rings are said to be made "for the tall Elf Kings" as three unidentified silhouettes are seen holding and lifting the Rings.

'''2001-3: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:In the prologue to the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|first film]], the Three Rings are show briefly being borne by [[Galadriel]], [[Gil-galad]] and [[Círdan]]; later in the film Galadriel reveals to [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] that she possesses [[Nenya]]. In the final film, although [[Gandalf]] can be seen wearing [[Narya]] its significance is never stated.

'''2014: [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]:'''
:In the [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] of the film, we see Narya on Gandalf's finger as an [[Orcs|Orc]] attempts to cut off his hand in an attempt to claim it for [[Sauron]]. However, Galadriel arrives to rescue Gandalf and vanquishes the Orc in the nick of time. She can be seen wielding Nenya on her finger throughout the scene. During the subsequent battle against the Nazgûl, Vilya can be glimpsed on Elrond's finger.

{{references|notes}}

{{rings}}

[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]
[[de:Elbenringe]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/anneaux/trois_anneaux]]
[[fi:Kolme Sormusta]]

Círdan

2018-06-12T20:37:57Z

Neithan: /* Third Age */ Source?

{{sindar infobox
| name=Círdan
| image=[[File:Jef Murray - Cirdan.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Cirdan" by [[Jef Murray]]
| pronun=
| othernames='''Nowë''' ([[Quenya|Q]])Ciryatan ([[Quenya|Q]])
| titles=
| position=Shipwright
| location=[[Falas]] [[Isle of Balar|Balar]] [[Lindon]]
| affiliation=[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth=between {{YT|1050}} and {{YT|1149|n}}
| birthlocation=[[Middle-earth]]
| rule=
| sailedwest=[[Fourth Age]]
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[Teleri]]
| parentage=Unknown (kinsman of [[Thingol]] and [[Olwë]]<ref>{{PM|XIII}}, ''Círdan''</ref>
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=Very tall<ref name="Havens" />
| hair=Silver, bearded in old age<ref name="Havens" />
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{quote|As they came to the gates Círdan the Shipwright came forth to greet them. Very tall he was, and his beard was long, and he was grey and old, save that his eyes were keen as stars; and he looked at them and bowed, and said 'All is now ready.'|[[The Lord of the Rings]], ''[[The Grey Havens]]''}}
'''Círdan''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈkiːrdan]}}) was a [[Sindar|Sinda]], and Lord of the [[Falathrim]] during the First Age. He was one of the wisest and most foresighted of the [[Elves]], and by the [[Second Age]] the oldest known [[Elves|elf]] in [[Middle-earth]], to remain so throughout that age and the [[Third Age]]. He was also awarded [[Narya]], one of the [[Three Rings]], until he surrendered it to [[Gandalf]]. He was one of the last elves in Middle-earth, sailing West at last probably sometime in the [[Fourth Age]].

The [[Quenya]] form of Círdan's name is '''[[Ciryatan]]''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈkirʲatan]}}).

==History==
===Early History===

Círdan, born '''[[Nowë]]'''<ref name="LastWritingsN">{{PM|Last}}, "Círdan", note 30</ref> ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈnowe]}}), was kin of both [[Elwë]] and [[Olwë]], a lord in the host of the former. During the push westward, seeking to go to [[Valinor]], Nowë and his followers kept going where most of his kin fell away throughout the journey. Despite Nowë's great eagerness to see the light of Valinor (his "greatest desire"),<ref name="LastWritings">{{PM|Last}}, "Círdan"</ref> he loyally searched for Elwë upon his disappearance. Because of this the [[Teleri]] missed the first trip on [[Tol Eressëa]] to [[Valinor]], on which went their close friends the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]]. They took for their king [[Olwë]], and while waiting for [[Ulmo]] to return for them, Nowë headed the art of making and sailing ships, growing impatient. From this profession he took the name '''Círdan''' which means "shipwright" in [[Sindarin]]. The Teleri also developed a great friendship with [[Ossë]]. At the same time, although most of the Teleri had given up, Círdan sought Elwë longer and harder than most of his kin, partly because of his love for him and his allegiance.

Because of this, Círdan came to the shores too late during the second embarking of Eressëa. He came to the sands to find them departed, and as he stood forlorn he saw far-off a glimmer of light upon Eressëa as it vanished into the West over [[Belegaer]]. Then he cried aloud:
{{quote|I will follow that light, alone if none will come with me, for the ship that I have been building is now almost ready.|Círdan, ''[[Last Writings]]''}}
But into his heart came a message from the [[Valar]] which warned him that his ship could not endure the voyage, nor would any ship for many years: "''Abide now that time, for when it comes then will your work be of utmost worth, and it will be remembered in song for many ages after.''" Círdan answered "''I obey''", and saw a vision of [[Vingilot|a ship]].

===Foundation and Return of the Noldor===
Círdan therefore remained with those Teleri who had chosen to stay east of the Sea for love of Ossë, and became their lord. The folk became known as the [[Falathrim]], "''people of the foaming shore''", and dwelt in the [[Falas]] by the sea. There they built many ships, and the cities [[Eglarest]] and [[Brithombar]], and found pearls which they sent to their overlord, King [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]], who was once Elwë.<ref name="Sindar">{{S|Sindar}}</ref>

When [[Morgoth|Belegurth]] broke forth in the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] in {{YT|1497}}, Círdan was cut off and unable to come to Thingol’s aid. Further, although Thingol conquered with the help of the [[Laiquendi]], the Falathrim were driven to the very edge of the sea, where they were besieged for some months, until the [[Return of the Noldor]], when [[Fëanor]] struck [[Morgoth]] from the north. The siege of the Falas was abandoned as the [[Orcs]] were ordered northward to help their master, where they were all destroyed by [[Celegorm]]. The Falas were saved.

Círdan attended the [[Mereth Aderthad]] with many of his people, where he swore oaths of friendship with the Noldor, and quite possibly met and befriended his later neighbors and friends [[Turgon]] and [[Finrod]]. Although Turgon eventually moved from [[Vinyamar]] to faraway [[Gondolin]], Círdan’s friendship with Finrod was lasting,<ref name="Belerian">{{S|Beleriand}}</ref> and Círdan became a close advisor to the Noldo. Círdan was, after all, a relative of his, being related (probably quite closely) to Olwë, Finrod’s grandfather.

===Early First Age===

When the tales began spreading (sown by [[Belegurth]]) of the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]], Círdan, being very wise even at that time, was greatly troubled, feeling that these rumors sprouted from great malice. Knowing the jealousy and dissention among the Noldor, he guessed that the malice was that of the kinslayers. Therefore he dutifully sent messages to his overlord Thingol, telling him all that he had heard. This resulted in the banishment of [[Quenya]], and greater strife between the Sindar and the Noldor.

Círdan may have assisted in the [[Dagor Aglareb]], but this is unknown. Nevertheless he did not take part in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], as he was far away and not directly attacked, if even he had time to come to the aid of his allies. Nevertheless Círdan made up for his lack of participation in the [[Second Assault on Hithlum]], coming to the timely aid of [[Fingon]] when he was most needed. They sailed up the [[Firth of Drengist]], then struck the unsuspecting [[orcs]] from the west, giving victory to the elves.<ref name="Fingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

After the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], many fugitives came for shelter in the Falas. The Falathrim mariners harassed the orcs in guerilla attacks from the sea. But it was only a matter of time before [[Morgoth]] attacked. Then came the disastrous [[Fall of the Falas]]. Though both [[Brithombar]] and [[Eglarest]] were strong, with mighty walls, both fell one at a time due to the impressive array of siege-masters Morgoth had in his train. The elves fought valiantly, but the walls were broken and most of the Falathrim killed or enslaved. [[Barad Nimras]] was cast down, and the Falas laid to waste. But Círdan and some of his followers escaped by sea, and he took with him [[Gil-galad]], one of the last of the princes of the Noldor. They came to the [[Isle of Balar]] and founded a new kingdom, but kept a foothold at the [[Mouths of Sirion]], keeping ships hidden in the reeds there, making a refuge for all who fled there.<ref name="Fifth">{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

===Lord of Balar===

Turgon, receiving the dreadful news, requested that Círdan send mariners to seek [[Valinor]] and the aid of the [[Valar]]. Círdan built seven swift ships, and sent them westward. None returned, save for only one mariner of the [[Gondolindrim]]. The way to the West was closed.<ref name="Fifth"/>{{Pronounce|Cirdan.mp3|Ardamir}}

Eventually Círdan served as messenger, when [[Ulmo]] delivered him a message for [[Orodreth]], warning of the doom of [[Nargothrond]], and ordering him to shut his gates and cast down the bridge. The warning went unheeded, resulting of the [[Fall of Nargothrond]].

After news came to Balar of the [[Fall of Gondolin]], [[Gil-galad]] was proclaimed [[High King of the Noldor]]. Círdan soon after became a fast friend of the young half-elf [[Eärendil]] son of [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]], who had grown up essentially under his shadow, and was apprenticed to him. Círdan aided Eärendil in building the ship [[Vingilot]], giving him advice and help. Círdan doubtless remembered his vision, and this ship was indeed a fulfillment of it.<ref name="LastWritings"/>

Círdan and Gil-galad came with their armies from the Isle of Balar too late to prevent the disastrous [[Third Kinslaying]], when the [[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]] were ambushed and many fell. But Eärendil was not there, rather on a voyage, and the [[Silmaril]] of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] had been spirited away by [[Elwing]] his wife. Thus, wielding the Silmaril, Eärendil came to [[Valinor]] and found the forgiveness of the [[Valar]].<ref name="Earendil">{{S|Earendil}}</ref> From that time on, Círdan was given foresight surpassing that of any of the elves,<ref name="LastWritings"/> perhaps some special grace of the Valar for his deeds in this world-changing episode (like the return of [[Glorfindel]], who also contributed significantly). After the [[War of Wrath]], Círdan, heeding the bidding of the Valar long ago, once more obediently abstained from finding his heart’s desire and going West, but with a small following remained in [[Middle-earth]].

===Second Age===

The continents were shifted, but Círdan still took up his abode by the sea, in [[Harlindon]] with [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]].<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> Harlindon was located south of the [[Gulf of Lune]], to the north of which was [[Forlindon]], where [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] dwelt. There he welcomed the friendly and then-unfallen [[Númenóreans]], making friends with [[Vëantur]], chief of the mariners of [[Tar-Elendil]], and later teaching [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] his grandson of ships (both management and construction) and seaside architecture,<ref name="Wife">{{UT|Wife}}</ref> doubtless being the foremost authority on both. At some point he moved to [[Mithlond]].

Círdan advised against the creation of the [[Rings of Power]] when [[Sauron|Annatar]] came, but, like Galadriel, his counsel went unheeded in the midst of the joy and enthusiasm of the [[Eregion]]-elves, and especially [[Celebrimbor]]. Nevertheless, when the [[Three Rings]] escaped the [[Sack of Eregion]], Celebrimbor had appointed him to inherit one of them. He received [[Narya]], the Ring of Fire.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> [[Sauron]], having revealed himself in the destruction of Eregion and empowered by [[the One Ring]] he had forged, [[sack of Eregion|invaded]] [[Eriador]] in the same blow. Nevertheless, though he killed many elves, he dared not attempt to take Mithlond or Lindon, feeling they were too strong and because they had the help of the Númenóreans. Indeed, they were his bane in that chapter of history, for the Númenóreans came and pushed him back beyond the [[Misty Mountains]], ending the [[Dark Years]].<ref name="Rings"/>

Eventually there came the [[Akallabêth|Fall of Númenor]], when the great man-isle of Númenor was overturned and [[Aman]] removed from the circles of the world. But [[Elendil]] escaped with his sons to [[Middle-earth]] and founded the [[Reunited Kingdom|Two Kingdoms]] over a vast space of land, on both sides of the Misty Mountains.<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> This new kingdom of men profoundly impacted the lives of the elves of Lindon, as is seen in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

Círdan joined the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|alliance]], and fought steadily beside his friends and comrades. Many fell there, including [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elendil]]. Yet again Círdan outlived those around him, and survived the battle. With Elrond he urged [[Isildur]], Elendil’s first-born, to throw the captured One Ring into [[Orodruin]], where it would be unmade.<ref name="Rings"/><ref name="Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref> But Isildur refused.

===Third Age===
The early years of the [[Third Age]] were, for Círdan and the elves, mostly a time to catch their breaths after the fall of Sauron in the War of the Alliance. For more than a thousand years they went undisturbed,<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> but at around {{TA|1050}} a shadow began to lengthen. Though many deemed that Sauron was defeated forever, for the first time in many centuries some evil was stirring, and awake. It was at this time the [[Istari]], sent by the [[Valar]], came. Though the [[Blue Wizards]] and [[Glorfindel]] may have come earlier during the [[Second Age]], and Círdan most probably greeted them in [[Mithlond]], it is known for sure that he met [[Gandalf]] there. Círdan was one of the few of the [[Wise]] left; of the other ancient elves, only Celeborn, Galadriel, Glorfindel (who was resurrected), and Elrond remained. He was the most foresighted of all of them, and alone knew the true purpose of the Istari. He also saw deep into the future of Gandalf, and gave him [[Narya]], his greatest possession and one of the most secret and sought-after treasures in the world.
{{quote|Take this ring, Master… for your labours will be heavy; but it will support you in the weariness that you have taken upon yourself. For this is the Ring of Fire, and with it you may rekindle hearts in a world that grows chill. But as for me, my heart is with the [[Belegaer|Sea]], and I will dwell by the grey shores until the last ship sails. I will await you.|Círdan, ''[[Appendix B]]''}}

In {{TA|1409}}, Círdan aided King [[Araphor]] of [[Arnor]] in battle against [[Angmar]] during the [[Fall of Rhudaur]], after [[Weathertop]] was burned. With Círdan’s help, young Araphor drove the wraith’s armies from [[Fornost]] and the [[North Downs]].<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> The second time Círdan came to the aid of men was four and a half centuries later, in {{TA|1975}}, when Círdan sent a ship north to [[Forochel]] to rescue the lost [[Arnor]]ian king [[Arvedui]]. The crew endured a perilous journey, but found Arvedui. Yet Arvedui rashly attempted to return that winter, and all aboard perished.<ref name="Gondor"/> The next year Círdan mustered the elves to join with the [[Dúnedain]] in the victorious [[Battle of Fornost]]. Later Círdan took control of the abandoned [[palantíri|Elendil Stone]] on [[Emyn Beraid]], which could gaze into the [[Tol Eressëa|lost west]] and was without link to the other ''palantíri''.<ref name="Palantiri">{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

Círdan was invited onto the [[White Council]] when it was formed in {{TA|2463}} in response to the rise of the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]], whose identity was at that point concealed. Throughout all the recorded history of the White Council, his actions go unrecorded. His role may have only been passive; as an advisor rather than a planner. At any rate, nothing more is mentioned of his actions until the [[War of the Ring]] in {{TA|3018}} and later {{TA|3021}}. [[Galdor of the Havens|Galdor]] was his messenger to [[Rivendell]], though for reasons unknown. It may be that he, too, felt the growing shadow, even as his friend [[Gandalf]] did. Sent by Círdan "on errand", Galdor attended the [[Council of Elrond]], speaking with authority on his lord’s behalf.<ref name="Council"/>

[[File:Decipher - Círdan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Decipher]] - ''Círdan'']]The last mention of Círdan came with the end of the Third Age. When the Ringbearers came to Mithlond, Círdan greeted them before the gates. Although [[Gandalf]], [[Galadriel]], and [[Elrond]] passed west on the ship he had built for them, Círdan seems to have remained for a time. Eventually, however, he passed west on the last ship, fulfilling his heart’s desire that had waited so long.{{fact}}

==Characteristics and Impact==
In the last years of the Third Age, Círdan appeared very old save for his eyes which "''were keen as stars''", wearing a long beard.<ref name="Havens">{{RK|Havens}}</ref> Likely, he had grown a beard since having reached his [[Elven life cycle#"Cycles of life" and aging|third cycle of life]].<ref>{{VT|41b}}, p. 9</ref>

Círdan had a profound effect upon the course of Middle-earth history. He was a loyal servant and friend of [[Elwë]], sacrificing his heart’s desire in search of him.<ref name="LastWritings"/> This loyalty and sense of duty shows up numerous times over the course of history, including his second sacrifice in his submission to the [[Valar]],<ref name="LastWritings"/> and his sending of troubling and potentially destructive rumors to his overlord Thingol. He was also the most foresighted of the elves, a gift from the Valar.<ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="LastWritings"/> He conceivably saved Elven civilization with the founding of the havens at the [[Mouths of Sirion]],<ref name="Fifth"/> and with the fostering of both [[Gil-galad]] and [[Eärendil]].<ref name="Earendil"/> His precious gift of [[Narya]] to [[Gandalf]] was also timely and valuable.<ref name="AppB2"/> He was clearly favored by [[Ulmo]], seen by the number of messages passed through him.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | |F|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7| |}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree| THI | | OLW | | ELM | | | CÍR |THI=[[Thingol]] ''d. {{FA|502}}''|OLW=[[Olwë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|ELM=[[Elmo]] ''unknown''|CÍR='''CÍRDAN''' ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[Image:SBG - Cirdan.jpeg|thumb|'''Círdan''' as visualized by the [[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]]]

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:His role as lieutenant of Gil-galad is given to [[Elrond]] instead (Elrond was Gil-galad's herald in the books). He does, however, appear very briefly in Galadriel's Monologue at the start of the movie, in the very brief shot of the three elven ringbearers.

'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''
:Círdan briefly appears as Frodo and Bilbo make their trip to the lands of the West.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Círdan|Images of Círdan]]

{{References}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cirdan}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Círdan]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:teleri:sindar:cirdan]]
[[fi:Círdan]]

Ered Gorgoroth

2017-06-16T22:09:59Z

Neithan: Add information about the strange "Gorgorath"

{{disambig-more|Gorgoroth|[[Gorgoroth (disambiguation)]]}}
{{location
|image=
|name=Ered Gorgoroth
|othernames=Mountains of Terror<ref>{{S|Men}}</ref>
|etymology=
|type=Mountain range
|location=South of [[Dorthonion]], north of [[Nan Dungortheb]]
|inhabitants=Spiders
|realms=None
|description=Tall, spider-haunted peaks
|events=[[Beren|Beren's]] crossing
|references=
|}}
The '''Ered Gorgoroth''' or '''Mountains of Terror''' were a mountain chain in the north of [[Beleriand]].

The Ered Gorgoroth was the southern edge of the highlands of [[Dorthonion]], and separated Dorthonion and the northlands of [[Ard-galen]] from Beleriand proper. South of the Gorgoroth lay the unpopulated land of [[Nan Dungortheb]] (the Valley of Dreadful Death).<ref name="Map">{{S|Map}}</ref> The southern wall of the Ered Gorgoroth fell in sheer precipices.<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref>

They were named such by the [[Sindar]] of [[Doriath]] after the [[Spiders|spider]]-creature [[Ungoliant]] made it her temporary home, and spawned many evil spiders there, which wove webs that took away all light, and all the springs were poisoned.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref>

The Gorgoroth had no known passes, and even the [[Orcs]] of [[Morgoth]] passed it by. In all of the [[First Age]] only [[Beren]] son of [[Barahir]] is said to have passed the mountain range, and he never spoke of this terrible journey.<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

Like the rest of Beleriand, the Gorgoroth were drowned during the [[War of Wrath]], although the highland of Dorthonion survived as the isle of [[Tol Fuin]].

==Etymology==
*[[Sindarin]]: ''[[ered]]'' + ''[[gorgor]]'' + ''oth''

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
The Ered Gorgoroth are in one place in ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'' referred to as "Gorgorath" apparently in order to rhyme with "path".<ref>{{BL|Beren}}</ref> The variation is also included in the ''Beren and Lúthien'' glossary,<ref>{{BL|Glossary}}</ref> but the reason for the different spelling is not made clear.

{{references}}
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Ered Gorgoroth]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/beleriand/ered_gorgoroth]]
[[fi:Ered Gorgoroth]]

Talk:Galadriel (disambiguation)

2017-05-25T20:54:40Z

Neithan: Irrelevance

==Irrelevant?==
In my opinion, the items listed on this page are irrelevant for a [[Galadriel]] disambiguation page. For example, the [[Hair of Galadriel]] and the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] are not also known as "Galadriel"; I do not think that listing things related to Galadriel solves any ambiguity.

Palantíri

2017-05-25T20:50:58Z

Neithan: Add more references; article is still severely lacking in sources

{{disambig-more|Palantír|[[Palantir (disambiguation)]]}}
{{sources}}
{{objects
| image=[[File:Raphael Rau - Palantir.jpg|250px]]
| name=Palantíri
| othernames=Seeing Stones
| derivation=
| location=Various locations in [[Endor]]
| ownedby=[[Elendil]] and his line, [[Ruling Stewards]], [[Saruman]]
| maker=[[Fëanor]]<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}</ref>
| appearance=Smooth, round, dark stones
| references=
}}
{{quote|The ''palantír'' replied to each, but all those in [[Gondor]] were ever open to the view of [[Osgiliath]]. Now it appears that, as the [[Orthanc|rock of Orthanc]] has withstood the storms of time, so there the ''palantír'' of that tower has remained. But alone it could do nothing but see small images of things far off and days remote. Very useful, no doubt, that was to [[Saruman]]; yet it seems that he was not content. Further and further abroad he gazed, until he cast his gaze upon [[Barad-dûr]]. Then he was caught!|[[Gandalf]], ''[[The Palantír]]''}}
The '''''palantíri''''' (sometimes translated as "''Seeing Stones''") were stones that could be used in communication with one another, and also to see many things across the face of the world. When its master looked in it, he could communicate with other Stones and anyone who might be looking into them; people of great power can manipulate the Stones to see virtually any part of the world.

==History==
===Origin and early history===
The ''palantíri'' were made by [[Fëanor]] in the [[Uttermost West]].<ref name="SIndex"/> Many ''palantíri'' were made, but the number is not known. [[Elendil]] took seven with him in his flight to [[Middle-earth]] upon the [[Downfall of Númenor]], and in time they were distributed to seven different locations: four in [[Gondor]] and three in [[Arnor]].<ref name="SRings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> They were used largely for communication, but also to see what was occurring throughout the respective realms. Their existence was common knowledge, but no one was allowed easy access to them save for kings and rulers, appointed wardens, or by royal command.

===Third Age and beyond===
One by one the stones vanished from public knowledge or were lost. The [[Osgiliath-stone]] fell into [[Anduin]] during the [[Kin-strife]] and burning of that city in {{TA|1437}}. When [[Arvedui]], [[King of Arnor]], was shipwrecked and his line ended in {{TA|1975|n}}, he drowned with the ''palantíri'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]], the only communicating stones of Arnor. When [[Minas Ithil]] fell in {{TA|2002|n}}, the stone was assumed destroyed in general. The wiser and more foresighted men of Gondor decided that in case Sauron had seized the Stone, they would stop using the [[Anor-stone]] to prevent any contact with the [[Dark Lord]]. As the [[Elostirion-stone]] was locked away and could not answer the other stones anyway, the only remaining stone was the [[Orthanc-stone]], which became useless to the Gondorians. When [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] gave [[Saruman]] the deserted but secure [[Orthanc]] in {{TA|2759|n}}, he likely assumed that Saruman, head of the leading order against Sauron, would keep it safe.<ref name=ut />

Several of these hidden or lost stones came to light during the [[War of the Ring]]. Previous to this, Saruman used his ''palantír'' to gain knowledge, and eventually was caught when he dared to look toward [[Mordor]]. Thus, the above war was greatly affected by these stones. Later, in the final weeks of the War, its rightful master [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] wrested it to his will, so that it no longer had a connection with the stolen Ithil stone. {{fact}}

The second ''palantír'' to be revealed was that of Minas Anor. Denethor, too, had glanced toward Mordor with it, but his great hate of incarnate evil and power of will prevented him from being snared, though it taxed him greatly. Partially because of what he saw he eventually committed suicide in the darkest hour. This stone was later used by King [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], though it is said that anyone of weaker will who looked into it would see the writhing hands of Denethor in his final agony.

The final fate of most of the stones is unknown. The Elostirion-stone was taken west with the [[Ring-bearers]] in {{TA|3021|n}} of the [[Third Age]], severing the last link of [[Middle-earth]] to [[Valinor]]. The stones of Anor and Orthanc are believed to have been reinstated in the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and used officially once more. The Ithil-stone may have been destroyed in the fall of Barad-dûr, but it is also possible that it too was found and reused in the Reunited Kingdom. Whether or not the other three lost stones were ever found is never indicated; the Osgiliath-stone may have rolled into the Sea, or it may have lain still in the Anduin. The stones of Arnor, however, were lost in the frozen seas of [[Forochel]], and therefore it is highly unlikely that they could ever be recovered.

==Timeline==
*{{SA|3319}} - [[Downfall of Númenor]]; seven Stones are taken to [[Middle-earth]] by the [[Faithful]]
*{{TA|861}} - Division of [[Arnor]]; the [[Amon Sûl-stone]] is contested by [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].
*{{TA|1409}} - The watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]] is destroyed by [[Angmar]]'s forces; the Amon Sûl-stone is taken to [[Fornost Erain]]
*{{TA|1437}} - Burning of [[Osgiliath]]; the [[Osgiliath-stone]] falls into [[Anduin]]
*{{TA|1974}} - Fall of [[Arthedain]]; [[Arvedui]] salvages the Amon Sûl and [[Annúminas-stone]]s and takes them with him.
*{{TA|1975}} - Amon Sûl and Annúminas-stones sink in [[Forochel]]
*{{TA|2002}} - Sauron seizes the [[Ithil-stone]]. Gondorians stop using the [[Anor-stone]] and [[Orthanc-stone]].
*{{TA|2759}} - [[Saruman]] assumes the Orthanc-stone.
*c. {{TA|3000}} - Saruman is corrupted by the Stone.
*{{TA|3019}} - The Stone is thrown by [[Gríma|Wormtongue]]; [[Aragorn]] twists the stone to his will.
*{{TA|3021}} - The [[Elostirion-stone]] is taken West on the [[White Ship]]

==Appearance==
They were perfect spheres, appearing to be made of solid glass or deep black crystal. The smallest stones were one foot in diameter; the larger stones too large for a single man to bear. They were unbreakable save, some thought, by the fires of [[Orodruin]].<ref name=ut>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref>

==The Stones==
[[File:John Howe - Saruman's Palantir.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Saruman's Palantír'']]
* The '''[[Master-stone]]''' was not one of the seven, but remained in the [[Tower of Avallónë]] in [[Tol Eressëa]]. It was the master stone. It apparently could not communicate with the stones of [[Middle-earth]], or at least is not mentioned having done so.

* The '''[[Osgiliath-stone]]''' was the largest stone among the seven, and chief among them. It was placed in a prominent building in [[Osgiliath]], the capital city of the kingdom of [[Gondor]]. The ceiling of its chamber was painted to resemble a starry sky, and gave its name (''[[ost]]-[[gil]]iath'', the [[Dome of Stars]]) to the city itself. It was too large for one man to carry.<ref name=ut />

* The '''[[Elostirion-stone]]''', also known as the '''[[Elendil Stone]]''', was placed by [[Elendil]] in the tower of [[Elostirion]] in the [[Emyn Beraid]], just west of [[The Shire]]. The tower and stone were maintained and guarded by [[Círdan]] and the [[Lindon]]-[[elves]]. Elendil used it to look back along the [[Straight Road]] to [[Eressëa]] and even the [[Tower of Avallónë]] and the [[Master-stone]], and though it is indicated that he tried, he could not see the fallen Númenor. It could not be used in communication with the other stones, and was unique in this respect.

* The '''[[Amon Sûl-stone]]''' was placed in the watch-tower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. It was the largest and most powerful of the [[Arnor]]ian ''palantíri'' and the one most used in communication with [[Gondor]]. Like the Osgiliath-stone, it "could not be lifted by one man."<ref name=ut />

* The '''[[Annúminas-stone]]''' was also placed in Arnor, in the city of [[Annúminas]].

* The '''[[Ithil-stone]]''' was placed in [[Minas Ithil]], in the mountains that came to be known as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. When Minas Ithil fell to the [[Nazgûl]], the Ithil-stone was taken to [[Barad-dûr]] and used by [[Sauron]].

* The '''[[Orthanc-stone]]''' was placed in the great tower built by the [[Dúnedain]] in the Second Age at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]], [[Orthanc]]. It fell into the hands of the wizard [[Saruman]], who used it to garner information on his neighbors and their activities. The stone was also partially responsible for Saruman's fall from grace, as he was using it when he came upon [[Sauron]], and was ensnared by him. After the [[War of the Ring]], the Orthanc-stone remained in the custody of the Kings of Gondor in the [[Fourth Age]].

* The '''[[Anor-stone]]''' was placed at [[Minas Anor]], later renamed [[Minas Tirith]] and made the capital of [[Gondor]]. It was kept an unused secret by the Ruling Stewards until it was ultimately used by Steward [[Denethor|Denethor II]] to watch his land, and he eventually even challenged Sauron in a battle of wills. Denethor did not become corrupted, but the great effort of will that this required of him led him to age quickly. [[Denethor]] was holding the stone when he committed suicide on a funeral pyre, and after this, only people of exceeding power could see in it anything other than two flaming hands.

==Usage==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Saruman using Palantír.jpg|250px|thumb|Saruman with a ''palantír'' from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]The purpose of the stones in general was dual: to communicate with one another, and to see afar. All the stones save for the Elostirion-stone could be used in communication with one another, although the bigger and more powerful stones were favored for this use over long distances. The great Osgiliath-stone could spy on communication by the lesser stones, and a few others apparently also had special abilities. The stones' gaze could penetrate beyond any solid object, such as into deep caverns, but required light to see anything. A technique called ''[[shrouding]]'' was used when something was to be kept secret from any possible watchers using the stones. Knowledge of this technique was lost in time, although Sauron probably knew of it.<ref name=ut />

The user or "surveyer" of a ''palantír'' would first assure himself that the stone was oriented properly. Usually the stones were held firmly so that this did not have to occur at each viewing. Then the surveyer would take up a position facing the direction he would want to look; for instance, if he wished to look west, he would stand on the eastern side of the stone. The major stones, however, could be rotated, and thus did not require moving about. The stones were apparently controlled by will power; although chance largely dictated precisely upon what the gaze of the stones lay, the surveyer could manipulate and shift the gaze by merely concentrating, even when not touching the stone. This concentrating, however, was quite taxing, and so was not generally used save in urgent situations. Zooming in could be accomplished through the same methods, and standing three feet away from the stone achieved the best clarity and widest scope. Stronger and more skilled surveyers could generally see more easily and with less difficulty than others.<ref name=ut />

To communicate with another stone, the viewer would orient himself and look toward the location of that stone, and the two stones would automatically connect with one another unless one was being used in another conversation. The surveyer would transmit his thoughts to the other stone by thinking, but the person on the other end would hear it in his head. The surveyer and his contact would see one another, but sounds could not be transmitted save through the above method of thought.<ref name=ut />

The stones were generally placed in bowls or depressions in tables of black marble, oriented through trial and error so that the poles of the stone aligned with the center of the world. The kings usually appointed deputies to look in the stone regularly, or on command, or in times of emergency. Others not authorized by the king could use them, but it took a great amount of willpower, and things were often less clear.<ref name=ut />

==Etymology==
The name '''''palantír''''' (pl. '''''palantíri''''') is [[Quenya]], meaning "Far-seer",<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|dated=|website=Arda|accessed=14 October 2013}}</ref> containing the element ''[[palan]]'' ("far and wide").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, ''palan''</ref>

The [[Sindarin]] name for the seeing-stones is '''''Gwahaedir'''''.<ref>{{PM|Second}}, p. 186 (n. 15)</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Didier Willis]]|articleurl=http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/sindar/dict-sd-en-strict.html|articlename=Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary|dated=|website=[http://www.jrrvf.com/haut.shtml Jrrvf.com]|accessed=14 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of palantíri|Images of palantíri]]

{{Palantiri}}

{{References}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Palantiri}}
[[Category:Palantíri| ]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Palantíri]]
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/palantiri]]
[[fi:Palantíri]]

Fall of Dol Guldur

2017-05-25T02:25:24Z

Neithan: Add sources warning

{{sources}}
{{expansion}}
{{disambig-more|The Fall|[[The Fall (disambiguation)]]}}
{{battle
| name=Fall of Dol Guldur
| image=[[Image:Galadriel dol guldur bfmeII.JPG|300px]]
| conflict=[[War of the Ring]]
| date=Began [[28 March|March 28]], ended sometime before [[6 April|April 6]], [[Third Age 3019|TA 3019]]
| place=[[Dol Guldur]]
| result=Destruction of Dol Guldur
| side1=[[Galadhrim]]
| side2=[[Orcs]] and other evil creatures of [[Dol Guldur]]
| commanders1=[[Celeborn]]
| commanders2=Unknown
| forces1=Several thousand?
| forces2=Several thousand?
| casual1=Unknown
| casual2=Almost utter
|}}The '''Fall of Dol Guldur''' was an epic battle of the [[War of the Ring]], culminating the [[Rhovanion]] campaign. The usual guardians, the [[Nazgûl]], were gone, and the forces from Dol Guldur had been defeated four times by the Elves of Lórien and Mirkwood.

== The Battle and Aftermath ==

[[Celeborn]] led the assault on [[28 March|March 28]], and it was within a few days captured. After the battle, [[Galadriel]] came and threw down its walls and laid bare its pits, cleansing the forest.
[[Image:Steamey - Celeborn and Thranduil.jpg|thumb|left|Steamey - Celeborn and Thranduil]]
On [[6 April|April 6]] Celeborn and King [[Thranduil]] met in the midst of the forest and renamed it [[Eryn Lasgalen]] "wood of green leaves". Celeborn took the land south of [[East Bight|The Narrows]] for himself and named it [[East Lórien]], while Thranduil took all wood north of the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]], and they gave the middle of the wood to the [[Beornings]] and [[Woodmen]].

==See also==

*[[Attack on Dol Guldur]]

{{wotr}}

[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]

Beorn

2017-05-25T02:12:16Z

Neithan: period

{{disambig-two|the [[skin-changer]]|uncle of [[Eriol]]|[[Beorn (son of Heden)]]}}
{{northmen infobox
| name=Beorn
| image=[[File:Lelia - Beorn.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Beorn" by [[:Category:Images by Lelia|Lelia]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Beorn's Hall]]
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]], [[Beornings]]
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=between {{TA|2941}} and {{TA|3018|n}}
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=being a [[Skin-changers|Skin-changer]]
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Grimbeorn]]
| gender=Male
| height=Tall
| hair=Black
| eyes=
| clothing=Woollen tunic
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Beorn''' was a [[Skin-changers|Skin-changer]], a man who could assume the form of a [[bears|bear]].

==History==
[[File:Jef Murray - At the Carrock.jpg|[[Jef Murray]] - ''At the Carrock''|thumb|left]]
His origins lay in the distant past, and [[Gandalf]] suspected he and his people had originally come from the mountains, until the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] drove them away. He lived with his tame [[horses]] in a wooden house ([[Beorn's Hall]]) between the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Mirkwood]], to the east of the [[Anduin|Great River]] of [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]].

Beorn named the [[Carrock]] and created the steps that led from its base to the flat top. Once Gandalf saw him as a bear sitting all alone on the top of the Carrock watching the moon sinking towards the Misty Mountains, and heard him growl in the tongue of bears "''The day will come when [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|they]] will perish and I shall go back!''". While Gandalf knew him, Beorn did not know Gandalf; but he knew his cousin, [[Radagast]].<ref name=Queer/>

During the [[Quest of Erebor]], Beorn received Gandalf, [[Bilbo Baggins]] and the thirteen [[Dwarves]] and gave the Dwarves and Bilbo help in their quest.<ref name=Queer>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

In the [[Battle of Five Armies]], Beorn appeared transformed into a giant bear, rescued [[Thorin]] from the [[Orcs|Goblins]] and killed their leader, [[Bolg]].<ref name=H18>{{H|18}}</ref>

After Thorin's burial, Beorn followed Bilbo, Gandalf and [[Thranduil]] on their way back to the west. Beorn once more hosted Bilbo and Gandalf and other [[Woodmen]] who came to celebrate [[Yule]].<ref name=H18/>

Eventually, he became a "''great chief''" in the [[Vales of Anduin]], and it is said that his descendants also were skin-changers, able to take the shape of a bear.<ref name=H18/> His people became known as the [[Beornings]],<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''passim''</ref> and they helped defend [[Thranduil]]'s kingdom of northern Mirkwood.<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref>

Beorn presumably died some time before the [[War of the Ring]] began<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and was succeeded by his son [[Grimbeorn|Grimbeorn the Old]].<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref>

==Character==
Beorn was generally benevolent and hated goblins and wargs; but he was also a loner and distrustful of travelers and beggars. He was never polite, and became easily angry and appalling. He never invited people into his house and his very few friends, who lived a good way away, came no more than a couple to his house at a time. Added to this, Beorn was not fond of [[Dwarves]].

Although fierce to his enemies, once convinced of the others' goodwill, he was welcoming, generous and helpful.

He did not eat any meat, as he could talk with his animals, who helped him. His grove was occupied by huge [[bees]]. Beorn's diet was mainly honey and cream.

==Etymology==
''[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beorn Beorn]'' is an [[Old English]] word meaning "a warrior, a hero, a man of valour" (also, poetic "man"), cognate to [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] ''[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bj%C7%ABrn björn]'' ("bear").<ref name=AH164>{{HM|AH}}, pp. 164-5</ref><ref name=RW>{{HM|RW}}, pp. 95-6</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 207</ref> In the Scandinavian-speaking countries ''Björn''/''Bjørn'' is a personal name, attested since the 11th century.

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| BEO | |BEO='''BEORN'''''fl. {{TA|2941}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | |}}
{{familytree| GRI | |GRI=[[Grimbeorn]]''fl. {{TA|3019}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In early manuscripts of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', the name of the character that would become Beorn is ''Medwed''. Medwed's ability to change shape to a bear was due to an enchantment, perhaps of his own.<ref>{{HH|Medwed}}</ref> The similarity between ''Medwed'' and ''[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medved Medved]'', the Russian word for "bear", is striking, but it is ultimately unknown if Tolkien had this in mind.

In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], [[Ilkorin]] ''[[ber]]'' ("valiant man, warrior") and [[Danian]] ''[[Beorn (Nandorin)|beorn]]'' ("man") derive from the [[Elvish]] [[Sundocarme|root]] [[BER]].<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 352 (root BER-; cf. root [[BES|BES-]])</ref>

==Inspiration==
It has been suggested that the character Beorn was influenced by the Norse ''[[wikipedia:Hrólfs saga kraka|Saga of Hrólfr Kraki]]''.<ref name=RME73>[[Tom Shippey]], ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'' (second edition), pp. 73-4</ref> In the saga appears a great bear defending [[wikipedia:Hrólfr Kraki|Hrólfr Kraki]], and also a man cursed to being transformed into a bear during nighttime. The work was well-known to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], as one of his students and friend, Stella Miller, made [[The Saga of Hrolf Kraki|a translation of the saga]] dedicated to Tolkien, [[E.V. Gordon]] and C.T. Onions;<ref name=AH164/> but even more importantly as Tolkien himself wrote an unpublished short story of the tale, entitled ''[[Sellic Spell]]''.<ref>{{HM|MB}}, pp. 256-60</ref>

Another suggested inspiration is the character of [[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]], "''whose name is commonly explained as Beowulf = 'bees' wolf' = honey-eater = bear, and one who breaks swords, rips off arms and cracks ribs with ursine power and clumsiness.''"<ref name=RME73/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Beorn in adaptations
|height=150
|width=250
|lines=2
|File:Glen Michael Angus - Beorn.jpg|Beorn in ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]''
|File:Stefano Baldo - Beorn.jpg|Beorn in ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game|MECCG]]''
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Beorn.jpg|Beorn in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Beorn as a bear.png|Beorn in bear form in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: Beorn is one of the Lords of the Beijabar (Beornings). His manor is called Muidwe Beorn.<ref>{{ICE|8003}}, p. 19</ref><ref>{{ICE|2019}}, pp. 105-6</ref>

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
: Beorn is a Character, with the Home Site Beorn's House.

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
: Beorn appears only in the shape of a black bear.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]], "The Clouds Burst"</ref>

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
: [[Mikael Persbrandt]] portrays Beorn.<ref name="AFTONBLADETCasting">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/film/article13349150.ab|articlename=Persbrandt den bäste för jobbet|dated=30-April-2011|website=[http://www.aftonbladet.se/ AFTONBLADET]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> In ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'', while in bear form, he picks up on the [[Thorin and Company|Company's]] trail and chases them into his [[Beorn's Hall|home]]. He stands guard overnight, thwarting the plans of [[Azog]] and his [[Orcs|Orc]] pack to attack. The next morning, he lends the Company some of his [[horses]] in order to get to [[Mirkwood]] before the Orcs. In ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'', he arrives with [[Radagast]] on the back of one of the [[Eagles]] late in the [[Battle of Five Armies|battle]], and leaps down to the ground, transforming into his bear form in midair. Along with the rest of the Eagles, he helps decimate the remaining Orc army.

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Beorn|Images of Beorn]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Northmen]]
[[Category:Beornings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Masculine names]]
[[Category:Old English names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Beorn]]
[[fi:Beorn]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:beornides:beorn]]

Forums:A mobile version of TG?

2017-05-23T20:29:52Z

Neithan: Suggest extension to use

<div style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px">'''[[Main Page|Tolkien Gateway]] > [[Forum:Council|Forums]] > {{PAGENAME}}'''</div> [[Category:Council]]



I've been thinking about this for some time. Do you think that we should look into having a mobile version of the website? I think that it would be essentially a skin that would work well on a tiny screen. The Wikipedia mobile version looks pretty good, perhaps we could base ours of that? Thoughts?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 10:58, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

:I was thinking about this in the last weeks. I think it would be a great thing if we would have a mobile version/skin. Wikipedia's version is very good, though you can't get to pages like Recent Changes easily. I would put the links of Main Page - Recent Changes - Forums at the top of the screen, instead of at the left side. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 12:59, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

::Although I would like this, I don't think it should be a priority. After all, time spent on this is time not spent editing. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 15:59, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

:I like this idea, too. Wikipedia's mobile style is extremely usable and I could see something like that being quite helpful. A cursory search yields these two sources, below [[User:Pallando|Pallando]] 16:27, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
:* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:MobileSkin Extension:MobileSkin]
:* [https://github.com/hcatlin/wikimedia-mobile wikimedia-mobile on github]

:If anyone is still interested in this, I would recommend installing [[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:MobileFrontend Extension:MobileFrontend]] as an easy solution. It requires basically no configuration and automatically gives mobile users the Wikipedia mobile site. This can probably be more customized. [[User:Neithan|Neithan]] 20:29, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

User:Neithan

2017-05-23T20:21:09Z

Neithan: Update page

{{user infobox
|name=Neithan
|userboxes=
{{user singing orcs}}
{{user firefox}}

}}
[[Special:Contributions/Neithan|Contributions]]

[[Special:Editcount/Neithan|Edit Count]]

Malbeth

2017-05-23T05:00:45Z

Neithan: combine

{{cleanup}}
{{arnorian infobox
| name=Malbeth the Seer
| image=[[File:SBG - Malbeth.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Malbeth from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=[[Seer]]
| location=[[Arthedain]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Around [[Third Age]] 19th cent.
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=Around [[Third Age]] 20th cent.<ref name=guide/>
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender= Unknown<ref group=note>Although many published sources such as Robert Foster's [[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]] refer to Malbeth as male, no source published by Tolkien himself states whether Malbeth was male or female.</ref>
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Malbeth''' was a [[seer]] and royal counsellor gifted with [[foresight]] who is remembered in lore for two prophecies concerning the fate of the descendants of [[Isildur]].

==History==
Malbeth was probably a [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnadan of Arthedain]] who appears to have been a royal counsellor.<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Malbeth"</ref><ref group=note>Malbeth's Númenorean ancestry is also evidenced in the length of time between the dates of the seer's known prophecies (1864 and 1975); at the time of the second prophecy, Malbeth must had been well over 100 years old.</ref>
===Last King of Arthedain===
In {{TA|1864}} when the son of [[Araphant]] (fourteenth [[Kings of Arnor|King]] of [[Arthedain]]) was born, Malbeth advised Araphant to name his son [[Arvedui]] meaning "''last king''",{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]]}}
In {{TA|1975}} Arvedui was forced north by the forces of [[Angmar]] to the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] to seek the help of the [[Lossoth]]. [[Círdan]], hearing of Arvedui's plight from Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]] sent a ship to rescue him in the spring of that year. The Snowmen advised the king not to board the ship as they could smell danger in the air, they suggested that the king should wait until the summer when the [[Witch-king]]'s power isn't so strong. Arvedui did not heed the advise and he perished when the ship broke upon some ice in a severe storm; thus, Malbeth's prophecy was fulfilled.<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>

===Paths of the Dead===
Malbeth's second prophecy was in the days of the Arvedui (ruled {{TA|1964}} - {{TA|1974|n}}), the last king of Arthedain, in which the seer foretold [[Aragorn]]'s passage through the [[Paths of the Dead]] even though the event was over a thousand years in the future:{{quote|Over the land there lies a long shadow, westward reaching wings of darkness. The Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings doom approaches. The Dead awaken; for the hour is come for the oathbreakers: at the [[Stone of Erech]] they shall stand again and hear there a horn in the hills ringing. Whose shall the horn be? Who shall call them from the grey twilight, the forgotten people? The heir of him to whom the oath they swore. From the North shall he come, need shall drive him: he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead.|[[The Return of the King]], "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"}}<ref name=company>{{RK|Company}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Malbeth's second prophecy was also fulfilled in {{TA|3019}} during the [[War of the Ring]] when Aragorn (sixteenth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]) learned from the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' that [[Gondor]] was being threatened from the south by a fleet of [[Corsairs]] from [[Umbar]]. He needed a route to get to them in haste, and Elrond's message ("''Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the Paths of the Dead''") told him how.

Aragorn (with [[Legolas]], [[Gimli]] and the [[Grey Company]]) travelled through the Paths of the Dead to the Stone of Erech where Aragorn blew a horm to summon the [[Oathbreakers]]. He told them he was [[Isildur]]'s heir and so they fulfilled their oath and defeated the Corsairs which helped Gondor win the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]].<ref name=company />

==Etymology==
Malbeth's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Golden Word" from ''[[mal]]'' meaning "gold", and ''[[peth]]'' (becoming lenited to ''beth'') meaning "word, voice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.realelvish.net/book_names.php|articlename=What do all those Names in the Books Mean?|website=[http://www.realelvish.net/ Merin Essi ar Quenteli!]}}</ref>

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Malbeth]]
[[fi:Malbeth]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/malbeth]]

Malbeth

2017-05-23T04:58:33Z

Neithan: Clean up references

{{cleanup}}
{{arnorian infobox
| name=Malbeth the Seer
| image=[[File:SBG - Malbeth.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Malbeth from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=[[Seer]]
| location=[[Arthedain]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Westron]]
| birth=Around [[Third Age]] 19th cent.
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=Around [[Third Age]] 20th cent.<ref name=guide/>
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender= Unknown<ref group=note>Although many published sources such as Robert Foster's [[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]] refer to Malbeth as male, no source published by Tolkien himself states whether Malbeth was male or female.</ref>
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Malbeth''' was a [[seer]] and royal counsellor gifted with [[foresight]] who is remembered in lore for two prophecies concerning the fate of the descendants of [[Isildur]].

==History==
Malbeth was probably a [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnadan of Arthedain]] who appears to have been a royal counsellor.<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Malbeth"</ref><ref group=note>Malbeth's Númenorean ancestry is also evidenced in the length of time between the dates of the seer's known prophecies (1864 and 1975); at the time of the second prophecy, Malbeth must had been well over 100 years old.</ref>
===Last King of Arthedain===
In {{TA|1864}} when the son of [[Araphant]] (fourteenth [[Kings of Arnor|King]] of [[Arthedain]]) was born, Malbeth advised Araphant to name his son [[Arvedui]] meaning "''last king''",{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]]}}
In {{TA|1975}} Arvedui was forced north by the forces of [[Angmar]] to the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] to seek the help of the [[Lossoth]]. [[Círdan]], hearing of Arvedui's plight from Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]] sent a ship to rescue him in the spring of that year. The Snowmen advised the king not to board the ship as they could smell danger in the air, they suggested that the king should wait until the summer when the [[Witch-king]]'s power isn't so strong. Arvedui did not heed the advise and he perished when the ship broke upon some ice in a severe storm; thus, Malbeth's prophecy was fulfilled.<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>

===Paths of the Dead===
Malbeth's second prophecy was in the days of the Arvedui (ruled {{TA|1964}} - {{TA|1974|n}}), the last king of Arthedain, in which the seer foretold [[Aragorn]]'s passage through the [[Paths of the Dead]] even though the event was over a thousand years in the future:{{quote|Over the land there lies a long shadow, westward reaching wings of darkness. The Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings doom approaches. The Dead awaken; for the hour is come for the oathbreakers: at the [[Stone of Erech]] they shall stand again and hear there a horn in the hills ringing. Whose shall the horn be? Who shall call them from the grey twilight, the forgotten people? The heir of him to whom the oath they swore. From the North shall he come, need shall drive him: he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead.|[[The Return of the King]], "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"}}<ref>{{RK|Company}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Malbeth's second prophecy was also fulfilled in {{TA|3019}} during the [[War of the Ring]] when Aragorn (sixteenth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]) learned from the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' that [[Gondor]] was being threatened from the south by a fleet of [[Corsairs]] from [[Umbar]]. He needed a route to get to them in haste, and Elrond's message ("''Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the Paths of the Dead''") told him how.

Aragorn (with [[Legolas]], [[Gimli]] and the [[Grey Company]]) travelled through the Paths of the Dead to the Stone of Erech where Aragorn blew a horm to summon the [[Oathbreakers]]. He told them he was [[Isildur]]'s heir and so they fulfilled their oath and defeated the Corsairs which helped Gondor win the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]].<ref>{{RK|Company}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Malbeth's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Golden Word" from ''[[mal]]'' meaning "gold", and ''[[peth]]'' (becoming lenited to ''beth'') meaning "word, voice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.realelvish.net/book_names.php|articlename=What do all those Names in the Books Mean?|website=[http://www.realelvish.net/ Merin Essi ar Quenteli!]}}</ref>

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Malbeth]]
[[fi:Malbeth]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/malbeth]]

Foresight

2017-05-23T04:53:28Z

Neithan: Punctuation

'''Foresight''' is a gift or power apparently given to picked [[Elves]] and [[Men]]. Many elves appear to have varying amounts of foresight, while some of the more noble men ([[Númenóreans]]/[[Dúnedain]]) appear to have degrees of foresight on special occasions.

Elven mothers would give their children a name, known as [[amilessë|amilesse apacenyo]], having insight into the characters and abilities of their children, and many also had the gift of prophetic foresight.<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, ''Note on Mother-names'', p. 339</ref>

There are several mentions of ''[[Seers]]'' or ''Prophets'' namely [[Amnon]], [[Glirhuin]] and [[Malbeth]]. Foresight was also seen in dreams: [[Frodo Baggins]] saw prophetic dreams during his adventure,<ref>{{HM|FR}}</ref> and [[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]] saw a puzzling dream, prompting Boromir to travel to [[Rivendell]] to seek counsel.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category: Concepts]]

Silmariën

2017-05-23T01:05:43Z

Neithan: Revision information

{{rewrite}}
{{numenorean infobox
| name=Silmariën
| image=[[File:Sara M. Morello - Lady of Andunie.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Lady of Andunie" by [[:Category:Images by Sara M. Morello|Sara M. Morello]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]]
| birth={{SA|521}}<ref name="UTKing">{{UT|Kings}}</ref>
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Tar-Elendil]]
| siblings=[[Isilmë]] and [[Tar-Meneldur]]
| spouse=[[Elatan]]
| children=[[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]]
| gender=Female
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Silmariën''' was the first child of [[Tar-Elendil]], the fourth [[King of Númenor]] and mother of the first [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]].
==History==
Silmariën was the eldest child of King Tar-Elendil and elder sister of Meneldur. However because of the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] that then existed in the Realm, she could not succeed her father as King of Númenor and instead her brother took up the [[Sceptre]] as [[Tar-Meneldur]].<ref name="UTWife">{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

Silmariën wed [[Elatan]] of [[Andúnië]], and in honor of their son [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]], her father created the royal title of [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]]. Also, instead of giving this valuable heirloom to his heir, Tar-Elendil gave her the [[Ring of Barahir]].<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}, Note 2</ref> Silmariën also was given a ''[[mithril]]'' fillet.<ref name=gladden>{{UT|Gladden}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Her heirs, coming of the royal line of [[Númenor]]<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref>, centuries later they led the [[Faithful]] to [[Middle-earth]] to found the Kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. [[Aragorn]], the hero of the [[War of the Ring]], is her direct descendant through ''many'' generations.

Her fillet would become part of the [[Elendilmir]], a sign of royalty in [[Númenor]] and later the crown of the Kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref name=gladden/>
== Etymology ==
Silmariën's name is not given a translation, although its etymology is straightforward in [[Quenya]]. It may incorporate ''silma'' "silver, shining white;<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry [[SIL]]</ref> crystal (white)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p.23</ref>" and obviously ends in the feminine ending ''-rien'', apparently a variant of ''-ien'' (see ''-[[riel]]'').<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm|articlename=Quettaparma Quenyallo|dated=December 25, 2008|website=Arda |accessed=}}</ref> The meaning therefore would be *"Maiden garlanded with shining light"

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Silmariën was definitely the eldest child of Tar-Elendil, and her birthdate is given in [[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]] as {{SA|521}}.<ref name="UTKing"/> In the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], it is given as 548, a date that goes back to the first drafts of that text whose revision was overlooked by Tolkien.<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> This error was fixed in later editions of ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref>{{App|SA}} (''[[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)]]'')</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | AMA | | | | | | | | |AMA=[[Tar-Amandil]] ''{{SA|192|n}} - {{SA|603|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | ELE | | | | | | | | |ELE=[[Tar-Elendil]] ''{{SA|350|n}} - {{SA|751|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | ELA |y| SIL | | ISI | | MEN |y| ALM |ELA=[[Elatan]] ''unknown''|SIL='''SILMARIËN''' ''b. {{SA|521|n}}''|ISI=[[Isilmë]] ''b. {{SA|532|n}}''|MEN=[[Tar-Meneldur]] ''{{SA|543|n}} - {{SA|942|n}}''|ALM=[[Almarian]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | VAL | | ALD | | AIL | | ALM |VAL=[[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]] ''b. {{SA|630|n}}''|ALD=[[Tar-Aldarion]] ''{{SA|700|n}} - {{SA|1098|n}}''|AIL=[[Ailinel]] ''b. {{SA|712|n}}''|ALM=[[Almiel]] ''b. {{SA|729|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | AND | | KIN | | | | | | | | | | |AND=[[Lords of Andúnië|''Lords of Andúnië'']]|KIN=[[King of Númenor|''Kings of Númenor'']]}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Silmarien}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]

[[de:Silmarien]]
[[fi:Silmariën]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/silmarien]]

Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife

2017-05-22T17:24:51Z

Neithan: Add Erendis's death to timeline

{{ut-chapters}}
'''''Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife''''' is a chapter belonging to the book ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', which was written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and published posthumously by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]]. Its main characters are [[Tar-Aldarion]], the sixth [[King of Númenor]] and his wife, [[Erendis]], also called [[Tar-Elestirnë]], which meant "[[Lady of the Star-brow]]".

==Synopsis==
The chapter begins with a description of Aldarion's father, [[Tar-Meneldur]], a rightful king devoted to the Island of [[Númenor]], but whose true passion was the study of the stars. He had two daughters and one son, [[Anardil of Númenor|Anardil]], who would be known among the Kings of Númenor as Tar-Aldarion.

The main cause of disagreement between father and son proved to be the sea, for Aldarion loved it ever since he was a child. The first voyage towards the [[Middle-earth]] was made in the years {{SA|725}}, under the guidance of [[Vëantur]], his own grandfather and in that journey bonds of friendship with [[Círdan]] and [[Gil-galad|Ereinion Gil-galad]] were established.

More sea voyages followed afterwards, against the wish of his father, and in-between them, he founded the [[Guild of Venturers]].In the 100th year of his life Aldarion was proclaimed heir to the throne and at the celebration of this event he met Erendis, daughter of [[Beregar]]. Though she seemed beautiful to him, Aldarion did not pursued her until later on, as he continued to follow the mariner life he much loved.

When he finally courted her, it was Erendis who avoided the union, for she did not want to share Aldarion with the sea. Only after many years they were engaged, and even more passed until they were married. As husband and wife they did not manage to reconcile their differences. A few years after their only child was born, named [[Tar-Ancalimë|Ancalimë]], Aldarion continued his explorations in Middle-earth. Erendis grew bitter of the waiting until finally she left their home in [[Armenelos]], taking their young daughter with her into the heart of [[Emerië]].

Upon his return, Aldarion found his home locked and his father even more cold towards him. It was the same with his wife, when he pursued her to her new home. But here the tale takes un unexpected turn, as it is revealed in a letter that Gil-galad wrote towards king Meneldur. There it is explained that Aldarion did not leave his home out of selfishness, but rather his voyages were caused by the threat from [[Sauron]], which he had long seen and tried to prevent by building the outpost called [[Vinyalondë]] at the mouth of the [[Gwathló]] river in Middle-earth. Tar-Meneldur, realizing that he did not share the visionary mind of his son, nor his capacity to face upcoming events, announced his abdication and proclaimed Aldarion as the next ruler of Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

==Notes==
After this twist in the tale, the detailed writing stops, for the story was not completed during the author's life. What follows next is a compilation of notes, pulled together by his son, Christopher Tolkien. These scattered writings talk mostly of Erendis and how her bitter vision of men was implemented upon her daughter. Ancalimë shared most of her mother's behavior and went to such lengths as to direct her female servants never to get married. She did however rule, due to the fact that her father had changed the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]]. Her husband was [[Hallacar]], but their marriage was far from happy.

The notes speak little of the fleet which Aldarion, as King of Númenor, has sent to the aid of Gil-galad, as he requested in the above mentioned letter, while much of his fort at Vinyalondë had crumbled into ruin, though parts of it did survive into the Third Age as the port of [[Lond Daer]]. But his efforts would be the base of [[Tar-Minastir]]'s accomplishments many years later, in the first war with Sauron.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further course of the Narrative''</ref>

==Timeline==
Years of the main events<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''Chronology''</ref> in Aldarion and Erendis' life:

*{{SA|700}} - Aldarion is born
*{{SA|725}}-{{SA|727|n}} - First voyage of Aldarion towards Middle-earth with [[Númerrámar]]
*{{SA|750}} - Aldarion founds the Guild of Venturers
*{{SA|771}} - Erendis is born
*{{SA|800}} - Aldarion is declared heir of the king
*{{SA|800}} - Aldarion and Erendis meet
*{{SA|806}}-{{SA|813|n}} - The 7 years voyage of Aldarion
*{{SA|816}}-{{SA|820|n}} - First voyage of Aldarion with [[Palarran]]
*{{SA|824}}-{{SA|829|n}} - The voyage of Aldarion with the seven ships
*{{SA|829}}-{{SA|843|n}} - The 14 years voyage of Aldarion
*{{SA|858}} - Aldarion and Erendis are engaged
*{{SA|863}}-{{SA|869|n}} - The after-engagement voyage of Aldarion
*{{SA|870}} - The marriage of Aldarion and Erendis
*{{SA|873}} - Ancalimë is born
*{{SA|877}}-{{SA|882|n}} - Voyage of Aldarion with [[Hirilondë]]
*{{SA|882}} - Aldarion and Erendis are separated
*{{SA|883}} - Aldarion becomes king of Númenor
*{{SA|892}} - Ancalimë is declared heiress to the throne
*{{SA|985}} - Erendis dies after journeying to the haven of Rómenna
*{{SA|1075}} - Aldarion's reign ends
*{{SA|1075}} - Ancalimë becomes the first ruling queen of Númenor
*{{SA|1098}} - Aldarion dies

==Preservation of the Story==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] explained in a letter sent to [[Dick Plotz]] in [[1965]] that while the [[Akallabêth]] was fully written the rest of the history of Númenor was only in annal form, except for one long tale, the story of The Mariner's Wife. Tolkien stated that the reason that this one tale had been preserved when so much other Númenórean lore had been lost was because it told how Númenor had become involved in the politics of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{L|276}}</ref>

== See Also ==
* [[Númenor]]
* [[King of Númenor]]

{{references}}
[[fi:Aldarion ja Erendis (KTK)]]

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth

2017-05-20T19:57:15Z

Neithan: Move my added entry to a better location

{{book
| title=The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
| image=[[Image:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[Robert Foster]]
| publisher=[[Random House|Random House Publishing Group]]
| date=Originally [[1971]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=569
| isbn=0345465296
}}'''''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth''''' is a reference book for the fictional universe of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]], compiled and edited by [[Robert Foster]].

Originally published in [[1971]] as ''A Guide to Middle-Earth'', before the publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the first edition contained only information from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In [[1978]], a new edition (''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''), containing material from ''The Silmarillion'', was published.

A revised edition was published in [[2001]], as one of many reprints intended to ride the commercial wave of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

In the Introduction to the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' (p. 6), [[Christopher Tolkien]] mentions that he has been using the Guide frequently, and commends it as "an admirable work of reference".

==Editions==

Detailed information on the early editions.<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam|Bertenstam, Åke]]: ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien]''</ref>

* [[1971]]: ''A Guide to Middle-Earth''. Baltimore, Md.: The Mirage Press. xiii, 284, [7] pp., geneal. tables. 22.5 × 14.5 cm. (The Voyager Series, V-105) (The Anthem Series, A-1009)
* [[1974]]: Paperback edition: New York: Ballantine Books. 283 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-24138-X (pbk)
* [[1978]]: ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''. New York: Ballantine Books. xvi, 575 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-27975-1 (pbk)
* [[1978]]: British edition: London: Unwin Paperbacks. xii, [i], 441, [8] pp. 19.5 × 13 cm. ISBN 0-04-803001-5 (pbk): £1.50; ISBN 0-04-803002-3 (hbk)
==Structure==
A typical entry of the encyclopedia contains: a name; the language it belongs to; its translation from [[Elvish]], [[Adûnaic]] and sometimes [[Old English]] when known; and known dates when a character flourished; the first lines of the entry usually give a general definition of the topic, like race, heritage and role (in case of a character), leading to a chronological description or biography. The last paragraphs of the entry give a physical description or characteristics of the character with some speculations; the final paragraph gives the topic's alternative names, epithets, translation to other languages, and/or redirects to other entries.

The Guide is generally inclusive and there is no limitation to the topics it covers; it includes even obscure and little explored topics, like individual entries on each single [[Tengwar]] names. Many entries are simply epithets and only redirect to the names of their main entries.

The book begins with an introduction, an abbreviations legend and concludes with two appendices. The first appendix is a [[Timeline/First Age|chronology]] of the [[First Age]] in order to complement the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], and contains a prologue on Foster's reasoning and calculations based solely on descriptions in the ''Silmarillion''; the second appendix is genealogical trees of the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses of the Edain]], the [[Kings of Númenor]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] and [[Kings of Arnor|Arnor]], the [[House of Húrin]] and the [[Kings of Rohan]].

==Accuracy==
No edition of the book includes info on post-''Silmarillion'' material (i.e. ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series) and therefore in points it is outdated or in error.
*'''Introduction''': It is explained that death dates of those who sailed to the West are not given in their characters' entries "for they live still". While this can be true for [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]], this is also implied for [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Gimli]]. This seems to contradict Tolkien's concept that the Undying Lands don't grant [[immortality]]<ref>{{L|154}}</ref><ref>{{L|246}}</ref>.

*'''[[Tar-Aldarion]]''': Foster speculates that the tragic relations with his [[Tar-Meneldur|father]] and [[Erendis|wife]] were because he left no male heirs. The later published text ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]'' gives a detailed account on their relationship, mostly owing to Aldarion's obsession with [[the Sea]].

*'''[[Ambar]]''': Foster relates the [[Elvish]] words ''ambar'' "world" and ''[[umbar]]'' "fate". In the entry of Ambar, he mentions it is a concept related to fate of the world. The manuscript ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words Phrases and Passages]]'' later showed that while the two words are indeed related (through the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[MBAR]] "settle"), they are distinct in meaning.

*'''[[Aragorn]]''': Foster gives the [[Sindarin]] meaning of Aragorn as "royal-tree". The name actually means "revered king", which is also stated in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words Phrases and Passages]]''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 113</ref>

*'''[[Elendilmir|Star of Elendil]]''': The royal symbol Elendilmir, and the [[Star of the Dúnedain]] given by [[Aragorn]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] are mistaken to be the same. [[Christopher Tolkien]] refuted this.<ref>{{UT|7}}, Footnote 33, p. 284</ref>

===Possible Inaccuracies===
*'''[[Bladorthin]]''': Foster supports the usual misunderstanding that Bladorthin's spears were not delivered because he died early; while the text mentions those events closely to imply that they are connected, it doesn't really mention his death as premature or as a reason for the failed delivery.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Bladorthin.html Who was the King Bladorthin?]"</ref>

*'''[[Buckland]]''': The date {{FoA|42}} is mentioned as the date when Buckland and the [[Westmarch]] were officially added to the [[Shire]] by the gift of King [[Elessar]]. There are two mistakes in this statement: 1. The date has been corrected as {{SR|1452}} in later editions of the ''Lord of the Rings''; 2. Tolkien did not mention that Buckland joined the Shire: in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' a semi-colon is intended to show that the Westmarch was added, but not Buckland.<ref>See [[Buckland#Part_of_the_Shire.3F|here]] and the [[Talk:Buckland|discussion here]]</ref>

*'''[[Dolmed]]''': Foster suggests that the mountain was destroyed at the end of the [[First Age]] when the [[Gulf of Lune]], broke through the [[Blue Mountains]]; while the text doesn't mention anything about it.<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/ Hiswelókë], "[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines]"</ref>

*'''[[Gollum]]''': Foster mentions that [[Déagol]] was [[Sméagol]]'s cousin while this is not mentioned in the texts. Tolkien went only as far as to suppose he was "evidently a relative (as no doubt all the members of the small community were)"<ref>{{L|214}}</ref>

*'''[[Gwaihir]]''': Foster reproduces the fan conception merging the character of the [[Great Eagle]] of ''The Hobbit'' to that of [[Gwaihir]], whereas nowhere is it implied in ''Lord of the Rings'' that Gwaihir is [[Lord of the Eagles]].

*'''[[Mearas]]''': Foster mentions the singular of ''mearas'' as ''meara'' (cf. entries for [[Shadowfax]] and [[Snowmane]]) while the correct [[Old English]] form is ''mearh''.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org Wiktionary], "[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mearh mearh]"</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Complete Guide to Middle-earth, The}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]
[[de:Das große Mittelerde-Lexikon]]
[[fi:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth

2017-05-19T01:58:08Z

Neithan: Add inaccuracy about Aragorn meaning

{{book
| title=The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
| image=[[Image:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[Robert Foster]]
| publisher=[[Random House|Random House Publishing Group]]
| date=Originally [[1971]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=569
| isbn=0345465296
}}'''''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth''''' is a reference book for the fictional universe of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]], compiled and edited by [[Robert Foster]].

Originally published in [[1971]] as ''A Guide to Middle-Earth'', before the publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', the first edition contained only information from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In [[1978]], a new edition (''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''), containing material from ''The Silmarillion'', was published.

A revised edition was published in [[2001]], as one of many reprints intended to ride the commercial wave of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

In the Introduction to the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' (p. 6), [[Christopher Tolkien]] mentions that he has been using the Guide frequently, and commends it as "an admirable work of reference".

==Editions==

Detailed information on the early editions.<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam|Bertenstam, Åke]]: ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien]''</ref>

* [[1971]]: ''A Guide to Middle-Earth''. Baltimore, Md.: The Mirage Press. xiii, 284, [7] pp., geneal. tables. 22.5 × 14.5 cm. (The Voyager Series, V-105) (The Anthem Series, A-1009)
* [[1974]]: Paperback edition: New York: Ballantine Books. 283 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-24138-X (pbk)
* [[1978]]: ''The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion''. New York: Ballantine Books. xvi, 575 pp., geneal. tables. 18 cm. ISBN 0-345-27975-1 (pbk)
* [[1978]]: British edition: London: Unwin Paperbacks. xii, [i], 441, [8] pp. 19.5 × 13 cm. ISBN 0-04-803001-5 (pbk): £1.50; ISBN 0-04-803002-3 (hbk)
==Structure==
A typical entry of the encyclopedia contains: a name; the language it belongs to; its translation from [[Elvish]], [[Adûnaic]] and sometimes [[Old English]] when known; and known dates when a character flourished; the first lines of the entry usually give a general definition of the topic, like race, heritage and role (in case of a character), leading to a chronological description or biography. The last paragraphs of the entry give a physical description or characteristics of the character with some speculations; the final paragraph gives the topic's alternative names, epithets, translation to other languages, and/or redirects to other entries.

The Guide is generally inclusive and there is no limitation to the topics it covers; it includes even obscure and little explored topics, like individual entries on each single [[Tengwar]] names. Many entries are simply epithets and only redirect to the names of their main entries.

The book begins with an introduction, an abbreviations legend and concludes with two appendices. The first appendix is a [[Timeline/First Age|chronology]] of the [[First Age]] in order to complement the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]], and contains a prologue on Foster's reasoning and calculations based solely on descriptions in the ''Silmarillion''; the second appendix is genealogical trees of the [[Edain#The Three Houses|Three Houses of the Edain]], the [[Kings of Númenor]], the [[Kings of Gondor]] and [[Kings of Arnor|Arnor]], the [[House of Húrin]] and the [[Kings of Rohan]].

==Accuracy==
No edition of the book includes info on post-''Silmarillion'' material (i.e. ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series) and therefore in points it is outdated or in error.
*'''Introduction''': It is explained that death dates of those who sailed to the West are not given in their characters' entries "for they live still". While this can be true for [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]], this is also implied for [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Gimli]]. This seems to contradict Tolkien's concept that the Undying Lands don't grant [[immortality]]<ref>{{L|154}}</ref><ref>{{L|246}}</ref>.

*'''[[Tar-Aldarion]]''': Foster speculates that the tragic relations with his [[Tar-Meneldur|father]] and [[Erendis|wife]] were because he left no male heirs. The later published text ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife|Aldarion and Erendis]]'' gives a detailed account on their relationship, mostly owing to Aldarion's obsession with [[the Sea]].

*'''[[Ambar]]''': Foster relates the [[Elvish]] words ''ambar'' "world" and ''[[umbar]]'' "fate". In the entry of Ambar, he mentions it is a concept related to fate of the world. The manuscript ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words Phrases and Passages]]'' later showed that while the two words are indeed related (through the [[Sundocarme|root]] [[MBAR]] "settle"), they are distinct in meaning.

*'''[[Elendilmir|Star of Elendil]]''': The royal symbol Elendilmir, and the [[Star of the Dúnedain]] given by [[Aragorn]] to [[Samwise Gamgee]] are mistaken to be the same. [[Christopher Tolkien]] refuted this.<ref>{{UT|7}}, Footnote 33, p. 284</ref>

===Possible Inaccuracies===
*'''[[Aragorn]]''': Foster gives the [[Sindarin]] meaning of Aragorn as "royal-tree". The name actually means "revered king".<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 113</ref>

*'''[[Bladorthin]]''': Foster supports the usual misunderstanding that Bladorthin's spears were not delivered because he died early; while the text mentions those events closely to imply that they are connected, it doesn't really mention his death as premature or as a reason for the failed delivery.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Bladorthin.html Who was the King Bladorthin?]"</ref>

*'''[[Buckland]]''': The date {{FoA|42}} is mentioned as the date when Buckland and the [[Westmarch]] were officially added to the [[Shire]] by the gift of King [[Elessar]]. There are two mistakes in this statement: 1. The date has been corrected as {{SR|1452}} in later editions of the ''Lord of the Rings''; 2. Tolkien did not mention that Buckland joined the Shire: in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' a semi-colon is intended to show that the Westmarch was added, but not Buckland.<ref>See [[Buckland#Part_of_the_Shire.3F|here]] and the [[Talk:Buckland|discussion here]]</ref>

*'''[[Dolmed]]''': Foster suggests that the mountain was destroyed at the end of the [[First Age]] when the [[Gulf of Lune]], broke through the [[Blue Mountains]]; while the text doesn't mention anything about it.<ref>[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/ Hiswelókë], "[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=en&pg=41 Mont Dolmed & cités naines]"</ref>

*'''[[Gollum]]''': Foster mentions that [[Déagol]] was [[Sméagol]]'s cousin while this is not mentioned in the texts. Tolkien went only as far as to suppose he was "evidently a relative (as no doubt all the members of the small community were)"<ref>{{L|214}}</ref>

*'''[[Gwaihir]]''': Foster reproduces the fan conception merging the character of the [[Great Eagle]] of ''The Hobbit'' to that of [[Gwaihir]], whereas nowhere is it implied in ''Lord of the Rings'' that Gwaihir is [[Lord of the Eagles]].

*'''[[Mearas]]''': Foster mentions the singular of ''mearas'' as ''meara'' (cf. entries for [[Shadowfax]] and [[Snowmane]]) while the correct [[Old English]] form is ''mearh''.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org Wiktionary], "[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mearh mearh]"</ref>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Complete Guide to Middle-earth, The}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]
[[de:Das große Mittelerde-Lexikon]]
[[fi:The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]

Celtic

2017-05-10T04:02:46Z

Neithan: Add info from letter 19

{{stub}}
[[File:John Howe - Celtic Myth.jpg|thumb|250px|''Celtic Myth'' by [[John Howe]]]]
'''Celtic''' refers either to the [[Wikipedia:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]], including [[Wikipedia:Breton language|Breton]], [[Wikipedia:Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Wikipedia:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and [[Welsh]], or to the [[Wikipedia:Celts|Celts]], an historic group of people.<ref>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 148-52</ref>

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] had noted the ambiguity of the word "Celtic" as an arbitrary catch-all term:
{{quote|'Celtic' of any sort is, nonetheless, a magic bag, into which anything may be put, and out of which almost anything may come.|Inauguration speech at the [[University of Oxford]]<ref>{{MC|English}}</ref>}}

==Scholarly interest==

Tolkien was thanked for having helped "untiringly with problems of Celtic philology" in preparing the book ''[[Roman Britain and the English Settlements]]'' ([[1936]]).<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/othercredits.php|articlename=Other credits|dated=|website=TB|accessed=15 February 2017}}</ref>

==Celtic influences on the Legendarium==

===Mythology===
Tolkien claimed knowledge of Celtic languages and legends, but expressed a dislike in Celtic legends and denied that his legendarium is "Celtic".<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 26</ref>

However, Celtic concepts are present in some views about the [[Elves]] (see [[Elves#Celtic influence]]).

===Names===

While several names in the [[legendarium]] have [[North Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Old English]] elements, Tolkien mentioned that the survival of traces of the older language of the Stoors and the Bree-men resembled the survival of Celtic elements in England.<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref> Tolkien said to the Dutch Translator, [[Max Schuchart]], that there were "'[[Celtic]]' elements in [[Buckland]] and [[Eastfarthing|East-farthing]] names."<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 93</ref>

Celtic analogies with peoples are present mostly relating to [[Pre-Númenóreans]], especially [[Dunland]] and the [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[hobbits]], which is evident in placenames such as "[[Bree]]" and the personal names of the [[Bucklanders]]. According to [[Paula Marmor]], the Celtic elements in [[Stoorish]] names represents an earlier language, related to the languages of the [[Bree-landers]].<ref>{{HM|IE}}, "An etymological excursion among the Shire folk"</ref>

The majority of Celtic names is seen in the family trees of the [[Brandybuck]]s. Names such as [[Rorimac Brandybuck|Rorimac]], [[Dinodas Brandybuck|Dinodas]], [[Gorbadoc Brandybuck|Gorbadoc]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc]] and [[Marmadoc Brandybuck|Marmadoc]] are Celtic.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, "Giving of names"</ref>

Other names having (or have been suggested as having) a Celtic influence include:
*''[[Archet#Etymology|Archet]]''
*''[[Bree#Etymology|Bree]]''
*''[[Carn Dûm#Etymology|Carn Dûm]]''
*''[[Chetwood#Etymology|Chetwood]]''
*''[[Carrock#Etymology|Carrock]]''
*''[[Combe#Etymology|Combe]]''
*''[[Crickhollow#Etymology|Crickhollow]]''
*''[[The Yale#Etymology|Yale]]''

Edward Crankshaw, a reader for [[Allen & Unwin]], was assigned to review the current draft of the "[[Quenta Silmarillion]]" in 1937. He had a mostly favorable attitude to it, but he said that the names were "eye-splitting Celtic names". [[Tolkien]] denied Celtic influences in his elvish names, and he showed distaste for Celtic words.<ref>{{L|19}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{WP|Celtic languages}}
*''[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/14/how-much-was-tolkien-influenced-by-irish-mythology/
Tolkien influenced by Irish mythology?]'' by [[Michael Martinez]]
{{references}}
[[Category:languages (real-world)]]

Aman

2017-05-09T03:51:21Z

Neithan: e -> ë

{{location
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Shores of Valinor.jpg|250px]]
| name=Aman
| othernames=Blessed Realm Frequently generalized as [[Valinor]]
| etymology=
| type=Continent
| location=West of [[Belegaer]], east of [[Ekkaia]]
| inhabitants=[[Valar]] [[Maiar]] [[Vanyar]] [[Noldor]] [[Teleri]]
| realms=[[Valinor]]
| description=Beautiful realm protected by the [[Pelóri]]
| events=Death of the [[Two Trees]] [[Flight of the Noldor]] Destruction of [[Ar-Pharazôn]]
}}
{{Pronounce|Aman.mp3|Ardamir}}
'''Aman''', the '''Blessed Realm''', was a continent that lay to the west of [[Middle-earth]], across the great ocean [[Belegaer]]. It contained [[Valinor]], the home of the [[Valar]].

==Description==
===Geography===
The continent of Aman had great oceans on both sides, [[Ekkaia]] to the west and [[Belegaer]] to the east. When the Valar chose this land for their dwelling they needed a defense against [[Melkor]] and thus upon Aman's [[Haerast|eastern coast]] they raised the [[Pelóri]], the highest mountains on earth, of which [[Taniquetil]] was the tallest of all. Upon this peak were the thrones of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]].

Behind the mountain wall was established the domain of [[Valinor]] which became more beautiful than Middle-earth in the [[Spring of Arda]].

Through the Pelóri was opened a pass, the [[Calacirya]], which brought light to the narrow coastland of [[Eldamar]] and the island of [[Tol Eressëa]].<ref name="Eldamar">{{S|Princes}}</ref> Also beyond the mountain wall were two more regions of Aman: [[Araman]] to the northeast<ref name="Flight">{{S|Flight}}</ref> and [[Avathar]] to the southeast. [[Ungoliant]], a great spider of unknown origin, had managed to escape notice in Avathar.<ref>{{S|Darkening}}</ref>

In the north Aman was separated from Middle-earth by the narrow straits of the [[Helcaraxë]]. These ice-filled straits served as a path for Melkor and later the host of [[Fingolfin]] to return to Middle-earth.<ref name="Flight"/>

The Valar later set the [[Enchanted Isles]] in the ocean to prevent travelers by sea from reaching Aman.<ref name="Sun">{{S|Sun}}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===

The ''[[olvar]]'' (plants) and ''[[kelvar]]'' (animals) in Aman were sometimes different from those of Middle-earth, though they were in essence "ordinary beasts and plants with usual conditions of mortality".<ref>{{ER|R2}}, p. 150</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[Quenya]] name ''Aman'' is glossed as "Blessed Land",<ref name=VT49>{{VT|49a}}, pp. 26-7</ref> or "blessed, free from evil"<ref>{{WJ|P4}}, p. 399</ref> or "The Unmarred State".<Ref>{{LT1|IIIn}}</ref>

The etymology of the name ''Aman'' changed over time in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s writings. In early linguistic writings, ''Aman'' was intended to be a "native [[Quenya]] form", derived from the root MAN ("good"). However, in later writings (such as ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]''), the name is said to derive from a [[Valarin]] word.<ref name=VT49/>

==Other names==
Aman was also called the Ancient West,{{fact}} Blessed Realm{{fact}} and the Undying Lands<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref> or just [[Valinor]]. In [[Adûnaic]] it was called ''Amatthāni''.<ref>{{SD|Footnotes}}, p. 435</ref> In ''[[The Hobbit]]'' Tolkien also calls this continent "Faerie in the West".<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref>

==Immortality==
[[Robert Foster]] said in his foreword to ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'' that he did not provide death dates for protagonists who sailed in the West "''for they still live''". Steuard Jensen, while noting that Tolkien "''seems to have been initially unsure''" if the "''mortals who sailed to the West would remain mortal''", comments that are strong arguments in favour of the opposite view, citing from two letters by Tolkien:<ref>{{webcite|author=Steuard Jensen|articleurl=http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/History.html#MortalsWest|articlename=Did Frodo and the other mortals who passed over the Sea eventually die?|dated=|website=FAQ|accessed=25 March 2012}}</ref>

{{blockquote|...certain 'mortals', who have played some great part in Elvish affairs, may pass with the Elves to Elvenhome...I have said nothing about it in this book [''The Lord of the Rings''], but the mythical idea underlying is that for mortals, since their 'kind' cannot be changed for ever, this is strictly only a temporary reward: a healing and redress of suffering. They cannot abide for ever, and though they cannot return to mortal earth, they can and will 'die' - of free will, and leave the world.|[[Letter 154]]}}

{{blockquote|Frodo was sent or allowed to pass over Sea to heal him - if that could be done, before he died. He would have eventually to 'pass away': no mortal could, or can, abide for ever on earth, or within Time.|[[Letter 246]]}}

Other important arguments against the immortality of the mortals who sailed to Aman can be found in another letter and in a passage from ''[[The Akallabêth]]'':

{{blockquote|As for ''Frodo'' or other mortals, they could only dwell in ''Aman'' for a limited time - whether brief or long. The ''Valar'' had neither the power nor the right to confer 'immortality' upon them. Their sojourn was a 'purgatory', but one of peace and healing and they would eventually pass away (''die'' at their own desire and of free will) to destinations of which the Elves knew nothing."|[[Letter 325]]}}

{{blockquote|The Eldar reported these words to the Valar, and Manwë was grieved, seeing a cloud gather on the noontide of Númenor. And he sent messengers to the Dúnedain, who spoke earnestly to the King, and to all who would listen, concerning the fate and fashion of the world. ‘The Doom of the World,’ they said, ‘One alone can change who made it. And were you so to voyage that escaping all deceits and snares you came indeed to Aman, the Blessed Realm, little would it profit you. For it is not the land of Manwë that makes its people deathless, but the Deathless that dwell therein have hallowed the land; and there you would but wither and grow weary the sooner, as moths in a light too strong and steadfast.’|{{S|Akallabeth}}}}

The Undying Lands were likely thus called like that because immortals dwelled in them, not because they granted immortality.

{{references}}

[[Category:Aman| ]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Quenya locations]]

[[de:Aman]]
[[fi:Aman]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/aman]]

Lotho Sackville-Baggins

2017-05-09T03:35:38Z

Neithan: Remove information from a probably misinterpreted joke of Saruman's

{{hobbit infobox
| name=Lotho Sackville-Baggins
| image=[[File:Lotho viv lotr.JPG|250px]]
| caption=Lotho Sackville-Baggins from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Pimple, Chief
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth={{SR|1364}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{SR|1419}}
| deathlocation=[[Bag End]]
| age=55
| notablefor=
| family=[[Sackville-Baggins Family|Sackville Baggins]]
| parentage=[[Otho Sackville-Baggins]] and [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia Bracegirdle]]
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Sandy<ref name=Three>{{FR|I3}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Lotho Sackville-Baggins''' ({{TA|2964}} - {{TA|3019|n}}, died aged 55) was the only child of [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]] and [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia]] [[Sackville-Baggins Family|Sackville-Baggins]].<ref>{{App|Baggins}}</ref> For a short time at the end of the [[Third Age]] he assumed illegal control of [[the Shire]].

==History==
After Lotho's father, Otho, died in {{TA|3012}}, Lotho inherited his [[pipe-weed]] plantations in the [[Southfarthing]], ensuring his status as a wealthy Hobbit.<ref name=Scouring>{{RK|VI8}}</ref>

On [[23 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref name=Great>{{App|Great}}</ref> Lotho and Lobelia arrived at [[Bag End]] after lunch to take stock of the property and to obtain the keys.<ref name=Three/> Soon thereafter they moved into the residence and Lotho began a program of buying an excessive amount of property and goods. The goods were carted away to the south by [[Men]] ("[[ruffians]]") from [[Isengard]]. When people began to complain about shortages the ruffians proceeded to assert Lotho's power over the Shire. When [[Will Whitfoot]], the rightful [[Mayor of the Shire]], set out to protest Lotho's activities the ruffians captured him, incarcerated him in the "[[Lockholes]]", and Lotho began calling himself Chief [[Shirriffs|Shirriff]], or simply '''[[Chief]]'''. Among the Hobbits Lotho was known as ''Pimple''.<ref name=Scouring/>

Lotho's "reign" over the Shire ended in [[September]] {{TA|3019|n}} when [[Saruman]] (called "[[Sharkey]]") arrived in the Shire<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> and took over Bag End. Soon Lotho's mother, Lobelia, was taken to the Lockholes and Lotho was no longer seen in public. When Saruman was ousted by Frodo and his companions, he revealed that [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]] had stabbed Lotho in his sleep.<ref name=Scouring/>

==Etymology==
The name ''Lotho'' represents an original [[Hobbitish]] [[Westron]] name ''Lotha'' which was meaningless in contemporary speech.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Lotho walks around in Bywater.

{{references}}

[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Sackville-Baggins]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Lotho Sackheim-Beutlin]]
[[fi:Lotho Säkinheimo-Reppuli]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hobbits/sacquet_de_besace/lotho_sacquet_de_besace]]

The Palantír

2017-05-03T04:12:49Z

Neithan: Fix innacuracies; improve summary

{{disambig-more|Palantír|[[Palantir (disambiguation)]]}}
{{ttchapters}}
'''The Palantír''' is the eleventh chapter of the third book of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', included in the second volume, ''[[The Two Towers]]''.

===Summary===
As [[Gandalf]] and [[Théoden]] retreat from [[Isengard]], the wizard carries [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] with him on [[Shadowfax]], while [[Aragorn]] carries [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. Merry and Gandalf chat. They ride late into the night and then stop to camp. Pippin asks Merry whether Gandalf seems different now that he has come back from the dead, and Merry replies that the wizard seems both happier and more serious.

Merry is sleepy and tired of Pippin’s questioning, and he soon falls asleep. But Pippin, unable to sleep, is tormented by curiosity about the spherical stone that [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] threw out of [[Orthanc]]. Pippin sneaks over to the sleeping Gandalf and snatches the stone. Pippin looks into it, unable to avert his gaze as the stone shows him [[Sauron]], who questions Pippin.
Gandalf awakens, angered at Pippin for taking the stone. After questioning him, Gandalf learns that the stone cast from Orthanc is one of the seven ''[[palantíri]]''. This allowed [[Saruman]] to communicate with Sauron. During Pippin's interaction with Sauron through the ''palantír'', he manages not to reveal any important information about his company's quest. Sauron thinks that Pippin is the hobbit with the [[One Ring]] imprisoned at Isengard, so he orders Pippin to tell Saruman that the Ring will soon be retrieved, and Saruman cannot have it.
Expecting Sauron's messengers to come to Isengard soon, the host makes plans to quickly leave. While discussing this, a winged [[Nazgûl]] flies overhead to Orthanc, the first time that any of the Nine have been allowed to go west of the [[Anduin]] after the loss of their horses and shapes at the [[Ford of Bruinen]]. This prompts Gandalf to immediate action: he commands everyone to leave the area as rapidly as possible, and then he mounts [[Shadowfax]] with Pippin and starts riding to [[Minas Tirith]] in [[Gondor]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palantir}}
[[fi:Palantír]]

User talk:Mith/2017

2017-05-03T03:49:19Z

Neithan: /* Tense to use? */ new section

{{talkarchive|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016}}
<table style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"><tr><td rowspan="2">[[Image:Nuvola apps edu languages.png|none|50px|link=]]</td><td><div id="talk" style="text-align: center; padding: 5px; clear: both;><big>'''''Welcome to [[User:Mith|Mith]]'s talk page.'''''</big></div></td></tr><tr><td><ul><li>Please [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} post your new topic at the ''bottom''] of this page, including a '''<nowiki>==Descriptive heading==</nowiki>'''.</li><li>You should sign and date your posts by inserting "'''<nowiki>~~</nowiki>~~'''" at the end of them.</li><li>Please indent your posts with "''':'''" if replying to an existing topic (or "'''::'''" if replying to a reply, etc.).</li><li>I will generally respond ''here'' to comments that are posted here, rather than replying via your talk page (or the article talk page, if you are writing to me about an article), so you may want to [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=watch}} watch this page].</li><li>If I have left a message on ''your'' talk page, please continue the discussion there; '''DO NOT''' reply here. This is ensure that discussions do not become fragmented over several talk pages.</li></ul>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} '''⇒ Start a new talk topic.''']</td></tr></table>


== Discussion ==

I would like to be discussed something generally.Read [[User talk:2.86.255.128#Tolkien Gateway and The Hobbit film|here]]. {{unsignedanon|2.86.255.128}}

: I am aware of the discussion, so you don't have to prompt me to read the discussion. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 13:42, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

::All these games that I added on Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment do exist.Why didn't you put these games on this page earlier? Before me no-one else had ever said about these games on Tolkien Gateway. You could have mentioned these games earlier on Tolkien Gateway, but you didn't.Why? Also, these games do exist in this title that I have just edited. You can search for it on Internet. You couild create pages about these games on Tolkien Gateway. {{unsignedanon|2.86.255.128}}

::I saw that only two of these games are mentioned in Tolkien Gateway, on page [[The Hobbit (film series)]] in Content ''Games and merchandise''.That is good but these games need their own pages on Tolkien Gateway and more references to these games in Tolkien Gateway. Do you understand what I am saying? {{unsignedanon|2.86.255.128}}

:::This is a wiki. As a wiki the content is dictated by individual users who, of their own free will, decide what content should be included. There is no commissioning editor here who decrees what should be included on a page; this means that if no one wants to do it then it doesn't get done. I never wanted to edit the list of games by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, so I never did it. It was not a deliberate or malevolent decision; I decide what I want to edit, not what I don't.
:::As for the titled of the games, as you can see [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/a-journey-through-middle/gjgkjeheegjnnmheaflhdocglkiegoni?hl=en here] and [http://orcattack.thehobbit.com/ here] they do not exist in the title you edited. They were undoubtedly released for the release of those films but they do not have those titles. However, if you have an issue with a specific article please include that on the talk page of the respective article.
:::Do ''you'' understand everything that I have said? If you do not, I am sorry to say that your English is insufficient for this website. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 19:26, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

::::OK. I understand about the titles of these games.But these games are considered to be The Hobbit film Trilogy tie-in video games. Furthemore, these games set in the world of Middle-earth and playable characters are characters from the books of Tokien about Middle-earth.On Tolkien Gateway exist pages about games that are based on The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, such us [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)]].The same thing could be done for The Hobbit film Trilogy tie-in video games.That is why I think these pages about these games have to be created on Tolkien Gateway.Don't you think? {{unsignedanon|2.86.255.128}}

:::::I have just explained to you that there is no conscious decision not to create those articles. If you want to create those articles, create those articles. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 20:26, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

::::::But I don't have the ability to create articles or upload images on Tolkien Gateway generally.In fact I don't even have the ability to create a whatever page on Tolkien Gateway, but you do have this ability.That is why I am asking it from you. {{unsignedanon|2.86.255.128}}

::::::By the way,yes I am Greek.I am from Athens.{{unsignedanon| 2.86.255.128}}

:::::::You need to register in order to create articles. You did not ask me to create pages, you asked me whether those pages should exist; as I said before, I have little interest in those articles so I won't be creating those articles.

:::::::Also, please put "<nowiki>--~~~~</nowiki>" at the end of your posts, and not "<nowiki>{{unsignedanon|2.86.255.128}</nowiki>". --{{User:Mith/sig}} 18:30, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

== Question ==

How many edits do i need to make to become autoconfirmed?--[[User:LordAndSaviourSauron|LordAndSaviourSauron]] 17:24, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

:[[User talk:Morgan#A question]]. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 20:04, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

== Anonymous user ==

Hello Mith, [http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/User_talk:89.11.206.45 it was me], just without login. Sorry! [[User:Sirielle|Sirielle]] 19:02, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

:Don't worry about it! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:47, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

== English variations ==
I've noticed that you've been editing my contributions to make them align with British English, including in short articles like [[Orocarni]] where there was no established English variation before my contributions. I'm used to editing Wikipedia and following its WP:ENGVAR guideline. Does Tolkien Gateway have a custom of writing all of its content in British English? (I have not seen any policy page here that addresses this issue.) If so, I don't mind writing my content in British English so you don't have to clean up my work (to the best of my ability, anyway--I speak American English and am not aware of all the differences between the two variations). I would also suggest Tolkien Gateway create a policy page to codify this custom explicitly, and perhaps inform new editors of this rule more politely than issuing them commands in edit summaries. [[User:Protospace|Protospace]] 20:16, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

:We are fairly light on written down policies, and that's kind of been our preference for years; we tend to work by convention (and we used to have a series of community meetings to decide issues), and as we are a small band of editors we've never really had to write much down. I appreciate that this is a little opaque and I have had an ambition for some years to write down all of the things.
:On TG we do indeed have a custom of British English. Currently, we have a mish-mash of British and American English so the editors agreed a couple of years ago that British English would be preferred as that was the language of Tolkien (which, in fact, does follow the ENGVAR guidance on national ties: we just apply it to the whole wiki). We aren't militant about weeding out the American spellings, but we kind of correct them as we go along.
:On [[Dark Land]], what irritated me was your removal of my hyphen when I had clearly added it in deliberately. Apologies for being short. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 07:08, 15 April 2017 (UTC)

::Thanks for clarifying. I hadn't thoroughly looked at the edit history of Dark Land before I removed the hyphen, and I ignorantly assumed it was a typo. I will endeavor to contribute in British English from here on out (and I agree that it makes sense as a wiki-wide rule, even under ENGVAR. Since it's an establish custom, I took the liberty of adding a brief note about the preference for British English in the Manual of Style (see [[Tolkien_Gateway:Manual_of_Style#Language]]), assuming it a non-controversial addition; but I don't want to step on any toes, and feel free to revert or change as necessary. [[User:Protospace|Protospace]] 05:34, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

:::That's absolutely fine - thank you. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 08:24, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

== Grinnah ==

In response to your revent of my edit on grinnah's page, i think the info was something that the creators of the movies made as backstory for the character, but i guess i need a better reference for that--[[User:LordAndSaviourSauron|LordAndSaviourSauron]] 16:29, 17 April 2017 (UTC)
:And another thing: i tagged the warg matriarch page as unfinished, since it still needs sources, and an image. {{unsigned|LordAndSaviourSauron}}

::Yes - solid references are a requirement. I would suggest as a potential source the ''Chronicles'' books from the films. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 08:26, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

== Tense to use? ==

In [[Tolkien_Gateway:Manual_of_Style#Tense]], it says that in-world articles should all be in the past tense. However, all of the chapter summaries for ''The Lord of the Rings'' are in present tense (Example: [[A Long-expected Party]]). Is this a specific exception, or should these summaries be in past tense? [[User:Neithan|Neithan]] 03:49, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Mearas

2017-05-02T22:33:03Z

Neithan: Remove irrelevant information

[[Image:Jef Murray - Mearas.jpg|thumb|[[Jef Murray]] - ''Mearas'']]
The '''Mearas''' was the name given by the [[Rohirrim]] in [[Rohirric|their language]] for a race of exceptional [[horses]].<ref name="Riders">{{TT|III2}}</ref>
==Description==
The Mearas were strong, wild, and intelligent. They would bear no man but the kings or princes of the Mark (with [[Gandalf]] as a notable exception). Their lifespan was as long as men<ref group="note">The average lifespan of those [[Kings of Rohan]] who did not die young was 82.4 years; thus the Mearas lived for eight decades.</ref> and, according to tradition, the ancestors of the Mearas were brought from the [[Uttermost West|West]] by [[Béma]].<ref name="Eorl">{{App|Eorl}}</ref>

[[Felaróf]] and [[Snowmane]] were white, whereas [[Shadowfax]] was grey.

==History==
In {{TA|2501}}<ref group="note">Eorl was 16 when his father died. Since Eorl was born in {{TA|2485|n}} Léod died in 2501.</ref> [[Léod]] of the [[Éothéod]] captured and tried to tame the first of the Mearas, only to be killed when he tried to mount it. His son, [[Eorl]], however managed to ride it and named it [[Felaróf]]. Eorl came with this horse south to [[Rohan]] and the Mearas were his descendants. Felaróf was said to be able to understand men's speech.<ref name="Eorl"/>

In {{TA|3018|n}},<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> the greatest of the Mearas, [[Shadowfax]], consented to be ridden by [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Riders"/> Gandalf rode Shadowfax throughout the [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word Mearas comes from [[Old English]] ''mēaras'', simply meaning "horses". Its singular form would be ''[[Wiktionary:mearh#Old_English|mearh]]'' or ''marh''. [[Robert Foster]] in his ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'' incorrectly displays the singular as ''Meara''.

The root ''marh'' can be seen in the names of the [[Northmen]] ''[[Marhwini]]'' and ''[[Marhari]]'' (which are actually [[Gothic]])<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, note 6</ref> as well as ''[[Marcho]]''.

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/09/20/what-was-tolkiens-inspiration-for-the-mearas/ What Was Tolkien's Inspiration for the Mearas?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[Category:Old English names]]

Dragons

2017-04-30T13:07:49Z

Neithan: /* History */

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}
{{race infobox
| name=Dragons
| image=[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Dragon.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Dragon" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| pronun=
| othernames="Great worms"
| origin=Created by [[Morgoth]]
| location=[[Angband]], [[Nargothrond]], [[Grey Mountains]], [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], [[Withered Heath]], [[Northern Waste]]
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]
| rivalry=
| language=Various Mannish and Elvish tongues<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Leila Keene and Pat Kirke]]" ([[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"|letter]]); quoted in {{PM|II}}, "Note on an unpublished letter", pp. 72-73</ref>
| people=[[Fire-drakes]], [[Cold-drakes]]
| members=[[Glaurung]], [[Ancalagon]], [[Scatha]], [[Smaug]],
| lifespan="Long and slow"<ref>{{S|13}}</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
<center>{{quote|Never laugh at live '''dragons'''.|[[Bilbo Baggins]]<ref> {{H|Inside}}</ref>}}</center>

'''Dragons''' also known as the '''Great Worms''' were evil creatures seen mostly in the northern [[Middle-earth]]. They were greedy, cunning, seductive and malicious, probably a creation by [[Morgoth]] out of fire and sorcery sometime in the [[First Age]].

==History==
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Scouring the Mountain.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Scouring the Mountain'']]
===The origin and early history of dragons===
Seeing the strength of the [[Noldor]] in battle, Melkor realized that [[orcs]] alone were not sufficient to defeat his enemies. He therefore began to breed a new race of monsters: the dragons.<ref>{{GA|115}}</ref><ref group=note>How this was done is unclear.</ref>

The Father of Dragons was [[Glaurung]], a mighty wyrm with a fearful intelligence and a powerful hypnotic gaze. Glaurung played an integral part in the fate of the Children of [[Húrin]]. Among his many crimes were the destruction of the Elf-realm of [[Nargothrond]] and a spell cast upon [[Nienor]] which stripped her of her memory. This eventually led her to a disastrous reunion and marriage to her long-lost brother [[Túrin]]. When Nienor learned the truth of Glaurung's plot, she flung herself to her death. Glaurung was finally slain by Túrin, who afterward committed suicide in reaction to Glaurung's plot.

At the [[Fall of Gondolin]], Morgoth's foul host included dragons, "''many and terrible''"<ref>{{S|23}}</ref> including the fearful [[Beast of Gondolin]].

During the [[War of Wrath]], Morgoth unleashed a new terror upon Middle-earth – the winged dragons. Chief among these was [[Ancalagon]] the Black. Eventually slain by [[Eärendil]] the Mariner, Ancalagon's fall crushed the towers of [[Thangorodrim]]. Many of the dragons were destroyed in the War of Wrath but some fled and survived into the later [[Ages]].

===Dragons after the First Age===
It would appear that the dragons fled to the [[Northern Waste]], far from the lands of [[Men]] and [[Elves]]. Over the centuries, the race of dragons continued to breed and repopulate, particularly in the [[Withered Heath]], an area in between two spurs of the [[Grey Mountains]].

In the late [[Third Age]] the dragons of the Withered Heath, stirred by the [[Necromancer|return of Evil]], began to harass the [[Northmen]] and [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons|make war]] with the [[Dwarves]] around the year {{TA|2570}} ([[Dáin I]] and [[Frór]] of [[Durin's Folk]] were killed by a great cold-drake in {{TA|2589|n}}).<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref><ref name=Durin>{{App|A3}}</ref> It was perhaps in these wars that dragons swallowed four of the [[Seven Rings|Seven Dwarf-rings]].<ref name=Shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

The most fearsome dragon of the Third Age was [[Smaug]], who laid waste to the Dwarf-realm of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] and the nearby town of [[Dale]]. This devastated the area and sent Durin's Folk into exile. Smaug remained in the abandoned halls of the Lonely Mountain for many years until the coming of [[Thorin and Company]] and their "burglar", the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]]. This began a chain of events that led to Smaug's death at the hands of [[Bard]] the Bowman.

Although Smaug was the greatest of the dragons of his day,<ref name=Durin/> he seems not to have been the last of his kind as [[Gandalf]] told [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] that "''there is not now any dragon left on earth in which the old fire is hot enough'' [to melt the Rings of Power]",<ref name=Shadow/> indicating the presence of other, lesser dragons.<ref>{{L|144}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The dragons were huge and longeval, with their lives spanning centuries. They shared a greed of treasure (especially gold), subtle intelligence, immense cunning, great physical strength, and their eyes and words had a hypnotic power called "dragon-spell". Those who did not wish to be compromised by a dragon's speech did never give directly information, but talked vaguely and in riddles, since denying an answer, would anger it to violence.

Apparently, dragons came from eggs.<ref>{{UT|9b}}: [[Glóin]]: "dragonet new from the shell"</ref>

It may be that dragons could sport horns.<ref>{{FR|Earendil}} where [[Eärendil]] wielded a [[bows|bow]] "made of dragon-horn"</ref>

While dragons were armoured with iron scales, they had a soft spot underneath, in the region of the chest, which could be pierced by blades or darts.<ref>{{TT|Choices}}: "But Shelob was not as dragons are, no softer spot had she save only her eyes."</ref><ref>{{H|12}}: "dragons were softer underneath, especially in the region of the - er - chest".</ref>
===Means of locomotion===
Some dragons ([[Glaurung]]) walked on four legs, like a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon Komodo dragon] or some other lizard. These must have been the most common type of dragons in the First Age, since the Winged-dragons only first appeared during the [[War of Wrath]]. These (such as [[Ancalagon]] and [[Smaug]]) could both walk on four legs and fly using wings. Breeds of wingless dragons did survive into later Ages.

===Fire breathing===
The ''[[Urulóki]]'' (singular ''Urulokë'', Fire-drakes) could breathe fire. It is not entirely clear whether the term "Uruloki" referred only to the first dragons such as Glaurung that could breathe fire but were wingless, or to any dragon that could breathe fire, and thus include Smaug.

Dragon-fire (of the Urulóki) was hot enough to melt [[Rings of Power]]: four of the [[Seven Rings]] of the Dwarves were consumed by Dragon-fire, although it was not powerful enough to destroy the One Ring itself.<ref name=Shadow/>

The dragons who could not breathe fire were known as [[Cold-drakes]]. Those were found mainly in [[Ered Mithrin]].

== Individual dragons ==
[[Image:John Howe - Smaug.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Smaug'']]
* [[Glaurung]] — Father of Dragons, slain by [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]]. First of the Uruloki, the Fire-drakes of Angband. He had four legs and could breathe fire, but didn't have wings.
* [[Ancalagon]] the Black — first and mightiest of the Winged-dragons, slain by [[Eärendil]] in the [[War of Wrath]].
* [[Scatha]] — Slain by Fram of the [[Éothéod]]. Apparently a cold-drake. Described as a "long-worm", although this imprecise term seems to be more of an expression rather than a separate taxonomic group.
* [[Smaug]] — the last great dragon of [[Middle-earth]], slain by [[Bard]] of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]]. A winged Urulokë.
* An unnamed dragon appears in [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] verse, said to have had red eyes, black wings and teeth like knives.<ref>{{AB|Hoard}}</ref>
* [[Beast of Gondolin]] — A Fire-Drake at the [[Fall of Gondolin]].

==Etymology and names==
''Dragon'' is derived from French; ''drake'' is an English word, from [[Old English]] ''draca'' (derived from Latin).<ref>{{HM|LT2}}, "Short Glossary of Obsolete, Archaic, and Rare Words", p. 350</ref>

The dragons were known by many different names: drakes, [[worms]], [[long-worms]], [[serpents]].

Words denoting "dragon" in [[Quenya]] are ''[[lókë]]'' and ''[[angulóke]]''. [[Sindarin]] has ''[[lhûg]]'' and ''[[amlug]]''.

In [[Gnomish]], "dragon" is ''fuithlug'' ("a dragon who guards treasure"), ''lingwir'' or ''ulug'' (plural ''ulûgin''; "she dragon" is ''uluch'', ''uluchnir'' or ''ulugwin'').<ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 36, 54, 74</ref>

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', a legend among [[Men]] exists concerning dragons. Whoever tastes the heart of a dragon and can withstand its poisonous blood "would know all tongues of Gods or Men, of birds or beasts, and his ears would catch whispers of the Valar or of Melko".<ref>{{LT2|II}}, p. 85</ref>

==Other fiction==

A dragon named [[Chrysophylax]] appears in [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s story ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''.

In the story ''[[Roverandom]]'', white dragons are among the creatures living on the moon. A dragon, called the Great White Dragon, attacks Rover and the moon-dog, and is said to be the origin of all white dragons. In Merlin's time, this dragon had been to the earth, and fought with the Red Dragon in Caerdragon. The Great White Dragon has wings and can breath fire.<ref>{{HM|R}}, "[Chapter] 2"</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<center><gallery perrow=4>
File:SBG - Cave Drake.png|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''
File:Jeff Murchie - Dragon.png|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery></center>
===Portrayal in games===
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Apart from the type of dragons created by Tolkien, additional races include ''Rain-drakes'', ''Light-drakes'', ''Ash Drakes'' and several others.<ref>{{ICE|2012}}</ref>

'''2001-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:The ''Dragon'', which can have the ability to breathe fire and fly, is a powerful enemy of the Good players.<ref>[http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/catalog/productDetail.jsp?prodId=prod1080191 Dragon] at [http://www.games-workshop.com/gws/home.jsp Games-Workshop.com] (accessed 23 September 2011)</ref> The game also includes the subterranean ''Cave Drake'', a large but agile monster and natural enemy of the Dwarves.<ref>''[[White Dwarf]]'', issue 371 (November 2010), p. 42</ref>

'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:''Dragon-kind'' includes several varieties: ''Cold-'', ''Fire-'' and ''Shadow-drakes'', ''Fire-worms'', ''Rock-worms'', and many more. Related beasts include the ''salamander'', a weaker and simpler breed of dragons, the pygmy-sized ''dragonet'', and the turtle-like ''avanc''.<ref>"[http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Category:Dragon-kind Dragon-kind]" at [http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Lorebook_home Lord of the Rings Online: Lorebook] (accessed 28 October 2010)</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Images of Dragons|Images of Dragons]]
* [[Fell beasts]]

==External links==
*[http://cogitemusaccurate.blogspot.com/2013/02/concerning-origin-of-dragons.html Concerning the Origin of Dragons] by Randall Johnson
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/04/15/what-happened-to-the-other-dragons-of-middle-earth/ What Happened to the Other Dragons of Middle-earth?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[http://johngarth.wordpress.com/2015/01/18/dragon-scale-why-its-impossible-to-size-up-tolkiens-middle-earth/ Dragon scale: Why it’s impossible to size up Tolkien’s Middle-earth] by [[John Garth]]
{{references|note}}

[[Category:Dragons|*]]
[[de:Drachen]]
[[fr:encyclo:biologie:faune:dragons]]
[[fi:Lohikäärmeet]]

Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

2017-04-29T03:46:42Z

Neithan:

The '''Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''''', later known as '''Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''''' or simply '''Nomenclature''' is a collection of notes made by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after the [[Max Schuchart|Dutch]] and [[Åke Ohlmarks|Swedish]] translations had come out.<ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, pp. 750-781</ref>

==Publication history==
The Guide was first published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]].<ref name="ATC">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]])</ref>. It was included in [[Open Court]]'s first hardcover edition and [[Del Rey Books]]' paperback, but was dropped from the second edition at the request of [[Tolkien Estate]], the legal owners of the text.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], "Foreword", published in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'', Third Edition (edited by [[Jared Lobdell]]), pages vii-xi</ref>

A new edition by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] – called ''Nomenclature'' – was published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]''.
==Differences between editions==
===General differences===
* Christopher Tolkien's edition is a reader's edition rather than the annotated facsimile edition of Hammond and Scull: short, stenographic sentences and abbreviations are written out in full, and it is generally written for a less linguistic audience. Hammond and Scull included a list of abbreviations, as well as extra notes within straight brackets.
* Christopher Tolkien's edition follows his father's text in that it refers to the second, revised edition,<ref name="ATC"/> while Hammond and Scull also include references to their own [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]] in straight brackets.<ref name="RC"/>
* The first two sections have been renamed in Christopher Tolkien's edition: ''Names of Persons and Peoples'' and ''Place-names'' versus ''Persons, Peoples, Creatures'' and ''Places''. The name of the third section, ''Things'', is not changed.

===Smaller differences===
* '''Barrow-wight''': Hammond and Scull misspell the Dutch version, as well as its English translation: ''grafghest'' and "grave-ghast"<ref name="RC"/> rather than proper ''grafgeest''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Max Schuchart]] (translator), ''[[The Lord of the Rings|In de Ban van de Ring]]'', ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring|De Reisgenoten]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs|Mist op de Grafheuvels]]"</ref>
* ''''Beechbone''': Christopher Tolkien omits the umlaut from ''Büchenbein''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Grey Pilgrim''' and '''Grey Host''': Christopher Tolkien moves them below ''Greyhame''.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Greyhame''': Christopher Tolkien refers to the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]] as "Rohan",<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as "Rohanese".<ref name="RC"/> It is the only occurrence of "Rohanese"; the rest of the Hammond and Scull-edition uses the word "Rohan".
* '''Heathertoes''': Christopher Tolkien spells the suggested German translation as ''Heidezhen'',<ref name="ATC"/> Hammond and Scull as ''Heidezehn''.<ref name="RC"/> [[Margaret Carroux]] would eventually use the plural ''Heidezehen'', [[Wolfgang Krege]] singular ''Heidezeh''.<ref>"[http://ardapedia.herr-der-ringe-film.de/index.php/Der_Herr_der_Ringe:_Namensübersetzungen_-_Personen#H Der Herr der Ringe: Namensübersetzungen - Personen]", [[Ardapedia]]</ref>
* '''Orc''': Christopher Tolkien misspells Anglo-Saxon ''orc-neas'' as ''orc-nass''<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wizard''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Wormtongue''': Christopher Tolkien misspells the Rohan form as ''wyrm-tunga'', Hammond and Scull give ''wyrm-tunge''.
* '''Woses''': Christopher Tolkien mistranscribes the explanation as "old men of the woods". Hammond and Scull give "wild men".
* '''Deadman's Dike''': Christopher Tolkien omits this entry.<ref name="ATC"/>
* '''Lithe''': Hammond and Scull combine this with the entries ''Yule'' and ''Midwinter''.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Mathom''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Smials''': Hammond and Scull omit this entry.<ref name="RC"/>
* '''Yule''': See ''Lithe''. Christopher Tolkien omits the passage about ''Midwinter''.<ref name="ATC"/>

==The manuscript==

Several extracts from the manuscript of the ''Nomenclature'' were quoted in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (see for example p. 163), including information that is not found in the final version.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "[Untitled introduction to the ''Nomenclature'']", p. 751</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[de:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]
[[fi:Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]

Barrel-rider

2017-04-29T02:33:47Z

Neithan: clarify

'''Barrel-rider''' was one of the names [[Bilbo Baggins]] gave for himself to [[Smaug]] in the [[Dragons|dragon's]] lair in the [[Lonely Mountain]].

In late {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> Bilbo descended into the depths of the Lonely Mountain to look upon the Smaug and view his treasure. On his first visit he found [[Smaug]] asleep, but the second time the great dragon was awake and waiting for him. Bilbo though had taken the precaution of wearing [[One Ring|his ring]] and was invisible so Smaug could not locate him precisely. However he could smell the hobbit and feel his air so he spoke to the intruder.

Smaug asked his visitor for his name. Knowing that it would be unwise to reveal his true name or stay quiet, Bilbo replied with a series of riddles, which no dragon can resist puzzling out. Bilbo gave himself a series of names such as "[[Ringwinner]]" and "[[Luckwearer]]", referring to his adventures on the way to the Mountain. Becoming pleased with his riddling, one of the names Bilbo conferred upon himself was 'Barrel-rider'.

This last epithet confirmed Smaug's belief that Bilbo's coming was a scheme of the [[Lake-men]] of [[Esgaroth]]. Of all Bilbo's names Smaug referred to the "thief" as Barrel-rider and Bilbo regretted making up that name, fearing that the Lake-men would suffer for it.<ref>{{H|Inside}}</ref> The people of Esgaroth did lose their town to Smaug's flames when he attacked, but in the end Bilbo's use of "Barrel-rider" produced a fortunate result: at the height of the attack Smaug was killed by an [[Black Arrow|arrow]] shot by [[Bard]] the bowman.<ref>{{H|Fire}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Epithets]]
[[fi:Tynnyrilläratsastaja]]

Luckwearer

2017-04-29T02:32:20Z

Neithan: Replace hyphens with dashes

'''Luckwearer''' was one of several names and titles given to himself by [[Bilbo Baggins]] during his encounter with the dragon [[Smaug]]. Bilbo made these titles intentionally obscure and mysterious: 'Luckwearer' is a reference to the [[The One Ring|Magic Ring]] Bilbo wore, and his extraordinary good luck – as he thought – in finding it within the [[Orcs|Goblins]]' dark tunnels.<ref>{{H|Inside}}</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Epithets]]
[[fi:Onnentuoja]]

Ring-finder

2017-04-29T02:30:59Z

Neithan:

'''Ring-finder''' was a title that [[Bilbo Baggins]] called himself by during his conversation with [[Smaug]]. Bilbo came upon [[the One Ring]] in an [[Orcs|orc]]-hold of the [[Misty Mountains]].

==See Also==
*[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]

[[Category:Epithets]]

General Map of Middle-earth

2017-04-29T02:13:27Z

Neithan: Use more formal naming

[[File:Christopher Tolkien - General Map of Middle-earth.png|thumb|The map of Middle-earth as appeared in the earliest editions.]]

''General Map of Middle-earth'' is the original, unnamed<ref group=note>The name "General Map of Middle-earth" appears to be coined by [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]].</ref> map of the [[Westlands]] that [[Christopher Tolkien]] made in late [[1953]] for the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Maps of ''The Lord of the Rings''", pp. lv-lxvii</ref><ref>{{L|187}}, p. 247</ref>

The map was drawn in haste by Christopher Tolkien, based on sketches of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. J.R.R. Tolkien consulted this map during his writing.<ref name=intro>{{UT|IMap}}</ref>

While authoring ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', Christopher Tolkien considered including this map, adding the new place-names mentioned in the book. Eventually he opted to redraw it, maintaining the same "style and detail".<ref name=intro/> The new map bears the title "[[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]]".
==Mistakes==
Christopher Tolkien admitted that there were both "minor" and "major defects" and oddities, and while his father used the map as the basis of his writing, he often noted its inadequacies. In the long term, Christopher regretted that his father did not proceed to make a better map of his own.<ref name=intro/>

Some of the errors include:
*The [[Misty Mountains]] were misspelled as "Hithaiglin" in the original map, which was corrected to "Hithaeglir" in more recent maps.
*Of former [[Arnor]] only the region of [[Rhudaur]] is named, oddly omitting [[Arthedain]] and [[Cardolan]].<ref name=intro/>
*The map suggests that the [[Icebay of Forochel]] is the small gulf north of [[Eriador]]. C. Tolkien realised that the name rather refers to the immense region of sea surrounded by the Cape of [[Forochel]].<ref name=intro/>
*[[Forodwaith (disambiguation)|Forodwaith]] is labelled as being a part of the wider [[Northern Waste]], if not a separate region. C. Tolkien later became sure that the two are synonymous.<ref name=intro/>
*The portion of the [[East Road]] between the [[Weathertop]] to the [[Ford of Bruinen]] was supposed to have two big curves, which were not depicted in the final map, creating a discrepancy with the text of the First Edition. The text was altered in the later editions in order to be more faithful to the map.<Ref>{{RS|1XIa}}</ref>

With the opportunity of ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', Christopher Tolkien found a chance to correct the "minor defects" of the original map.<ref name=intro/>
{{references|notes}}
{{maps}}

[[Category:Maps of Middle-earth]]

Gate of Steel

2017-04-25T00:56:27Z

Neithan: add Maeglin

{{objects
| image=[[File:Narfil Palùrfalas - Gate of Steel.jpg|250px]]
| name=Seven Gates of Gondolin
| othernames=the Great Gate
| derivation=
| location=[[Orfalch Echor]]
| ownedby=[[Gondolin]]
| maker=[[Maeglin]]
| appearance=A mighty fence of steel with seven wide beams, flanked by towers
}}
The '''Gate of Steel''' or '''Last Gate''' was the last of the [[Seven Gates of Gondolin]] both in order of entering and construction, having being built by [[Maeglin]] some centuries after the other six as an ultimate defence after the disaster of the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. Though all but impassable to an enemy, the Gate ultimately failed to prevent the [[Fall of Gondolin]].

The gate was like a great steel fence across the Orfalch Echor. The fence had seven great needle-like pillars of steel and between these pillars there were seven cross-bars of steel and forty-nine vertical rods with heads like broad blades of spears. In the centre, above the midmost pillar, was raised a mighty image if the king-helm of [[Turgon]], the Crown of the [[Gondolin|Hidden Kingdom]], set about with diamonds. The gate opened inward on either side of the pillar of the Crown. This gate followed the [[Gate of Gold]].<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Doors and gates]]
[[de:Sieben_Tore_von_Gondolin#Siebtes_Tor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/beleriand/gondolin/porte_d_acier]]
[[fi:Teräsportti]]

Burzum

2017-04-22T19:59:24Z

Neithan:

'''Burzum-ishi''' is a term in the [[Black Speech]] language which translates to "in the darkness." It is found within [[Ring Verse|The One Ring inscription]].
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Black Speech words]]

Billy Boyd

2017-04-19T03:11:00Z

Neithan: made song title consistent with other pages

{{actor
| image=[[File:Billy Boyd.jpg|250px]]
| name=Billy Boyd
| lifetime=[[28 August|August 28]], [[1968]]
| played=[[Peregrin Took]]
| film=[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
| played2=
| film2=
| imdb=[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0101710/ IMDb]
}}

Scottish actor '''Billy Boyd''' (born 1968) played [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] trilogy. An accomplished singer, he wrote and sung the dirge "[[The Edge of Night]]" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', which is featured during [[Faramir|Faramir's]] hopeless charge to [[Osgiliath]]. He also wrote and sung "[[The Last Goodbye]]" for ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''.

In 2003, when ''The Return of the King'' was released, Boyd also starred in [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311113/ Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]. Both films were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.

==Quotes==
* {{quote|I wasn't into Tolkien at school really. But the story is timeless, the themes that it touches on are contained in cultures all around the world. The innocent on a quest, the pretender, an inanimate object that holds evil - it's really strange that these themes are there in so many different countries' folklore.|Billy Boyd, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/12/14/billy_boyd_two_towers_interview.shtml Interview].}}
* {{quote|I think his part in the story – as well as reminding people that the hobbits are basically fun at the core and are good, good people – his story is about maturing, and a young man in war and how he deals with those horrors. In watching this kind of naïve, innocent little creature who then is kind of scarred by these wars that go around and how that affects him.|Billy Boyd on his character, [http://movies.ign.com/articles/393/393444p1.html IGN.com].}}

==Awards==
* [[2002]] - '''[http://www.cinemaclips.com/PFCS.htm PFCS Award]''', Best Acting Ensemble, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
* [[2003]] - '''[http://ofcs.rottentomatoes.com/ OFCS Award]''', Best Ensemble, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''
* 2003 - '''PFCS Award''', Best Acting Ensemble, ''Peter Jackson's The Two Towers''
* [[2004]] - '''[http://www.bfca.org/ Critics' Choice Award]''', Best Acting Ensemble, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
* 2004 - '''[http://www.nbrmp.org/ NBR Award]''', Best Acting by an Ensemble, ''Peter Jackson's The Return of the King''
* 2004 - '''[http://www.sagawards.org/ SAG Award]''', Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, ''Peter Jackson's The Return of the King''

==External Links==
* '''[http://www.billyboyd.net/ Official Website]'''
* {{WP|Billy Boyd}}
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0101710/ Billy Boyd] at IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyd, Billy}}
[[Category:Actors and actresses]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Singers]]
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings (film series) cast]]

[[de:Billy Boyd]]
[[fi:Billy Boyd]]

The Steward of Gondor

2017-04-19T03:08:00Z

Neithan: Add Billy Boyd info

'''The Steward of Gondor''' is the fifth track of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]'' by [[Howard Shore]]. It features [[Billy Boyd]] singing a brief song that has lyrics based off of the final two stanzas of [[A Walking Song]].
{{DEFAULTSORT:05}}
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]

The cold hard lands

2017-04-19T03:00:16Z

Neithan: better wording

"'''The cold hard lands'''" is a song composed by [[Gollum]] that he sings in "[[The Passage of the Marshes]]."

==Text==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The cold hard lands,
they bites our hands,
they gnaws our feet.
The rocks and stones
are like old bones
all bare of meat.
But stream and pool
is wet and cool:
so nice for feet!
And now we wish —
</poem>

At this point Gollum interrupted himself to allude to the [[Riddles in the Dark|riddle-game]] he and [[Bilbo Baggins]] partook in many decades before:

<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Alive without breath;
as cold as death;
never thirsting, ever drinking;
clad in mail, never clinking.
Drowns on dry land,
thinks an island
is a mountain;
thinks a fountain
is a puff of air.
So sleek, so fair!
What a joy to meet!
We only wish
to catch a fish,
so juicy-sweet!
</poem>

==See also==
* [[Poems in The Lord of the Rings]]

[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

User:Neithan

2017-04-19T02:44:49Z

Neithan:

[[Special:Contributions/Neithan|Contributions]]

[[Special:Editcount/Neithan|Edit Count]]

User:Neithan

2017-04-19T02:44:23Z

Neithan:

[[Special:Contributions/Neithan|Contributions]]
[[Special:Editcount/Neithan|Edit Count]]

Old Man Willow

2017-04-19T02:42:06Z

Neithan: Fix Old Forest link

__NOTOC__
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|250px]]
| name=Old Man Willow
| pronun=
| othernames=The Great Willow; "Old grey Willow-man"
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Old Forest|The Old Forest]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=almost crushing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] to death
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=Unknown (possibly a [[Huorn]])
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Spells
| steed=
}}
'''Old Man Willow''' was a [[willows|willow]] in the [[Old Forest]] standing near [[Withywindle]].
==History==
He might have been an [[Ents|Ent]] who had become tree-like, or possibly a [[Huorns|Huorn]], as the Old Forest was originally part of the same primordial forest as [[Fangorn Forest|Fangorn]].

The '''Great Willow''' was evil-hearted and from it much of the Forest's hatred of walking things came.<ref name="OMW">{{FR|I6}}</ref>. Despite his power, [[Tom Bombadil]], who called him '''Old grey Willow-man''', had power over him, and checked the evil as much as he could, or was willing.

On [[26 September]] {{TA|3018}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> Old Man Willow cast a spell on the hobbits ([[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], Merry and Pippin), causing them to feel sleepy. Merry and Pippin leaned against the trunk and fell asleep, while Frodo sat on a root to dangle his feet in the water, before also falling asleep. The tree trapped Merry and Pippin in cracks in the trunk, and tipped Frodo into the stream.

Sam managed to fight off the spell and rescued Frodo from the stream. Together they attempted to save Merry and Pippin by lighting a fire at the tree's base, but this only served to infuriate Old Man Willow, who threatened to kill the trapped hobbits. They were saved by the timely arrival of Tom Bombadil who knew "the tune for him".<ref name="OMW"/>

In the poem ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', Old Man Willow sings Tom Bombadil to sleep and traps him in a crack. He then speaks to Tom, chastising him for spying on him and tickling him with his feather. Tom orders Old Man Willow to release him, which he does immediately.<ref>{{AB|Tom}}</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'', in the early text for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the incident with Old Man Willow has Bingo (who would later become Frodo) and Odo (who would become Pippin) laying against the tree. Frodo (who becomes Sam) is the one pushed into the river while Marmaduke (later Merry) is the one who resists the spell.<ref>{{RS|Forest}}</ref>

Later in Tom Bombadil's house Tom relates the lore concerning Old Man Willow. He is described as a "grey thirsty earth-bound spirit" that had "become imprisoned in the greatest Willow of the Forest".<ref>{{RS|Tom}}</ref>

==Portrayals in adaptations==
'''1994: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Volume 1]]'''''
:In this game, Old Man Willow is shown to be capable of speech, as shown when he swallows not only Merry and Pippin, but also Sam. He gloats to Frodo about how tasty Hobbits are, and also threatens to crush his friends if he tries attacking him. Strangely, he also has some skill in penmanship, as he wrote and left a note on the ground, inviting the Hobbits to sleep near him before he traps them in his jaws.
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring video game]]'''''
:In the console and PC versions, Old Man Willow appears as a boss in the Withywindle Valley region of the Old Forest, who Frodo must defeat by crippling his arm-like branches, while dodging roots that rise up from the ground. Attempting to strike Old Man Willow's trunk will only injure Merry and Pippin, who are trapped inside. Attacking the trunk too many times will kill them, resulting in a Game Over.
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Although he did not appear in the 2001 [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|movie adaptation]], a very similar episode with [[Hobbits]] being swallowed by a tree was included in the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|extended edition]], where Merry and Pippin are swallowed by a Huorn in [[Fangorn Forest]], to be saved by [[Treebeard]].

===See also===
* [[:Category:Images of Old Man Willow|Images of Old Man Willow]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Enigmas]]
[[Category:Trees]]
[[de:Alter Weidenmann]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/vieil_homme-saule]]
[[fi:Vanha Halavaukko]]

Old Man Willow

2017-04-19T02:38:08Z

Neithan:

__NOTOC__
{{other infobox
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|250px]]
| name=Old Man Willow
| pronun=
| othernames=The Great Willow; "Old grey Willow-man"
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[The Old Forest]]
| affiliation=
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=almost crushing [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] to death
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=Unknown (possibly a [[Huorn]])
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Spells
| steed=
}}
'''Old Man Willow''' was a [[willows|willow]] in the [[Old Forest]] standing near [[Withywindle]].
==History==
He might have been an [[Ents|Ent]] who had become tree-like, or possibly a [[Huorns|Huorn]], as the Old Forest was originally part of the same primordial forest as [[Fangorn Forest|Fangorn]].

The '''Great Willow''' was evil-hearted and from it much of the Forest's hatred of walking things came.<ref name="OMW">{{FR|I6}}</ref>. Despite his power, [[Tom Bombadil]], who called him '''Old grey Willow-man''', had power over him, and checked the evil as much as he could, or was willing.

On [[26 September]] {{TA|3018}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> Old Man Willow cast a spell on the hobbits ([[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], Merry and Pippin), causing them to feel sleepy. Merry and Pippin leaned against the trunk and fell asleep, while Frodo sat on a root to dangle his feet in the water, before also falling asleep. The tree trapped Merry and Pippin in cracks in the trunk, and tipped Frodo into the stream.

Sam managed to fight off the spell and rescued Frodo from the stream. Together they attempted to save Merry and Pippin by lighting a fire at the tree's base, but this only served to infuriate Old Man Willow, who threatened to kill the trapped hobbits. They were saved by the timely arrival of Tom Bombadil who knew "the tune for him".<ref name="OMW"/>

In the poem ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', Old Man Willow sings Tom Bombadil to sleep and traps him in a crack. He then speaks to Tom, chastising him for spying on him and tickling him with his feather. Tom orders Old Man Willow to release him, which he does immediately.<ref>{{AB|Tom}}</ref>

==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
In ''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'', in the early text for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the incident with Old Man Willow has Bingo (who would later become Frodo) and Odo (who would become Pippin) laying against the tree. Frodo (who becomes Sam) is the one pushed into the river while Marmaduke (later Merry) is the one who resists the spell.<ref>{{RS|Forest}}</ref>

Later in Tom Bombadil's house Tom relates the lore concerning Old Man Willow. He is described as a "grey thirsty earth-bound spirit" that had "become imprisoned in the greatest Willow of the Forest".<ref>{{RS|Tom}}</ref>

==Portrayals in adaptations==
'''1994: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Volume 1]]'''''
:In this game, Old Man Willow is shown to be capable of speech, as shown when he swallows not only Merry and Pippin, but also Sam. He gloats to Frodo about how tasty Hobbits are, and also threatens to crush his friends if he tries attacking him. Strangely, he also has some skill in penmanship, as he wrote and left a note on the ground, inviting the Hobbits to sleep near him before he traps them in his jaws.
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring video game]]'''''
:In the console and PC versions, Old Man Willow appears as a boss in the Withywindle Valley region of the Old Forest, who Frodo must defeat by crippling his arm-like branches, while dodging roots that rise up from the ground. Attempting to strike Old Man Willow's trunk will only injure Merry and Pippin, who are trapped inside. Attacking the trunk too many times will kill them, resulting in a Game Over.
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''
:Although he did not appear in the 2001 [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|movie adaptation]], a very similar episode with [[Hobbits]] being swallowed by a tree was included in the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|extended edition]], where Merry and Pippin are swallowed by a Huorn in [[Fangorn Forest]], to be saved by [[Treebeard]].

===See also===
* [[:Category:Images of Old Man Willow|Images of Old Man Willow]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Enigmas]]
[[Category:Trees]]
[[de:Alter Weidenmann]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/vieil_homme-saule]]
[[fi:Vanha Halavaukko]]

The cold hard lands

2017-04-11T00:25:12Z

Neithan: Fix content of poems and format them as in the book

"'''The cold hard lands'''" is a song "written" by [[Gollum]], sung in "[[The Passage of the Marshes]]".

==Text==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
The cold hard lands
they bites our hands,
they gnaws our feet.
The rocks and stones
are like old bones
all bare of meat.
But stream and pool
is wet and cool:
so nice for feet!
And now we wish—
</poem>

At this point Gollum interrupted himself to allude to the [[Riddles in the Dark|riddle-game]] he and [[Bilbo Baggins]] partook in many decades before:

<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Alive without breath;
as cold as death;
never thirsting, ever drinking;
clad in mail, never clinking.
Drowns on dry land,
think as island
is a mountain;
thinks a fountain
is a puff of air.
So sleek, so fair!
What a joy to meet!
We only wish
to catch a fish,
so juicy-sweet!
</poem>

==See also==
* [[Poems in The Lord of the Rings]]

[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

User:Neithan

2017-04-02T00:59:18Z

Neithan: Created page with "Contributions"

[[Special:Contributions/Neithan|Contributions]]

Tales from the Perilous Realm

2017-04-02T00:41:57Z

Neithan: Mention On Fairy-Stories

{{stub}}

{{book|
title=Tales from the Perilous Realm|
image=[[Image:Tales from the Perilous Realm 2008 cover.jpg|225px]]|
author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|
isbn=0261103423|
publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|
date=January [[1997]]|
format=Hardback in dustwrapper|
pages= 178|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/Tales-Perilous-Realm-J-Tolkien/dp/0261103423/|
amazonprice=Out of stock
}}

'''''Tales from the Perilous Realm''''', first published in 1997, is a compilation of several short stories and poems by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], which had been previously published separately or in other compilations:

* [[Farmer Giles of Ham]]
* [[Leaf by Niggle]]
* [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]
* [[Smith of Wootton Major]]
The collection also includes Tolkien's essay [[On Fairy-Stories]].

== From the publisher ==
{{blockquote|The fat and unheroic Farmer Giles of Ham is called upon to do battle with the dragon Chrysophylax; Niggle the painter sets out to paint the perfect tree in Leaf by Niggle; hobbits, princesses, dwarves and trolls partake in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil; and Smith of Wootton Major journeys to the Land of Faery via the magical ingredients of a giant cake.}}

==Editions==
* [[HarperCollins]] First edition,[[1997]] ([[3 February]]),ISBN: 9780261103429
* [[HarperCollins]] First Paperback edition,[[1998]]([[3 August]]),ISBN:9780261103436
* [[HarperCollins]] Second edition, [[2008]] ([[1 October]]),ISBN:9780007257546
* [[HarperCollins]] De Luxe edition [[2008]] ([[17 November]])ISBN: 9780007237159
* [[HarperCollins]] Paperback edition [[2002]] ([[1 December]])ISBN: 9780007149124
* [[HarperCollins]] Paperback edition [[2009]],([[2 April]]) ISBN: 9780007280599

==2008 edition==
A new edition was published in September [[2008]], followed by the [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|full-cast dramatization]] in October. ''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' was 2008's "flagship book"; ''[[Roverandom]]'' was added to the compilation.[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/836-Tales_from_the_Perilous_Realm.php]

{{perilousrealm}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Fabelhafte Geschichten]]
[[de:Tales from the Perilous Realm]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/faerie]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/faerie2]]
[[fi:Satujen valtakunta]]

Ring of doom

2017-04-02T00:10:27Z

Neithan: Redirect to Máhanaxar

#REDIRECT [[Máhanaxar]]

Racism

2017-04-01T17:11:14Z

Neithan: /* Tolkien on Racism */

{{sources}}
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Easterlings'']]

Fans and critics of Tolkien's works have observed several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. As early as the first edition of the Lord of the Rings this topic was discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]] who wrote that people who dislike a clear demarcation of good and evil ''"imagine they have seen a rigid demarcation between black and white people."''

Tolkien's legendarium also makes many references to topics related by extension to racialism, such as eugenics, bloodlines, and (by extension) even the superiority of heredity over other authorities.

Some of these accusations of racism may be partially explained by a wider reading of Tolkien's works or a deeper thematic analysis, and others are more difficult to dismiss. In Tolkien's extensive letters one can find both comments that can be interpreted as racism as well as defense against the accusations.

[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.

In the Foreword to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below).

The global popularity of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate popular interest in, as well as criticism of, Tolkien's writing.

==Indications==

===Orcs===
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.

Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black <ref>''The Lord of the Rings'' book two chapter 5: ''"some are large and evil: black Uruks of Mordor"'' and appendix A: ''"In the last years of Denethor I the race of uruks, black orcs of great strength, first appeared out of Mordor"''</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>''The Lord of the Rings'' book six chapter 2 ''"it was of a small breed, black-skinned, with wide and snuffling nostrils: evidently a tracker of some kind."''</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' In one of his letters, Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types."''([[Letter 210]])

While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" is undoubtedly insensitive given today's standards, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also points out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which are historically associated with the Middle-East).

Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race, indeed there is no mention of orc women. Perhaps inspired by his Roman Catholicism, Tolkien's orcs may have more in common with demonic armies than foreign ones [http://digis.ewha.ac.kr/data/test/50.4rearick%5B1%5D.pdf].

===Light vs. Dark===
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". In 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all."<ref>The Guardian (2 December 2002)</ref>. Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.

The whole of Tolkien's Legendarium contains a conflict between ''literal'' light (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and darkness (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. This ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness, although both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone.

But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.

===Evil Men===
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back.

In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.

While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.

However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy.

Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.

===Racism in Middle-earth===
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]]. The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable, and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] takes a strand of [[Galadriel]]'s hair, he is described as having ''"look[ed] into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."''

It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).

The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].

The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].

===Dwarves as Jews===

Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews:
{{quote|"The dwarves of course are quite obviously - wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>http://www.daisy.freeserve.co.uk/jrrt_int.htm</ref>}}
One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" ([[Letter 176]])

Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and it is stated in one of the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings that "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people.

However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]]. Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews.

===Numenoreans===

Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dunedain (literally "Men of the West") of Numenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref>

==Counterindications==
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.

*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of Christianity (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.

*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.

*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age.

*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).

*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings.

*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.

*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy. There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings.

*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.

*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.

*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Note that in a letter (#131), Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.

*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.

==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==

In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]] a right-oriented Italian political party had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref>

Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref>

==Relevant Passages from the text==
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}

{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}

==Tolkien on Racism==
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}

{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}

{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}

{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}

{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}

{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}

==External links==

*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune
{{references}}
[[Category:Debates]]
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]

King of All Birds

2017-03-27T21:47:20Z

Neithan:

'''King of All Birds''' is a title given to the [[Lord of the Eagles]].

[[Category:Eagles]]
[[fi:Kaikkien lintujen kuningas]]

Beowulf (poem)

2017-03-26T03:37:35Z

Neithan: Fix tense and strange sentence

{{disambig-more|Beowulf|[[Beowulf (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:Beowulf (first page).jpg|thumb|First page of ''Beowulf'']]
'''''Beowulf''''' is the conventional title of an [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] epic poem.
==Tolkien and ''Beowulf''==
[[File:John Howe - Beowulf Battles Grendel's Mother.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Beowulf Battles Grendel's Mother'']]
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] was a prominent ''Beowulf'' scholar; his ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'' was a turning point in the modern study of the poem, moving the focus from its historical to its literary significance.<ref>Heaney, Seamus (2000). ''Beowulf'', "Introduction". New York: W.W. Norton. pp. ix–xxx.</ref> Tolkien also left two substantial unpublished manuscripts concerning ''Beowulf''. The first, a more substantial version of the previously mentioned critical essay, was edited by [[Michael D.C. Drout]] and published as ''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]''.<ref>Michael D.C. Drout, [http://acunix.wheatonma.edu/mdrout/BandC/BandC.html Beowulf and the Critics].</ref> The second is a partial poetic and full prose translation of the epic, including commentary.<ref>[http://www.beowulftranslations.net/tolk.shtml Beowulf: Translations by J. R. R. Tolkien]. Updated 2003-01-05. Retrieved 2010-08-14.</ref> The latter was a minor media sensation on its 'discovery' in 2003 and was also to be prepared for publication by Drout, but as of 2010 this was not forthcoming.<ref>Michael D.C. Drout, [http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2007/10/beowulf-basics-ive-been-fielding-lot-of.html Wormtalk and Slugspeak: Beowulf Basics]. Updated 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2010-08-13.</ref>

On 22 May 2014, HarperCollins published
[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]], taken from the unpublished manuscript kept at the [[Bodleian Library]] in [[Oxford]].<ref>[[Rhona Beare]], "A Mythology for England", in ''[[The Silmarillion: Thirty Years On]]'' (ed. Allan Turner)</ref>

An excerpt from ''Beowulf'', rendered by Tolkien in [[Valmaric script]], was published with commentary in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 14]].<ref>{{PE|14}}, pp. 90, 120, 122</ref>

==Influence on the legendarium==

Tolkien looked highly upon ''Beowulf'', and it both indirectly and directly influenced his own [[Legendarium|imaginative work]]. The episode in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' where Bilbo steals a cup from [[Smaug]]'s horde, for example, is a conscious homage to a similar theft in ''Beowulf''.<ref>{{L|25}}.</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Finn and Hengest]]''
*''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (poem)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''
*''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]''

==External Links==
*{{WP|Beowulf}}
* [http://tolharndor.org/tilkal/issue1/beowulf.html Tolkien and Beowulf] - Michael Kennedy details some of the similarities between the two.
{{references}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Mythology]]
[[Category:Poems]]
[[de:Beowulf]]

The Fall of Arthur

2017-03-26T03:30:26Z

Neithan:

__NOTOC__{{Book
| title=The Fall of Arthur
| image=[[File:The Fall of Arthur.jpg|225px]]
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| illustrator=Bill Sanderson
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin|Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]
| date=[[23 May]] [[2013]]
| format=Hardback
| pages=240<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Fall-Arthur-J-R-Tolkien/dp/0007489943|articlename=The Fall of Arthur|website=AMUK|accessed=10 OCtober 2012}}</ref>
| isbn=978-0-00-748994-7
}}
'''''The Fall of Arthur''''' is a poem by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] concerned with the legend of [[King Arthur]] and written in the [[Old English]] alliterative metre. It was published, along with three essays by [[Christopher Tolkien]], on [[23 May]] [[2013]].<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/Titles/79908/the-fall-of-arthur-j-r-r-tolkien-9780007489947|articlename=The Fall of Arthur: J.R.R. Tolkien, Edited by Christopher Tolkien|website=[http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/ HarperCollins]|accessed=10-October-2012}}</ref>

==Contents==
*Foreword
*''The Fall of Arthur''
*Notes on the Text of ''The Fall of Arthur''
*The Poem in Arthurian Tradition
*The Unwritten Poem and its Relation to ''The Silmarillion''
*The Evolution of the Poem
*Appendix: Old English Verse

==From the publisher==
The world first publication of a previously unknown work by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], which tells the extraordinary story of the final days of England’s legendary hero, King Arthur.

''The Fall of Arthur'', the only venture by J.R.R. Tolkien into the legends of Arthur King of Britain, may well be regarded as his finest and most skilful achievement in the use of the [[Old English]] alliterative metre, in which he brought to his transforming perceptions of the old narratives a pervasive sense of the grave and fateful nature of all that is told: of Arthur’s expedition overseas into distant heathen lands, of Guinevere’s flight from Camelot, of the great sea-battle on Arthur’s return to Britain, in the portrait of the traitor Mordred, in the tormented doubts of Lancelot in his French castle.

Unhappily, ''The Fall of Arthur'' was one of several long narrative poems that he abandoned in that period. In this case he evidently began it in the earlier nineteen-thirties, and it was sufficiently advanced for him to send it to a very perceptive friend who read it with great enthusiasm at the end of [[1934]] and urgently pressed him ‘You simply must finish it!’ But in vain: he abandoned it, at some date unknown, though there is some evidence that it may have been in 1937, the year of the publication of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and the first stirrings of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Years later, in a [[Letter 165|letter of 1955]], he said that ‘he hoped to finish a long poem on ''The Fall of Arthur''’; but that day never came.

Associated with the text of the poem, however, are many manuscript pages: a great quantity of drafting and experimentation in verse, in which the strange evolution of the poem’s structure is revealed, together with narrative synopses and very significant if tantalising notes. In these latter can be discerned clear if mysterious associations of the Arthurian conclusion with ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and the bitter ending of the love of Lancelot and Guinevere, which was never written.

==Pre-publication history==
The poem's existence was first revealed in [[1977]] when ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' was published. In [[Letter 165|a 1955 letter to Houghton Mifflin]], Tolkien, discussing his use of alliterative verse, mentioned that he hoped to finish his "long poem" ''The Fall of Arthur''.<ref>{{L|165}}</ref>

In his [[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography|1981 biography of Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]] published a few brief extracts of the poem and commented that it "has alliteration but no rhyme [and] did not touch on the Grail but began an individual rendering of the [[Wikipedia:Le Morte d'Arthur|Morte d'Arthur]], in which the king and Gawain go to war in 'Saxon lands' but are summoned home by news of Mordred's treachery".<ref name=Bio>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'' (1977 ed.), pp. 168-8</ref> It was also revealed that "The Fall of Arthur" was read and approved by both [[E.V. Gordon]] and [[R.W. Chambers]],<ref name=Bio/><ref>[[Verlyn Flieger]], "Arthurian Romance", in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', pp. 34-5</ref> and that the writing of the poem was abandoned in the mid 1930s.<ref name=Bio/>


==Editions==
* [[HarperCollins]] First edition,[[2013]] ([[23 May]]),ISBN:9780007489947
* [[HarperCollins]] De luxe edition,[[2013]]([[23 May]]),ISBN:9780007489893

==Errata==

There are some typos in the book:

* According to Nelson Goering at Tolkien Society facebook group: "at line 182 we learn that 'hosemen hastened'. Now I'm wondering just what the role of the hoseman was. Perhaps it's a kind of squire, who travels with his knight to ensure he always has clean, dry, well-pressed trousers. Or perhaps it is something nobler, a high chivalric order marked out by their elegant legwear".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.facebook.com/nelson.goering/posts/688711993706?|articlename=The Tolkien Society group|dated=16 September 2014|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=18 September 2014}}</ref>

* Nelson Goering also said "Canto II, line 76 is mislineated. It says 'He hastens home, and his / host summons', but should be 'He hastens home, / and his host summons'".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.facebook.com/nelson.goering/posts/688711993706?|articlename=The Tolkien Society group|dated=16 September 2014|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=18 September 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Letter 165]]
*''[[The Book of Kyng Arthur]]''
*[[Christopher Tolkien]]

==External links==
*[http://www.tolkienestate.com/the-fall-of-arthur/ The Fall of Arthur: A Brief Presentation] by [[Christopher Tolkien]] (at the website of the [[Tolkien Estate]])
*[http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1278838.ece Tolkien’s King Arthur], review by [[Tom Shippey]]
*"[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/23/tolkien-s-unfinished-epic-the-fall-of-arthur.html Tolkien’s Unfinished Epic: ‘The Fall of Arthur’]", review by [[John Garth]]
*[http://parmarkenta.blogspot.se/2013/08/the-fall-of-arthur-collection-of-reviews.html The Fall of Arthur – a collection of reviews] by Troels Forchhammer
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/books/review/the-fall-of-arthur-by-j-r-r-tolkien.html?_r=0 Andrew O'Hehir Review] at the New York Times
*{{WP|Le Morte d'Arthur}}
{{references}}

{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall of Arthur, The}}
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]

Wizards

2017-03-26T03:11:14Z

Neithan: /* History */

{{rewrite}}
{{people
| image=[[File:Angel Falto - The Istari.jpg|250px]]
| name=Wizards
| dominions=[[Orthanc]] (Saruman) [[Rhosgobel]] (Radagast)
| languages=
| height=
| length=
| skincolor=
| haircolor=
| feathers=
| distinctions=[[Maiar]] with great power sent to [[Middle-earth]] in the fight against [[Sauron]]
| lifespan=Immortal
| members=[[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]], [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards]]
}}
{{quote|Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for they are subtle and quick to anger.|[[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]]<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>}}

The '''Wizards''' of [[Middle-earth]], also known as the '''Istari''' in [[Quenya]] and the '''[[Ithron|Ithryn]]''' in [[Sindarin]], were a small group of beings outwardly resembling [[Men]] but possessing much greater physical and mental power.

==History==
The wizards, also called Istari, were originally spirits of the order of the [[Maiar]], the followers of the [[Valar]]. These were sent by the Valar to help and assist the peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron as he gathered his forces during the [[Third Age]].

The five known Istari were [[Curumo]], a Maia of [[Aulë]], [[Gandalf|Olórin]], a Maia of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]], [[Radagast|Aiwendil]], a Maia of [[Yavanna]], and [[Blue Wizards|Alatar]] and [[Blue Wizards|Pallando]], both Maiar of [[Oromë]]. Alatar and Pallando, also known as [[Ithryn Luin]], the "Blue Wizards," went into the East and do not come into the main tales of Middle-earth. In the northwest of Middle-earth Curumo became known as [[Saruman]] to Men and [[Curunír]] to [[Elves]], Olórin was known as [[Gandalf]] to Men and [[Gandalf|Mithrandir]] to Elves, while Aiwendil became known as [[Radagast]].

The Istari came to Middle-earth around the year {{TA|1000}} (though the Blue Wizards may have arrived much earlier). Each wizard was assigned a colour for his clothes, white being indicative of the chief. The two that traveled to the East wore sea-blue robes, hence their name Ithryn Luin, the "Blue Wizards." Similarly the other wizards also became known by their colours, being referred to as "Saruman the White," "Gandalf the Grey," and "Radagast the Brown." It is not known if the colour had any special meaning concerning their rank, abilities or nature.

They were clothed in the bodies of old men, restricting their powers so that they would only assist the peoples of Middle-earth and not seek domination like Sauron had, who was also a Maia. They were charged by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth through persuasion and encouragement, not force or fear. By inhabiting the bodies of Men they also became susceptible to all of the weaknesses of a physical body: they felt hunger, pain, greed, sorrow, joy, and all other emotions and pains of Men.

Their spirits remained immortal, and they aged only very slowly. However, their bodies could be killed: Gandalf did indeed die from his duel with the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] of [[Moria]], and only through the intervention of [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] himself was he restored to his body.

[[File:John Howe - Gandalf 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Gandalf'']]
Very few of Middle-earth's inhabitants knew who the Wizards really were; the Istari did not share this information. Most believed they were Elves or wise Men (''Gandalf'' represents this interpretation, meaning ''Wand-elf'', because the Men who gave him the nickname believed he was an Elf). They attracted few questions due to their gentle nature and dislike of direct interference with other people's affairs. In spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were nevertheless capable of mortal feelings, thus [[Gandalf]] felt great affection for the [[Hobbits]]. On the other hand, they could feel negative mortal emotions like greed, jealousy, and lust for power. Saruman himself fell victim to these emotions, and it is hinted in an essay in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' that the Blue Wizards (see below) may have also fallen prey to these temptations during their journeys in the East.

Saruman was originally gifted with the greatest power of the five Istari and was named the head of the White Council, a group of the Wise in opposition to Sauron. In {{TA|2759}}, he was invited by the rulers of Gondor and Rohan to settle in [[Isengard]] and the impenetrable tower of [[Orthanc]]. Saruman was learned in the lore of the [[Rings of Power]], gradually becoming corrupted by the desire for the Rings and by Sauron's direct influence on him through the ''[[Palantíri|palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]]. Eventually he became ensnared in Sauron's power, and assisted him in the War of the Ring until he was defeated by the [[Ents]] and Gandalf, who broke his staff and cast him out of the White Council. Saruman's death came at the hands of his servant [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] in [[The Shire]], after the destruction of [[the One Ring]]. His spirit was then dispersed by a wind from the West, becoming similar to Sauron in his destruction.

When Saruman fell to the temptation of the Ring, and after the defeat of the Balrog of Moria, Gandalf was reborn and given the title of Gandalf the White. Gandalf, who had originally been nominated for leadership of the White Council by the Elf-Lady [[Galadriel]], assumed leadership both of the White Council and the Order of the Istari. He then cast Saruman from the order and led the West to victory over Sauron, advising the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]] [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and the new king of [[Gondor]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn Elessar]]. After the defeat of Sauron and Saruman, Gandalf traveled west across the Sea with the Ringbearers, revealing that he himself was the bearer of [[Narya]], one of the Elven Rings of Power.

Radagast stayed true to his mission for a while, even serving as a messenger to Gandalf from Saruman, convincing Gandalf to meet with Saruman. He also instructed the birds in his service to assist Saruman and Gandalf. Radagast dwelt at [[Rhosgobel]] near the borders of [[Mirkwood]]. Eventually, Radagast is said to have become enamoured of the beasts and birds and to have ultimately failed to complete his mission. Later writings are less critical of Radagast, arguing that he did not fail at his mission as much as simply choose a tactic - working with the animal world - that ultimately proved less directly effective than working with Men and Elves.

The [[Blue Wizards]] went into the East and do not come into the tales of northwestern Middle-earth. It is sometimes thought that the Blue Wizards also failed in their mission and fell to the temptations that had corrupted Saruman; it is said that their fall gave rise to magical cults in the East. However, other writings again suggest otherwise, even that the Blue Wizards possibly succeeded in their mission, and that the victories of the West would have been impossible without their influence in the East.

== Etymology ==
Tolkien's Istari were not wizards in the common sense of the word, but rather more like 'wise men' or even 'messengers.' [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], a lifelong philologist and devoted Catholic, deliberately used the word wizard, as it connoted 'wisdom' and conveniently conveyed to the reader the 'other worldly' powers of the characters. These sentiments were best worded by Tolkien himself in the first paragraph of the essay ''The Istari'' in the [[Unfinished Tales]]:

<blockquote>Wizard ''is a translation of Quenya istar (Sindarin ''ithron''): one of the members of an "order" (as they call it), claiming to possess, and exhibiting, eminent knowledge of the history and nature of the World. The translation (through suitable in its relation to "wise" and other ancient words of knowing, similar to that of ''istar'' in Quenya) is not perhaps happy, since ''Heren'' Istarion or "Order of Wizards" was quite distinct from "wizards" and "magicians" of later legend; they belonged solely to the Third Age and then departed, and none save maybe Elrond, Círdan and Galadriel discovered of what kind they were or whence they came.''</blockquote>

The [[Quenya]] word ''Istari'' means "those who know".<ref name=L156>{{L|156}}</ref> The word seems to come from the verb ''[[ista-]]'' ("to know"), and possibly the [[Wikipedia:Agentive ending|agentive ending]] ''[[-ro]]''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/affix~1|articlename=Quenya Affixes|website=Arda}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==

In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, the word for "wizard" is ''curug'' (and "witch" is ''curus''). An alternative word is ''thothweg'', also translated as "wizard".<ref>{{PE|11}}, pp. 27, 73</ref>

==Other fiction==
A wizard, who puts a spell on the dog Rover, appears in Tolkien's story ''[[Roverandom]]''. The bewitchement turns Rover into a toy.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:In Peter Jackson's film version of ''The Lord of the Rings'', two of the five Wizards (Saruman and Gandalf) were portrayed and featured heavily in the film trilogy (as the characters do in the books.)

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Although Radagast has a small role in ''The Lord of the Rings'', his role was omitted in Peter Jackson's film trilogy. However, Radagast had a substantial supporting role in ''The Hobbit'' films, and Saruman had a brief appearance.

{{references}}
{{ainur}}
[[Category:Maiar]]
[[Category:Wizards| ]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/istari]]