Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

I Sit beside the Fire and Think

2026-05-26T00:24:49Z

Oromë: /* Legacy */ still had a typo

{{unnamed}}
[[File:Jake Murray - Fireside Song.jpg|thumb|300px|right|"Fireside Song" by [[:Category:Images by Jake Murray|Jake Murray]]]]
'''I Sit beside the Fire and Think''' is a song by [[Bilbo Baggins]], which he sang softly in [[Rivendell]] on [[24 December]] {{TA|3018}},<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> the evening before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] set out upon their quest. Bilbo sang the song in the presence of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], after giving Frodo the [[Mithril-coat]] and [[Sting]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> The song is a contemplative piece, sung by a now-aging hobbit recalling past events that ends in anticipation of hearing returning friends.
==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic;margin-left:20px;">
I sit beside the fire and think
of all that I have seen
of meadow-flowers and butterflies
in summers that have been;

Of yellow leaves and gossamer
in autumns that there were,
with morning mist and silver sun
and wind upon my hair.

I sit beside the fire and think
of how the world will be
when winter comes without a spring
that I shall ever see.

For still there are so many things
that I have never seen:
in every wood in every spring
there is a different green.

I sit beside the fire and think
of people long ago
and people who will see a world
that I shall never know.

But all the while I sit and think
of times there were before,
I listen for returning feet
and voices at the door.
</poem>

==Legacy==
[[Donald Swann]] wrote music for this song, which can be found in the book ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'';<ref>{{RGEO|Sit}}</ref> it is also found on the accompanying CD of the latest version.

[[Summoning]] used the poem for lyrics in a song called "A Distant Flame Before The Sun", from the [[1999]] album ''[[Stronghold]]''.

Inspired by this poem, [[Burzum (band)|Burzum]] wrote the lyrics of the song "Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament".

[[Clamavi De Profundis]] wrote music for this song and released it as a memorial for Christopher Tolkien.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:After [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] farewells [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] from [[Rivendell]], he recites the first two lines of the poem.

'''2004: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (extended edition)]]:'''
:A translation of this song, with [[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Sindarin]] lyrics by [[David Salo]] and melody by [[Howard Shore]], is heard in the Fan Credits.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.amagpiesnest.com/source_songs/ROTK/SSbilbos_song.htm|articlename=Bilbo's Song|dated=|website=[http://www.amagpiesnest.com/ A Magpie's Nest.com]|accessed=9 July 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Poems in The Lord of the Rings|Poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]

{{References}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]

I Sit beside the Fire and Think

2026-05-26T00:14:34Z

Oromë: /* Legacy */ link

{{unnamed}}
[[File:Jake Murray - Fireside Song.jpg|thumb|300px|right|"Fireside Song" by [[:Category:Images by Jake Murray|Jake Murray]]]]
'''I Sit beside the Fire and Think''' is a song by [[Bilbo Baggins]], which he sang softly in [[Rivendell]] on [[24 December]] {{TA|3018}},<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> the evening before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] set out upon their quest. Bilbo sang the song in the presence of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], after giving Frodo the [[Mithril-coat]] and [[Sting]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> The song is a contemplative piece, sung by a now-aging hobbit recalling past events that ends in anticipation of hearing returning friends.
==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic;margin-left:20px;">
I sit beside the fire and think
of all that I have seen
of meadow-flowers and butterflies
in summers that have been;

Of yellow leaves and gossamer
in autumns that there were,
with morning mist and silver sun
and wind upon my hair.

I sit beside the fire and think
of how the world will be
when winter comes without a spring
that I shall ever see.

For still there are so many things
that I have never seen:
in every wood in every spring
there is a different green.

I sit beside the fire and think
of people long ago
and people who will see a world
that I shall never know.

But all the while I sit and think
of times there were before,
I listen for returning feet
and voices at the door.
</poem>

==Legacy==
[[Donald Swann]] wrote music for this song, which can be found in the book ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'';<ref>{{RGEO|Sit}}</ref> it is also found on the accompanying CD of the latest version.

[[Summoning]] used the poem for lyrics in a song called "A Distant Flame Before The Sun", from the [[1999]] album ''[[Stronghold]]''.

Inspired by this poem, [[Burzum (band)|Burzum]] wrote the lyrics of the song "Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament".

[[Clamavi De Profundis]] wrote music for this song released it as a memorial for Christopher Tolkien.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:After [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] farewells [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] from [[Rivendell]], he recites the first two lines of the poem.

'''2004: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (extended edition)]]:'''
:A translation of this song, with [[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Sindarin]] lyrics by [[David Salo]] and melody by [[Howard Shore]], is heard in the Fan Credits.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.amagpiesnest.com/source_songs/ROTK/SSbilbos_song.htm|articlename=Bilbo's Song|dated=|website=[http://www.amagpiesnest.com/ A Magpie's Nest.com]|accessed=9 July 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Poems in The Lord of the Rings|Poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]

{{References}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]

I Sit beside the Fire and Think

2026-05-26T00:12:46Z

Oromë: Typo/grammar

{{unnamed}}
[[File:Jake Murray - Fireside Song.jpg|thumb|300px|right|"Fireside Song" by [[:Category:Images by Jake Murray|Jake Murray]]]]
'''I Sit beside the Fire and Think''' is a song by [[Bilbo Baggins]], which he sang softly in [[Rivendell]] on [[24 December]] {{TA|3018}},<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> the evening before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] set out upon their quest. Bilbo sang the song in the presence of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], after giving Frodo the [[Mithril-coat]] and [[Sting]].<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> The song is a contemplative piece, sung by a now-aging hobbit recalling past events that ends in anticipation of hearing returning friends.
==Lyrics==
<poem style="font-style:italic;margin-left:20px;">
I sit beside the fire and think
of all that I have seen
of meadow-flowers and butterflies
in summers that have been;

Of yellow leaves and gossamer
in autumns that there were,
with morning mist and silver sun
and wind upon my hair.

I sit beside the fire and think
of how the world will be
when winter comes without a spring
that I shall ever see.

For still there are so many things
that I have never seen:
in every wood in every spring
there is a different green.

I sit beside the fire and think
of people long ago
and people who will see a world
that I shall never know.

But all the while I sit and think
of times there were before,
I listen for returning feet
and voices at the door.
</poem>

==Legacy==
[[Donald Swann]] wrote music for this song, which can be found in the book ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'';<ref>{{RGEO|Sit}}</ref> it is also found on the accompanying CD of the latest version.

[[Summoning]] used the poem for lyrics in a song called "A Distant Flame Before The Sun", from the [[1999]] album ''[[Stronghold]]''.

Inspired by this poem, [[Burzum (band)|Burzum]] wrote the lyrics of the song "Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament".

Clamavi de Profundis wrote music for this song released it as a memorial for Christopher Tolkien.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:After [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] farewells [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] from [[Rivendell]], he recites the first two lines of the poem.

'''2004: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (extended edition)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (extended edition)]]:'''
:A translation of this song, with [[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Sindarin]] lyrics by [[David Salo]] and melody by [[Howard Shore]], is heard in the Fan Credits.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.amagpiesnest.com/source_songs/ROTK/SSbilbos_song.htm|articlename=Bilbo's Song|dated=|website=[http://www.amagpiesnest.com/ A Magpie's Nest.com]|accessed=9 July 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Poems in The Lord of the Rings|Poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]

{{References}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]

11 November

2026-05-12T01:54:29Z

Oromë: Add Rings of Power season 3 date - change to episode names when available

<noinclude>{{month|November}}
Events that occurred on 11 November.
==On Earth==
</noinclude>
* '''[[1901]]''' - [[Dorothy Whitelock]], later colleague of Tolkien, is born.
* '''[[1906]]''' - Actor and comedian [[Theodore Isidore Gottlieb]] is born.
* '''[[1918]]''' - [[World War I|The War]] comes to an end in a cease-fire.
* '''[[1919]]''' - The Ministry of Pensions sends a letter to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], on which he wrote a draft of ''[[The Ruined Enchanter|The Ruined Enchanter: A Fairy Ballad]]''.
* '''[[1944]]''' - Actor [[Martyn Read]] is born.
* '''[[1954]] - ''[[The Two Towers]]'' is published.'''
* '''[[1956]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Mr Britten (11 November 1956)|a letter to Mr Britten]].
* '''[[1964]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 265]].
* '''[[1964]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (11 November 1964)|a letter to Clyde S. Kilby]].
* '''[[1993]]''' - ''[[Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien: Volume I-III|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' is published.
* '''[[2003]]''' - ''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]]'' is released in the USA.
* '''[[2006]]''' - [[Ring*Con 2006]] in [[wikipedia:Fulda|Fulda]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]].
* '''[[2011]]''' - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'' is released in Spain.
* '''[[2014]]''' - The half-hour documentary ''[[Tolkien's Great War]]'' by Elliot and Zander Weaver is released.<noinclude><ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5597242/releaseinfo/?ref_=tt_dt_rdat|articlename=Tolkien's Great War - Release info|website=IMDB|accessed=29 November 2025}}</ref></noinclude>
* '''[[2026]]''' - Season 3 of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' will release.<noinclude><ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/the-lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-season-3-premiere-date-1236592157/|articlename='The Lord of the Rings: Rings of Power' Season 3 Sets Premiere Date|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessed=11 May 2026|dated=11 May 202}}</ref></noinclude>

==In Arda==
* {{FA|495}}:
** [[Tuor]], guided by [[Voronwë]], travels to [[Gondolin]] in order to deliver [[Ulmo]]'s message to [[Turgon]].
* {{TA|2994}}:
** A Dwarf (perhaps [[Ori]]) writes in the [[Book of Mazarbul]] about [[Balin]]'s death the previous day.
* {{TA|3018}}:
** {{Cal Preparation-Company}}
** Full moon<noinclude><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. xlviii</ref>
{{references}}
[[Category:Dates|316]][[fi:11. marraskuuta]]</noinclude>

House of Hador

2026-04-02T03:19:24Z

Oromë: Typo

{{sources}}
{{disambig-more|Hador|[[Hador (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Noble House infobox
| name=House of Hador
| image = Quentandil - Hador device.png
| caption=
| othernames='''House:''' ''Bar Hador'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) Third House of the Edain '''People:''' Edain of the North, Folk of Marach, Hadorians, Men of Dor-lómin, Men of Hador's House, Men of Hithlum, Men of the North, People of Hador, Stawheads<ref>{{CH|4}}, p. 68</ref>
| founder=[[Marach]]
| leader=Briefly the [[Lord of Dor-lómin|Lords of Dor-lómin]]
| location=[[Estolad]], [[Hithlum]] (especially [[Dor-lómin]]), later [[Númenor]]
| affiliation=[[House of Fingolfin]]
| rivalry=
| destroyed=Last formal leader of this people, [[Húrin Thalion]], ruled until {{FA|472}}, but descendants of this people survived down into the [[Fourth Age]]
| language=[[Taliska]], [[Sindarin]]
| members=[[Hador]], [[Galdor]], [[Huor]], [[Eärendil]], [[Elrond]]
| race=[[Edain]]
| distinctions=
| height=Tall
| hair=Mostly golden
| skin=Fair
| clothing=
| weapons=
| heirlooms=[[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]], [[Dramborleg]]
| gallery=Hadorians
}}

The '''House of Hador''', also known as the '''Third House of the Edain''', was the last House of the [[Edain]] to cross the [[Ered Luin]] into [[Beleriand]] during the late [[First Age]].

The followers of [[Marach]] and his descendants would become the '''Edain of the North''', '''Folk of Marach''', '''Hadorians''', '''Men of Dor-lómin''', '''Men of Hador's House''', '''Men of Hithlum''', '''Men of the North''', and the '''People of Hador'''.
==Origin==
The [[Men]] of the folk of Marach descended from the tribes of Men who abandoned [[Hildórien]] for the [[West (disambiguation)|West]]. They were at war with the [[Men of Darkness|Men]] who fell under the [[Shadow]], and were pursued by them.<ref name="DM">{{PM|Atani}}</ref> They followed a road around northern [[Rhûn]] where they met some [[Dwarves]].<ref>{{WJ|Dwarves}}</ref> At the shores of the [[Sea of Rhûn]] a [[House of Bëor|small part was separated]]. The Greater Folk, the ancestors of the folk of Marach, came later in the north-east woods near the shores. They crafted boats and could sail the Inland Sea, and seemed to have been related to the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>

That folk was numerous and came in three hosts each around 2000 adult men. They crossed [[Eriador]] armed and equipped, with many [[horses]], some [[donkeys]] and flocks of [[sheep]] and [[goats]]. They reached the feet of the [[Ered Luin]] a year before all others but didn't attempt to find passes. Their mounted scouts attempted to find a way round them, and did so from the south.<ref name="DM" />

In {{FA|313}}, the first host entered [[Beleriand]] from the south and were followed by the rest of the folk of Marach in the same year.<ref name="DM" /> They were the largest of the Houses and also the most warlike and they frightened the native [[Green-elves]] who inhabited the forested slopes of the mountains and so were bidden to progress to Estolad as the [[House of Bëor]] had done. Of all the Houses of the Edain the Hadorians remained longest in Estolad (perhaps due to the immense size of the House) but became close allies with the Noldorin [[House of Fingolfin]] who reigned in [[Hithlum]]. Under the rule of [[Magor]], grandson of Marach the House removed to the southern slopes of the [[Ered Wethrin]].

==History==
It was during the reign of Hador in {{FA|416}} though that the folk of Marach were finally granted permanent lands in the form of the fief of [[Dor-lómin]] within Hithlum. In recognition of the first lord of their new realm the House became known as the House of Hador. As a gift from his new lords, Hador was given the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin|Dragon Helm]] by Fingon, which became a great heirloom of the House, borne by all its lords save Húrin. They enjoyed much splendor under the [[House of Fingolfin]], and their warriors held [[Eithel Sirion]] and fought beside the Noldor in the [[Wars of Beleriand]].

Hador died during the [[Dagor Bragollach]] alongside his younger son [[Gundor]]. So Lordship of the House passed to Hador's older son [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] leading the House of Hador in the troubled times that followed the Dagor Bragollach. During those times the House united with some of the folk of the [[House of Beor]] who had fled from [[Dorthonion]]. Galdor's wife was of the [[Haladin]] and their sons, [[Húrin]] and [[Huor]], were sent away to Brethil when they were lost and spent time with [[Turgon]] in [[Gondolin]]. Galdor himself was slain at [[Eithel Sirion]] in {{FA|462|n}}, thus Húrin became the third Lord of Dor-lómin.

During Húrin's tenure as lord, Hithlum was largely made safe, owing largely to the great reclamation of lost lands by the [[Union of Maedhros]] of which the men and elves of Hithlum were participants. This gathered steam until the plans were made for another assault on [[Morgoth]] in [[Angband]]- the battle that would become known as [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. Húrin mustered all the men that Dor-lómin could provide to supplement Fingon's host in the west. The result was devastating for the House of Hador and their remnant covered the retreat of Turgon. They refused to leave and heroically drew up their lines behind [[Rivil]], killing hundreds of [[Orcs]] and [[Trolls]] before their entire host was killed to a man in a final last stand.

===Later history===
Hithlum, defenceless and beaten was thus taken by the treacherous [[Swarthy Men]] who had been so instrumental in Morgoth's victory without any notable resistance of what remained of the people of the House of Hador.

From this point the lives of the people of Hador became one of marginal slavery. The House of Hador fared badly under the [[Incomers]]; brutally suppressed, their lands were taken and their women forced into marriage with the new despot-lords of Hithlum. The nobility of the House went into hiding or killed trying to flee. Húrin's son and heir (and officially now Lord of the House) [[Túrin]] was too young to lead and so was sent away to [[Doriath]] for his safety by his [[Morwen|mother]] and Huor's son Tuor was only born the year of the Nirnaeth Arnoediad and so was similarly guarded; fostered by the [[Sindar|grey elves]] that still inhabited the mountains of [[Mithrim]]. Those that could escape in the years that followed did-so fleeing to those havens of the elves that still stood but the House of Hador ceased to be as a coherent entity in much the same manner as the [[House of Bëor]] had suffered in the aftermath of the Dagor Bragollach.

None the less, when the surviving Edain were granted the gift-land of [[Númenor]] the House of Hador was still the greatest in size of all the Houses and so made up the greater portion of the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name="Life">{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 317</ref>
[[Hatholdir]] was a noble who was descendant of the House of Hador.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>

It was believed in [[Gondor]] (somewhat inaccurately<ref name="DM" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #61</ref>) that some of the sons of the House who refused the call to [[Elenna]], became the direct ancestors of the [[Northmen]]; explaining thus the affinity the [[Rohirrim]] had with the [[Gondorians]].<ref>{{TT|IV5}}</ref>

==Physical characteristics==
[[File:ForeverMedhok - Hador.png|thumb|''Hador'' by [[:Category:Images by ForeverMedhok|ForeverMedhok]]]]
The people of the House of Hador tended to be hardy and enduring in cold and distances, strong, tall, bold and steadfast (second to those of the First House), swift in body, with blue eyes, fair skin, and golden hair; they were noble and generous, ready in mind and quick to anger and laughter. There were some among them who were dark-haired (a trait sometimes inherited from the [[House of Beor]]).,<ref name="DM" />{{rp|307}}<ref>{{S|Men}}</ref> and those members showed an interest in crafts and lore.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #43</ref> They were marked as being the tallest men inhabitants of Beleriand, even taller than the Elves.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 276</ref> They were the largest of the Houses and also the most warlike.

Their features and traits were such, that young members of the House were almost indistinguishable from the Eldar, a fact that was remembered in elven songs ever after. The swift fading of this condition was a grief and a mystery to the Eldar.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #47</ref>

Their language was closely related with that of the Folk of Bëor, but their dialect, the main dialect of [[Taliska]] which became [[Adûnaic]], was more uniform with fewer alien influences.<ref name="DM" /> As [[Elf-friends]] they also spoke [[Sindarin]].

==Other names==
The [[Sindarin]] name for "House of Hador" was '''''Bar Hador'''''.<ref>{{MR|P5I}}, p. 373. The first word appears in the [[lenition|lenited]] compound form ''e-mbar'' ("''of'' the House")</ref>

==Genealogy==
A dagger symbol '†' signifies those who did not die of old age. A name preceded by '#*' indicates a ruler of the house, with the number specifying the order.

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | MAR | | | | | | | | | | | | |MAR=1* [[Marach]] ''{{FA|282}} - {{FA|376|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | ZIM |y| MAL | | IML | | | | | | | | | | |ZIM=[[Zimrahin]] ''unknown''|MAL=2* [[Malach]] ''{{FA|307|n}} - {{FA|398|n}}''|IML=[[Imlach]] ''b. {{FA|310|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | BEL |V| ADA | | MAG | | AML | | | | | | | | | | |BEL=[[Belemir]] ''b. {{FA|339|n}}''|ADA=[[Adanel]] ''b. {{FA|339|n}}''|MAG=3* [[Magor]] ''b. {{FA|341|n}}''|AML=[[Amlach]] ''b. {{FA|337|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | BEO | | | | HAT | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BEO=''[[House of Bëor]]''|HAT=4* [[Hathol]] ''b. {{FA|365|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | HAD |y| GIL | | | | | | | | | | |HAD=5* [[Hador]] ''{{FA|390|n}} - {{FA|455|n}}''|GIL=[[Gildis]] ''unknown''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | HAL |V| GLO | | GAL |y| HAR | | GUN | | | | | | |HAL=[[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]] ''{{FA|414|n}} - {{FA|472|n}}''|GLO=[[Glóredhel]] ''{{FA|415|n}} - {{FA|472|n}}''|GAL=6* [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] ''{{FA|417|n}} - {{FA|462|n}}''|HAR=[[Hareth]] ''b. {{FA|420|n}}''|GUN=[[Gundor]] ''{{FA|419|n}} - {{FA|455|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | HAL | | MOR |y| HUR | | HUO |y| RIA | | | | |HAL=''[[House of Haleth]]''|MOR=[[Morwen]] ''{{FA|441|n}} - {{FA|501|n}}''|HUR=7* [[Húrin]] ''{{FA|441|n}} - {{FA|502|n}}''|HUO=[[Huor]] ''{{FA|444|n}} - {{FA|472|n}}|RIA=[[Rían]] ''{{FA|450|n}} - {{FA|472|n}}''}}
{{familytree | | | |:| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | TUR | | LAL | | NIE | | TUO |y| IDR | | |TUR=[[Túrin]] ''{{FA|464|n}} - {{FA|499|n}}''|LAL=[[Lalaith]] ''{{FA|466|n}} - {{FA|469|n}}''|NIE=[[Nienor]] ''{{FA|473|n}} - {{FA|499|n}}''|TUO=[[Tuor]] ''b. {{FA|472|n}}''|IDR=[[Idril]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EAR |y| ELW |EAR=[[Eärendil]] ''b. {{FA|503|n}}''|ELW=[[Elwing]] ''b. {{FA|503}}''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ROS | | RON |ROS=[[Elros]] ''{{FA|532}} - {{SA|442}}''|RON=[[Elrond]] ''born {{FA|532}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{references}}
[[Category:House of Hador| ]]
[[Category:Mannish noble houses|Hador]]
[[de:Haus Hador]]
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:peuple de hador]]
[[fi:Hadorin kansa]]
[[fi:Hadorin Huone]]

The Tale of Eärendel

2026-02-24T16:06:28Z

Oromë: Typo

{{HoME2chapters}}
'''The Tale of Eärendel''' is the fifth chapter of ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''. Unlike the previous tales in the book, it does not contain a full narrative, but contains [[Christopher Tolkien]]'s exposition of the various notes and "condensed and often contradictory outlines" of the uncompleted Tale of [[Eärendil|Eärendel]]. Christopher also includes [[#Early poems|four poems]] written before the Lost Tales.

==Synopsis==
This narrative was suppoused to pick up where ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]'' and the ''[[The Nauglafring|Tale of the Nauglafring]]'' left off, with the upbringing of Eärendel and [[Elwing]] amongst the [[Lothlim]] at the mouth of [[Sirion]], and the love between them. The outlines then sketch Eärendel's rescue from a wreck by [[Ulmo]], his voyages in search of [[Valinor]], the [[War of Wrath|binding of Melko]] and finally his departure to the [[firmament]].

There are two major discrepancies between this outline of the Eärendel narrative and that of the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''. Firstly, in the ''Lost Tale'', Eärendel arrives in Valinor too late: a message borne by the birds of [[Gondolin]] has already roused the Eldar, who decided to go to war despite the wishes of the Gods, departing to the [[Middle-earth|Great Lands]]. According to [[Christopher Tolkien]] the "extraordinary" conclusion that Eärendel's quest was fruitless survived to the early versions of the ''Silmarillion'', but leaves a serious unresolved question regarding Ulmo's purpose in guiding the fates of Tuor and Eärendel. The image of Eärendel arriving in [[Kôr]] only to find it deserted is indeed preserved in the published ''Silmarillion'', but in the later conception it is because the inhabitants are attending a feast in [[Valmar]].

Secondly, it does not appear that Elwing was ever to be found by Eärendel after the sack of Eärendel's home. In contrast to ''The Silmarillion'', the earlier narrative has Eärendel driven through the [[Door of Night]] in search of her, not at the design of the Valar and not bearing a [[Silmaril]]. His brightness is instead attributed to having trodden in the 'diamond dust' of Kôr and increased by his own sadness.

As Christopher notices, the tale was thought to be divided in seven parts, each one having a comparable length to the tale of ''[[The Nauglafring]]''; so if ever acomplished, the ''Tale of Eärendel'' would have been half of the length of all ''The Book of Lost Tales''.

===Early poems===
* ''[[Éalá Éarendel Engla Beorhtast]]'', written in September [[1914]].
* ''[[The Bidding of the Minstrel]]'', written in winter [[1914]].
* ''[[The Shores of Faëry]]'', written in July [[1915]].
* ''[[The Happy Mariners]]'', written in July [[1915]].

==Outlines compared==
Here are presented the four outlines given by Christopher Tolkien throughout the chapter. These schemes were not dated, so it is impossible to know what were Tolkien's last plans for the Tale. Schemes B and C are the longest, and Christopher compares them with ''The Silmarillion''. He also provides a couple of short prefaces attached to two of the poems, but they are not considered here, as they are too early. The division here has only be created to help the comparison, sometimes breaking the paragraphs, but the text of each scheme is not edited beyond that. The scattered notes belong to the Notebook of Scheme C, keeping the same numeration made by Christopher, but not always following the same order.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scheme B !! Scheme C !! Scheme D !! Scheme E !! Scattered notes
|-
|'''''Second part.''''' The dwelling at [[Sirion]]. || [[Eärendel]] dwells with [[Tuor]] and [[Idril|Irildë]] at Sirion's mouth by the sea (on the [[Isle of Balar|Isles of Sirion]]). || How folk of the [[Lothlim]] dwelt at [[Mouths of Sirion|Sirion's Mouth]]. Eärendel grew fairest of all Men that were or are. || The dwelling by the waters of Sirion's mouth. || (i) Dwelling in the Isle of Sirion in a house of snow-white stone.
|-
| || || How the mermaids ([[Oarni]]) loved him. || The mermaids come to Eärendel. || (ii) The Oarni give to Eärendel a wonderful shining silver coat that wets not. They love Eärendel, in [[Ossë]]'s despite, and teach him the lore of boat-building and of swimming, as he plays with them about the shores of Sirion. (iii) Eärendel was smaller than most men but nimbled-footed and a swift swimmer (but Voronwë could not swim).
|-
| Coming thither of [[Elwing]], and the love of her and Eärendel as girl and boy. || Elwing of the Gnomes of [[Artanor]] flees to them with the [[Nauglafring]]. Eärendel and Elwing love one another as boy and girl. || How Elwing came to the Lothlim and of the love of Elwing and Eärendel. || ||
|-
| Ageing of Tuor — his secret sailing after the conches of [[Ulmo]] in [[Alqarámë|Swanwing]].|| Great love of Eärendel and Tuor. Tuor ages, and Ulmo's conches far out west over the sea call him louder and louder, till one evening he sets sail in his twilit boat with purple sails, Swanwing, Alqarámë. [[Idril]] sees him too late. Her song on the beach of Sirion. When he does not return grief of Eärendel and Idril. || How Tuor fell into age, and how Ulmo beckoned to him at eve, and he set forth on the waters and was lost. How Idril swam after him. || [[Tuor|Tûr]] groweth [[Sea-longing|sea-hungry]] — his song to Eärendel. One evening he calls Eärendel and they go to the shore. There is a skiff. Tûr bids farewell to Eärendel and bids him thrust it off — the skiff fares away into the West. Eärendel hears a great song swelling from the sea as Tûr's skiff dips over the world's rim. His passion of tears upon the shore. The lament of Idril. || (iv) Idril and Eärendel see Tuor's boat dropping into the twilight and a sound of song. (v) Death of Idril? — follows secretly after Tuor. (vi) Tuor has sailed back to [[Falasquil]] and so back to Ilbranteloth to [[Lake Mithrim|Asgon]] where he sits playing on his lonely harp on the islanded rock.
|-
| Eärendel sets sail to the North to find Tuor, and if needs be [[Halls of Mandos|Mandos]]. || Eärendel (urged also by Idril who is immortal) desires to set sail and search even to Mandos. (''Addition'': Building of Eärámë (Eaglepinion)). || <s>Eärendel [with the aid of?] Oarni builded [[Wingilot]] and set forth in search of... leaving [[Voronwë]] with Elwing.</s> Eärendel built Swanwing. Elwing's lament. How Ulmo forbade his quest but Eärendel would yet sail to find a passage to Mandos. || The building of Eärum. The coming of Elwing. Eärendel's reluctance. The whetting of Idril. ||
|-
| Sails in Eärámë. Wrecked. Ulmo appears. Saves him, bidding him sail to [[Kôr]] — 'for for this hast thou been brought out of the Wrack of Gondolin'. || (''Marginal note'': Curse of Nauglafring rests on his voyages Ossë his enemy.) Fiord of the Mermaid. Wreck. Ulmo appears at wreck and saves them, telling them he must go to Kôr and is saved for that.|| || || (vii) The fiord of the Mermaid: enchantment of his sailors. Mermaids are not Oarni (but are earthlings, or fays? — or both).
|-
| '''''Third part.''''' Second attempt of Eärendel to Mandos. Wreck of Falasquil and rescue by the Oarni. He sights the Isle of Seabirds 'whither do all the birds of all waters come at whiles'. || Elwing's grief when she learns Ulmo's bidding. 'For no man may tread the streets of Kôr or look upon the places of the [[Gods]] and dwell in the [[Outer Lands]] in peace again.' Eärendel departs all the same and is wrecked by the treachery of Ossë and saved by the Oarni (who love him) with Voronwë and dragged to Falasquil. (''Addition'': Eärendel surveys the first dwelling of Tuor at Falasquil). || How Wingilot was wrecked at Falasquil and how Eärendel found the carven house of Tuor there. || The voyage and foundering of Earum in the North, and the vanishing of Idril. How the seamaids rescued Eärendel and brought him to Tûr's bay. ||
|-
| Goes back by land to Sirion. Idril has vanished (she set sail at night). || Eärendel makes his way back by land with Voronwë. Finds that <s>Sirion has been sacked and only Littleheart (Ilfrith) remained who tells the tale.</s> Idril has banished. His grief.|| || His coastwise journey. The rape of Elwing. Eärendel discovers the ravaging of Sirion's mouth. ||
|-
| The conches of Ulmo call Eärendel. Last farewell of Elwing. Building of Wingilot. || Prays to Ulmo and hears the conches. Ulmo bids him build a new and wonderful ship of the wood of Tuor from Falasquil. Building of Wingilot. || || The building of Wingelot. || (viii) The ship Wingilot was built of wood from Falasquil with 'aid of the Oarni'. (ix) Wingilot was 'shaped as a swan of pearls'.
|-
| '''''Fourth part.''''' Eärendel sails for [[Valinor]]. His many wanderings, occupying several years. || Voronwë and Eärendel set sail in Wingilot. Driven south. Dark regions. Fire mountains. [[Tree-men]]. [[Pygmies]]. [[Sarqindi]] or cannibal-ogres. Driven west. [[Ungweliantë]]. [[Magic Isles]]. Twilit Isle [''sic'']. [[Littleheart]]'s gong awakes the [[Sleeper]] in the [[Tower of Pearl]]. <s>The Sleeper is Idril but he does not know.</s> || || He searches for Elwing and is blown to the South. Wirilómë. He escapes eastward. He goes back westward; he decries the [[Bay of Eldamar|Bay of Faëry]]. The Tower of Pearl, the magic isles, the great shadows. || (xi) During his voyages Eärendel sights the white walls of Kôr gleaming afar off, but is carried away by Ossë's adverse winds and waves. (xii) The Sleeper in the Tower of Pearl awakened by Littleheart's gong: a messenger that was despatched years ago by Turgon and enmeshed in magics. Even now he cannot leave the Tower and warns them of the magic.
|-
| '''''Fifth part.''''' Coming of the birds of [[Gondolin]] to Kôr with tidings. Uproar of the [[Elves]]. Councils of the Gods. March of the Inwir death of [[Inwë]]), [[Vanyar|Teleri]], and [[Solosimpi]]. Raid upon Sirion and captivity of Elwing. Sorrow and wrath of Gods, and a veil dropped between [[Valmar]] and Kôr, for the Gods will not destroy it but cannot bear to look upon it. Coming of the Eldar. Biding of [[Melko]]. Faring to [[Lonely Isle]]. Curse of the Nauglafring and death of Elwing. || (''Co-events to Eärendel's Tale'': Raid upon Sirion by Melko's [[Orcs]] and the captivity of Elwing. Birds tell Elves of the [[Fall of Gondolin]] and the horrors of the fate of the Gnomes. Counsels of the Gods and uproar of the Elves. March of the Inwir and Teleri. The Solosimpi go forth also but fare along the beaches of the world, for they are loth to fare from the sound of the sea — and only consent to go with the Teleri under these conditions — for the [[Noldoli]] slew some of their kin at [[Kopas Alqaluntë|Kópas]].) || ...the messengers sent from Gondolin. The doves of Gondolin fly to Valinor at the fall of that town. || || (x) The doves and pigeons of [[Turgon]]'s courtyard bring message to Valinor — only to Elves. (xiii) <s>Ulmo's protection removed from Sirion in wrath at Eärendel's second attempt to Mandos, and hence Melko overwhelmed it.</s> (xvi) The loss of the ship carrying Elwing and the Nauglafring took place on the voyage to Tol Eressëa with the exodus of the Elves from the Great Lands.
|-
| '''''Sixth part.''''' Eärendel reaches Kôr and finds it empty. Fares home in sorrow (and sights [[Tol Eressëa]] and the fleet of the Elves, but a great wind and darkness carries him away, and he misses his way and has a voyage eastward). || Kôr is found. Empty. Eärendel reads tales and prophecies in the waters. Desolation of Kôr. Eärendel's shoes and self powdered with diamond dust so that they shine brightly. Homeward adventures. Driven east — the deserts and red palaces where dwells the Sun. || || He finds Kôr empty; he sails back, crusted with dust and his face afire. || (xx) ''From [[The Theft of Melko and the Darkening of Valinor|The Theft of Melko]]:'' On the walls of Kôr were many dark tales written in pictured symbols, and runes of great beauty were drawn there too or carved upon stones, and Eärendel read many a wondrous tale there long ago.
|-
| Arriving at length at Sirion finds it empty. Goes to the ruins of Gondolin. Hears of tidings. Sails to Tol Eressëa. || Arrives at Sirion, only to find it sacked and empty. Eärendel distraught wanders with Voronwë and comes to the ruins of Gondolin. Men are encamped there miserably. Also Gnomes searching still for lost gems (or some Gnomes gone back to Gondolin). <s>[?Orlon] is [?biding] there and tells him of the sack of Sirion and the captivity of Elwing. The faring of [[Koreldar]] and the binding of Melko.</s> Of the binding of Melko. The wars with Men and the departure to Tol Erëssea (the Eldar unable to endure the strife of the world). Eärendel sails to Tol Eressëa and learns of the sinking of Elwing and the Nauglafring. Elwing became a seabird. His grief is very great. His garments and body shine like diamonds and his face is in silver flame for the grief and ... || || He learns of Elwing's foundering. || (xiv) Eärendel weds Elwing before he sets sail. When he hears of her loss he says that his children shall be "all such men hereafter as dare the great seas in ships".
|-
| Sails to the [[Isle of Seabirds]]. || He sets sail with Voronwë and dwells on the Isle of Seabirds in the northern waters (not far from Falasquil)—and there hopes that Elwing will return among the seabirds, but she is seeking him wailing along all the shores and especially among wreckage. || || He is sitteth on the Isle of Seabirds. Elwing as a seamew comes to him. || (xv) Eärendel goes even to the empty [[Angband|Halls of Iron]] seeking Elwing. (xvii) Eärendel and the northern tower of the Isle of Seabirds.
|-
| '''''Seventh part.''''' His voyage to the firmament. || After three times seven years he sails again for halls of Mandos with Voronwë — he gets there because [?only] those who still... and had suffered may do so — Tuor is gone to Valinor and nought is known of Idril or of Elwing. Reaches bar at the margin of the world and sets sail on oceans of the firmament in order to gaze over the Earth. The Moon mariner chases him for his brightness and he dives through the [[Door of Night]]. How he cannot now return to the world or he will die. He will find Elwing at the Faring Forth. Tuor and Idril some say sail now in Swanwing and may even seen going swift down the wind at dawn and dusk. || || He sets sail over the margent of the world. || (xviii) When Eärendel comes to Mandos he finds that Tuor is '''not'' in Valinor, nor [[Eruman|Erumáni]], and neither Elves not [[Ainur|Ainu]] know where he is. (He is with Ulmo). (xix) Eärendel returns from the firmament ever and anon with Voronwë to Kôr to see if the [[Magic Sun]] has been lit and the [[fairies]] have come back — but the [[Moon]] drives him back. (xxi) ''From the Name-list to [[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]:'' He was the greatest and first of all mariners among [[Men]], and saw regions that Men have not yet found nor gazed upon for all the multitude of their boats. He rideth now with Voronwë upon the winds of the firmament nor comes ever further back than Kôr, else would he die like other Men, so much of the mortal is in him.
|}

==See also==
*[[User:Quentandil/Harmony of the Lost Tale of Eärendel|Harmony of the Lost Tale of Eärendel]] by [[User:Quentandil]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tale of Earendel, The}}

Moria

2026-01-23T15:13:19Z

Oromë:

{{short description|Khazad-dûm, Mansion of the Dwarves}}
{{disambig-more|Moria|[[Moria (disambiguation)]]}}{{disambig-more|The Mines of Moria|[[The Mines of Moria (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=Alan Lee - The Eastern Arches.jpg
| caption = "The Eastern Arches" by [[Alan Lee]]
| name=Moria
| pronun=
| othernames=''[[Khazad-dûm]]'' ([[Khuzdul|K]]), ''Casarrondo'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''Hadhodrond'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Phurunargian'' ([[Westron|W]]), Dwarrowdelf, The Black Chasm, The Black Pit, Mansion of the Khazâd
| location=Middle of the [[Misty Mountains]], beneath [[Celebdil]], [[Caradhras]] and [[Fanuidhol]]
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=Primarily [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm|Dwarves]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]], [[Sindarin]], [[Westron]]
| govern1=[[King of Khazad-dûm]]
| govern2=[[Lord of Moria]] ({{TA|2989}}-{{TA|2994|n}})
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date=Between {{YT|1050}} and {{YT|1300}}<ref name=Sindar>{{S|Sindar}}</ref>
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1981}}
| event3=Reclaimed by [[Balin]]
| event3date={{TA|2989}}
| event4=Colony destroyed
| event4date={{TA|2994}}
| event5=Refounded
| event5date=After {{FoA|171}}
| followedby=[[Lonely Mountain]]
}}
{{quote|Greatest of all the mansions of the Dwarves was Khazad-dûm, the Dwarrowdelf, Hadhodrond in the Elvish tongue, that was afterwards in the days of its darkness called Moria.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Sindar]]"}}

'''Khazad-dûm''', latterly known as '''Moria''' ([[Sindarin]], "The Black Chasm", "The Black Pit"), was the grandest and most famous of the mansions of the [[Dwarves]]. There, for many thousands of years, a thriving [[Dwarf realms|Dwarvish community]] created the greatest city ever known.

It lay in the central parts of the [[Misty Mountains]], tunnelled and carved through the living rock of the mountains themselves. By the [[Second Age]] a traveller could pass through it from the west of the range to the east.

==History==
===Elder Days===
It was founded in very ancient days by [[Durin I|Durin]] who awoke at [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] in the [[Misty Mountains]]. He came upon the valley [[Azanulbizar]] beneath the mountains. He looked into a shimmering lake and saw a [[Durin's Crown|crown of stars]] reflected in its waters. He named that lake [[Kheled-zâram]], the [[Mirrormere]] and it remained a revered place among Dwarves of all houses ever afterwards, and the [[Durin's Stone]] was erected on the location of that event.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref>

There, in the caves above, Durin and [[Longbeards|his people]] started the delving and building of the [[Great Gates]] of Khazad-dûm, and the [[First Hall]] leading to a [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm|bridge over a chasm]]. From there began the expansion, both to ''Levels'' above and to ''Deeps'' below, and mines expanding out from the inhabited areas of the city proper.

As the centuries passed, the realm of Durin became the greatest of all their mansions, and became famous even to the distant west; the [[Elves]] of [[Beleriand]], heard its rumour from the [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]] on their borders.<ref name=Sindar />

Durin the Deathless died before the end of the First Age, and was buried in a tomb in Khazad-dûm<ref name=Durin>{{App|A3}}</ref> and his descendants continued to rule.

===Second Age===
{{quote|After the end of the [[First Age]] the power and wealth of Khazad-dûm was much increased; for it was enriched by many people and much lore and craft...|[[Appendix A]]}}
[[File:Anke Eißmann - The Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|left|''The Doors of Durin'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]

In c. {{SA|40}}, most of the [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]] began leaving en masse from their now ruined cities for Khazad-dûm. The city was enriched not just in numbers, but in the western Houses' skills in smithing, crafting and masonry. All these factors created a renaissance for Khazad-dûm, and brought its prosperity to its zenith.<ref name="B1">{{App|B1}}</ref>

Khazad-dûm had expanded so much that it completely traversed the Mountains from east to west, ending to the western rocky cliffs at their base, the [[Walls of Moria]].<ref name=Journey>{{FR|II4}}</ref> [[Narvi]] with the [[Lord of Eregion]], [[Celebrimbor]], constructed the magical [[Doors of Durin|West-gate of Moria]].<ref name=Durin/>

The friendship of Khazad-dûm and [[Eregion]] came to a sudden end, however, in {{SA|1697}}. [[Sauron]] [[Sack of Eregion|overran]] the country of the Elves. Durin's warriors withdrew from the Gates, and they shut them against Sauron, also secluding the kingdom off from the outside world.<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref>

It was also during this time that the Orcs reinvaded the mountains and made war on the Dwarves, [[First Sacking of Gundabad|taking]] [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] from the Kingdom of Durin.

===Third Age===
====Demise====
Most of its great wealth was based on the rare ''[[Mithril]]'' that was found in its mines, and as the centuries passed, the Dwarves mined deeper and deeper for the precious metal. In the year {{TA|1980}}, their deep digging unleashed a nameless terror, a [[Balrog]] from the [[Elder Days]], that wreaked dreadful destruction, and in slaying the King, [[Durin VI]], became known as [[Durin's Bane]]. In the following year, Durin's son, [[Náin I]], was also lost, and the Dwarves fled their ancient home.

After millennia as one of the richest cities in [[Middle-earth]], Khazad-dûm stood dark and empty, but for the brooding menace the Dwarves had released. In that time it was given a new name, Moria, the '''Black Pit'''.

The monster - a Balrog of [[Morgoth]], as was later known - lurked alone in Moria for nearly five hundred years. After that time, around {{TA|2480}} [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Orcs]] made secret strongholds in the Mountains and [[Sauron]] started to populate the old city of Khazad-dûm with his creatures.<ref name=TA /> Orcs from the North began to enter the abandoned city to raid its treasuries, and occupy it. Though the orcs' numbers were greatly reduced in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar|Battle of Nanduhirion]], fought in the valley beneath Moria's [[Great Gates|East-gate]] in {{TA|2799|n}}, the Balrog could not be bested, and Khazad-dûm remained a place of darkness.

At some point between {{TA|2845|n}} and [[Third Age 2850|2850]] the [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Gandalf]] entered the city looking for King [[Thráin II]] who had disappeared on journey to Erebor.<ref name=Journey/>

====Balin's Colony====
[[File:Joona Kujanen - Battle for Moria.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Battle for Moria'' by [[:Category:Images by Joona Kujanen|Joona Kujanen]]]]
In {{TA|2989|n}}, there was an attempt by the Longbeards to reclaim their ancient home. The [[Balin's Colony|expedition]] was led by [[Balin]], who had accompanied [[Bilbo Baggins]] on the [[Quest of Erebor]]. He led a [[Balin's Colony|colony]] of Dwarves there from [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. The Colony was successful at first, killing a considerable number of Orcs, taking many of the Eastern halls and finding many lost treasures such as [[Durin's Axe]]. They were however [[Last stand of Balin's folk|defeated and slain]] by the Orcs in {{TA|2994|n}}.

At some point either before or after the colony, [[Aragorn]], [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]], entered Moria for some unknown purpose.

====The Fellowship's passage====
When [[Frodo Baggins]] set out from [[Rivendell]] with the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]], they at first planned to travel over the Misty Mountains. When they were stopped by heavy snow on [[Caradhras|Mount Caradhras]], they found themselves pursued by wolves and Orcs, and fled into Moria, so as to go under the mountains. There, they found Balin's journal in the [[Book of Mazarbul]] and learned the fate of his expedition. They were then set upon by a host of [[Trolls]] and Orcs, and they discovered that the terror was, in fact, a [[Balrogs|Balrog]] of [[Morgoth]]. Gandalf fought the Balrog on a narrow bridge and succeeded in destroying a section of bridge to make the Balrog fall. As it fell, the Balrog snagged Gandalf's leg with its whip of thongs and pulled him after it, sending them both plunging into the abyss spanned by the bridge. The rest of the Fellowship managed to escape Moria and reach [[Lothlórien|Lórien]] mostly unharmed.

Unknown to the Fellowship, both Gandalf and the Balrog survived the fall and fought a ferocious battle from the depths of Moria to the mountains above, demolishing the top of the legendary [[Endless Stair]] and a part of the surrounding mountain peak in the process. Gandalf cast down the Balrog upon the mountainside and lived just long enough to see it die, but his story was not yet ended.

While Gandalf had felled the Balrog, Moria remained a place of evil creatures until the Fourth Age.<ref>{{SD|XI2}}, p. 122</ref>

===Later history===
Though little information is given, the retaking of Khazad-dûm by [[Durin VII]] seems to have occurred sometime after {{FoA|171}}.<ref group="note">The mention of Durin's name as a prophecy in the [[Appendix A]], and considering that the Appendix derives from the [[Red Book]] (copied {{FoA|171}}), seems to suggest that he was probably born, or emerged, after that date.</ref> As the [[King of Durin's Folk]], he led a final return to the city. He was successful; the [[House of Durin]] reclaimed their inheritance and the hammers rang again in their great halls beneath the Misty Mountains until the race of Dwarves ended.<ref name=Fourth>{{PM|Aiv}}, p. 278</ref>

==Layout==
{{sources}}
Khazad-dûm was a huge array of chambers, passages, mines, halls, stores and pits. In general, areas were either classed as the ''Mines of Moria''<ref name=Mines>{{FR|Journey}}, p. 310</ref> or the ''city''.<ref name=City>{{FR|Journey}}, p. 315</ref> The mines were the working sections of Khazad-dûm whilst the city contained the habitable parts. The city of Moria was located close to the eastern end of Moria.<ref name=City/> The distance from the west gate of Moria to the East-gate of Moria was at least forty miles.<ref name=Mines/>
[[File:Paul Monteagle - The Bridge of Khazad-dum.jpg|thumb|''The Bridge of Khazad-dum'' by [[:Category:Images by Paul Monteagle|Paul Monteagle]]]]
The city areas of Khazad-dûm were located in the east. Old Moria, the oldest mansions and passages,<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Old Moria'', p. 294</ref> were located close to the [[Great Gates]].<ref name=OldMoria>{{FR|Bridge}}, pp. 328-9</ref> The North end was the part of Moria that had been excavated north of the older halls and the Great Gates<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''North end'', p. 291</ref> and included the twenty first hall and the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] with the [[Balin's Tomb|tomb]] of [[Balin]].<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}, p. 321</ref> They were structured into seven Levels and seven Deeps. The Levels stretched above the Great Gates with the First Level being on the same level as the Great Gates<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}, p. 323</ref> whilst the Deeps were set deeper within the mountain below the level of the Great Gates with the First Deep being immediately below the Great Gates. The First Deep included the Second Hall, which was no more than a quarter of a mile from the East-gate and a part of Old Moria. The eastern end was the part of Moria, which was just west of the East-gate. The First Hall was located on the same level as the East-gate<ref name=OldMoria/> and had high windows on its eastern side, which allowed bright daylight to illuminate the hall.<ref name=FirstHall>{{FR|Bridge}}, pp. 331-2</ref> Immediately to the east of the hall was the East-gate.<ref name=FirstHall/>

The eastern section of the city spaces had also been delved in such a manner as to have light shafts to illuminate their chambers. One example of this is the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] which was located on the eastern edge of the [[Seventh Level]].

The mine areas of Khazad-dûm were interlaced with the city spaces, but spread also westward toward the [[Doors of Durin]]. The mines ran deeper and further than any other tunnels within Khazad-dûm, and it is possible that more of the lower Deeps were given over to mining, although this is only conjecture.

The defined change between ''mines'' and ''city'' can be seen when the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] pass through Moria - there is a marked difference between the early passages and chambers and those of the city structures illuminated by Gandalf.

Far below Moria, there are abysses, spaces and tunnels not known even by the Dwarves, but known by the Balrog. [[Nameless things]] gnaw the earth and make them, far from the knowledge of any lore.

==Etymology==
''Moria'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Black Chasm"<ref name=Letter>{{L|297}}, pp. 382-3</ref><ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 40</ref> or "Black Pit",<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 283</ref><ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, p. 35</ref> being a combination of the elements ''[[morn|mor(n)]]'' ("black") + ''[[iâ]]'' ("void, abyss").<ref name=Letter/><ref name=PE17/><ref>{{S|Elements}}, entries ''mor'' and ''iâ''</ref> The name was given by the [[Elves]] "without love", because they preferred to live above ground.<ref name=Translation>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1137</ref>

The presence of the name ''Moria'' on the [[West-gate of Moria]] is often seen as an [[Possible inconsistencies in the legendarium#Doors of Durin|inconsistency]], but as just explained, the name had not necessarily bad connotations.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 281-2</ref>

In the [[Noldorin]] phase of the [[Elvish]] language, ''Moria'' was glossed as "Black Gulf".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[YAG]]"</ref>

==Other names==
The name ''Khazad-dûm'' in [[Khuzdul]] means "Dwarves' Mansion(s)". ''Khazâd'' being the plural of ''[[khuzd]]'' "Dwarves" while ''[[dûm]]'' (or possibly rather ''tûm'') a word for "excavation(s), hall(s), mansion(s)" (it is not clear if the second word is in singular or plural form).<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry below K '''Kibil-nâla''', p. 35</ref>

'''Nornhabar''' is a Sindarin name of Moria in [[The Later Quenta Silmarillion]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', "Part Two. The Later ''Quenta Silmarillion'': Concerning the Dwarves (Chapter 13)", pp. 206, 209</ref> Later on, in the essay ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]'', ''Nornhabar'' was replaced by ''[[Hadhodrûd]]'' which was quite immediately changed to ''Hadhodrond,'' a form that entered into the printed Silmarillion.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The War of the Jewels]]'', "Part Two. The Later ''Quenta Silmarillion'': Concerning the Dwarves (Chapter 13)", pp. 386, 419, note 21</ref> The elements of the [[Sindarin]] name are likely ''Norno'' "Dwarf" [<nowiki/>[[Help:References|''source?'']]] and ''[[Habar|sabar]]'' "mine".

The [[Sindar]] translated the Khuzdul name by sense into [[Sindarin]] as '''''Hadhodrond''''',<ref name="WJp389">{{WJ|AB}}, p. 389</ref> which is a a compound of ''[[hadhod]]'' (an attempt by the Sindar to render ''[[Khazâd]]'', the Dwarves' name for their own kind, into Sindarin sounds) ("Dwarf")<ref name="WJp388">{{WJ|AB}}, p. 388</ref> and ''[[rond]]'' ("vault", "high roofed cavern").<ref name="Author">{{WJ|Author}}, note 26, p. 414</ref>

The [[Noldor]] translated the Sindarin name into [[Quenya]] as '''''Casarrondo''''' ("Dwarrowvault"),<ref name="WJp389" /> which is a compound of ''casar'' (an attempt by the Noldor to render ''Khazâd'' into Quenya sounds)<ref name="WJp388" /> ("Dwarf")<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry S '''nogoth''', p. 45</ref> and ''rondo'' ("vaulted hall", "cave").<ref name="Author" /><ref>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''Felagund'', p. 117</ref>

'''''Phurunargian''''' meaning "'''Dwarrowdelf'''" or "Dwarf-delving" was the [[Westron]] name for Khazad-dûm.<ref name=AppF2>{{App|F2}}</ref><ref name=PEPhurunargian/> The word derives from the [[Sundocarme|root]] PHUR ("to delve") and ''[[narag]]'' ("dwarf").<ref name=PEPhurunargian>{{PE|17}}, p. 137</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted that the form ''Phurunargian'' was "archaic" Westron although he did not mention the elements that make it archaic (over a possible vernacular form).<ref name=AppF2/><ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 769</ref> The word "'''dwarrow'''('''s''')" is the "expected" Modern English reflex of the Old English "dweorgas" (dwarfs/ves) before syntactic leveling produced "dwarfs".

The [[Primitive Elvish]] form of ''Moria'' was ''Mornyā''.<ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 45</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Moria in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Moria.jpg|Moria as seen in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Moria map.jpg|Map of Moria from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Khazad-dûm.png|Khazad-dûm as seen in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
</gallery>
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''
:Moria is portrayed prominently in the film.

'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Moria is portrayed prominently in the Theatrical Edition, while Extended Edition gives it even more attention - notably, Mithril is introduced to the audience properly.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:During the Moria levels the player for the most part controls Gandalf, only once is focus switched to Frodo instead.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:The entire journey through Moria takes place in one level, which can be completed in several minutes. The iconic location are portrayed immediately next to each other and in the end, Gandalf defeats the Balrog and continues journey with the Fellowship.

'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]'':'''
:''Mines of Moria'' was the first major expansion of the game, released in November 2008. Almost the entirety of Moria is present in the game, with players able to freely journey from the West Gate to the East Gate and from the Cliffs of Zirakzigil to the very Foundations of Stone where nameless things dwell.

:Moria is divided into several major sub-areas, depicted on the map to the right. '''The Great Delving''' lies directly next to the West Gate and links ancient Dwarven mines to palaces, academies and foundries founded during Khazad-dum's glory days. '''Durin's Way''' is the area, where, according to legend, Durin himself first braved the mines before bringing his folk in there. '''Zelem-Melek''' is home to both numerous [[Orcs|Orc]] encampments and the famed [[Twenty-first Hall]]. '''Silvertine Lodes''' refers to the mining area located directly under [[Celebdil|Silvertine]], much like the '''Redhorn Lodes''' are the mining area under the peaks of [[Caradhras#The Redhorn Gate|Redhorn]]. '''The Water-Works''' hosts both a large underground lake and ancient Dwarven gears, wheels and devices that delivered the fresh water throughout the whole kingdom once. '''The Flaming Deeps''' is an area that reeks with fire and where few could survive for long - it appears that [[Durin's Bane]] resided there following his reawakening. '''Nud-Melek''' mostly consists of the [[Second Hall]] and the [[First Hall]]. The '''Foundations of Stone''' are located below the deepest delving of the Dwarves; no light has ever shined there and, as Gandalf recounted, nameless things older than the world gnaw at the roots of the mountains.

:Surprisingly for those seeing it for the first time, Moria in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' is very much inhabited. In an original storyline by Turbine, Dwarves from the [[Iron Hills]] sent by [[Dáin Ironfoot]] arrive in Moria shortly after the Fellowship to learn the fate of [[Balin]]'s expedition. With Durin's Bane recently gone, the Orcs and Goblins of Moria are in great disarray, which allows the Dwarves to move in and establish encampments at all major crossroads. Fresh supplies are coming from both East and West gates, preventing the Iron Hill Garrison from being cut off like Balin was. Shortly after the defeat of Sauron at the end of the Third Age, the Iron Garrison was expelled from Moria by overwhelming numbers of orcs and evil creatures.

'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''
:Several levels of both good and evil campaigns take place in Moria.

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:Moria, under the name Khazad-dûm, is featured in the first season of the show, with [[Elrond]] travelling there in order to encourage the relationships between Elves and Dwarves.

{{references|notes}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
{{durinskings}}
[[Category:Mines]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Moria]]
[[Category:Evil realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Khazad-dûm]]
[[fi:Moria]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes tours et forteresses/monts brumeux/khazad-dum]]

Durin (disambiguation)

2026-01-23T01:43:51Z

Oromë: This link was broken in October with the Durin redirect change - fixed

'''Durin''' is a dwarf-name from the Icelandic saga [[Völuspá]], where it is written as ''Durinn''; in old Norse ''durin'' means "warden" or "guard". As the father of the [[Longbeards]], the name '''Durin''' has been used frequently within the [[legendarium]].
==Characters==
* '''[[Durin I]], "the Deathless", one of the seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]].'''
* [[Durin II]]
* [[Durin III]], given a [[Ring of Thrór|Ring of Power]] by [[Celebrimbor]].
* [[Durin IV]]
* [[Durin V]]
* [[Durin VI]], slain by [[Durin's Bane]].
* [[Durin VII]], "the Last", reclaimed [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] in the [[Fourth Age]].

* [[Durin's Bane]], the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] of [[Moria]] killed by [[Gandalf]].

==People==
* [[Durin's Folk]], the most famous [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] clan of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] [[legendarium]].
** [[Kings of Durin's Folk]], the title held by Durin I and his successors who ruled over Durin's Folk.

==Objects==
* [[Durin's Axe]], an heirloom of [[Durin's Folk]].
* [[Durin's Stone]], a stone pillar on the shore of [[Mirrormere]].

==Places==
* [[Doors of Durin]], the entrance to [[Moria]], opened by [[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.
* [[Durin's Tower]], a Dwarven tower built into [[Celebdil]] above [[Moria]].

==Events==
* [[Durin's Day]], the first day of the [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] calendar.

==Constellation==
* [[Durin's Crown]], a constellation, often thought to be the [[Valacirca]].

{{disambig}}
[[de:Durin]]
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/nains/durin]]
[[fi:Durin]]

LOTR Fanatics Plaza

2026-01-16T15:22:58Z

Oromë: Website link fixed

{{stub}}
The '''Lord of the Rings Fanatics Plaza''' is a website that hosts forums dedicated to the discussion of [[Middle-earth]] and [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] works. The original URL ''lotrplaza.com'' was taken down in the mid-2010s<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienfans/comments/f5iyec/lotr_plaza/ "LOTR Plaza"] a post by user u/PaladinBSwitch on r/tolkienfans (accessed 31 August 2023)</ref> and the site remained non-existent until it was revived during the [[wikipedia:COVID-19 Pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[https://www.lotrfanaticsplaza.com/forum/app.php/what-is-this ''What is this?''] on lotrfanaticsplaza.com (accessed 31 August 2023)</ref>

==External links==
* '''[https://www.lotrfanaticsplaza.com/forum/ Official website]'''
* '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110801000000*/lotrplaza.com Archived version of ''lotrplaza.com'']'''

{{references}}
[[Category:Websites]]

Oxford English Dictionary

2025-12-24T04:06:04Z

Oromë: /* External links */ Fixing broken links

[[Image:Robert Burchfield 11 September 1970.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Letter 316|A letter from Tolkien to the OED]], explaining the entry "Hobbit".]]
{{quote|'''Tolkienian, a.''' Of or pertaining to the philologist and author of fantasy literature John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973) or his writings.|Oxford English Dictionary<ref>OED Online, "[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50254012? Tolkienian, a.]" (subscription required)</ref>}}

The '''''Oxford English Dictionary''' ('''OED''')'', or '''''New English Dictionary''''' as it was called at its initiation, is the standard English dictionary. [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] spent several years as an assistant, and several of his own words and works would be cited in it.

==Early History==
The dictionary project started in 1878. Though it was originally not a part of the [[University of Oxford]], the institute took over the project later. The sections covering A-H were published by [[1900]], but both the [[World War I|war]] and the death of Sir [[wikipedia:James Murray (lexicographer)|James Murray]], the original editor, in [[1915]] meant that the section U-Z was not complete yet.<ref name="BioOxI">[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', "2: Oxford Interlude"</ref> After Murray's death, three editors remained: [[Henry Bradley]], William Craigie, and C.T. Onions. Most of their assistants had gone to war and not returned (either not to the Dictionary or not at all), so new assistants were necessary.<ref name="RoWTaL">[[Peter Gilliver]], [[Jeffrey Marshall]] and [[Edmund Weiner]], ''[[The Ring of Words|The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary]]'', "Tolkien as Lexicographer"</ref>

==Tolkien in the OED (1928 edition)==
<div style="-moz-column-width: 400px; -webkit-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px; -moz-column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-gap: 15px; column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc;">
According to [[Peter Gilliver|Gilliver]] et al., Tolkien worked on the following words:<ref name="RoWTaL"/>
* Waggle (noun & adjective)
* Waggly
* Wain
* Waist
* Waistband
* Waist-cloth
* Waistcoat
* Waistcoated
* Waistcoateer
* Waisted
* Waister
* Waistless
* Waist-rail
* Waist-tree
* Wait-a-bit
* Waiter
* Waitership
* Waiting (noun & adjective)
* Waiting-maid
* Waiting-man
* Waiting-room
* Waiting-woman
* Waitress
* Wake (noun & verb)
* Wake-robin
* Wake-wort
* Waldend
* Wallop (noun & verb)
* Walloper
* Walloping (noun & adjective)
* Walm (noun & verb)
* Walming
* Walnut
* Walrus
* Wampum
* Wampumpeag
* Wan (noun, adjective & verb)
* Wander (noun & verb)
* Wanderable
* Wandered
* Wanderer
* Wandering (noun & adjective)
* Wanderment
* Wander-year
* Wandreth
* Wane (noun, adjective & verb)
* Want (noun & verb)
* Want-louse
* Wariangle
* Warlock (noun & verb)
* Warlockry
* Warm
* Weald
* Wealden
* Wealding
* Wield
* Wild
* Wold

[[Humphrey Carpenter|Carpenter]] also notes:<ref name="BioOxI"/><ref name="RoWTaL"/>
* Wasp
* Water
* Wick
* Winter
</div>
==The OED in Tolkien==
The OED makes two appearances in Tolkien's work. The four original editors - Murray, Bradley, Craigie and Onions - were referenced in ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'':

{{quote|Some may well ask what a blunderbuss was. Indeed, this very question, it is said, was put to the [[Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford]], and after thought they replied: 'A [[Blunderbuss]] is a short gun with a large bore firing many balls or slugs, and capable of doing execution within a limited range without exact aim. (Now superseded in civilized countries by other firearms.)' |''Farmer Giles of Ham''<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]] (eds.) ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', p. 15 (50th anniversary edition)</ref>}}

Later, in ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]'', the N.E.D. appears:

{{quote|'Yes, ''doink'' has come on a lot lately,' said Lowdham. 'But it's not brand-new, of course. I think it's first recorded, in the [[Third Supplement to the N.E.D.]], in the fifties, in the form ''dŏing'': seems to have started in the Air Force in the [[Six Years' War]].'|[[Alwin Arundel Lowdham]]<ref>{{SD|65}}, pp. 223-4</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Letter 316]]
*[[Letter to Robert Burchfield (6 November 1954)]]
*[[The Meaning of Everything]]

== External links==
* [https://www.oed.com/information/using-the-oed/learning-and-teaching-resources/resources-for-key-stage-3-us-grades-6-8/notes-from-childrens-authors/j-r-r-tolkien-and-the-oed/ J.R.R. Tolkien and the OED]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130308161251/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/03/walrus-in-the-oed/ Whale-horses and morses: Tolkien and the walrus in the OED]

{{references}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Books with contribution by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[Category:Reference books]]

Mordor

2025-11-08T21:59:57Z

Oromë: Typo

{{short description|The Black Land, realm of Sauron}}
{{disambig-more|Mordor|[[Mordor (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image=Ted Nasmith - Across Gorgoroth.jpg
| name=Mordor
| pronun=
| othernames=Dark Land, ''Nargûn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| location=Within [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]]
| capital=[[Barad-dûr]]
| towns=[[Minas Morgul]], [[Carchost]], [[Narchost]], [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]], [[Durthang]]
| regions=[[Nurn]], [[Plateau of Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]], [[Lithlad]], [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]]
| population=[[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], [[Nazgûl]], [[Men]], other creatures of Evil
| language=[[Westron]], [[Black Speech]], [[Orkish]]
| govern1=[[Gondor]] (until the Great Plague) [[Sauron]] later ruled by his freed slaves
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Established
| event1date=c. {{SA|1000}}
| event2=Defeated
| event2date={{SA|3441}}
| event3=Nazgûl return
| event3date={{TA|1980}}
| event4=Sauron returns
| event4date={{TA|2941}}
| event5=Defeated
| event5date={{TA|3019}}
| followedby=
}}
{{quote|In the land of Mordor where the shadows lie.|[[Ring Verse]]}}
'''Mordor''' was a land in the south-east of the [[Westlands]] east of [[Gondor]]. During most of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age]]s it was ruled by [[Sauron]] and it was his dwelling and base from which he attempted to conquer [[Middle-earth]].

Mordor was surrounded by three enormous mountain ridges from the North, from the West and from the South, protecting it from an unexpected invasion by any of the [[Free peoples]].

Only a few times in history did the free peoples have anything to do with Mordor; the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]] broke into the land to fight Sauron, and millennia later [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] infiltrated that land to destroy [[the One Ring]].

==Geography==
Mordor was protected from three sides by mountain ranges, arranged roughly rectangularly: the [[Ered Lithui]] in the north, and the [[Ephel Dúath]] in the west until they turned to the east, forming a southern range.<ref name="FRMap">{{FR|Map}}</ref> The [[Morgul Pass]] led from the [[Morgul Vale]] in [[Ithilien]], which was guarded by the city of [[Minas Morgul]] (earlier [[Minas Ithil]]) through the Ephel Dúath into Mordor; [[Cirith Ungol]], a higher more difficult pass was guarded by the giant spider [[Shelob]] and by the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]]. Another known fortress was [[Durthang]] in the northern Ephel Dúath.<ref name="RKMap">{{RK|Map}}</ref>

In the north-west corner of Mordor the deep valley of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] was the only entrance for large armies, and that is where Sauron built the [[Black Gate]] of Mordor. In front of the Black Gate lay the [[Dagorlad]]. Sauron's main fortress [[Barad-dûr]] was at the foothills of [[Ered Lithui]]. To south-west of Barad-dûr lay the arid [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] and the volcanic [[Mount Doom]] (also called [[Orodruin]]);<ref name="RKMap" /> to the east lay the plain of [[Lithlad]]. The land in the western parts of Mordor were largely infertile, producing only sparse [[Brambles of Mordor|brambles]].

The southern part of Mordor, [[Nurn]],<ref name="FRMap" /> was slighly more fertile, and moist enough to carry the inland [[sea of Núrnen]]. Nurn was made somewhat fertile because the ash blown from Mount Doom left its soil nutrient rich, thus allowing dry-land farming. Unfortunately, the inland sea of Núrn was salty, not freshwater.

To the west of Mordor was the narrow land of Ithilien with the great river [[Anduin]], to the east [[Rhûn]], and to the south-east, [[Khand]].<ref name="FRMap" />

==History==
===Early history===
[[Melkor]] created Mount Doom in the long [[First Age]], and the name "Mordor" may have been given to the land before Sauron settled there because of its eruptions.<ref>{{PM|Last}}, p. 390 (note 14).</ref> Also in the First Age, the [[Drúedain]] migrated westward, and historians in Gondor believed that they came through lands south of Mordor and, after turning northward into Ithilien, became the first Men to cross the Anduin.<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

The first being known to occupy the mountains of Mordor was Shelob, fleeing from the [[War of Wrath]] in [[Beleriand]] at the end of the First Age. She fed herself on [[Elves]] and [[Men]] living or passing nearby until these became scarce.<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref>

Sauron settled in Mordor around {{SA|1000}}. In the north-western corner of this land stood Mount Doom, in which [[the One Ring]] would be forged. Near Orodruin he built his stronghold [[Barad-dûr]]. After this time, Sauron was known as the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lord of Mordor]].

For two and a half thousand years, Sauron ruled Mordor uninterruptedly. It was from Mordor that he [[War of the Elves and Sauron|made war against]] the [[Elves of Eregion]] and came to dominate most of Eriador in a period known as the [[Dark Years]]. That was until he was repelled by the [[High Men]] of [[Númenor]]. Retreating to Mordor, Sauron then directed his power over the far south and east of Mordor conquering and dominating the savage tribes of the [[Easterlings]] and the [[Haradrim]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Amroth}}</ref> Almost a thousand years later, Sauron was captured by the Númenóreans and brought to their island kingdom, eventually causing its [[Númenor#Destruction|destruction]]. Sauron returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.

===The Last Alliance and Third Age===
Sauron's rule was interrupted yet again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men and Elves failed, and they fought their way back to their foe's domain. After several months of siege in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]], forces of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] came into Mordor. Sauron was defeated in a final battle and the Dark Tower was leveled to the ground, but Mordor was not settled by Men because of the dreadful memory of Sauron, and Orodruin.<ref name="rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

The [[Kings of Gondor]] built watchtowers and fortresses around Mordor, such as the mountain fortress of [[Durthang]], the [[Towers of the Teeth]] at the [[Morannon]], and the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]], in order to prevent Sauron's servants from returning to Mordor.<ref name="Tower">{{RK|Tower}}</ref>

However, Gondor had failed in the long run; during the [[Great Plague]], the population was so diminished that troops were recalled and the fortresses abandoned.<ref>{{App|South}}</ref><ref>{{App|TA}}, {{TA|1640}}</ref> Deprived of guard, Mordor began to fill with evil things again, and it is said the first shadow was the [[Lord of the Nazgûl]] ({{TA|1980}}) who summoned the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], first appearing since the [[War of the Last Alliance]], to prepare the return of Sauron.<ref name="rings" /><ref name="ta" /> [[Minas Ithil]] was conquered by the Ringwraiths in {{TA|2002}}; other fortifications that were supposed to defend Gondor from the menace inside Mordor were captured and turned into a means of shielding Mordor. Sauron resided in [[Dol Guldur]], until the [[White Council]] [[Attack on Dol Guldur|attacked]] it in {{TA|2941}}, forcing Sauron to flee.

Meanwhile Mordor had been long prepared for him, and declaring himself openly he returned to Mordor in {{TA|2951}}, where he finished reconstructing his Dark Tower.<ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}</ref><ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> By that time Mordor was protected too well to be captured by any military might that was available to the Free Peoples; in the north of Mordor during the War of the Ring were the great garrisons and forges of war, while surrounding the bitter inland [[Sea of Núrnen]] to the south lay the vast fields tended for the provision of the armies by hordes of slaves brought in from lands to the east and south.

===War of the Ring===
During the War of the Ring, Sauron gathered all his forces to Mordor. After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a Host of the West went to the Black Gate. Sauron sent his army to destroy the Men of Gondor and Rohan, but then [[Frodo Baggins]] destroyed the One Ring and Mordor fell. The Dark Tower, the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth collapsed to ruin. Mount Doom exploded. Both Sauron and his Ringwraiths were apparently destroyed.

After the ultimate defeat of Sauron, Mordor became mostly empty again as the [[Orcs]] inside it fled or were killed. Crippled by thousands of years of abuse and neglect, but capable of sustaining life, the land of Mordor was given to the defeated foes of Gondor as a consolation, as well as to the freed slaves of Nurn who were formerly forced to farm there to feed the armies of Mordor.

==Etymology==
'''''Mordor''''' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "Black Land". It is a compound of ''[[mor|MOR-]]'' ("black, dark") and ''[[dôr]]'' ("land").<ref>{{L|144}}, paragraph about the Black Speech</ref><ref>{{S|Elements}}, entries ''mor'', ''dôr''</ref>

Its name in [[Khuzdul]] was '''''Nargûn''''', which contains the element ''narg'' ("black").<ref>{{RS|4XXVN}}, note 39, p. 466</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Mordor Map.jpeg|thumb|Early map of Mordor produced by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] in the 1940s.]]
The first ever reference to Sauron's land is mentioned without a name, in the story of the Fall, written in the 1930s, as an inner land far from the sea, over the mountains. There [[Thû]] had a fortress, and "[[Amroth]]" assailed him.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}</ref> The name Mordor, the Black Country, appears first time in the second version of that text, along with Elendil and Gil-galad (both of them mentioned first time).<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
It is not uncommon for names in Tolkien's fiction to have relevant meanings in several languages, both those invented by Tolkien, and "real" ones, but this of course happens with any two languages.

*A proposed etymology is [[Old English]] ''morðor'', which means "mortal sin" and later "murder".
*''Mordor'' is also a name cited in some Nordic mythologies referring to a land where its citizens practice evil without knowing it, imposed on themselves by the society long created for that purpose.

Tolkien is reported to have identified Mordor with the volcano of [[Wikipedia:Stromboli|Stromboli]] off Sicily.<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], [[Dick Plotz]] ([[1968]]), "Many Meetings with Tolkien: An Edited Transcript of Remarks at the December 1966 [[Mythopoeic Society|TSA Meeting]]", ''Niekas'' (Niekas Publications, New Hampshire, USA) (19): 39–40 Referred to at tolkienguide.com and by another publication of the Niekas editor. Referred to at [http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wordpress/?p=3 tolkienguide.com ] and by [http://efanzines.com/ERM/veh36.htm another publication of the Niekas editor].</ref> Graham Tayar, a classmate of Tolkien's at King Edwards School, claimed that Tolkien told him once "that the physical setting [of Mordor] derived directly from the trenches of World War One, the wasteland of shell-cratered battlefields where he had fought in 1916".<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Mount Doom", p. 613</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1980s: ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'':'''
:In ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] assumed that the lands of Mordor, [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]] lay where the inland [[Sea of Helcar]] had been, and that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] were its remnants. The atlas was however published before ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', where it turned out that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] existed already in the First Age, notwithstanding that Mordor, due to the creation of the volcanic [[Mount Doom]], could have been uplifted from the Sea of Helcar during this time.

'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]'':'''
:The proximity of Mount Doom and Barad-dûr is at a distance that is non-canonical.{{citation needed}}

[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Mordor map.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Mordor in''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' ]]
'''2017: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mordor|Mordor]]'' expansion added the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] as a region dvided into five distinct areas: '''[[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]]''' where the massive forge-works of the enemy are located, the plain of '''Dor Amarth''' between [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Mount Doom]], the valley of '''Lhingris''' between [[Ephel Dúath]] and [[Morgai]], '''Talath Urui''' to the south of [[Orodruin]] where a lake of molten lava now spews and '''Agarnaith''', a swamp-infested area to the east of Mount Doom and to the south of [[Barad-dûr]].
:The ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul|Minas Morgul]]'' expansion added the [[Morgul Vale]] and an alternate version of Dor Amarth, chronologically set in [[Second Age 3440|S.A. 3440]].

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:'''1 September: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::Before the rise of [[Sauron]], the land of Mordor was known as the '''Southlands''' and the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]] was inhabited by [[Men]] who called themselves [[Pre-Númenóreans|Southlanders]]. These Men had built countless settlements. Some of which were villages such as [[Tirharad]], [[Hordern]], and [[Iorbad]], while others were outposts such as the [[Watchtower of Ostirith]].
:'''7 October: ''[[The Eye]]'':'''
::[[Waldreg]], under the instruction of [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]], diverted water into [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]], causing it to erupt. After the region is destroyed by the eruption and its inhabitants fled, Adar states that the Southlands is the name of a place that no longer exists. A caption reveals its new name to be Mordor.

==See also==
*[[Sauron]]
*[[Barad-dûr]]
*[[Orodruin]]
*[[Black Gate]]

{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Mordor| ]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Mordor]]
[[fi:Mordor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/mordor]]

Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode

2025-10-27T01:59:38Z

Oromë: Vilya link fixed

'''''Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode'''''<ref>[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS52 DTS52]</ref> is a manuscript of a [[Westron]] chart for [[Tengwar]] devised by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], and included in [[Jim Allan]]'s [[unpublished]] ''[[Report from Marquette]]''. It was also published in [[Parma Eldalamberon 23|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 23]].

The following Westron names are given:

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left" Style:
|-
! width="250px" |Tinco-téma
! width="250px" |[[Parmatéma|Parma-téma]]
! width="250px" |Calma-téma
! width="250px" |Quessë-téma
|-
|1. Tó - [[Tinco]]
|2. Pí - [[Parma]]
|3. Ché - [[Calma]]
|4. Cá - [[Quessë]]
|-
|5. Dó - [[Ando]]
|6. Bí - [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]
|7. Jé - [[Anga]]
|8. Gá - [[Ungwë]]
|-
|9. Thó - [[Súlë]]
|10. Fí - [[Formen]]
|11. [[Shé]] - [[Aha]]
|12. Aha - [[Hwesta]]
|-
|13. Adho - [[Anto]]
|14. Ivi - [[Ampa]]
|15. Izhe - [[Anca]]
|16. Agha - [[Unquë]]
|-
|17. Nó - [[Númen]]
|18. Mí - [[Malta]]
|19. Nyé - [[Noldo]]
|20. Ngá - [[Ngwalmë]]
|-
|21. Ar - [[Órë]]
|22. Wí - [[Valar|Vala]]
|23. Yé - [[Anna]]
|24. 'Á - [[Vilya (word)|Vilya]]
|-
|25. Aro - [[Rómen]]
|26. Rhó - [[Arda]]
|27. Alo - [[Lambë]]
|28. Lhó - [[Alda]]
|-
|29. Só - [[Silmë]]
|30. Ós - [[Silmë nuquerna]]
|31. Azo - [[Essë]]
|32. Oza - [[Essë nuquerna]]
|-
|33. Há - [[Hyarmen]]
|34. Whí - [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]
|35. Ai - [[Yanta]]
|36. Au - [[Urë]]
|}

==References==
<references />

{{languages}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Tengwar]]
[[Category:Westron]]

[[fr:langues/ecritures/tengwar/noms tengwar#les noms en westron]]

Fatty Lumpkin

2025-09-05T19:04:56Z

Oromë: Short description

{{short description|Pony of Tom Bombadil}}
{{infobox character
| people = [[Ponies|Pony]]
| image= Anke Eißmann - Leaving the Barrow-downs.jpeg
| caption="Leaving the Barrow-downs" by [[Anke Eißmann]]
| name=Fatty Lumpkin
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Old Forest]]
| affiliation=[[Tom Bombadil]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Ponies|Pony]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Fatty Lumpkin''' was a [[Ponies|pony]] kept by [[Tom Bombadil]].

==History==
Fatty Lumpkin was rarely ridden by Tom and spent much of his time roaming free on the [[Barrow-downs]]. While [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and his friends stayed at Tom's house, Fatty became friends with their ponies, who Tom later named [[Sharp-ears]], [[Bumpkin]], [[Wise-nose]], [[Swish-tail]], and [[White-socks]].

After encountering a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]], the hobbits' ponies became so frightened that they ran off to find Fatty. Tom called them all back with the names he had given them, and he rode on Fatty Lumpkin alongside the hobbits and their ponies until reaching the borders of his country.<ref>{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref>

After the hobbits' ponies escaped from [[Bree]], they ran out again in the Downs to find Fatty. They stayed with Tom for a while, until he had heard news of the events at Bree.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] notes that ''-kin'' is in this name used as a diminutive suffix.<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 757</ref>

==Pop Culture==
In Pinky and the Brain episode Brainania, Pinky and the Brain travel on a ship named "SS Fatty Lumpkin."

{{references}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[de:Dickes Plumpel]]
[[fi:Möykky]]

Fatty Lumpkin

2025-09-05T17:32:48Z

Oromë: Clarification and some grammar changes

{{infobox character
| people = [[Ponies|Pony]]
| image= Anke Eißmann - Leaving the Barrow-downs.jpeg
| caption="Leaving the Barrow-downs" by [[Anke Eißmann]]
| name=Fatty Lumpkin
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Old Forest]]
| affiliation=[[Tom Bombadil]]
| language=
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| race=[[Ponies|Pony]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Fatty Lumpkin''' was a [[Ponies|pony]] kept by [[Tom Bombadil]].

==History==
Fatty Lumpkin was rarely ridden by Tom and spent much of his time roaming free on the [[Barrow-downs]]. While [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and his friends stayed at Tom's house, Fatty became friends with their ponies, who Tom later named [[Sharp-ears]], [[Bumpkin]], [[Wise-nose]], [[Swish-tail]], and [[White-socks]].

After encountering a [[Barrow-wights|Barrow-wight]], the hobbits' ponies became so frightened that they ran off to find Fatty. Tom called them all back with the names he had given them, and he rode on Fatty Lumpkin alongside the hobbits and their ponies until reaching the borders of his country.<ref>{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref>

After the hobbits' ponies escaped from [[Bree]], they ran out again in the Downs to find Fatty. They stayed with Tom for a while, until he had heard news of the events at Bree.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] notes that ''-kin'' is in this name used as a diminutive suffix.<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 757</ref>

==Pop Culture==
In Pinky and the Brain episode Brainania, Pinky and the Brain travel on a ship named "SS Fatty Lumpkin."

{{references}}
[[Category:Horses]]
[[de:Dickes Plumpel]]
[[fi:Möykky]]

Parma Eldalamberon 5

2025-09-02T01:01:52Z

Oromë: /* External links */ Added officially available PDF to external links

{{book
|title=Parma Eldalamberon 5
| image = Parma Eldalamberon 5.png
|editor=[[Paula Marmor]]
|illustrator=Paula Marmor (front cover)
|publisher=[[Mythopoeic Society]]
|date=[[1977]]
|format=Paperback journal
|pages=30
}}
'''''Parma Eldalamberon 5''''' is the fifth issue of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'', a journal of linguistic studies of the Elvish languages and names in the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].

It is the last issue of its initial run.
{{PEnav|4|6}}

==Contents==
* Cover: "The Song Unsung: Arwen in the House of Her Father" — Paula Marmor

* Articles
** "''Beth-Luis-Nion''" (column) — Paula Marmor
** "''I Andonnar Nwalme-Lório'': A Report on the Fourth Annual Meeting of the M.L.F." — [[Christopher Gilson]]
** "Early Studies in Old Solar" — Joe R. Christopher
** "Proto-Eldarin Vowels: A Comparative Survey" — Christopher Gilson and [[Bill Welden]]
** "Language, Thought and Fantasy" — David Warren
** "Corrections to the Tengwar and Certar Values Assigned in Current Editions of ''The Lord of the Rings''" — [[Jim Allan]]
** "A Middle English Source for 'Middle-earth'" — David Strecker

* Mathoms
* Runes: Letters to ''Parma''
* Back cover: [[:File:Parma Eldalamberon 5 backcover.png|A poem]] — Sindarin by Christopher Gilson and Bill Welden, Tengwar by Paula Marmor

==External links==
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/parma/5/ ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 5] at SWOSU Digital Commons
* [https://www.mythsoc.org/store.htm#parma ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1-5] on Mythsoc.org

{{title|journal}}
{{Parmaeldalamberon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parma Eldalamberon 05}}
[[Category:Parma Eldalamberon]]
[[fi:Parma Eldalamberon 5]]

Parma Eldalamberon 4

2025-09-02T01:01:11Z

Oromë: /* External links */ Added officially available PDF to external links

{{book
|title=Parma Eldalamberon 4
| image = Parma Eldalamberon 4.png
|editor=[[Paula Marmor]], Jim Vibber, [[Jim Allan]], Larry Krieg
|illustrator=Farley (front cover)
|publisher=[[Mythopoeic Society]]
|date=March [[1974]]
|format=Paperback journal
|pages=30
}}
'''''Parma Eldalamberon 4''''' is the fourth issue of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'', a journal of linguistic studies of the Elvish languages and names in the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
{{PEnav|3|5}}

==Contents==
* Cover — Farley

* Columns
** "''Beth-Luis-Nion''" — [[Paula Marmor]]
** "Tales from the Little Old Bookmaker" — Jim Vibber

* Articles
** "A Survey of some English Tengwar Orthographies" — Larry Krieg
** "The Naming of ''Tor'' and ''Tinidril''" — [[Jim Allan]]
** "The Origins of the Pidgin Gurspel Language" — David Strecker
** "Initial Consonant Mutation in Celtic and Sindarin" — complied by Paula Marmor, Larry Krieg, and David Strecker
** "Tengwar Fact Sheet and Guide" — Larry Krieg

* Runes: Letters to ''Parma''
* Back cover: [[:File:Parma Eldalamberon 4 backcover.png|Part of "In the Willow-meads of Tasarinan"]] — calligraphy by Jim Vibber

==External links==
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/parma/4/ ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 4] at SWOSU Digital Commons
* [https://www.mythsoc.org/store.htm#parma ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1-5] on Mythsoc.org

{{title|journal}}
{{Parmaeldalamberon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parma Eldalamberon 04}}
[[Category:Parma Eldalamberon]]
[[fi:Parma Eldalamberon 4]]

Parma Eldalamberon 3

2025-09-02T01:00:46Z

Oromë: /* External links */ Added officially available PDF to external links

{{book
|title=Parma Eldalamberon 3
| image = Parma Eldalamberon 3.png
|editor=[[Paula Marmor]], Jim Carleton, Jim Vibber, Larry Krieg
|illustrator=[[Paula Marmor]] (front cover)
|publisher=[[Mythopoeic Society]]
|date=June [[1973]]
|format=Paperback journal
|pages=20
}}
'''''Parma Eldalamberon 3''''' is the third issue of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'', a journal of linguistic studies of the Elvish languages and names in the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
{{PEnav|2|4}}

==Contents==
* Cover — Paula Marmor

* Columns
** "''Beth-Luis-Nion''" — Paula Marmor
** "Tales from the Little Old Bookmaker" — Jim Vibber
** "Learn now the Lore of Living Linguists" — Larry Krieg

* Book reviews
** ''[[A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues]]'' by Jim Allan — reviewed by [[Robert Foster]]
** ''[[A Guide to Middle-earth]]'' by Robert Foster — reviewed by [[Jim Allan]]

* Articles
** "Science Fiction as a Test of Axioms concerning Human Behavior" — Kenneth L. Pike
** "The Queer Brandybuck Names" — Jim Allan
** "Notes toward a System of Sindarin Vowel Shifts" — Paula Marmor
** "On Pronouns in Quenya" — [[Bill Welden]]

* Runes: Letters to ''Parma''
* [[:File:Parma Eldalamberon 3 backcover.png|Back cover]] — Martha Krieg

==External links==
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/parma/3/ ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 3] at SWOSU Digital Commons
* [https://www.mythsoc.org/store.htm#parma ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1-5] on Mythsoc.org

{{title|journal}}
{{Parmaeldalamberon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parma Eldalamberon 03}}
[[Category:Parma Eldalamberon]]
[[fi:Parma Eldalamberon 3]]

Parma Eldalamberon 2

2025-09-02T00:59:55Z

Oromë: /* External links */ Added officially available PDF to external links

{{book
|title=Parma Eldalamberon 2
| image = Parma Eldalamberon 2.png
|editor=[[Glen GoodKnight]], [[Paula Marmor]], Jim Carleton, Jim Vibber
|illustrator=Bonnie GoodKnight (front cover)
|publisher=[[Mythopoeic Society]]
|date=[[1972]]
|format=Paperback journal
|pages=16
}}
'''''Parma Eldalamberon 2''''' is the second issue of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'', a journal of linguistic studies of the Elvish languages and names in the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
{{PEnav|1|3}}

==Contents==
* Cover: "Dæron presenting the Angerthas Cirith to King Thingol" — Bonnie GoodKnight

* Columns
** "''Beth-Luis-Nion''" — [[Paula Marmor]]
** "Tales from the Little Old Bookmaker" — Jim Vibber
** "Wondelone" — Jim Carleton
** "Learn now the Lore of Living Linguists" — Larry Krieg

* Articles
** "A Source for Tolkien's Tengwar?" — [[Jim Allan]]
** "The Black Speech Ring Inscription" — Don Keller
** "Notes on Directive Particles in Quenya and Finnish" — Paula Marmor
** "A 'New' Word in [[Gothic]]" — Larry Krieg
** "A History of Forms" — Martha Krieg

* Mathoms
* Runes: Letters to the editors
* [[:File:Parma Eldalamberon 2 backcover.png|Back cover]] — calligraphy by Jim Vibber

==External links==
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/parma/2/ ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 2] at SWOSU Digital Commons
* [https://www.mythsoc.org/store.htm#parma ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1-5] on Mythsoc.org

{{title|journal}}
{{Parmaeldalamberon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parma Eldalamberon 02}}
[[Category:Parma Eldalamberon]]
[[fi:Parma Eldalamberon 2]]

Parma Eldalamberon 1

2025-09-02T00:57:42Z

Oromë: Added officially available PDF to external links

{{book
|title=Parma Eldalamberon 1
| image = Parma Eldalamberon 1.png
|editor=[[Glen GoodKnight]], [[Paula Marmor]], Jim Carleton, Jim Vibber
|illustrator=[[Paula Marmor]] (front cover)
|publisher=[[Mythopoeic Society]]
|date=Autumn [[1971]]
|format=Paperback journal
|pages=12
}}
'''''Parma Eldalamberon 1''''' is the first issue of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]'', a journal of linguistic studies of the Elvish languages and names in the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].
{{PEnav|1|2}}

==Contents==
* Cover — Paula Marmor

* Columns
** "''Beth-Luis-Nion''" — Paula Marmor
** "Wondelone" — Jim Carleton
** "Tales from the Little Old Bookmaker" — Jim Vibber

* Articles
** "Haradrim & Sigelhearwan" — [[Robert Foster]]
** "A Glossary of Old Solar" — Joe R. Christopher
** "The One Inconsistency in LotR" — Robert Foster
** "On the Formation of Plurals in Sindarin" — [[Bill Welden]]

* Mathoms
* Runes (letters)
* [[:File:Parma Eldalamberon 1 backcover.png|Back cover]] — Janet Wainwright

==External links==
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/parma/1/ ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1] at SWOSU Digital Commons
* [https://www.mythsoc.org/store.htm#parma ''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1-5] on Mythsoc.org

{{title|journal}}
{{Parmaeldalamberon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parma Eldalamberon 01}}
[[Category:Parma Eldalamberon]]
[[fi:Parma Eldalamberon 1]]

Parma Eldalamberon

2025-09-02T00:38:45Z

Oromë: Issues 1-5 PDFs officially available, added to external links

{{journal
| name=Parma Eldalamberon "The Book of Elven-tongues"
| image = Parma Eldalamberon 6.png
| editor=[[Christopher Gilson]], [[Arden R. Smith]], [[Carl F. Hostetter]] and others
| latest=[[Parma Eldalamberon 23|23]]
| website=[http://www.eldalamberon.com/ Eldalamberon]
| publisher=Issue 1-5: [[Mythopoeic Society]] Since issue 6: [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]]
| frequency=Irregular
| format=Paperback, print on demand
}}
{{quote|Just consider the splendour of the words! . . . What a pondering of alternatives within one’s choice before the final decision in favour of the daring and unusual prefix, so personal, so attractive; the final solution of some element in a design that had hitherto proved refractory.|J.R.R. Tolkien, ''A Secret Vice''}}

'''''Parma Eldalamberon''''', '''''Parma''''', or '''''PE''''' for short, is a linguistic journal dedicated to the scholarly study of the invented languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was first published by the [[Mythopoeic Society]], then by the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]] since issue 6.

The name ''Parma Eldalamberon'' is a [[Neo-Quenya]] rendering of '''"The Book of Elven-tongues"''', which is consist of ''[[parma]]'' ("book"), ''[[elda]]'' ("Elf"), and ''[[lambë]]'' ("tongue, language"). However, like with ''Vinyar Tengwar'', the rendering is questionable as ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 18|PE 18]]'' gives the genitive plural of ''lambë'' as ''lambion''<ref>{{PE|18}}, pp. 8, 71</ref> instead of ''lamberon''.

==History==
''Parma Eldalamberon'' was started in [[1971]], as an irregular periodical published by the Mythopoeic Linguistic Fellowship (M.L.F.) of the [[Mythopoeic Society]]. The first editor was [[Paula Marmor]]. It ran for five issues, ending in [[1977]], but resulted in the landmark book ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]''. Of that book Paula Marmor was co-author, several other co-authors, [[Bill Welden]], [[Christopher Gilson]], [[Lawrence J. Krieg]], and editor [[Jim Allan]], were regular contributors to ''Parma'' and parts of it had grown from their articles in the journal. The publication of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', and ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' made most of the discussions outdated, however, and the project was shelved.

Another regular contributor was [[Robert Foster]], who had already published his ''Guide to Middle-earth'', which he revised and extended to ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'' after the publication of ''The Silmarillion''.

Six years later, in [[1983]], Chris Gilson revived ''Parma''. He kept the original name, despite the fact that the increase in Quenya material gave the correct translation as ''Parma Eldalambion''. Gilson published ''Parma'' outside the Linguistic Fellowship,<ref>[[David Doughan]], "Book Reviews: Parma Eldalamberon 6", in: [[Quettar]] 21 ([[November]] [[1984]]), p. 8</ref> but after the [[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]] (E.L.F.) was founded it became associated with that organisation.

In [[1991]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] approved of ''Parma'' publishing original text by Tolkien, especially the long linguistic texts for which he could find no place in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''.<ref>[[Christopher Gilson]], "Foreword", in: [[Parma Eldalamberon 11|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 11]] ([[1995]]), p. 2</ref>

In the meantime, ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' also started publishing Tolkien's original texts. Now, they are both edited by more or less the same team, and ''Parma'' specializes in the longer wordlists, while ''Vinyar Tengwar'' publishes Tolkien's essays.<ref>[[David Bratman]], "Posthumous Publications", in: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'' (edited by [[Michael D.C. Drout]]), p. 547-8</ref>

==List of issues==
<div style="-moz-column-width: 400px; -webkit-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px; -moz-column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-gap: 15px; column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc;">
* [[1971]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 1|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 1]]
* [[1972]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 2|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 2]]
* [[1973]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 3|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 3]]
* [[1974]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 4|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 4]]
* [[1977]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 5|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 5]]
* [[1983]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 6|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 6]]
* [[1988]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 7|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 7]]
* [[1989]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 8|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 8]]
* [[1990]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 9|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 9]]
* [[1994]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 10|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 10]]

Since issue 11, the journal has been dedicated to publishing Tolkien's original materials:
* [[1995]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 11|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 11]]:
** ''I·Lam na·Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of The Gnomish Tongue''
* [[1998]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 12|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 12]]:
** ''Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon''
* [[2001]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 13]]:
** ''The Alphabet of Rúmil and Early Noldorin Fragments''
* [[2003]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 14]]:
** ''Early Qenya and Valmaric''
* [[2004]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 15|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 15]]:
** ''Sí Qente Feanor and Other Elvish Writings''
* [[2006]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 16|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 16]]:
** ''Early Elvish Poetry and Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets''
* [[2007]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 17|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 17]]:
** ''Words, Phrases, and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings''
* [[2009]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 18|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 18]]:
** ''Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets, Part 2''
* [[2010]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 19|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 19]]:
** ''Quenya Phonology''
* [[2012]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 20|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 20]]:
** ''The Qenya Alphabet''
* [[2013]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 21|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 21]]:
** ''Qenya Noun Structure''
* [[2015]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]]:
** ''The Feanorian Alphabet, Part 1; Quenya Verb Structure''
* [[2024]]: [[Parma Eldalamberon 23|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 23]]:
** ''The Feanorian Alphabet, Part 2; Eldarin Pronouns''
</div>
==Future and back issues==
It is known that PE 24 is in the works, and its publication should not be too far off. For back issues, though most are currently out of print, they are slowly put for print-on-demand publication.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienfans/comments/plp345/comment/hccoe5x/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3|articlename=I am Carl Hostetter, editor of The Nature of Middle-earth. Ask Me Anything!|dated=|website=[https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienfans/ Reddit /r/tolkienfans]|accessed=19 September 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', a sibling publication of ''Parma Eldalamberon''

==External links==
* [http://www.eldalamberon.com/ The official website]
* [https://dc.swosu.edu/parma/ Issues 1-5] at SWOSU Digital Commons
* [https://www.elvish.org/errata/Parma-Errata.pdf ''Parma Eldalamberon'' Errata]
* [https://tolkienbooks.net/php/languages.php List of previously unpublished contents in ''VT'' and ''PE''] at TolkienBooks.net

{{References}}
{{publishedmajorbooks}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Journals]]
[[Category:Parma Eldalamberon| ]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Parma Eldalamberon]]
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/pe]]
[[fi:Parma Eldalamberon]]

2025

2025-08-24T04:16:00Z

Oromë: Tense update and calendar 2026 published

{{year-header}}

==March==
* '''25''' - ''[[Tales of the Shire: A "The Lord of the Rings" Game]]'' is released.

==May==
* '''[[31 May|31]]''' - After 12 years in the role, [[Shaun Gunner]] steps down as Chair of [[The Tolkien Society]] to become its first Chief Executive Officer. He is succeeded as Acting Chair by Daniel Helen.<ref name="CEO">{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2025/06/tolkien-society-appoints-new-chief-executive/|articlename=Tolkien Society appoints new Chief Executive|date=2 June 2025|website=TS|accessed=2 June 2025}}</ref>

==June==
* '''[[1 June|1]]''' - [[Shaun Gunner]] is appointed Chief Executive Officer of [[The Tolkien Society]], having previously served over 12 years as Chair.<ref name="CEO">{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2025/06/tolkien-society-appoints-new-chief-executive/|articlename=Tolkien Society appoints new Chief Executive|date=2 June 2025|website=TS|accessed=2 June 2025}}</ref>

==August==
*'''[[12 August|12]]''' - ''[[Tolkien Calendar 2026]]'' is published.

{{years|2022|2023|2024|2025|2026|2027|2028}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

12 August

2025-08-24T04:12:33Z

Oromë: /* On Earth */ Calendar 2026 published

<noinclude>{{month|August}}
Events that occurred on 12 August
==On Earth==
</noinclude>
* '''[[1911]]''' - Voice actor [[Felix Felton]] is born.
* '''[[1916]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 5]].
* '''[[1944]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 78]].
* '''[[1955]]''' - During the holiday trip to Italy, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his daughter [[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla]] attend High Mass at the [[Wikipedia:Basilica di Santa Chiara|Basilica di Santa Chiara in Assisi]].
* '''[[1959]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 216]].
* '''[[1978]]''' - [[Mythcon 9]] in [[wikipedia:West Sacramento, California|West Sacramento]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[1983]]''' - [[Mythcon 14]] at [[wikipedia:Scripps College|Scripps College]] in [[wikipedia:Claremont, California|Claremont]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[1984]]''' - [[Mythcon 15]] at [[wikipedia:Mills College|Mills College]] in [[wikipedia:Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[2004]]''' - Voice actor [[Peter Woodthorpe]] dies.
* '''[[2005]]''' - [[The Tolkien Society]]'s [[Tolkien 2005]] conference in [[wikipedia:Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[wikipedia:England|England]].
* '''[[2011]]''' - [http://omentielva.com/ Omentielva Cantea] - 4th International Conference on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Invented Languages in [[wikipedia:Valencia|Valencia]], [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]].
* '''[[2017]]''' - [[Omentielva|Omentielva Otsea]] - the Seventh International Conference on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Invented Languages at [[wikipedia:California State University, East Bay|California State University, East Bay]].
* '''[[2025]]''' - ''[[Tolkien Calendar 2026]]'' is published.

==In Arda==
* {{TA|3018}}:
** {{Cal Prison-Gandalf}}
** {{Cal Travel-Boromir}}

<noinclude>
[[Category:Dates|225]]
[[fi:12. elokuuta]]
</noinclude>

2024

2025-08-24T04:10:42Z

Oromë: /* August */ Calendar 2025 published

{{year-header}}

==January==
*'''[[1 January|1]]''' - All of [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien writings]] that were published during his lifetime enters in public domain in countries where copyright expires in 50 years after the author's death, in countries of Africa and Asia such as in [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] and [[wikipedia:China|China]], and in other countries such us [[New Zealand]] and [[wikipedia:Belarus|Belarus]].
*'''[[3 January|3]]''' - [[Birthday Toast#Tolkien Society tradition|Birthday Toast]].

==February==
*'''[[23 February|23]]''' - It is announced that the online videogame [[The Lord of the Rings: Heroes of Middle-earth]] will be discontinued online.

==March==
*'''[[25 March|25]]''' - [[Tolkien Reading Day]].
*'''[[28 March|28]]''' - Release of [[Christopher Tolkien Centenary Boxed Sets]] #2

==May==
*'''[[5 May|5]]''' - Actor [[Bernard Hill]], who portrayed [[Theoden]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]], dies.
*'''[[24 May|24]]''' - The online videogame [[The Lord of the Rings: Heroes of Middle-earth]] is discontinued online.

==July==
*'''[[4 July|4]]''' - Release of [[Christopher Tolkien Centenary Boxed Sets]] #3
*'''[[18 July|18]]''' - Release of [[Tolkien Calendar 2025]]

==August==
*'''[[13 August|13]]''' - ''[[Tolkien Calendar 2025]]'' is published.
*'''[[15 August|15]]''' - Release of [[Christopher Tolkien Centenary Boxed Sets]] #4
*'''[[29 August|29]]''' - The second season of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' is expected to be released.
*'''[[29 August|29]] - [[1 September]]''' - [[Oxonmoot 2024]] is held.

==September==
*'''[[12 September|12]]''' - Release of ''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''

==December==
*'''[[13 December|13]]''' - ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim]]'' is scheduled to be released in cinemas.<ref name="ReleaseDate2">Anthony D'Alessandro, [https://deadline.com/2023/08/lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-rohirrim-delayed-2024-1235527601/ ‘Lord Of The Rings: The War Of The Rohirrim’ Release Delayed Until December 2024], ''DEADLINE''''',''' 2 January 2024.</ref>

{{references}}
{{years|2010|2021|2022|2023|2024|2025|2026}}

[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

13 August

2025-08-24T04:09:31Z

Oromë: /* On Earth */ Calendar 2025 published

<noinclude>{{month|August}}
Events that occurred on 13 August
==On Earth==
</noinclude>
* '''[[1867]]''' - Professor [[William Craigie]] is born.
* '''[[1917]]''' – [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] is admitted to Brooklands Officers' Hospital in Hull for the first time.
* '''[[1976]]''' - [[Mythcon 7]] in [[wikipedia:Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[1978]]''' - [[Mythcon 9]] in [[wikipedia:West Sacramento, California|West Sacramento]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[1982]]''' - [[Mythcon 13]] at [[wikipedia:Chapman University|Chapman College]] in [[wikipedia:Orange, California|Orange]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[1983]]''' - [[Mythcon 14]] at [[wikipedia:Scripps College|Scripps College]] in [[wikipedia:Claremont, California|Claremont]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[1984]]''' - [[Mythcon 15]] at [[wikipedia:Mills College|Mills College]] in [[wikipedia:Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].
* '''[[2002]]''' - The [[Battlelore]] album ''[[...Where the Shadows Lie]]'' is released.
* '''[[2005]]''' - [[The Tolkien Society]]'s [[Tolkien 2005]] conference in [[wikipedia:Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[wikipedia:England|England]].
* '''[[2010]]''' - "[[Edge of the Wild (Tolkien art exhibit)|Edge of the Wild]]", Tolkien art exhibition in [[wikipedia:Moreton-in-Marsh|Moreton-in-Marsh]], [[wikipedia:England|England]].
* '''[[2010]]''' - ''[[Fantasy, Myth and the Measure of Truth]]'' is released in paperback.
* '''[[2011]]''' - [http://omentielva.com/ Omentielva Cantea] - 4th International Conference on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Invented Languages in [[wikipedia:Valencia|Valencia]], [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]].
* '''[[2017]]''' - [[Omentielva|Omentielva Otsea]] - the Seventh International Conference on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Invented Languages at [[wikipedia:California State University, East Bay|California State University, East Bay]].
* '''[[2024]]''' - ''[[Tolkien Calendar 2025]]'' is published.

==In Arda==
* {{TA|3018}}:
** {{Cal Prison-Gandalf}}
** {{Cal Travel-Boromir}}<noinclude>[[Category:Dates|226]][[fi:13. elokuuta]]</noinclude>

Tolkien Calendar 2026

2025-08-23T04:01:32Z

Oromë: Found some of the illustrations, hopefully someone else can add the rest of the months (and the remaining 13th piece)

{{book
| title=Tolkien Calendar 2026
| image = Tolkien Calendar 2026.jpg
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| date=[[12 August]] [[2025]]
| format=Calendar
| pages=12
| isbn=978-0063443716
| precededby=[[Tolkien Calendar 2025]]
| followedby=
}}

The '''''Tolkien Calendar 2026''''' is the official Tolkien calendar published by [[HarperCollins]] on [[12 August]] [[2025]]. It features thirteen paintings of the three "[[Great Tales]]" by [[Alan Lee]], including new pieces. Lee also wrote the indroduction.

==From the publisher==

{{blockquote|The official Tolkien calendar, this year containing 13 breathtaking paintings inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien’s three 'Great Tales' of Middle-earth: THE CHILDREN OF HÚRIN, BEREN AND LÚTHIEN and THE FALL OF GONDOLIN. Featuring beautiful artwork by Alan Lee, including a selection of stunning new paintings and drawings appearing here for the first time.}}

==Illustrations==
* January - "[[:File:Alan Lee - Glorfindel and the Balrog.jpg|Glorfindel and the Balrog]]"
* February - "The Killing of the Trees"
* March -
* April -
* May -
* June -
* July -
* August -
* September -
* October -
* November -
* December - "The Star of High Hope"

==External links==
* [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/tolkien-calendar-2026-j-r-r-tolkien?variant=43731407765538 Tolkien Calendar 2026] at HarperCollins

{{tolkiencalendars}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Official calendars|2026]]

Template:IllustratorsCalendars

2025-08-23T03:48:59Z

Oromë: 2025 and 2026 added

{| style="margin:0 auto;" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed toccolours" width="100%" align="center"
|-
! align="center" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5)" | Illustrators of [[:Category:Official calendars|official Tolkien calendars]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%" align="center" | [[Emily Austin]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]]) · [[Pauline Baynes]] ([[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1973|1973]], [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1974 (UK)|1974]]) · [[Cor Blok]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2011|2011]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2012|2012]]) · [[Jemima Catlin]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2014|2014]]) · [[Jenny Dolfen]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]]) · [[Inger Edelfeldt]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 1985|1985]]) · [[Mary Fairburn]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2015|2015]]) · [[Roger Garland]] ([[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1984|1984]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1987|1987]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1988|1988]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1989|1989]]) · [[Spiros Gelekas]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]]) · [[Justin Gerard]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]]) · [[Donato Giancola]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]]) · [[Michael Hague]] ([[The 1986 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1986]]) · [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]] ([[1976 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1976]] US, [[1977 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1977]] US, [[1978 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1978]] US) · [[John Howe]] ([[The Tolkien Calendar 1987|1987]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1988|1988]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1991|1991]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1995|1995]], [[Tolkien Calendar 1997|1997]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2001|2001]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2013|2013]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2021|2021]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2025|2025]]) · [[Tove Jansson]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2016|2016]]) · [[Michael Kaluta]] ([[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1994|1994]]) · [[Tim Kirk]] ([[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1975|1975]]) · [[Alan Lee]] ([[The Tolkien Calendar 1987|1987]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1993|1993]], [[Tolkien Calendar 1999|1999]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2007|2007]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2008|2008]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2013|2013]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2018|2018]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2019|2019]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2020|2020]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2021|2021]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2024|2024]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2026|2026]]) · [[Ted Nasmith]] ([[The Tolkien Calendar 1987|1987]], [[The Tolkien Calendar 1988|1988]], [[Tolkien Calendar 1990|1990]], [[Tolkien - The Centenary Calendar 1992|1992]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1996|1996]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2000|2000]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2002|2002]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2003|2003]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2004|2004]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2009|2009]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2010|2010]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2021|2021]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2022|2022]]) · [[Kip Rasmussen]] ([[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]]) · [[Darrell Sweet]] ([[The 1982 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1982]]) · [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] ([[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1973|1973]], [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1974 (UK)|1974]], [[The Hobbit Calendar 1976|1976]] UK, [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar|1977]] UK, [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978|1978]] UK, [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979|1979]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2005|2005]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2006|2006]], [[Tolkien Calendar 2017|2017]])
|}<noinclude>
==Usage==
<pre>
{{IllustratorsCalendars}}</pre>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Tolkiencalendars

2025-08-23T03:46:49Z

Oromë: 2026 added

{| style="margin:0 auto;" class="collapsible toccolours" width="100%" align="center"
|-
! align="center" style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5)" colspan="3" | Official Tolkien calendars
|- style="font-size: 90%"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-4)" rowspan="2" | 1973-1994
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;" | UK
| 1973 · [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1974 (UK)|1974]] · 1975 · [[The Hobbit Calendar 1976|1976]] · [[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar|1977]] · [[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978|1978]] · [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1979|1979]] · 1980 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1984|1984]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 1985|1985]] · [[The 1986 Tolkien Calendar|1986]] · [[The Tolkien Calendar 1987|1987]] · [[The Tolkien Calendar 1988|1988]] · [[The Tolkien Calendar 1989|1989]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 1990|1990]] · [[The Tolkien Calendar 1991|1991]] · [[Tolkien - The Centenary Calendar 1992|1992]] · [[The Tolkien Calendar 1993|1993]] · [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1994|1994]]
|- style="font-size: 90%"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;" | US
| [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1973|1973]] · [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1974|1974]] · [[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1975|1975]] · [[1976 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1976]] · [[1977 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1977]] · [[1978 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1978]] · 1979 · [[The 1980 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1980]] · [[The 1981 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1981]] · [[The 1982 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1982]] · 1983 · [[The 1984 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1984]] · [[The 1985 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1985]] · [[The 1986 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1986]] · [[The 1987 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1987]] · [[The 1988 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1988]] · [[The 1989 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1989]] · [[The 1990 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1990]] · [[The 1991 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1991]] · [[The 1992 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1992]] · [[The 1993 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1993]] · [[The 1994 J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar|1994]]
|- style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal;"
! style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-4)" | 1995-2026
| colspan="2" | [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1995|1995]] · [[J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1996|1996]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 1997|1997]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 1998|1998]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 1999|1999]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2000|2000]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2001|2001]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2002|2002]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2003|2003]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2004|2004]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2005|2005]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2006|2006]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2007|2007]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2008|2008]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2009|2009]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2010|2010]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2011|2011]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2012|2012]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2013|2013]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2014|2014]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2015|2015]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2016|2016]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2017|2017]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2018|2018]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2019|2019]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2020|2020]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2021|2021]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2022|2022]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2023|2023]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2024|2024]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2025|2025]] · [[Tolkien Calendar 2026|2026]]
|}
{{IllustratorsCalendars}}
<noinclude>[[Category:Published materials templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Tolkien Calendar 2025

2025-08-23T03:44:15Z

Oromë:

{{book
| title=Tolkien Calendar 2025
| image = Tolkien Calendar 2025.jpg
| illustrator=[[John Howe]]
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| date=[[13 August]] [[2024]]
| format=Calendar
| pages=12
| isbn=978-0063394223
| precededby=[[Tolkien Calendar 2024]]
| followedby=[[Tolkien Calendar 2026]]
}}

The '''''Tolkien Calendar 2025''''' is the official Tolkien calendar published by [[HarperCollins]] on [[13 August]] [[2024]]. It features art by [[John Howe]], including a new illustration. HarperCollins began shipping calendars without plastic wrappings.

==From the publisher==

{{blockquote|The official Tolkien calendar, this year containing 13 stunning paintings inspired by the Three Ages of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth. Featuring breathtaking paintings and drawings by John Howe, with new pieces unique to this calendar.}}

==Illustrations==
* January - "[[:File:John Howe - The Door of Night.jpg|The Door of Night]]"
* February - "[[:File:John Howe - The Killing of the Trees.jpg|The Killing of the Trees]]"
* March - "Thangorodrim"
* April - "Fingolfin's Challenge"
* May - "Ulmo, Lord of waters"
* June - "Morgoth's Forces before Gondolin"
* July - "The White Tower of Elwing"
* August - "The Drowning of Anadûnê"
* September - "Gandalf Returns to Hobbiton"
* October - "Edoras"
* November - "Mûmak of Harad"
* December - "The End of All Things"
* Last Page: "The Siege of Gondolin"

==External links==
* [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/tolkien-calendar-2025-j-r-r-tolkien?variant=41284444225570 Tolkien Calendar 2025] at HarperCollins

{{tolkiencalendars}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Official calendars|2025]]

File:Tolkien Calendar 2026.jpg

2025-08-23T03:43:30Z

Oromë:

== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-cover}}
[[Category:Images of calendars]]

File:Tolkien Calendar 2026.jpg

2025-08-23T03:43:11Z

Oromë: == Licensing == {{Fairuse-cover}} Category:Images of calendars

== Summary ==
== Licensing ==
{{Fairuse-cover}}
[[Category:Images of calendars]]

Tolkien Calendar 2026

2025-08-23T03:40:47Z

Oromë: Created page with "{{book | title=Tolkien Calendar 2026 | image = Tolkien Calendar 2026.jpg | illustrator=Alan Lee | publisher=HarperCollins | date=12 August 2025 | format=Calendar | pages=12 | isbn=978-0063443716 | precededby=Tolkien Calendar 2025 | followedby= }} The '''''Tolkien Calendar 2026''''' is the official Tolkien calendar published by HarperCollins on 12 August 2025. It features thirteen paintings of the three "Great Tales" by Alan Lee, i..."

{{book
| title=Tolkien Calendar 2026
| image = Tolkien Calendar 2026.jpg
| illustrator=[[Alan Lee]]
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| date=[[12 August]] [[2025]]
| format=Calendar
| pages=12
| isbn=978-0063443716
| precededby=[[Tolkien Calendar 2025]]
| followedby=
}}

The '''''Tolkien Calendar 2026''''' is the official Tolkien calendar published by [[HarperCollins]] on [[12 August]] [[2025]]. It features thirteen paintings of the three "[[Great Tales]]" by [[Alan Lee]], including new pieces. Lee also wrote the indroduction.

==From the publisher==

{{blockquote|The official Tolkien calendar, this year containing 13 breathtaking paintings inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien’s three 'Great Tales' of Middle-earth: THE CHILDREN OF HÚRIN, BEREN AND LÚTHIEN and THE FALL OF GONDOLIN. Featuring beautiful artwork by Alan Lee, including a selection of stunning new paintings and drawings appearing here for the first time.}}

==External links==
* [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/tolkien-calendar-2026-j-r-r-tolkien?variant=43731407765538 Tolkien Calendar 2026] at HarperCollins

{{tolkiencalendars}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Official calendars|2026]]

Allen & Unwin

2025-08-20T15:19:02Z

Oromë: Stanley link added (we need to add references to this article though)

'''Allen & Unwin''' is a book publisher. It was the first publishing company that published ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

The initial firm of ''George Allen & Sons'' was established in 1871, but became ''George Allen & Unwin'' on [[4 August]] [[1914]] when [[Stanley Unwin]] purchased a controlling interest. In [[1936]], [[Rayner Unwin]] was given the manuscript of ''The Hobbit'' and was paid a sixpence to report back on it to his father. His report was favourable, and the company published the book. Rayner Unwin would later lead the company himself, until his retirement in [[1985]].

In [[10 July]] [[1990]] the company was bought by [[HarperCollins]] and ceased to exist as a company in the United Kingdom, but continued separately in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].

==See also==
*[[Rayner Unwin]]
*[[Stanley Unwin]]

==External links==
* [http://www.allenandunwin.com/ Official Website]
* [http://www.thingsmadefromletters.com/2014/08/04/100-years-of-allen-and-unwin/ 100 years of Allen & Unwin]
[[Category:British businesses]]
[[Category:Letter receivers|Allen and Unwin]]
[[Category:Publishers]]
[[de:Allen & Unwin]]
[[fi:Allen and Unwin]]

Template:Noble House infobox

2025-03-30T14:23:39Z

Oromë: Spelling (MoS)

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Durin III

2025-03-29T21:52:57Z

Oromë: /* Durin III in adaptations */ Rewording this

{{disambig-more|Durin|[[Durin (disambiguation)]]}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]
| name=Durin III
| image=Ahmet Can Kahraman - Durin III.jpg
| caption="Durin III" by [[:Category:Images by Ahmet Can Kahraman|Ahmet Can Kahraman]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]] [[Kings of Khazad-dûm|King of Khazad-dûm]]
| position=
| location=[[Khazad-dûm]]
| affiliation=[[Alliance of Dwarves and Men]]<ref name=relations>{{PM|Relations}}</ref>
| language=[[Khuzdul]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth=Before c. {{SA|1500}} - c. {{SA|1590|n}}<ref name="Durin"/>
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=After {{SA|1697}}<ref name="Galadriel"/>
| deathlocation=
| age=107+
| notablefor=Gifted the [[Ring of Durin]]
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
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}}
'''Durin III''' (fl. {{SA|1600}}s) was the [[King of Durin's folk]] who ruled the great [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]-city of [[Khazad-dûm]] at the time of Sauron's [[Sack of Eregion|assault]] on [[Eregion]].

==History==
Like all Durins after [[Durin|Durin I]], he was given the name of the first [[Seven Fathers of the Dwarves|Father of the Dwarves]] because he greatly resembled him in both appearance and manner. Indeed it was believed among the Dwarves that he was the reincarnation of Durin I, though whether this is possible is unclear.<ref name="Durin"/>

During his reign in the 16th century of the Second Age, the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] had struck a rare friendship with the [[Elves of Eregion]]. Around {{SA|1500}}, the Elves, guided by [[Annatar]], began forging the [[Rings of Power]].<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> According to the Dwarves, [[Celebrimbor]] and the Elven-smiths gave Durin the first of the [[Seven Rings]] of the Dwarves (other traditions state that [[Celebrimbor]] was said to have yielded the Seven - all the Seven - to [[Sauron]] after torture and it was Sauron who gifted the ring to Durin).<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>

Their instructor in crafting the Rings, the wise [[Annatar]], was actually [[Sauron]] who had come to corrupt the Elves through the Rings of Power. By {{SA|1697}}, seeing that he could not control either the Elves nor the Dwarves through the Rings, he led a large army towards Eregion. In response, Durin sent a great force of Dwarves to the aid of [[Celebrimbor]], but with the [[Sack of Eregion|fall of Eregion]], his warriors were driven back and the [[Doors of Durin]] were shut. Their actions were not in vain for it was by the aid of Durin that [[Elrond]] was able to escape and establish the refuge of [[Imladris]] in the North.<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

Sauron's assault on Eregion was only the beginning of his campaign of conquest. His servants also invaded [[Gundabad]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]], cutting off communications between Durin III and the [[Iron Hills]]. Consequently, the [[Alliance of Dwarves and Men]] came to an end during his reign.<ref name=relations>{{PM|Relations}}</ref> Although [[Eregion]] was conquered, Durin III's people were too numerous and valiant, and his halls too deep and strong, to be taken by Sauron.<ref name="Durin"/>

==Etymology==
One account states that the name ''Durin ''was a word for "king" in the language of the [[Men of the North]] in the early [[Second Age]].<ref name=relations>{{PM|Relations}}</ref>

Another account states that ''Durinn'' is one of the Dwarfs in the ''[[Völuspá|Dvergatal]]''. The name means "Sleepy".<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| DU1 | |DU1=[[Durin|Durin I]] ''fl. [[First Age]]''}}
{{familytree| |:| | |}}
{{familytree| DU2 | |DU2=[[Durin II]] ''fl. late {{FA}}/early {{SA}}''}}
{{familytree| |:| | |}}
{{familytree| DU3 | |DU3='''DURIN III''' ''fl. {{SA|1600}}s''}}
{{familytree| |:| | |}}
{{familytree| DU4 | |DU4=[[Durin IV]] ''fl. late {{SA}}/early {{TA}}''}}
{{familytree| |:| | |}}
{{familytree| DU5 | |DU5=[[Durin V]] ''fl. late {{SA}}/early {{TA}}''}}
{{familytree| |:| | |}}
{{familytree| DUR | |DUR=[[Durin VI]] ''{{TA|1731}} - {{TA|1980|n}}''†}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Durin III in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Decipher - Durin III.jpg|Durin III in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Durin III.jpg|Durin III in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - King Durin III.jpg|King Durin III in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
</gallery>
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:In the prologue, Durin III appears with the other six Lords receiving their [[Seven Rings|Rings]]. He is only identified as Durin on a [[Decipher Card]].

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad]]'':'''
: Durin III briefly appears in a flashback in the Second-age, sealing the [[West-gate]] following the [[Sack of Eregion]]. He also was noted to have convened the Fourth Dwarrowmoot of the Seven Houses at Mount Gundabad. The name of his Ring of Power is given as Angya, or Handórm in the dwarven tongue.

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:King Durin III is portrayed by [[Peter Mullan]] in the Amazon series. He is depicted as the king of [[Khazad-dûm]] and father to [[Durin IV|Prince Durin IV]]. His first appearance in the series occurs during the [[Adrift|second episode]], when he speaks with [[Elrond]] who is visiting Khazad-dûm.

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=dwarf
| house=[[House of Durin]]
}}
{{seq
| pvac=Unknown
| prev=Last known: [[Durin II]]
| prow=2
| list=[[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]]
| dates=Mid-[[Second Age]]
| nvac=Unknown
| next=Next known: [[Durin IV]]
| nrow=2
}}
{{seq
| list=[[Kings of Khazad-dûm|King of Khazad-dûm]]
| dates=Mid-[[Second Age]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

{{durinskings}}
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Kings of Durin's Folk]]
[[Category:Kings of Khazad-dûm]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[de:Durin III.]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:2a:durin iii]]
[[fi:Durin III]]

Narvi

2025-03-29T21:44:42Z

Oromë: /* Television */ episode link

{{infobox character
| people=[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]
| name=Narvi
| image=Alan Lee - Narvi.jpg
| caption="Narvi" by [[Alan Lee]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Craftsman
| location=[[Khazad-dûm]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth=Mid [[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
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| notablefor=crafting the [[Doors of Durin]]
| house=
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'''Narvi''' was a great [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] craftsman.<ref name=UT>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Irsanna - Narvi and Celebrimbor.jpg|thumb|190px|left|''Narvi and Celebrimbor'' by [[:Category:Images by Irsanna|Irsanna]]]]
Narvi lived in [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] during the height of its glory. He formed a friendship with the [[Noldor|Elf]]-lord [[Celebrimbor]], the master artificer of neighboring [[Eregion]]. Together they made the mighty [[Doors of Durin]] that guarded the West-gate of the Dwarven city.<ref name=UT/><ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>

He was a very famous Dwarven craftsman.<ref>{{VT|47a}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] used the spelling ''Narf[i]''.<ref>{{TI|IX}}, p. 188</ref> ''[[Wikipedia:Narfi|Narfi]]'' (also spelled ''Narvi''), is an [[Old Norse]] name and character appearing in the ''Prose Edda'' and the meaning of the name is unknown.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, "Giving of Names", p. 223</ref>

Possibly the name is provided as a translation of the Dwarf's "outer" name from some [[Northern Mannish]] language of the [[Second Age]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Television===
'''2024: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
: Narvi is introduced to the Amazon series in the [[Where the Stars are Strange|second episode]] of the second season. He is portrayed by [[Kevin Eldon]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Christian Holub|articleurl=https://ew.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-season-2-preview-narvi-exclusive-8676832|articlename=The Rings of Power stars tease new character, dwarf drama in season 2|dated=23 July 2024|website=[https://ew.com Entertainment Weekly]|accessed=29 March 2025}}</ref> Narvi is depicted as an influencial Dwarf of Khazad-dûm who contributes to their developing alliance with the Elves, culminating with the reveal of the Doors of Durin.

{{references}}
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[de:Narvi]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/2a/narvi]]
[[fi:Narvi]]

Narvi

2025-03-29T21:37:20Z

Oromë: Added portrayal in adaptations

{{infobox character
| people=[[Dwarves|Dwarf]]
| name=Narvi
| image=Alan Lee - Narvi.jpg
| caption="Narvi" by [[Alan Lee]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=Craftsman
| location=[[Khazad-dûm]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth=Mid [[Second Age]]
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=crafting the [[Doors of Durin]]
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
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'''Narvi''' was a great [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] craftsman.<ref name=UT>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Irsanna - Narvi and Celebrimbor.jpg|thumb|190px|left|''Narvi and Celebrimbor'' by [[:Category:Images by Irsanna|Irsanna]]]]
Narvi lived in [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] during the height of its glory. He formed a friendship with the [[Noldor|Elf]]-lord [[Celebrimbor]], the master artificer of neighboring [[Eregion]]. Together they made the mighty [[Doors of Durin]] that guarded the West-gate of the Dwarven city.<ref name=UT/><ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>

He was a very famous Dwarven craftsman.<ref>{{VT|47a}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] used the spelling ''Narf[i]''.<ref>{{TI|IX}}, p. 188</ref> ''[[Wikipedia:Narfi|Narfi]]'' (also spelled ''Narvi''), is an [[Old Norse]] name and character appearing in the ''Prose Edda'' and the meaning of the name is unknown.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, "Giving of Names", p. 223</ref>

Possibly the name is provided as a translation of the Dwarf's "outer" name from some [[Northern Mannish]] language of the [[Second Age]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref><ref>{{App|F2}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Television===
'''2024: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
: Narvi is introduced to the Amazon series in the second episode of the second season. He is portrayed by [[Kevin Eldon]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Christian Holub|articleurl=https://ew.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-rings-of-power-season-2-preview-narvi-exclusive-8676832|articlename=The Rings of Power stars tease new character, dwarf drama in season 2|dated=23 July 2024|website=[https://ew.com Entertainment Weekly]|accessed=29 March 2025}}</ref> Narvi is depicted as an influencial Dwarf of Khazad-dûm who contributes to their developing alliance with the Elves, culminating with the reveal of the Doors of Durin.

{{references}}
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[de:Narvi]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/nains/2a/narvi]]
[[fi:Narvi]]

House of Eorl

2025-03-16T17:37:47Z

Oromë: /* First Line of the Kings of Rohan */ Link to Helm's unnamed daughter, article added in 2022

{{Noble House infobox
| name=House of Eorl
| image = Pbrks - House of Eorl.png
| caption=
| othernames=
| founder=[[Eorl the Young]]
| leader=[[Kings of Rohan]]
| location=[[Rohan]]
| affiliation=[[Oath of Eorl]]
| rivalry=[[Dunlendings]]
| destroyed=
| language=[[Rohanese]]
| members=
| race=[[Rohirrim]]
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| heirlooms=
}}

The '''House of Eorl''' was the house of the descendants of [[Eorl the Young]], including all of the recorded [[Kings of Rohan]].

==Genealogies==
Showing the ancestors of Eorl the Young and the three lines of the Kings of Rohan thereafter. All information in the trees is from Appendix A, either "The House of Eorl"<ref name="Eorl">{{App|Eorl}}</ref> or "The Kings of the Mark"<ref name="Mark">{{App|Mark}}</ref> unless otherwise specified. The figures after the names are those of birth and death where recorded. If a figure stands alone it is a date of birth unless preceded by 'd. ' (in which case it is the date of death). A dagger symbol, '†' signifies those who did not die of old age. A name proceeded by '*' indicates a king of the First Line, by '**' indicates a king of the Second Line, and by '***' indicates a king of the Third Line. A dashed line indicates marriage or a line of descent with some members missing.

==Ancestors of Eorl==
Eorl was the last [[Lord of the Éothéod]], descended from the first Lord, [[Marhwini]], who had settled his people in the Vales of Anduin after his father [[Marhari]] had died.<ref name="UT|Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> Marhari was in turn a descendant of [[Vidugavia]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, note 5</ref> Thus the forefathers of Eorl claimed descent from the kings of Rhovanion and kinship with the kings of [[Gondor]] descended from [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|VID| | | | | | | | |VID=[[Vidugavia]] [[King of Rhovanion]]<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>}}
{{familytree | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| |:| | |VVI|y|VAL|VVI=[[Vidumavi]]<ref name="Gondor"/> ''d. 1344''<ref>{{PM|Ai}}</ref>|VAL=[[Valacar]] of [[Gondor]]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| |:| | | | |ELD| | |ELD=([[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] and the Kings of Gondor)}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|MAH| | | | | | | | |MAH=[[Marhari]] ''d. 1856'' †<ref group="note0-">Mahari fell in the rearguard action after the [[Battle of the Plains]].</ref><ref name="UT|Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|MAR| | | | | | | | |MAR=[[Marhwini]]}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|FTH| | | | | | | | |FTH=[[Forthwini]]}}
{{familytree | |:| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|FRU| | | | | | | | |FRU=[[Frumgar]]}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|FRA| | | | | | | | |FRA=[[Fram]] † <ref group="note0-">Fram slew the dragon [[Scatha]] and claimed his hoard. The Dwarves also claimed the hoard but Fram gave them nothing. Instead, he sent them a necklace made of Scatha's teeth. Some say that the Dwarves killed Fram for this insult.</ref>}}
{{familytree | |:| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|LEO| | | | | | | | |LEO=[[Léod]] ''2459-2501'' † <ref group="note0-">Léod died at age 42 (his son was 16) when the horse [[Felaróf]] threw him and he struck his head upon a rock.</ref>}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|EOR| | | | | | | | |EOR=FIRST LINE * [[Eorl]] the Young ''2485-2545'' †<ref group="note0-">Eorl fell in battle in the [[Wold]] when the [[Easterlings]] renewed their attacks.</ref>}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Notes===
<references group="note0-"/>

==First Line of the Kings of Rohan==
After the victory of Gondor and the [[Éothéod]] at the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]], the Steward [[Cirion]] gave the land of [[Calenardhon]] to Eorl and his people. Eorl swore the [[Oath of Eorl]] and brought the Éothéod to their new home, which they named [[Rohan]]. Eorl thus became the first King of Rohan and began the First Line.
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |EOR| | | | | | | | | | | | |EOR=* [[Eorl]] the Young ''2485-2545'' †}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |BRE| | | | | | | | | | | | |BRE=* [[Brego]] ''2512-2570'' †<ref group="note1-">Brego died of grief one year after his son Baldor disappeared on the [[Paths of the Dead]].</ref>}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|BAL| |ALD| |EOF| | | | | | | | |BAL=[[Baldor]] ''d. 2569'' † <ref group="note1-">Baldor vowed to tread the Paths of the Dead at the feast held when [[Meduseld]] was completed. He never returned.</ref>|ALD=* [[Aldor]] the Old ''2544-2645''|EOF=[[Eofor]]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |:| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|DAU| |FRE| | |:| | | | | | | | | |DAU=3 daughters|FRE=* [[Fréa]] ''2570-2659''}}
{{familytree|border=0|boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | |!| | |ANC| | | | | | | | |ANC=Ancestor of [[Éomund]] of [[Eastfold]]<ref name="Isen"/>}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |FRW| | | | | | | | | | | | |FRW=* [[Fréawine]] ''2594-2680''}}
{{familytree |border=0|boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | |]|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|CLA|CLA=Freca claimed descent from King Fréawine }}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |GOL| | | | | | | | | | |:| |GOL=* [[Goldwine]] ''2619-2699''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |DEO| | | | | | | | | | |:| |DEO=* [[Déor]] ''2644-2719''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |:| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |GRA| | | | | | | | | | |:| |GRA=* [[Gram]] ''2668-2741''}}
{{familytree | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |:| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | |HEL| | | | | |HIL| |FCA|HEL=* [[Helm|Helm Hammerhand]] ''2691-2759'' †<ref group="note1-">Helm died one night when he was out stalking his enemies. He was found dead as a stone but with unbent knees, standing upon the Dike near the [[Hornburg]].</ref>|HIL=[[Hild]]|FCA=[[Freca]] ''d. 2754'' †<ref group="note1-">Freca died from a blow from Helm’s fist.</ref>}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|DTR| |HAL| |HAM| |FRE| |WUL|DTR=''[[Helm's daughter]]''|HAL=[[Haleth (son of Helm)|Haleth]] ''d. 2758'' †<ref group="note1-">Haleth was the last to fall, defending the doors of [[Edoras]], when Wulf attacked.</ref>|HAM=[[Háma (son of Helm)|Háma]] ''d. 2759'' †<ref group="note1-">Háma led men out on a sortie and foray but they were lost in the snow.</ref>|FRE=SECOND LINE ** [[Fréaláf|Fréaláf Hildeson]] ''2726-2798''|WUL=[[Wulf]] ''d. 2759'' †<ref group="note1-">Wulf called himself king during his brief occupation of [[Meduseld]], but he was slain by Fréalaf after the winter broke.</ref>}}
{{familytree/end}}

===Notes===
<references group="note1-"/>

==Second Line==
After the deaths of Helm Hammerhand and his two sons, Fréalaf, the son of Helm’s sister Hild, became king. Not only was he closely related to the previous king, but Fréalaf also recaptured Meduseld and killed the usurper, Wulf. Thus began the Second Line of the Kings of Rohan.

Through [[Morwen of Lossarnach]], both Thengel's heir [[Théoden]] and his grandson [[Éomer]] carried the blood of the ancient [[Princes of Dol Amroth|Princes of Belfalas]].<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref> Since the [[Princes of Dol Amroth]] were akin to the [[Lords of Andúnië]], [[Théoden]] and [[Éomer]] are related to [[Elendil]] and descended from the [[House of Elros]].<ref name="UT|Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref>

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;| | | | | | | | | | | | |FRE| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FRE=** [[Fréaláf|Fréaláf Hildeson]] ''2726-2798''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | | | | | | | |BRY| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRY=** [[Brytta|Brytta Léofa]] ''2752-2842''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | | | | | | | |WAL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |WAL=** [[Walda]] ''2780-2851'' †<ref group="note2-">Walda was slain with all his companions when they were trapped by [[Orcs]], as they rode by mountain-paths from [[Dunharrow]].</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | | | | | | | |FOL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOL=** [[Folca]] ''2804-2864'' †<ref group="note2-">Folca hunted and slew the great boar of [[Everholt]] in the [[Firien Wood]], but he died of the tusk-wounds that it gave him.</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | | | | | | | |FOW| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOW=** [[Folcwine]] ''2830-2903''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|FOL| |FAS| |DGH| |FEN| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FOL=[[Folcred]] ''2858-2885'' †|FAS=[[Fastred (son of Folcwine)|Fastred]] ''2858-2885'' †<ref group="note2-">The twins Folcred and Fastred fell side by side in battle in [[Ithilien]], fighting the [[Haradrim]] for King [[Túrin II]] of Gondor.</ref>|DGH=Daughter|FEN=** [[Fengel]] ''2870-2953''}}
{{familytree |border=0|boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | |DOE| | | | |DOE=Descendant of [[Eofor]]}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | | | |TWD| |THG|y|MOR| | | | | | |:| | | | | |TWD=2 daughters|THG=** [[Thengel]] ''2905-2980''|MOR=[[Morwen Steelsheen|Morwen]] of [[Lossarnach]] ''2922''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;|DTR| |TDE|y|ELF| |DBG| |DBR| |TWY|y|EOU| | | | |DTR=Daughter born in Gondor|TDE=** [[Théoden]] Ednew ''2948-3019'' †<ref group="note2-">Théoden was born in Gondor; he fell before the gates of [[Mundburg]] in the [[Battle of Pelennor Fields]].</ref>|ELF=[[Elfhild]] ''2978'' †<ref group="note2-">Elfhild died in childbirth.</ref>|DBG=Daughter born in Gondor|DBR= Daughter born in Rohan|TWY=[[Théodwyn]] ''2963-3002'' †<ref group="note2-">Théodwyn was born in Rohan. Not long after Éomund died Théodwyn became ill and died.</ref>|EOU=[[Éomund]] of Eastfold ''d. 3002'' †<ref group="note2-">Éomund was slain by Orcs on the borders of the Emyn Muil.</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;| | | | | | |THD| | | | | | | | | | | |EOM| |EOW|~|FAR|THD=[[Théodred]] ''2978-3019'' †<ref group="note2-">Théodred fell in the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]].</ref>|EOM=THIRD LINE *** [[Éomer]] Éadig ''2991-FoA 63''|LOT=[[Lothíriel]] of Dol Amroth ''2999''<ref name="PM|Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>|EOW=[[Éowyn]] ''2995''|FAR=[[Faramir]] of [[Ithilien]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

===Notes===
<references group="note2-"/>

==Third Line==
After the deaths of Théoden and his only son, his nephew Éomer became king, who fought with great distinction at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] where Théoden was killed. Just like Fréalaf, Éomer was closely related to the previous king. Thus began the Third Line of the Kings of Rohan, concurrent with the [[Reunited Kingdom]].
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;|EOM|y|LOT|EOM=*** [[Éomer]] Éadig ''2991-FoA 63''|LOT=[[Lothíriel]] of [[Dol Amroth]] ''2999''<ref name="PM|Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;| | |ELF| | |ELF=*** [[Elfwine]] the Fair}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{References}}

[[Category:Mannish noble houses|Eorl]]
[[Category:Rohirrim]]
[[de:Haus Eorl]]
[[fi:Eorlin huone]]

Gwindor

2025-03-14T01:31:29Z

Oromë: Expanding lead section

{{infobox character
| people=[[Noldor|Noldo]]
| name=Gwindor
| image=Kimberly - Gwindor.jpg
| caption="Gwindor" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=Prince of [[Nargothrond]]
| position=
| location=[[Nargothrond]], [[Barad Eithel]], [[Anfauglith]], [[Angband]], [[Taur-nu-Fuin]], [[Pools of Ivrin]], [[Tumhalad]]
| affiliation=[[Elves of Nargothrond]] [[Stone-gangs|Stone-gang]] [[Angband|of Angband]]
| language=[[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth=After {{FA|52}}
| birthlocation=[[Nargothrond]]<ref name=NRG>{{CH|9}}, p. 157</ref>
| rule=
| death={{FA|495}}
| deathlocation=[[Tumhalad]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Guilin]]
| siblings=[[Gelmir (son of Guilin)|Gelmir]]
| spouse=Betrothed to [[Finduilas]]; never married
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Dark
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=Sword
| steed=
}}
{{Quote|Once I was Gwindor son of Guilin, a lord of Nargothrond, until I went to the Nirnaeth Arnoediad, and was enslaved in Angband.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Túrin Turambar]]"}}

'''Gwindor''' was a prince of the [[Elves of Nargothrond]]. He was most notable for his actions at the start of the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] and his later relationship with [[Túrin]].

== History ==
Gwindor was born in [[Nargothrond]]<ref name=NRG/> to [[Guilin]], and was the brother of [[Gelmir (son of Guilin)|Gelmir]]. He was reckoned as a bold leader, and the scout who scoured most far afield of the folk of Nargothrond.<ref>{{LB|1d}}</ref> He was betrothed to [[Finduilas]] the daughter of [[Orodreth]].

=== Battle of Unnumbered Tears and thralldom===
His brother was lost during the [[Dagor Bragollach]], and wishing to avenge this loss, he joined the [[Union of Maedhros]] and followed [[Fingon]] to battle.

During the assault, Gwindor led a small company of Elves of Nargothrond stationed at [[Barad Eithel]]. But the hosts of [[Morgoth]] were prepared; they brought his brother, still alive, then mutilated and slew him in front of the company. At the sight of Gelmir's mangled corpse, he charged on the plains of [[Anfauglith]], and thus beginning the battle of [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. It is said that Morgoth trembled as his company pounded on his gates, but he had ambushed the company within Angband itself, and all but Gwindor were slain.<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

He spent fourteen years as a captive slave in Angband where the strength and beauty of his body were ruined. At some point, he received a small sword from another Elf who worked in the forges and, while working in a [[Thrall-Noldoli|stone-gang]], turned suddenly on the guards. Though he lost a hand in that fight, he managed to escape and fled southwards, eventually reaching [[Taur-nu-Fuin]].<ref>{{CH|9}}</ref>

[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Beleg is Slain.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Beleg is Slain'']]
As Gwindor lay exhausted, he was found by [[Beleg]] who was looking for his friend [[Túrin]]. Gwindor helped Beleg locate the [[Orc]]-band that had captured Túrin, and they freed him. But Túrin thought Beleg was an Orc and killed him before realizing his mistake. Gwindor consoled Túrin in his grief and led him to Nargothrond.

=== Return to Nargothrond ===
Túrin was admitted in the Elven realm thanks to Gwindor, but now Gwindor was worn out and did not have the power he once had before his capture. "Agarwaen" (Túrin's name while he stayed there) gained much influence among the Elves of Nargothrond and even Finduilas fell in love with him, a fact that Gwindor accepted without bitterness for Túrin. Believing that Finduilas would save Túrin from his fate, Gwindor revealed Agarwaen's identity to Finduilas, while he tried to persuade Túrin to return her feelings.

But when Túrin talked about open warfare upon Morgoth's forces, Gwindor could see the incoming doom of Nargothrond approach and counselled against this, only to be ignored. Orodreth the [[King of Nargothrond]] built a bridge, which not only eliminated the defence provided by the river [[Narog]], but also revealed the location of the Kingdom.

Indeed, Gwindor was right and [[Glaurung]] with a band of Orcs came. The Elves were driven towards the plain of [[Tumhalad]], where most of them, including King Orodreth and Gwindor, were slain in [[Battle of Tumhalad|battle]]. Before dying, he assigned the protection of Finduilas to Túrin, and that she alone could save him from the Curse of Morgoth; however his [[foresight]] did not come to be, as Túrin failed to protect her.<ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Gwindor.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name is not explained, however in ''[[The Etymologies]]'', the name-element ''-dor'' (a compounded form of [[Noldorin]] ''[[taur]]'') has the sense of "king, master".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "TA", "TA3"</ref>

It has been suggested that the first element of the name could be ''gwind'' "pale blue".<ref>{{webcite|website=EoA|articleurl=http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/g/gwindor.html|articlename=Gwindor}}, citing {{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "WIN"</ref>


It has been suggested by Paul Strack and David Salo that the ''Gwindor'' is a [[Sindarin]] name could be derived from a combination of the elements ''[[gwain]]'' ("new") + ''[[-dor]]'' ("lord").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3281252999.html|articlename=S. ''Gwindor'' m.|website=[[Eldamo]]|accessed=27 August 2022}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | GUI | | | |GUI=[[Guilin]] ''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{familytree| GWI | | GEL | |GWI='''GWINDOR''' ''d. {{FA|495}}''|GEL=[[Gelmir (son of Guilin)|Gelmir]] ''d. {{FA|472}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
=== Book of Lost Tales ===
In ''[[Turambar and the Foalókë]]'', he is initially named '''''Flinding''''', son of ''Duilin'', and serves the same role as an escaped thrall of Melko who assists in rescuing Túrin and eventually guiding him to the caves of the Rodothlim.<ref name=foaloke>{{LT2|II}}</ref>

There is no relation stated between him and ''Failivrin'', daughter of [[Galweg]], who would become Finduilas.<ref name=foaloke/>

Flinding was only lightly injured during the pitched battle with the Orcs (what would become the Battle of Tumhalad), and aided Túrin in carrying the mortally wounded Orodreth back to the caves. He then stood beside Túrin in protecting the dwelling of Galweg from the ransacking Orcs until he was felled by an arrow to the eye.<ref name=foaloke/>

=== Lays of Beleriand ===
In ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', after escaping from the mines of Melkor, Flinding first crossed the [[Plains of Drouth]] before entering Taur-nu-Fuin. There his feet were entangled and he became enmeshed in its mazes, and he was taken by madness and wandered witless until he was heard by Orcs and pursued. The Orcs eventually found him, "grovelled fainting" and "cowering" and took him back to their camp. There he saw their spoils, countless chained captives (including Elfin maids), and Túrin held in baleful bonds. While in a bleeding swoon, the Orcs threw Flinding on the "dung and slough" of their lair, but he then escaped "as a crawling worm on belly cowering".

Beleg insisted that Flinding show him the way to the Orc camp, which Flinding initially declined, stating that fear fettered him, and he would prefer to die in the dark, dazed and forwandered, than return to that anguish; he even claimed that he did not know the way. Beleg then admonished Flinding, reminding him of the might, mirth and renown of the Gnomes of Nargothrond. At this, Flinding fought the fear in his heart and started to lead Beleg to the Orc camp.<ref name=beleg>{{LB|1c}}</ref>

=== Later works ===
In ''[[The Earliest Annals of Beleriand]]'' he is renamed to '''''Findor''' son of Fuilin'', and then a final time to ''Gwindor son of Guilin''.<ref>{{SM|7In}}, p. 312, note 40</ref>

{{References}}

[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

[[de:Gwindor]]
[[fi:Gwindor]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:gwindor]]

Gil-galad

2025-02-28T04:09:17Z

Oromë: As reverted previously. Consensus as discussed in Discord is that Meril (the linked article) is not the same character as Orodreth's wife.

{{short description|Last High King of the Noldor}}
{{infobox character
| name = Gil-galad
| people = [[Noldor|Noldo]]
| image = Kimberly - Gil-galad.jpg
| caption = "Gil-galad" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]
| pronun = [[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[eˈreɪnjon ˈɡilɡalad]}}
| othernames = ''Ereinion'' ([[Sindarin|S]], [[Father-name|fn]]), ''Gil-galad'' ([[Epessë|an]]) ''Artanáro''/''Rodnor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]/[[Sindarin|S]]) ''Finellach, Finwain'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| titles = [[High King of the Noldor]]
| position =
| location = [[Falas]] [[Havens of Sirion]] [[Lindon]]
| affiliation = [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| language = [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth = Around {{FA|455}} (see ''[[#Date of birth|below]]'')
| birthlocation = [[Beleriand]]
| rule = {{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}
| death = {{SA|3441}}
| deathlocation = [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]
| age = 3576+
| notablefor = Defeating Sauron at the Siege of Barad-dûr alongside [[Elendil]]
| house = [[House of Finarfin]][[#Parentage|NB]]
| parentage = [[Orodreth]] & his unnamed wife[[#Parentage|NB]]
| siblings = [[Finduilas]]
| spouse = Never married
| children = None
| gender = Male
| height = Tall
| hair = Silver<ref name=Finwain>{{NM|P2iv}}, p. 186</ref>
| eyes =
| clothing =
| weapons = [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]
| steed =
}}
<center>{{quote|Gil-galad was an Elven-king Of him the harpers sadly sing The last whose realm was fair and free Between the Mountains and the Sea.|From ''[[The Fall of Gil-galad]]'', as translated by [[Bilbo Baggins]]}}</center>
'''Ereinion Gil-galad''' was the fourth and last [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===First Age===
Gil-galad was ''either''[[#Parentage|NB]] the son of [[Orodreth]] and grandson of [[Angrod]] and [[Eldalótë]],<ref name=Galad>{{PM|Finwe}}, pp. 346-8 & 364</ref> or the son of [[Fingon]] and thus grandson of [[Fingolfin]],<ref name=Fingon>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> since there were different accounts about his actual parentage, while the precise year and place of his birth invariably remained murky (see ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium|below]]'').

In any case, he was still an [[Elven life cycle|elven-child]] at the time of the [[Dagor Bragollach]] when [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in {{FA|455}}. As a result, shortly after the [[fall of Fingolfin]] a [[First Age 456|year later]], his father sent his wife and son to [[Círdan]] at the [[Havens of the Falas]] for safekeeping. After the capture of [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] by the forces of [[Sauron]], the [[Pass of Sirion]] was open to Morgoth's hosts, although they were still kept at bay by the still mighty realm of [[Hithlum]] and also the power of [[Nargothrond]].<ref name=Fingon/><ref>{{GA|145-59}}, pp. 52-6</ref>

But at the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] in {{FA|472}}, the [[Union of Maedhros]] was utterly defeated and [[Fingon]], High King of the Noldor, slain by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] the Lord of [[Balrogs]], so the crown passed to Fingon's brother [[Turgon]] in [[Gondolin]]. After Hithlum was destroyed and occupied by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]], there was no power left that could withstand the enemies, and the ports at the Falas were [[Fall of the Falas|besieged and captured]] by the [[Orcs]] in {{FA|473|n}}. Yet Círdan, Gil-galad, and many other Elves could flee from death on ship and established a refuge upon the [[Isle of Balar]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref><ref>{{GA|217-57}}, pp. 71-80</ref>
[[File:Marya Filatova - Gil-galad and Idril with Earendil.jpg|250px|thumb|left|''Gil-galad and Idril with Eärendil'' by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
Gil-galad finally received the [[High King of the Noldor|Kingship of the Noldor]] in {{FA|510}}, when Gondolin [[Fall of Gondolin|was lost]] and Turgon died.<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref> Beside the refuge upon Balar, he and Círdan also maintained the small, hidden port at the [[Mouths of Sirion]], where many refugees from Nargothrond, [[Doriath]], and Gondolin were sheltered, until the [[War of Wrath]] ravaged between {{FA|545|n}} and {{FA|587|n}} at the very end of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><ref>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 346</ref>

===Second Age===
After the destruction of [[Beleriand]] during the War of Wrath, which marked the beginning of the [[Second Age]], Gil-galad founded a kingdom in [[Lindon]] in the far north-west of Middle-earth, roughly between the [[Blue Mountains]] and the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] around the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] and the havens of [[Forlond]], [[Harlond (Lindon)|Harlond]], and [[Mithlond]] were founded in {{SA|1}}. Gil-galad was the last heir of the kings of the Noldor in [[Exile of the Noldor|exile]], and acknowledged as High King of the Elves of the West. Many Elves, both the [[Sindar]] and the [[Noldor]], joined him. But soon, there was again unrest among the Noldor, and many of them left Lindon. Led by [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], they founded the realm of [[Eregion]], probably also stirred up by the finding of ''[[mithril]]'' in [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], in c. {{SA|750|n}}. Also, some of the Sindar and many of the [[Nandor]] did not wish to live alongside the Noldor, who had done them a [[Second Kinslaying|great evil]], and migrated eastwards to [[Lothlórien]] or [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name=SA>{{App|SA}}, pp. 1082-4</ref>

When Prince [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] of [[Númenor]] came to [[Middle-earth]], they established friendship with the [[Elves]]. In {{SA|882}} Gil-galad gave him [[Gil-galad's letter|a letter for his father]], the [[King of Númenor]], [[Tar-Meneldur]]. He warned him that a new shadow had arisen in the [[East]] and besought him for aid.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Wife}}, pp. 218-20</ref>
[[File:Irsanna - Gil-galad.jpg|250px|thumb|''Gil-galad'' by [[:Category:Images by Irsanna|Irsanna]]]]
Around {{SA|1000}}, [[Sauron]] tried to make contact with the Elves under the name of [[Sauron#Other names|Annatar]], the "''Lord of Gifts''", but Gil-galad and Círdan did not trust him and rejected his proposals. However, Sauron was welcomed in Eregion and the [[Rings of Power]] were forged. Around {{SA|1600}}, Sauron forged [[the One Ring]] in secret, and then the Elves of Eregion found out that they were betrayed. Sauron demanded the Rings, and when they refused, in {{SA|1693}} the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began. Celebrimbor had rescued the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves in time, sending [[Vilya]] and [[Narya]] to Gil-galad and [[Círdan]] in Lindon, respectively, while the third ring [[Nenya]] was given to [[Galadriel]].

As Sauron invaded [[Eriador]], Gil-galad sent [[Elrond]] to aid Eregion and also called on Númenor for aid. Elrond was unable to avert Sauron and retreated to [[Imladris]] with some survivors. Eriador was being overrun until a great fleet of the [[Númenóreans]] sent by [[Tar-Minastir]] arrived at Lindon. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated in {{SA|1701}}. After this war, the Elves were not further troubled by Sauron for a long time, and Gil-galad appointed Elrond as his vice-regent, passing the ring Vilya to him.<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/><ref name=Vilya>{{UT|Concerning}}, 257-61</ref>
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Gil-galad was an Elvenking.jpg|250px|thumb|left|''Gil-galad was an Elvenking'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]
When [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captured Sauron and took him to Númenor in {{SA|3262}}, the [[Westlands]] at last found peace, and Gil-galad was free to extend his dominion to the north, south, and east beyond the [[Anduin]].

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]] in {{SA|3319|n}}, [[Elendil]] and his sons came to Middle-earth and founded the realms of [[Gondor]] in the south and [[Arnor]] in the north. To honour Elendil, Gil-galad built the [[White Towers]], which housed [[Elostirion-stone|one of]] the [[Palantiri]].

But Sauron also escaped, and Gondor was soon attacked; Elendil's son [[Isildur]] had to flee, and sailed north to his father. Elendil and Gil-galad then formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] against Sauron in {{SA|3431}}.<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/> It was said that the hosts of Gil-galad joined Elendil at [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]].<ref name=Knife>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 185</ref>
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Last Alliance.jpg|250px|thumb|''Last Alliance'' by [[:Category:Images by Abe Papakhian|Abe Papakhian]]]]
In the following years, the Allies marched to Imladris where they camped for three years. Then they crossed the [[Misty Mountains]] and marched south, where they [[Battle of Dagorlad|defeated]] a great army outside [[Mordor]]. They broke through [[Cirith Gorgor]] and besieged [[Sauron]]'s [[Barad-dûr|Dark Tower]].<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/> Gil-galad fought with his long sword and his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]] that was much feared by the enemy.<ref name=Knife/><ref name=Council>{{FR|Council}}</ref>{{rp|243}}

When the siege had lasted for seven years, it became so pressing that Sauron himself sallied forth. By his power, the siege was broken, and his army advanced to the slopes of [[Orodruin]] in {{SA|3441}}. There he was engaged by Elendil and Gil-galad in a single combat. In the end of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron was defeated but both Gil-galad and Elendil were killed in the act.<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/> In the [[Scroll of Isildur|Scroll]] he wrote in [[Minas Tirith|Minas Anor]] before riding north, Isildur wrote that Gil-galad was killed by the heat of [[Dark Lord|Enemy's]] fiery hand.<ref name=Council/>{{rp|253}}
[[File:Michael Kaluta - Elrond Recalls the Host of Gilgalad.jpg|250px|thumb|left|''Elrond Recalls the Host of Gilgalad'' by [[:Category:Images by Michael Kaluta|Michael Kaluta]]]]
Thus died the last High King of Noldor, and this title was never claimed by any other Noldo of Middle-earth.<ref>{{App|Numenor}}, p. 1034</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Ereinion Gil-galad.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Gil-galad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, meaning "Star of Radiance",<ref name=Finwain/><ref name=Galad/> "Starlight"<ref name=Knife/> or "Star of bright light". The name consists of the elements ''[[gil]]'' ("star") + ''[[galad]]'' ("radiance").<ref>{{RGEO|Notes}}, note 1, p. 65</ref>

According to early version, 'Gil-galad' was in fact his [[Amilessë|mother-name]].<ref name=Parentage>{{PM|Gil-galad}}, pp. 349-51</ref> However, later version explains it was an [[epessë]] given to him because his armour and shield were overlaid with silver and set with a device of white stars, shone from afar like a star in sunlight or moonlight and could be seen by Elvish eyes at a great distance if he stood upon a height; by this name he was chiefly remembered in legend.<ref name=Galad/>

''Gil-galad'' already appears in ''[[The Etymologies]]'' as [[Noldorin]] for "Starlight".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "GIL"</ref>

==Other names==
As a descendant of kings, the Sindarin [[Father-name|birth name]] of Gil-galad was '''''Ereinion''''' ("Scion of Kings"),<ref name=Galad/><ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Gil-galad"</ref> from plural ''[[aran]]'' ("king") + ''[[-ion]]'' (patronymic suffix).<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''ar(a)''</ref>

According to early version, Gil-galad's [[Quenya]] father-name was '''''Artanáro''''', or in Sindarin '''''Rodnor'''''.<ref name=Parentage/> [[Paul Strack]] explains it can be translated as "Noble Fire".<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1045550461.html|articlename=Q. ''Artanáro'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=5 November 2020}}</ref>

An unclear name is '''''Finellach''''', which was included in [[Gil-galad's letter]] to [[Tar-Meneldur]] (but omitted by [[Christopher Tolkien]]).<ref name=Aldarion/><ref name=Parentage/> [[David Salo]] explains it can mean "Flame of Hair and Eye".<ref>{{HM|GS}}, p. 349</ref>

Another isolated name was '''''Finwain''''',<ref name=Finwain/> clearly Sindarin, a combination of ''fin'' (Sindarin for ''[[Finwë]]'') + ''[[gwain]]'' ("young").

== Revised genealogy ==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Gil-galad heraldic device (I).jpg|100px|thumb|Gil-galad's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | OLW | | | | | | | |MIR=[[Míriel]] ''d. {{YT|1170}}''|FIN=[[Finwë]] ''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|OLW=[[Olwë]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF |y| EAW | | SON | | | | | |FDS=[[Findis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]] ''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FRF=[[Finarfin]] ''b. {{YT|1230}}''|EAW=[[Eärwen]] ''b. {{YT}}''|SON=''unknown sons''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL | |FRD=[[Finrod]] ''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|465}}''|ANG=[[Angrod]] ''d. {{FA|455}}''|AEG=[[Aegnor]] ''d. {{FA|455}}''|GAL=[[Galadriel]] ''b. {{YT|1362}}''|ELD=[[Eldalótë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|CEL=[[Celeborn]] ''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |~| CLB | | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]][[#Parentage|NB]] ''d. {{FA|495}}''|CLB=[[Celebrían]] ''b. {{SA|300}}''|ELR=[[Elrond]] ''b. {{FA|532}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | FIL | | GIL | | | | | | |FIL=[[Finduilas]][[Finduilas#Notes|NB]] ''{{FA|272}} - {{FA|495|n}}''|GIL='''GIL-GALAD''' ''d. {{SA|3441}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
===Earlier versions===
Gil-galad appears for the first time in the second version of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]'' written c. [[1937]], along with Elendil (in the previous conception, Elrond is the leader of the Elves who remained behind). Both characters create a great league of Elves and Men and fight [[Thû]] in Mordor, but both are slain by him. In that text he is mentioned as a descendant of [[Fëanor]] and an Elven king of Beleriand.<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}, pp. 28-9 & 31</ref>

In a marginal note of §28 of the conclusion of ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] pencilled the names ''Gilgalad'' and ''Lindon''.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 337</ref> This note was probably used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] to introduce Gil-Galad at the end of [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|chapter 24]] of the published version of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', beside Círdan, Celeborn, and Galadriel.<ref>[[Douglas C. Kane]], ''[[Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion]]'', Part II: ''Quenta Silmarillion'' (The History of the Silmarils), Chapter 23 "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", p. 235</ref>

===Parentage===
[[File:Karolina Węgrzyn - Scion of Kings son of Orodreth (colored).jpg|225px|thumb|left|''Scion of Kings son of Orodreth'' by [[:User:Sirielle|Karolina Węgrzyn]]]]
In the initial drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien still considered Gil-galad to be a descendant of Fëanor.<ref>{{RS|Rivendell}}, pp. 215-7</ref>

Later, through the further writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien reconsidered Gil-galad to be a son of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. In additions of uncertain date made to the [[Later Quenta Silmarillion|later ''Quenta Silmarillion'']] it was told that Felagund sent away both his [[Meril|wife]] and son from Nargothrond to the Havens of the Falas for their safety.<ref>{{WJ|Ruin}}, p. 242-3</ref> In the late 1950s, he decided that Felagund was unmarried and childless, since [[Amarië]] the [[Vanyar|Vanya]] whom he loved remained in the [[Aman|West]], and suggested in a marginal note to the ''[[The Grey Annals|Grey Annals]]'' that Gil-galad ''might be'' the son of [[Fingon]] (under the name ''Findor'').<ref>{{GA|157}}, p. 56</ref>

However, in the early 60s, Tolkien returned to an idea of Finrod having a wife<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, Note 7, pp. 317-8: "''During their dwelling in Nargothrond as refugees ''[Celebrimbor]'' had grown to love Finrod and ''[…]'' his wife.''"</ref> and child, and thus he moved Orodreth down a generation, making him Finrod's son instead of his brother. Apparently recalling the story in the ''Grey Annals'',<ref>{{GA|108-9}}, p. 44</ref> Tolkien spotted the contradiction and moved Orodreth to become in the same generation the son of Finrod’s brother Angrod (who with [[Aegnor]] held the heights of [[Dorthonion]] and was slain in the [[Dagor Bragollach|Battle of Sudden Flame]]), changing his Quenya name from ''Artanáro'' to ''Artaresto''. Finally in [[August]] [[1965]], Tolkien concluded that the best solution to the problem of Gil-galad's parentage was to shift him into the son of Orodreth who escaped in Nargothrond after Angrod was slain and dwelt there with his uncle Finrod, later succeeding him. Orodreth married a Sindarin lady of the [[Northlands|North]], and their children were [[Finduilas]] and Gil-galad.<ref name=Parentage/>

Tolkien's son and literary executor Christopher Tolkien had no doubt that this was his father's last word on the subject, but since nothing of this late and radically altered conception ever touched the existing narratives, he made the editorial decision not to incorporate this revision into the published version of ''The Silmarillion'' and chose instead to present Gil-galad as a son of Fingon; otherwise, all aspects of the move would have required considerable reworking of the story. For a consistency with the published ''Silmarillion'', Christopher also edited a line in ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]'' that originally referred to Gil-galad as a dynast of the [[House of Finarfin]].<ref name=Aldarion/>
[[File:Karolina Węgrzyn - Scion of Kings son of Fingon (colored).jpg|225px|thumb|''Scion of Kings son of Fingon'' by Karolina Węgrzyn]]
Many years later in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' he regretted about his past decision and stated it was a mistake on his part and did not in fact represent his father's conception of the character, suggesting that it would have been better to have left Gil-galad's parentage '''obscure''' in ''The Silmarillion''.<ref name=Parentage/>

[[Renée Vink]] of the [[Unquendor|Dutch Tolkien Society]] suggests that the only good reason for making Gil-galad son of Fingon is the correspondence of the colours, blue and silver, of Gil-galad's heraldic device and Fingolfin's banner, noting that the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', based on a limited "grasp of the material", created a "virtually unshakeable" tradition for this parentage. She argues that Orodreth has a better claim to paternity, for several reasons: the crown of the Noldor in exile (in Middle-earth) then comes to a descendant of [[Finarfin]], king of the Noldor in [[Valinor]]; a descendant of Finarfin would fight Sauron to avenge Finarfin's son Finrod; and as a brother to Finduilas, he (alone of the Noldorin Kings) would fight with a spear, the weapon that killed his sister.<ref>{{webcite|author=Renée Vink|articleurl=https://www.academia.edu/13554329|articlename=The Parentage of Gil-galad: A Textual History|website=Academia|accessed=2013}}</ref>

===Date of birth===
In a [[1959]] manuscript on chronology published in ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien contemplated various revisions to the years of birth of various characters in the [[legendarium]] in accord with a new conception of how Elves aged over time. In a rough note appended to this manuscript, he suggested that "Gilgalad" became King in Lindon "under" Galadriel c. S.A. 10-20, and that in order to be of suitable age to rule he must have been born in YT 1481/V.Y. 4981 in Aman.<ref>{{NM|P1xi}}, p. 82</ref> Of course, this would be incompatible with the later revision of Gil-galad's genealogy made in August 1965, since his mother is explicitly mentioned to be a Sindarin lady, as described above in the previous section.<ref name=Parentage/>

==Portrayals in adaptations==
===Gil-galad in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gil-galad.jpg|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Gil-galad.jpg|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - High King Gil-galad.jpg|High King Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:In the prologue, Gil-galad is shown as one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings|three Elven rings]]. Later, he is present at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Battle]] of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] wielding his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]. His death is not shown, and he does not take down [[Sauron]]. He is played by [[Mark Ferguson]].
:The bodies of Gil-galad and Elendil can be seen on [[:File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Isildur mural.jpg|the mural depicting the Siege]] in the [[House of Elrond]].

===Television===
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:'''September 1: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::High King Gil-galad (Portrayed by [[Benjamin Walker]])<ref>{{webcite|author=Amy Ratcliffe|articleurl=https://nerdist.com/article/lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-who-is-gil-galad-benjamin-walker-interview-exclusive-images/|articlename=Meet High King Gil-galad From THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RINGS OF POWER|dated=30-June-2022|website=[https://www.nerdist.com Nerdist]|accessed=09-July-2022}}</ref> first appears during a ceremony in [[Lindon]], giving a speech to honor the survivors of [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company of [[Elves]] who were attacked by a [[Snow-trolls|Snow-troll]] in [[Dúrnost]]. He announces that they are going to go home to the [[Aman|Undying Lands]] for them to dwell for all eternity. However, later on, he revealed to [[Elrond]] that his true purpose in doing this was so that Galadriel did not become the very evil that she sought to destroy.

===Games===
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears briefly in the game's first level as a non-playable character, where he has the likeness of [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|movie counterpart]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears in several flashbacks depicting the the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. His ultimate fate is more accurate to the books than the film version, showing [[Elendil]] and Gil-galad both battling and defeating Sauron at the cost of their lives.

'''2010: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears in the prologue holding one of the Elf-rings. He is also an unlockable character, despite never playing into the storyline. He can be found in a cave in south-west [[Gorgoroth]]. His gear is not accurate, however; he wields an Elven sword (instead of Aeglos) and golden shield in the game, though ''The Fall of Gil-Galad'' describes a silver shield.

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=noldor
| house=[[House of Finarfin]] Cadet branch of [[House of Finwë]]
| born=Before {{FA|455}}
| died={{SA|3441}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Turgon]]
| list=4th [[High King of the Noldor]]
| dates={{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}
| nvac=None
| next=Title abandoned
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=''[[Celebrimbor]], as its creator''
| list=[[Three Keepers|Keeper]] of [[Vilya]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - {{SA|1701|n}}
| next=[[Elrond]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:Moriquendi]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Noldorin names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

[[de:Gil-galad]]
[[fi:Gil-galad]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/gil-galad]]
[[ru:Гиль-галад]]

Gil-galad

2025-02-27T14:12:42Z

Oromë: Undo revision 419072 by Dour1234 (talk) We should find a different way to include this information because doing it this way incorrectly states that Meril is Orodreth's wife

{{short description|Last High King of the Noldor}}
{{infobox character
| name = Gil-galad
| people = [[Noldor|Noldo]]
| image = Kimberly - Gil-galad.jpg
| caption = "Gil-galad" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]
| pronun = [[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[eˈreɪnjon ˈɡilɡalad]}}
| othernames = ''Ereinion'' ([[Sindarin|S]], [[Father-name|fn]]), ''Gil-galad'' ([[Epessë|an]]) ''Artanáro''/''Rodnor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]/[[Sindarin|S]]) ''Finellach, Finwain'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| titles = [[High King of the Noldor]]
| position =
| location = [[Falas]] [[Havens of Sirion]] [[Lindon]]
| affiliation = [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| language = [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth = Around {{FA|455}} (see ''[[#Date of birth|below]]'')
| birthlocation = [[Beleriand]]
| rule = {{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}
| death = {{SA|3441}}
| deathlocation = [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]
| age = 3576+
| notablefor = Defeating Sauron at the Siege of Barad-dûr alongside [[Elendil]]
| house = [[House of Finarfin]][[#Parentage|NB]]
| parentage = [[Orodreth]] & his unnamed wife[[#Parentage|NB]]
| siblings = [[Finduilas]]
| spouse = Never married
| children = None
| gender = Male
| height = Tall
| hair = Silver<ref name=Finwain>{{NM|P2iv}}, p. 186</ref>
| eyes =
| clothing =
| weapons = [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]
| steed =
}}
<center>{{quote|Gil-galad was an Elven-king Of him the harpers sadly sing The last whose realm was fair and free Between the Mountains and the Sea.|From ''[[The Fall of Gil-galad]]'', as translated by [[Bilbo Baggins]]}}</center>
'''Ereinion Gil-galad''' was the fourth and last [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]].

==History==
===First Age===
Gil-galad was ''either''[[#Parentage|NB]] the son of [[Orodreth]] and grandson of [[Angrod]] and [[Eldalótë]],<ref name=Galad>{{PM|Finwe}}, pp. 346-8 & 364</ref> or the son of [[Fingon]] and thus grandson of [[Fingolfin]],<ref name=Fingon>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> since there were different accounts about his actual parentage, while the precise year and place of his birth invariably remained murky (see ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium|below]]'').

In any case, he was still an [[Elven life cycle|elven-child]] at the time of the [[Dagor Bragollach]] when [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in {{FA|455}}. As a result, shortly after the [[fall of Fingolfin]] a [[First Age 456|year later]], his father sent his wife and son to [[Círdan]] at the [[Havens of the Falas]] for safekeeping. After the capture of [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] by the forces of [[Sauron]], the [[Pass of Sirion]] was open to Morgoth's hosts, although they were still kept at bay by the still mighty realm of [[Hithlum]] and also the power of [[Nargothrond]].<ref name=Fingon/><ref>{{GA|145-59}}, pp. 52-6</ref>

But at the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] in {{FA|472}}, the [[Union of Maedhros]] was utterly defeated and [[Fingon]], High King of the Noldor, slain by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] the Lord of [[Balrogs]], so the crown passed to Fingon's brother [[Turgon]] in [[Gondolin]]. After Hithlum was destroyed and occupied by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]], there was no power left that could withstand the enemies, and the ports at the Falas were [[Fall of the Falas|besieged and captured]] by the [[Orcs]] in {{FA|473|n}}. Yet Círdan, Gil-galad, and many other Elves could flee from death on ship and established a refuge upon the [[Isle of Balar]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref><ref>{{GA|217-57}}, pp. 71-80</ref>
[[File:Marya Filatova - Gil-galad and Idril with Earendil.jpg|250px|thumb|left|''Gil-galad and Idril with Eärendil'' by [[Marya Filatova]]]]
Gil-galad finally received the [[High King of the Noldor|Kingship of the Noldor]] in {{FA|510}}, when Gondolin [[Fall of Gondolin|was lost]] and Turgon died.<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref> Beside the refuge upon Balar, he and Círdan also maintained the small, hidden port at the [[Mouths of Sirion]], where many refugees from Nargothrond, [[Doriath]], and Gondolin were sheltered, until the [[War of Wrath]] ravaged between {{FA|545|n}} and {{FA|587|n}} at the very end of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><ref>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 346</ref>

===Second Age===
After the destruction of [[Beleriand]] during the War of Wrath, which marked the beginning of the [[Second Age]], Gil-galad founded a kingdom in [[Lindon]] in the far north-west of Middle-earth, roughly between the [[Blue Mountains]] and the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] around the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] and the havens of [[Forlond]], [[Harlond (Lindon)|Harlond]], and [[Mithlond]] were founded in {{SA|1}}. Gil-galad was the last heir of the kings of the Noldor in [[Exile of the Noldor|exile]], and acknowledged as High King of the Elves of the West. Many Elves, both the [[Sindar]] and the [[Noldor]], joined him. But soon, there was again unrest among the Noldor, and many of them left Lindon. Led by [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], they founded the realm of [[Eregion]], probably also stirred up by the finding of ''[[mithril]]'' in [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], in c. {{SA|750|n}}. Also, some of the Sindar and many of the [[Nandor]] did not wish to live alongside the Noldor, who had done them a [[Second Kinslaying|great evil]], and migrated eastwards to [[Lothlórien]] or [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name=SA>{{App|SA}}, pp. 1082-4</ref>

When Prince [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] of [[Númenor]] came to [[Middle-earth]], they established friendship with the [[Elves]]. In {{SA|882}} Gil-galad gave him [[Gil-galad's letter|a letter for his father]], the [[King of Númenor]], [[Tar-Meneldur]]. He warned him that a new shadow had arisen in the [[East]] and besought him for aid.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Wife}}, pp. 218-20</ref>
[[File:Irsanna - Gil-galad.jpg|250px|thumb|''Gil-galad'' by [[:Category:Images by Irsanna|Irsanna]]]]
Around {{SA|1000}}, [[Sauron]] tried to make contact with the Elves under the name of [[Sauron#Other names|Annatar]], the "''Lord of Gifts''", but Gil-galad and Círdan did not trust him and rejected his proposals. However, Sauron was welcomed in Eregion and the [[Rings of Power]] were forged. Around {{SA|1600}}, Sauron forged [[the One Ring]] in secret, and then the Elves of Eregion found out that they were betrayed. Sauron demanded the Rings, and when they refused, in {{SA|1693}} the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began. Celebrimbor had rescued the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves in time, sending [[Vilya]] and [[Narya]] to Gil-galad and [[Círdan]] in Lindon, respectively, while the third ring [[Nenya]] was given to [[Galadriel]].

As Sauron invaded [[Eriador]], Gil-galad sent [[Elrond]] to aid Eregion and also called on Númenor for aid. Elrond was unable to avert Sauron and retreated to [[Imladris]] with some survivors. Eriador was being overrun until a great fleet of the [[Númenóreans]] sent by [[Tar-Minastir]] arrived at Lindon. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated in {{SA|1701}}. After this war, the Elves were not further troubled by Sauron for a long time, and Gil-galad appointed Elrond as his vice-regent, passing the ring Vilya to him.<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/><ref name=Vilya>{{UT|Concerning}}, 257-61</ref>
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Gil-galad was an Elvenking.jpg|250px|thumb|left|''Gil-galad was an Elvenking'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]
When [[Ar-Pharazôn]] captured Sauron and took him to Númenor in {{SA|3262}}, the [[Westlands]] at last found peace, and Gil-galad was free to extend his dominion to the north, south, and east beyond the [[Anduin]].

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]] in {{SA|3319|n}}, [[Elendil]] and his sons came to Middle-earth and founded the realms of [[Gondor]] in the south and [[Arnor]] in the north. To honour Elendil, Gil-galad built the [[White Towers]], which housed [[Elostirion-stone|one of]] the [[Palantiri]].

But Sauron also escaped, and Gondor was soon attacked; Elendil's son [[Isildur]] had to flee, and sailed north to his father. Elendil and Gil-galad then formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] against Sauron in {{SA|3431}}.<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/> It was said that the hosts of Gil-galad joined Elendil at [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]].<ref name=Knife>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 185</ref>
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Last Alliance.jpg|250px|thumb|''Last Alliance'' by [[:Category:Images by Abe Papakhian|Abe Papakhian]]]]
In the following years, the Allies marched to Imladris where they camped for three years. Then they crossed the [[Misty Mountains]] and marched south, where they [[Battle of Dagorlad|defeated]] a great army outside [[Mordor]]. They broke through [[Cirith Gorgor]] and besieged [[Sauron]]'s [[Barad-dûr|Dark Tower]].<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/> Gil-galad fought with his long sword and his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]] that was much feared by the enemy.<ref name=Knife/><ref name=Council>{{FR|Council}}</ref>{{rp|243}}

When the siege had lasted for seven years, it became so pressing that Sauron himself sallied forth. By his power, the siege was broken, and his army advanced to the slopes of [[Orodruin]] in {{SA|3441}}. There he was engaged by Elendil and Gil-galad in a single combat. In the end of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron was defeated but both Gil-galad and Elendil were killed in the act.<ref name=Rings/><ref name=SA/> In the [[Scroll of Isildur|Scroll]] he wrote in [[Minas Tirith|Minas Anor]] before riding north, Isildur wrote that Gil-galad was killed by the heat of [[Dark Lord|Enemy's]] fiery hand.<ref name=Council/>{{rp|253}}
[[File:Michael Kaluta - Elrond Recalls the Host of Gilgalad.jpg|250px|thumb|left|''Elrond Recalls the Host of Gilgalad'' by [[:Category:Images by Michael Kaluta|Michael Kaluta]]]]
Thus died the last High King of Noldor, and this title was never claimed by any other Noldo of Middle-earth.<ref>{{App|Numenor}}, p. 1034</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Pronounce|Ereinion Gil-galad.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Gil-galad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, meaning "Star of Radiance",<ref name=Finwain/><ref name=Galad/> "Starlight"<ref name=Knife/> or "Star of bright light". The name consists of the elements ''[[gil]]'' ("star") + ''[[galad]]'' ("radiance").<ref>{{RGEO|Notes}}, note 1, p. 65</ref>

According to early version, 'Gil-galad' was in fact his [[Amilessë|mother-name]].<ref name=Parentage>{{PM|Gil-galad}}, pp. 349-51</ref> However, later version explains it was an [[epessë]] given to him because his armour and shield were overlaid with silver and set with a device of white stars, shone from afar like a star in sunlight or moonlight and could be seen by Elvish eyes at a great distance if he stood upon a height; by this name he was chiefly remembered in legend.<ref name=Galad/>

''Gil-galad'' already appears in ''[[The Etymologies]]'' as [[Noldorin]] for "Starlight".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "GIL"</ref>

==Other names==
As a descendant of kings, the Sindarin [[Father-name|birth name]] of Gil-galad was '''''Ereinion''''' ("Scion of Kings"),<ref name=Galad/><ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Gil-galad"</ref> from plural ''[[aran]]'' ("king") + ''[[-ion]]'' (patronymic suffix).<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''ar(a)''</ref>

According to early version, Gil-galad's [[Quenya]] father-name was '''''Artanáro''''', or in Sindarin '''''Rodnor'''''.<ref name=Parentage/> [[Paul Strack]] explains it can be translated as "Noble Fire".<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1045550461.html|articlename=Q. ''Artanáro'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=5 November 2020}}</ref>

An unclear name is '''''Finellach''''', which was included in [[Gil-galad's letter]] to [[Tar-Meneldur]] (but omitted by [[Christopher Tolkien]]).<ref name=Aldarion/><ref name=Parentage/> [[David Salo]] explains it can mean "Flame of Hair and Eye".<ref>{{HM|GS}}, p. 349</ref>

Another isolated name was '''''Finwain''''',<ref name=Finwain/> clearly Sindarin, a combination of ''fin'' (Sindarin for ''[[Finwë]]'') + ''[[gwain]]'' ("young").

== Revised genealogy ==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Gil-galad heraldic device (I).jpg|100px|thumb|Gil-galad's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | OLW | | | | | | | |MIR=[[Míriel]] ''d. {{YT|1170}}''|FIN=[[Finwë]] ''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|OLW=[[Olwë]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF |y| EAW | | SON | | | | | |FDS=[[Findis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]] ''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FRF=[[Finarfin]] ''b. {{YT|1230}}''|EAW=[[Eärwen]] ''b. {{YT}}''|SON=''unknown sons''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL | |FRD=[[Finrod]] ''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|465}}''|ANG=[[Angrod]] ''d. {{FA|455}}''|AEG=[[Aegnor]] ''d. {{FA|455}}''|GAL=[[Galadriel]] ''b. {{YT|1362}}''|ELD=[[Eldalótë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|CEL=[[Celeborn]] ''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |~| CLB | | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]][[#Parentage|NB]] ''d. {{FA|495}}''|CLB=[[Celebrían]] ''b. {{SA|300}}''|ELR=[[Elrond]] ''b. {{FA|532}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | FIL | | GIL | | | | | | |FIL=[[Finduilas]][[Finduilas#Notes|NB]] ''{{FA|272}} - {{FA|495|n}}''|GIL='''GIL-GALAD''' ''d. {{SA|3441}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
===Earlier versions===
Gil-galad appears for the first time in the second version of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]'' written c. [[1937]], along with Elendil (in the previous conception, Elrond is the leader of the Elves who remained behind). Both characters create a great league of Elves and Men and fight [[Thû]] in Mordor, but both are slain by him. In that text he is mentioned as a descendant of [[Fëanor]] and an Elven king of Beleriand.<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}, pp. 28-9 & 31</ref>

In a marginal note of §28 of the conclusion of ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] pencilled the names ''Gilgalad'' and ''Lindon''.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 337</ref> This note was probably used by [[Christopher Tolkien]] to introduce Gil-Galad at the end of [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|chapter 24]] of the published version of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', beside Círdan, Celeborn, and Galadriel.<ref>[[Douglas C. Kane]], ''[[Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion]]'', Part II: ''Quenta Silmarillion'' (The History of the Silmarils), Chapter 23 "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin", p. 235</ref>

===Parentage===
[[File:Karolina Węgrzyn - Scion of Kings son of Orodreth (colored).jpg|225px|thumb|left|''Scion of Kings son of Orodreth'' by [[:User:Sirielle|Karolina Węgrzyn]]]]
In the initial drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien still considered Gil-galad to be a descendant of Fëanor.<ref>{{RS|Rivendell}}, pp. 215-7</ref>

Later, through the further writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien reconsidered Gil-galad to be a son of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]]. In additions of uncertain date made to the [[Later Quenta Silmarillion|later ''Quenta Silmarillion'']] it was told that Felagund sent away both his wife and son from Nargothrond to the Havens of the Falas for their safety.<ref>{{WJ|Ruin}}, p. 242-3</ref> In the late 1950s, he decided that Felagund was unmarried and childless, since [[Amarië]] the [[Vanyar|Vanya]] whom he loved remained in the [[Aman|West]], and suggested in a marginal note to the ''[[The Grey Annals|Grey Annals]]'' that Gil-galad ''might be'' the son of [[Fingon]] (under the name ''Findor'').<ref>{{GA|157}}, p. 56</ref>

However, in the early 60s, Tolkien returned to an idea of Finrod having wife<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, Note 7, pp. 317-8: "''During their dwelling in Nargothrond as refugees ''[Celebrimbor]'' had grown to love Finrod and ''[…]'' his wife.''"</ref> and child, and thus he moved Orodreth down a generation, making him Finrod's son instead of his brother. Apparently recalling the story in the ''Grey Annals'',<ref>{{GA|108-9}}, p. 44</ref> Tolkien spotted the contradiction and moved Orodreth to become in the same generation the son of Finrod’s brother Angrod (who with [[Aegnor]] held the heights of [[Dorthonion]] and was slain in the [[Dagor Bragollach|Battle of Sudden Flame]]), changing his Quenya name from ''Artanáro'' to ''Artaresto''. Finally in [[August]] [[1965]], Tolkien concluded that the best solution to the problem of Gil-galad's parentage was to shift him into the son of Orodreth who escaped in Nargothrond after Angrod was slain and dwelt there with his uncle Finrod, later succeeding him. Orodreth married a Sindarin lady of the [[Northlands|North]], and their children were [[Finduilas]] and Gil-galad.<ref name=Parentage/>

Tolkien's son and literary executor Christopher Tolkien had no doubt that this was his father's last word on the subject, but since nothing of this late and radically altered conception ever touched the existing narratives, he made the editorial decision not to incorporate this revision into the published version of ''The Silmarillion'' and chose instead to present Gil-galad as a son of Fingon; otherwise, all aspects of the move would have required considerable reworking of the story. For a consistency with the published ''Silmarillion'', Christopher also edited a line in ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]'' that originally referred to Gil-galad as a dynast of the [[House of Finarfin]].<ref name=Aldarion/>
[[File:Karolina Węgrzyn - Scion of Kings son of Fingon (colored).jpg|225px|thumb|''Scion of Kings son of Fingon'' by Karolina Węgrzyn]]
Many years later in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' he regretted about his past decision and stated it was a mistake on his part and did not in fact represent his father's conception of the character, suggesting that it would have been better to have left Gil-galad's parentage '''obscure''' in ''The Silmarillion''.<ref name=Parentage/>

[[Renée Vink]] of the [[Unquendor|Dutch Tolkien Society]] suggests that the only good reason for making Gil-galad son of Fingon is the correspondence of the colours, blue and silver, of Gil-galad's heraldic device and Fingolfin's banner, noting that the publication of ''The Silmarillion'', based on a limited "grasp of the material", created a "virtually unshakeable" tradition for this parentage. She argues that Orodreth has a better claim to paternity, for several reasons: the crown of the Noldor in exile (in Middle-earth) then comes to a descendant of [[Finarfin]], king of the Noldor in [[Valinor]]; a descendant of Finarfin would fight Sauron to avenge Finarfin's son Finrod; and as a brother to Finduilas, he (alone of the Noldorin Kings) would fight with a spear, the weapon that killed his sister.<ref>{{webcite|author=Renée Vink|articleurl=https://www.academia.edu/13554329|articlename=The Parentage of Gil-galad: A Textual History|website=Academia|accessed=2013}}</ref>

===Date of birth===
In a [[1959]] manuscript on chronology published in ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien contemplated various revisions to the years of birth of various characters in the [[legendarium]] in accord with a new conception of how Elves aged over time. In a rough note appended to this manuscript, he suggested that "Gilgalad" became King in Lindon "under" Galadriel c. S.A. 10-20, and that in order to be of suitable age to rule he must have been born in YT 1481/V.Y. 4981 in Aman.<ref>{{NM|P1xi}}, p. 82</ref> Of course, this would be incompatible with the later revision of Gil-galad's genealogy made in August 1965, since his mother is explicitly mentioned to be a Sindarin lady, as described above in the previous section.<ref name=Parentage/>

==Portrayals in adaptations==
===Gil-galad in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gil-galad.jpg|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Gil-galad.jpg|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - High King Gil-galad.jpg|High King Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''
</gallery>

===Films===
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:In the prologue, Gil-galad is shown as one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings|three Elven rings]]. Later, he is present at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Battle]] of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] wielding his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]. His death is not shown, and he does not take down [[Sauron]]. He is played by [[Mark Ferguson]].
:The bodies of Gil-galad and Elendil can be seen on [[:File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Isildur mural.jpg|the mural depicting the Siege]] in the [[House of Elrond]].

===Television===
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:'''September 1: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''
::High King Gil-galad (Portrayed by [[Benjamin Walker]])<ref>{{webcite|author=Amy Ratcliffe|articleurl=https://nerdist.com/article/lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-who-is-gil-galad-benjamin-walker-interview-exclusive-images/|articlename=Meet High King Gil-galad From THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RINGS OF POWER|dated=30-June-2022|website=[https://www.nerdist.com Nerdist]|accessed=09-July-2022}}</ref> first appears during a ceremony in [[Lindon]], giving a speech to honor the survivors of [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company of [[Elves]] who were attacked by a [[Snow-trolls|Snow-troll]] in [[Dúrnost]]. He announces that they are going to go home to the [[Aman|Undying Lands]] for them to dwell for all eternity. However, later on, he revealed to [[Elrond]] that his true purpose in doing this was so that Galadriel did not become the very evil that she sought to destroy.

===Games===
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears briefly in the game's first level as a non-playable character, where he has the likeness of [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|movie counterpart]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears in several flashbacks depicting the the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. His ultimate fate is more accurate to the books than the film version, showing [[Elendil]] and Gil-galad both battling and defeating Sauron at the cost of their lives.

'''2010: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''
:Gil-galad appears in the prologue holding one of the Elf-rings. He is also an unlockable character, despite never playing into the storyline. He can be found in a cave in south-west [[Gorgoroth]]. His gear is not accurate, however; he wields an Elven sword (instead of Aeglos) and golden shield in the game, though ''The Fall of Gil-Galad'' describes a silver shield.

{{references}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=noldor
| house=[[House of Finarfin]] Cadet branch of [[House of Finwë]]
| born=Before {{FA|455}}
| died={{SA|3441}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Turgon]]
| list=4th [[High King of the Noldor]]
| dates={{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}
| nvac=None
| next=Title abandoned
}}
{{seq
| pvac=None
| prev=''[[Celebrimbor]], as its creator''
| list=[[Three Keepers|Keeper]] of [[Vilya]]
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - {{SA|1701|n}}
| next=[[Elrond]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:Moriquendi]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Noldorin names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

[[de:Gil-galad]]
[[fi:Gil-galad]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/gil-galad]]
[[ru:Гиль-галад]]

2026

2025-02-27T14:06:25Z

Oromë: The film is no longer releasing in 2026. Moved to a new 2027 article.

{{year-header}}

{{years}}
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

2027

2025-02-27T14:05:57Z

Oromë: Created page with "{{year-header}} * Release of ''The Lord of the Rings: The Hunt for Gollum {{years}} Category:Years (real-world)"

{{year-header}}

* Release of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Hunt for Gollum]]

{{years}}
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

The Lord of the Rings: The Hunt for Gollum

2025-02-27T14:04:50Z

Oromë: Release delayed to 2027

{{Disambig-two|the 2026 film adaptation|2009 fan film|[[The Hunt for Gollum]]}}
{{film infobox
| image =
| caption =
| name = The Lord of the Rings: The Hunt for Gollum (working title)
| director = [[Andy Serkis]]
| producer = [[Peter Jackson]] [[Fran Walsh]] [[Philippa Boyens]]
| writer = [[Fran Walsh]] [[Philippa Boyens]] Phoebe Gittins Arty Papageorgiou
| narrator =
| starring = [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name=Gollum></ref>
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Warner Bros.]]<ref name=Gollum></ref>
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]<ref name=Gollum></ref>
| released = [[2027]]<ref name="TheDirect2027Release"/>
| runtime =
| country = [[New Zealand]]<ref name=Gollum></ref>
| language = English
| budget =
| website =
|imdb_id=32328070
|}}
'''''The Lord of the Rings: The Hunt for Gollum''''' is the working title of a forthcoming film adaptation currently in active development and set for a [[2027]] release, the first of a planned series of Tolkien franchise films to be produced by [[Warner Bros.]]<ref>{{webcite|author=Matt Donnelly|articleurl=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/lord-of-the-rings-new-movies-warner-bros-1235533672/|articlename=New ‘Lord of the Rings’ Movies Set at Warner Bros. |dated=23 February 2023|website=[https://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=10 June 2024}}</ref> It will be directed by and star [[Andy Serkis]], who played [[Gollum]] in [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]], and produced by Jackson and his co-writing team of [[Fran Walsh]] and [[Philippa Boyens]].<ref name=Gollum>{{webcite|author=Jennifer Maas|articleurl=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/lord-of-the-rings-movie-2026-release-warner-bros-1235997102/|articlename=Warner Bros. to Release New ‘Lord of the Rings’ Movie ‘The Hunt for Gollum’ in 2026, Peter Jackson to Produce and Andy Serkis to Direct |dated=9 May 2024|website=[https://variety.com/ Variety]|accessed=8 June 2024}}</ref>

Like the ''Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy, ''The Hunt for Gollum'' is to be produced in New Zealand with visual effects by [[Wētā FX]]. No details about the plot have been revealed except that the film will feature Gollum and "explore storylines yet to be told."<ref name=Gollum />

In February 2025, Andy Serkis announced that the film's release would be delayed from 2026 to 2027.<ref name="TheDirect2027Release">{{webcite|author=Klein Felt|articleurl=https://thedirect.com/article/hunt-for-gollum-movie-lord-of-the-rings-release-official|articlename=Lord of the Rings: Hunt for Gollum Movie Gets Release Window from Andy Serkis|dated=27 Feb 2025|website=[https://thedirect.com The Direct]|accessed=27 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|- style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);"
!Actor!!Role
|-
|[[Andy Serkis]]||[[Gollum]]<ref name=Gollum></ref>
|}

{{title|italics}}
{{references}}
{{screen}}
[[Category:Films]]
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings: The Hunt for Gollum]]

Pools of Ivrin

2025-02-26T05:24:12Z

Oromë: Restructuring/reword this a bit for clarification. Also, moved a description from History to the lead section.

{{location infobox
| name=Pools of Ivrin
| image=Ted Nasmith - Túrin and Gwindor at the Pools of Ivrin.jpg
| caption="Túrin and Gwindor at the Pools of Ivrin" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Eithel Ivrin'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| location=Source of the [[Narog]], below the [[Ered Wethrin]] in [[West Beleriand]]
| type=Spring
| description=Beautiful springs of water
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Mereth Aderthad]] Healing of Túrin's madness
| gallery=the Pools of Ivrin
}}
'''Eithel Ivrin''', or '''Ivrin's Well''' was a fair pool in a stone basin carved by falling waters in the southern face of [[Dor-Lómin]] and beneath [[Ered Wethrin]]. The springs fed into the nearby '''Pools of Ivrin''' and the '''Falls of Ivrin''', and these features were sometimes collectively referred to as Ivrin.<ref name=bel>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref>

The pools themselves were surrounded by a tree-clad hollow<ref name="UTT">{{UT|Tuor}}</ref> and were the source of the River [[Narog]], which flowed from Ivrin some eighty leagues before it joined the River [[Sirion]].<ref name=bel/> The springs marked the eastern edge of the [[Nevrast|lands]] ruled by [[Turgon]] before he removed to [[Gondolin]].<ref name=bel/>

Ivrin was known as a place of healing and for the "endless laughter" of its falling waters, as described by [[Gwindor]] to [[Túrin]].<ref name="ST">{{S|Turin}}</ref>

==History==
According to Gwindor, [[Ulmo]], Lord of Waters, formed Eithel Ivrin and guarded over it.<ref name="ST"/>

After the rising of the Sun and the return of the [[Noldor]] to Middle-earth, King [[Fingolfin]] held the [[Mereth Aderthad]], the Feast of Reuniting, in the green and fair lands around the spring in {{FA|20}}.<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> And [[Finduilas]], daughter of King [[Orodreth]], was called by Gwindor who loved her [[Faelivrin]], which is the gleam of the sun on the pools of Ivrin.<ref name="ST"/>
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Tuor and Voronwë See Túrin at the Pool of Ivrin.jpg|left|thumb|''Tuor and Voronwë See Túrin at the Pool of Ivrin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When [[Finrod Felagund]] and [[Beren]] set out from [[Nargothrond]], they journeyed north beside [[Narog]] to its source in the Falls of Ivrin before continuing on to [[Tol Sirion]].<ref>{{S|Beren}}</ref>

After the death of his friend [[Beleg]], [[Túrin]] walked without purpose, but Gwindor brought him there and after drinking the waters of Ivrin, his tears were unloosed at last and he was healed of his madness and grief. It was beside the pools of Ivrin that he made the song ''[[Laer Cú Beleg]]'' before he and Gwindor followed the Narog south to [[Nargothrond]].<ref name="ST"/><ref>{{CH|9}}, p. 157</ref>

Years later, when [[Morgoth]] released the dragon [[Glaurung]] into [[Beleriand]], Glaurung defiled Eithel Ivrin,<ref name="ST"/> uprooting the trees and breaking the stone basin so that the waters strayed and the land became a barren marsh and a welter of frozen mire.<ref name="SG">{{S|Gondolin}}</ref><ref>{{CH|11}}, p. 176</ref>

After the overthrow of [[Nargothrond]], Túrin was bewitched by Glaurung and he travelled north to Dor-lómin seeking his mother and sister. He came with the first ice of winter to the pools of Ivrin but it was frozen and he was unable to drink and be healed by the waters a second time.<ref name="ST"/><ref>{{CH|12}}, p. 182</ref>

It was at this time that [[Tuor]] and Túrin cross paths for the first and only time, for Tuor and [[Voronwë]] passed by the defiled pools of Ivrin on their way to [[Gondolin]]. But neither cousin spoke and Túrin did not see Tuor, and Tuor did not recognize his kinsman.<ref name="UTT"/><ref name="SG"/>

{{references}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Lakes]]
[[Category:Springs and wells]]
[[de:Eithel Ivrin]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/beleriand/ivrin]]
[[fi:Ivrin]]

File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Fangorn Forest.jpg

2025-02-24T04:35:10Z

Oromë: Capitalization and other minor fixes. However, this explanation could use references.

==Summary==
This painting by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] appeared as 'Fangorn Forest' first as the cover illustration of ''[[The Two Towers]]'' in [[1973]] (© George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1973). It later appeared in ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar 1974]]'', and an enlargement of the central area of the picture in ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1977 Calendar]]'', in both Calendars captioned 'Fangorn Forest', as in the title inscription, in the hand of the artist, on the painting itself. In ''[[The Silmarillion Calendar 1978]]'' the same reproduction as in 1977 was used, but this time captioned "Beleg finds Gwindor in Taur-nu-Fuin". The reason for this is that while preparing the 1978 Calendar the original significance of the painting was realized.

J.R.R. Tolkien stated in a letter of [[1937]] that the picture of [[Mirkwood]] for ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was itself redrawn from a painting made earlier to illustrate the passage in "[[The Silmarillion]]" ([[Of Túrin Turambar|Chapter 21]]) where [[Beleg]] finds [[Gwindor]] in the forest of [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]]. That painting is beyond question the one reproduced here, despite the title 'Fangorn Forest'. In view of the title the two figures would naturally be taken to be the [[Hobbits]] [[Pippin]] and [[Merry]], straying in [[Fangorn]] before their encounter with [[Treebeard]] (''The Two Towers'', Book III, [[Treebeard (chapter)|Chapter 4]]). It is clear, however, that this is not so; the figures are [[Elves]] and not Hobbits; and the Elf climbing over the tree-roots is Beleg Strongbow of [[Doriath]], bearing his great sword [[Anglachel]] (which was afterwards reforged for [[Túrin]] as [[Gurthang]]). The other is Gwindor of [[Nargothrond]], lying exhausted after his escape from the mines of Angband, with his [[Fëanorian lamps|lamp]] beside him.

The only possible explanation is that J.R.R. Tolkien decided that "The Silmarillion" painting could nevertheless be used as the cover illustration of the George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1973 edition of ''The Two Towers'', as an illustration of the Hobbits in Fangorn Forest. It was likely created at the same time as the other "Silmarillion" paintings in the late [[1920]]s.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Tolkien}}

[[Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Images of Fangorn Forest]]

Beleg

2025-02-24T04:32:58Z

Oromë: Caption fix

{{Disambig-more|Beleg|[[Beleg (disambiguation)]]}}{{infobox character
| people=[[Sindar|Sinda]]
| name=Beleg
| image=Anna Lee - Beleg.jpg
| caption="Beleg" by [[Anna Lee]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Cúthalion'' ([[Sindarin|S]], "Strongbow")
| titles="the Archer"<ref name="Archer">{{CH|8}}, p. 141</ref>
| position=Chief of the marchwardens of [[Thingol]]<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry Beleg</ref>/Chief of the marchwardens of [[Doriath]]<ref>{{S|18}}</ref>
| location=[[Doriath]], [[Dor-Cúarthol]]
| affiliation=[[Marchwardens]], [[Hunting of the Wolf]], [[Gaurwaith]], [[Two Captains]]
| language=[[Doriathrin]] ([[Sindarin]] dialect)
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FA|489}}
| deathlocation=[[Taur-nu-Fuin]]
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height="Great of growth"
| hair=Black
| eyes=
| clothing=Large cloak<ref name="Mim">{{CH|7}}, p. 139</ref> and red footwear
| weapons=[[Anglachel]], [[Belthronding]], and [[Dailir]]
| steed=
}}

{{quote|He was great of growth  and goodly-limbed, but lithe of girth,  and lightly on the ground his footsteps fell  as he fared towards them, all garbed in grey  and green and brown— a son of the wilderness  who wist no sire.|''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin|Túrin Son of Húrin & Glórund the Dragon]]'', vv.196-200}}

'''Beleg Cúthalion''' was a [[Sinda]] who served King [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]] of [[Doriath]]. He was considered to be the best archer and huntsman of his time. He became a friend and brother-in-arms of [[Túrin]], before falling victim to the [[úmarth]] surrounding Túrin.

==History==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Beleg.jpg|thumb|right|Beleg in Taur-nu-Fuin (later interpreted as a Hobbit), from "[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Fangorn Forest.jpg|Fargorn Forest]]" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]

Together with [[Mablung]], Beleg was one of the great captains of the [[Sindar]]. Beleg was captain of the [[Marchwardens]] and therefore was usually on duty on Doriath's northern borders near [[Brethil]], [[Dimbar]] and [[Nan Dungortheb]]. Beleg carried a black bow named [[Belthronding]], to which his [[epessë]] (surname) referred, and an arrow called [[Dailir]].

If he went outside of Doriath, he was often accompanied by Mablung, like when they attended the [[Mereth Aderthad]].<ref>{{S|13}}</ref> They were also the only [[Iathrim]] who joined the hosts of the Noldor in [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]].<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref>

He took part in the [[Hunting of the Wolf]], together with King Thingol, Mablung, [[Beren|Beren Ercharmion]] and the great hound [[Huan]].

===With Túrin===
Later, he became a good friend and brother-in-arms of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]], and thus became ensnared in Túrin's accursed fate. For a long time Túrin joined Beleg in Dimbar.

When Túrin fled from [[Doriath]], Beleg received permission from Thingol to follow him into exile and give his pardon to return. He deemed his bow unsuited for this task and from Thingol's armoury chose the sword [[Anglachel]] that [[Eöl]] had forged and given to Thingol in tribute. He took it despite Melian's warnings that the sword possessed the malice of its creator.

Beleg was captured by the [[Gaurwaith|band of outlaws]] Túrin led near [[Amon Rûdh]] and was tortured, because Túrin was not present. He brought word from Thingol to Túrin that he was free to return to Doriath, but Túrin neglected the offer. After returning to Thingol to bring the news, Beleg returned into the north marches; when winter came, he set out again to join Túrin.<ref>{{CH|6}}</ref>

The outlaws had meanwhile taken about at [[Bar-en-Danwedh]], the halls of [[Mîm]], the [[Petty-dwarf]].

Together with Túrin, Beleg became for a while [[Two Captains|a captain]] of the Outlaws against Morgoth. The place where they dwelt became known as [[Dor-Cúarthol]], the "Land of Bow and Helm". Beleg healed [[Andróg]] from an arrow wound, causing the hatred of Mîm who not only hated the Elves, but also because Andróg was his enemy. When Mîm was captured by Orcs, he didn't hesitate to reveal where the outlaws had their refuge.

After fierce battle upon the top of Amon Rûdh all men were slain and Túrin captured. Beleg was bound and left back alive, as was demanded by Mîm who wanted to deal with the Elf personally. But Andróg was still alive, though mortally wounded, and he chased Mîm away and cut through Beleg's bonds before dying.<ref>{{CH|8}}</ref>

===Death===
Beleg followed the [[Orcs]] into [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]], where he met [[Gwindor]], an Elf of [[Nargothrond]] who had been captured in the Nirnaeth Arnoediad but escaped from slavery in [[Morgoth]]'s mines. With help from Gwindor, who had seen the passing by Orc-band, Beleg found the Orc-camp at night. He shot one by one the [[wolves]] who guarded the camp. He then was able to rescue Túrin, who was unconscious because of the torture he had endured, during a thunderstorm.

Beleg carried Túrin away from the camp and cut his bonds with his sword. But the blade slipped away and cut into Túrin's flesh. Awaking suddenly and filled with terrible memories of past torture, Túrin only perceived a shape bent over him with a blade and believed the Orcs were about to torture him again. Finding his hands unbound, in a sudden rage of self-defence, Túrin wrested Anglachel from Beleg and killed him.

Beleg was buried along with his bow Belthronding by Túrin and Gwindor. Anglachel had turned black and blunt when it spilled its master's blood. But Gwindor took it with him, for he deemed it better to use the blade for vengeance against Morgoth, than to leave it rotting in the earth.<ref name=Death>{{CH|9}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Once recovered of the shock of killing Beleg, Túrin made a song for him, named ''[[Laer Cú Beleg]]'', the Song of the Great Bow.<ref name=Death/> Years later, Túrin faced his destiny in [[Cabed-en-Aras]], commiting suicide after addressing Gurthang, which answered him mentioning his past crime:

{{Blockquote|Yea, I will drink thy blood gladly, that so I may forget the blood of Beleg my master, and the blood of Brandir slain unjustly. I will slay thee swiftly.<ref>{{CH|18}}</ref>}}

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Beleg Cuthalion.mp3|Ardamir}}
''[[Beleg (word)|beleg]]'' is a [[Sindarin]] word meaning "great, mighty; large, big".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''beleg''</ref>

His [[epessë]] ''Cúthalion'' is Sindarin for "Strongbow", from ''[[cú]]'' ("bow") + ''[[thalion]]'' ("strong, dauntless").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''cú'', ''thalion''</ref>

{{References}}
{{Gaurwaith}}
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Gnomish names]]
[[Category:Ilkorin names]]
[[Category:Moriquendi]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

[[de:Beleg Cúthalion]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:teleri:sindar:beleg]]
[[fi:Beleg (haltia)]]

Saeros

2025-02-23T03:13:17Z

Oromë: Clarification of Thingol's title and Saeros' death in lead section. Adding short description.

{{short description|Counsellor of Thingol}}
{{infobox character
| name=Saeros
| people=[[Guest-elves|Guest-elf]]
| image=Ted Nasmith - Saeros' Fatal Leap 2.jpg
| caption="Saeros' Fatal Leap" by [[Ted Nasmith]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Orgol'' ([[Saeros#Other versions of the legendarium|see below]])
| titles=
| position=Counsellor to [[Thingol]]
| location=[[Doriath]]
| affiliation=[[Guest-elves]]<ref name=WJP1>{{WJ|P1}}, pp. 112-3</ref>
| language=[[Doriathrin]]
| birth=[[Years of the Trees]]<ref name="UT">{{UT|Narn}}, "Túrin in Doriath", p. 77</ref>
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FA|484}}<ref name="GA">{{GA|259}}</ref>
| deathlocation=Tributary of [[Esgalduin]]<ref name="CH-5.2">{{CH|5}}, p. 90</ref>
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=[[Ithilbor]]<ref name="UT" />
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=Shield<ref name="CH-5">{{CH|5}}, p. 85</ref>
| weapons=Sword<ref name="CH-5"/>
| steed=
}}

{{Quote|But Saeros dwelt mostly in Menegroth, and won the esteem of the king; and he was proud, dealing haughtily with those whom he deemed of lesser state and worth than himself. He became a friend of Daeron the minstrel, for he also was skilled in song; and he had no love for Men, and least of all for any kinsman of Beren Erchamion.|''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "''[[Narn i Hîn Húrin]]''", ''Túrin in Doriath''}}

'''Saeros''' was a counsellor of [[Thingol]]'s court in [[Doriath]]. In his pride, he begrudged the esteem shown towards [[Túrin]], the [[Men|human]] foster son of King Thingol, and would speak contemptuously to him. One evening, in the dining hall of [[Menegroth]], Saeros provoked Túrin to such a point that Túrin cast a drinking vessel at Saeros' face. Their escalating feud eventually led to Saeros' unintentional death.

The death of Saeros caused Túrin to leave Doriath, imposing self-exile on himself.

==History==
=== Background ===
Saeros was of the [[Guest-elves]], those of the [[Green-elves]] who sought refuge in Doriath following the death of their lord, [[Denethor (son of Lenwë)|Denethor]], in the [[First Battle of Beleriand]].<ref name=ga38n>{{GA|38|note}}</ref> His father, [[Ithilbor]],<ref name=ut_td>{{UT|Doriath}}</ref> was chief of the Guest-elves, and had been given a permanent place in Thingol’s council. Though the Guest-elves dwelt mostly in the small land of [[Arthórien]] under their own chief, Saeros had been for a long time resident in [[Menegroth]].<ref name=ga38n />

Saeros was great among the people of Doriath, and had won the esteem of the King, being accounted by Thingol to be faithful and wise, and served as one of his counsellors. He further had the friendship of [[Daeron]], for he was also skilled in song. Saeros had no love of [[Men]], least of all those in kinship with [[Beren]], who he held to have brought harm to Doriath.<ref name=ut_td />

Thus, Saeros begrudged Túrin, and the love and esteem that he was held in as Thingol's foster-son. This grew as Túrin approached manhood, and Saeros spoke ill about Túrin where he could, though his words were cunning and his malice veiled. If he met with Túrin alone however, he spoke haughtily and showed his contempt plainly. While Túrin grew weary of him, he returned the ill words with only silence, and this displeased Saeros.<ref name=ut_td />

In {{FA|481}},<ref>{{GA|258}}</ref> as Túrin approached manhood, he was permitted to join Thingol's [[marchwardens]], and over the next few years he seldom returned to Menegroth, but won great renown for his strength and deeds of daring.<ref name=ut_td />

=== Quarrel at the table ===
{{quote|If the Men of Hithlum are so wild and fell, of what sort are the women of that land? Do they run like deer clad only in their hair?|[[Saeros]], ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', "[[Túrin in Doriath]]"}}
One evening in the summer of {{FA|484}}<ref>{{GA|259}}</ref> Saeros entered the dining hall late and found his accustomed seat among the elders occupied by an unlooked for Túrin, whose appearance was unkempt and weather-stained. Saeros was angered by this, assuming that Túrin in his pride had done this with the intent to affront him, and his anger was all the more to find that Túrin was welcomed, rather than rebuked, by the other elders. Saeros therefore feigned to be of like-mind, and sat across from Túrin, claiming he was glad to yield his seat if it meant the chance to speak with him. Saeros then plied Túrin with questions about news from the borders and of his deeds, but the mockery in his voice was clear. At last Túrin grew weary and, lost in his thoughts, he frowned and no longer answered Saeros. Believing the frown was aimed at himself, Saeros no longer concealed his anger and tossed his golden comb before Túrin, stating that while Túrin's ragged cloak may be excused, there was no need to allow his hair to become as a thicket of brambles, and perhaps if his ears were uncovered he could hear better. Túrin still said nothing, but looked upon Saeros with a warning glare. Saeros returned his gaze with scorn however, and then asked, loudly for all to hear, that if the men of Hithlum were so wild, what of the women? Did they run like deer, clad only in their hair?<ref name=ut_td />

At this Túrin snapped, and cast a heavy drinking vessel into Saeros' face, sending him reeling backwards with great hurt. Túrin then drew his sword, and moved towards Saeros, but was restrained by [[Mablung]], the chief captain of Thingol, who had been sitting at his side. Saeros then arose and, after spitting blood on the board, spoke with a broken mouth, asking how long they would continue to harbour this "woodwose"; he further proclaimed that for hurting a liege of Thingol, and then drawing a blade, the least doom would be exile. He then proclaimed that outside the hall, he could answer Túrin in like kind.<ref name=ut_td />

Túrin then released himself from Mablung's grasp and left without a word. Mablung then rebuked Saeros, holding him to blame for the evil that had occurred, and that the King's law may find his broken mouth a just return for his taunting. Saeros retorted that if Túrin had an issue he could take it up with the King, but there was no excuse for the drawing of sword, and that if he tried that outside the hall, Saeros would slay him. Mablung expressed his doubt that it would go as such, and heeded Saeros to not do the will of Morgoth, and to remember that he was of the [[Eldar]].<ref name=ut_td />

=== Ambush of Túrin and death ===
{{quote|Saeros, there is a long race before you, and clothes will be a hindrance; hair must suffice.|[[Túrin]], ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', "[[Túrin in Doriath]]"}}
The next morning, Túrin left Menegroth to return to the north-marches. Before got very far, Saeros waylaid him from behind, running upon with with shield and drawn sword. Túrin had been trained for vigilance in the wild however, and saw Saeros' approach from the corner of his eye; he leapt aside as Saeros approached, and turning on Saeros drew his own blade. Declaring to now make Saeros pay for the mockery of his mother, [[Morwen]], Túrin first clove Searos' shield and, after a clash of swift blades, proved the stronger, wounding Saeros' sword-arm.<ref name=ut_td />

Unknown to both Túrin and Saeros was that these events were witnessed by [[Nellas]], a childhood friend of Túrin who had been sitting in a tree to look upon Túrin as he left.<ref name=ut_td />

With Saeros now at his mercy, Túrin recalled his words from the night before and threw him to the ground before stripping him of his clothing. Túrin then prompted a now naked Saeros to run, and that unless he went swift as a deer, he would be pricked from behind. Túrin than set the point of his sword in Saeros' buttock, prompting him to flee wildly. As Saeros ran in terror, he called wildly for help, but Túrin pursued, and now matter how Saeros swerved, Túrin remained behind him, ever egging him further on at sword-point.<ref name=ch_td>{{CH|5}}</ref>

Saeros' cries were heard by others who then joined the chase, but only the swiftest could keep up, and Mablung was at the head of these. Mablung called on Túrin to hold his pursuit, but Túrin persisted, and sprang again on Saeros. Saeros, despairing, ran wildly to where a stream which fed the [[Esgalduin]] passed through a deep cleft. Saeros attempted to make the wide leap, but his footing failed on the far side, and he fell back and was broken upon a rock in the water.<ref name=ch_td />

Assuming he would incur Thingol's wrath, Túrin held himself in exile and left Doriath. When Thingol eventually returned to Menegroth at the end of summer, he held trial around these events and, based on the testimony from Nellas, determined that Túrin held no fault, being wronged and provoked by Saeros.<ref name=ch_td />

== Etymology ==
The name ''Saeros'' is not given a direct translation, but may possibly contain the [[Noldorin]] element ''sear'' "(bitter)"<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3988422785.html|articlename=N. saer ''adj''.|dated=|website=Eldamo|accessed=19 February 2025}}</ref>,<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/saeros.php|articlename=Saeros|dated=15 June 2016|website=EoA|accessed=14 May 2024}}</ref> the [[Sindarin]] element ''ross'' ("rain; spindrift, spray; foam"),<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4145961873.html|articlename=S. ross¹ ''n''.|dated=|website=Eldamo|accessed=19 February 2025}}</ref> or the Sindarin element ''-os'' ("augmentative suffix")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3958131179.html|articlename=S. -oth ''suf''.|dated=|website=Eldamo|accessed=19 February 2025}}</ref>.

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| ITH | |ITH=[[Ithilbor]] ''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | |}}
{{familytree| SAE | |SAE='''SAEROS''' ''d. {{FA|484}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
=== The Book of Lost Tales ===
In ''[[Turambar and the Foalókë]]'', from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', '''''Orgof''''' was an Elf of mixed [[Ilkorin]] and [[Gnome]] heritage, and on his mother's side he was nearly akin to King Tinwelint (Thingol) himself. He was in some favour, as he was a good hunter and an Elf of prowess, but was loose with his tongue, and overconfident due to his standing with the king. He was extremely fond of fine garments, jewels, and gold and silver, and clad himself extravagantly. Orgof was jealous of the esteem shown to Túrin, and would thus frequently jest with barbed words whenever they sat together at the king's board, especially about Túrin's rough appearance; Túrin never responded however, and gave no heed to him.<ref name=lost>{{LT2|II}}</ref>

On the twelfth anniversary of when he had last seen his mother, Mavwin (Morwen), Túrin was extra grim, speaking curt answers to those who sat near him. A drunken Orgof made a laugh of Túrin, and drew forth daintily a comb of gold which he offered. When Túrin deigned to not notice him, Orgof stated that Túrin didn't know how to use it, and that he should return to his mother for her to teach him, unless the women of Hithlum were as ugly and unkempt as their sons. Túrin snapped at this, and he fiercely cast a heavy drinking vessel into Orgof's face, calling him a fool and telling him to fill his mouth with it rather continue his drunken, witless prate. Orgof's face was broken, and as he fell he hit his head heavily on the stone floor, and lay dead.<ref name=lost />

Those of Orgof's kin who were present half drew their weapons, but none struck as the king gave no sign but to stare stonily at Orgof's body. After Túrin had departed, Tinwelint pardoned him in absence, and most of the folk were in agreement as it was known that Túrin had long held his peace against the folly of Orgof. Orgof's kinsmen were constrained from retaliation both by fear of Tinwelint, and by the many gifts he gave them to accept his judgement.<ref name=lost />

As noted about Orgof by [[Christopher Tolkien]]: "In the old story he is explicitly a fop and a fool"<ref>{{LT2|IIn}}</ref>

=== The Lays of Beleriand ===
In ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'' Orgof changed only in minor details: he was now directly stated as being envious of anyone who was favoured over him, and his gold comb became a dear treasure.<ref name=lbtf>{{LB|1b}}</ref>

Orgof's insult also remains near the same, though added was a closing remark of the women of Hithlum being as uncouth and unkempt "as their cast-off sons".<ref name=lbtf />

When Thingol pardons Túrin, he also speaks of Orgof, stating that the hour had come for his soul to seek the sad pathway to the [[Mandos|deep valley of the Dead Awaiting]], to ponder there for three thousand years his grim jesting before faring back to feast again. Thingol then still provides a wergild, now specifically to Orgof's sons.<ref name=lbtf />

=== Later versions ===
In one variant of the [[Narn]], during his first introduction, Saeros is described as the kinsman of [[Daeron]], and in another, his brother.<ref>{{UT|2n}}, p. 147, note 8</ref>

In ''[[The Later Annals of Beleriand]]'' Orgof is a kinsman of Thingol. He was slain by Turin at the king's board.<ref>{{LR|P2III}}</ref>{{rp|112}}

This story is similar in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' and the ''[[The Grey Annals]]'' where he continues to be named ''Orgof'' and is slain when Turin casts a drinking vessel into his face.<ref name="GA"/><ref name="quenta">{{LR|Quenta}}</ref>{{rp|§40}}

In an accompanying note to ''The Grey Annals'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] wrote the name '''''Orgol''''' in the margin;<ref name=WJP1/> in the appendix to ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] made the following comment on the issue:

{{blockquote|It seems, incidentally, certain from a closer understanding of the relations of the manuscripts that my father rejected the name ''Saeros'' and replaced it by ''Orgol'', which by 'linguistic accident' coincides with Old English ''orgol'', ''orgel'' 'pride'. But it seems to me too late now to remove ''Saeros''.|{{CH|A2}}, p. 287}}

== External links ==
* {{webcite|author=[[Andrew Higgins]]|articleurl=https://wotanselvishmusings.blogspot.com/2011/10/be-very-quiet-i-am-hunting-tolkienian.html?m=1|articlename=Be Very Qwiet, I am Hunting Tolkienian Woodwoses|dated=9 October 2011|website=[https://wotanselvishmusings.blogspot.com/?m=1 Dr. Wotan's Musings]|accessed=21 February 2025}}

{{references}}

[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Nandor]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]

Three Elderwomen of the Elves

2025-02-22T02:51:49Z

Oromë: Adding link

{{Expansion}}
The '''Three Elderwomen of the Elves'''<ref name=nature>{{NM|P3iv}}, Text 2 and note 2</ref> were the spouses to the three [[Elf-fathers]] who were the first [[Elves]] to [[Awakening of the Elves|awake]] by the bay of [[Cuiviénen]] on the inland [[Sea of Helcar]]. Their names were [[Iminyë]], [[Tatië]], and [[Enelyë]]. Their husbands are (respectively) [[Imin]], [[Tata]], and [[Enel]].<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, page 380-381</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', [[Oromë]] brought the [[Western Corn]] seed that was used in art of the making of lembas. He taught this art to the Three Elderwomen of the Elves, rather than to the [[Yavannildi]].<ref name=nature/>

{{References}}

[[Category:Elves]]

Talk:Three Elderwomen of the Elves

2025-02-22T02:50:29Z

Oromë:

== Already has a name ==

Why isn't this article called the '''Three Elderwomen of the Elves'''? It's an actual term that Tolkien used. [[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]] ([[User talk:IvarTheBoneless|talk]]) 09:02, 18 February 2025 (UTC)
:I believe that this page should be moved to [[Three Elderwomen of the Elves]].[[User:Dour1234|Dour1234]] ([[User talk:Dour1234|talk]]) 21:49, 19 February 2025 (UTC)
::I agree. [[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 17:59, 20 February 2025 (UTC)
:::Fourthed. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] ([[User talk:Oromë|talk]]) 02:50, 22 February 2025 (UTC)

Eldar

2025-02-11T14:29:56Z

Oromë: Short description clarifying that this article is meant to be about the name itself

{{short description|Name given to Elves}}
{{people infobox
| name=Eldar
| image = Lída Holubová - Cuivienen.jpg
| caption="Cuivienen" by [[Lída Holubová]]
| pronun=
| othernames=West-elves
| origin=Elves who undertook the [[Great Journey]]
| location=[[Valinor]], [[Eldamar]], [[Tol Eressëa]], [[Beleriand]], [[Eriador]], [[Rhovanion]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Telerin]], [[Sindarin]], [[Nandorin]]
| members=[[Ingwë]], [[Finwë]], [[Thingol|Elwë]], [[Olwë]], [[Lenwë]], etc.
| lifespan=Immortal
| distinctions=
| height=over 6'6 (1.98 m) - for men, over 6 feet (1.83 m) - for women<ref>{{NM|P2vi}}, "Heights", p. 195</ref>
| hair=dark brown, golden, silver
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
'''Eldar''' (singular '''Elda''') was the name given to the [[Elves]] by the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Oromë]] when he first found them wandering in the starlight of [[Cuiviénen]]. At first, the name was applied to all Elves, but after the summons of the [[Valar]], it came to be used only for the '''West-elves'''<ref>{{App|Elves}}</ref> who followed the summons and began the [[Great Journey]].

The [[Three Kindreds]] of the Eldar were the [[Vanyar]], the [[Noldor]] and the [[Teleri]]. All of the Vanyar and Noldor went to [[Aman]], though many of the Noldor later returned to [[Middle-earth]] with [[Fëanor]].

Many of the Teleri also journeyed to Valinor, but twice a host of this people turned away from the Journey in Middle-earth; these two kindreds are called [[Úmanyar]], the Eldar not of Aman. The first of these were the [[Nandor]], who turned aside east of the [[Misty Mountains]], and travelled down the River Anduin. The second, the [[Sindar]], tarried in [[Beleriand]] seeking their lord, [[Elwë Singollo]].

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Eldar.mp3|Ardamir}}
:''See [[Elda#Etymology]]''

==Inspiration==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] notes the accidental similarity between the word "Eldar" and "Elder" (as in "Elder Folk" or "[[Elder Days]]") and that it is unrelated to English and therefore should not be any attempt to imitate it.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, pp. 755-6 & 780</ref>

==In popular usage==
The name "Eldar" has been used for Elven-like races in later fiction. [http://warhammer40k.wikia.com/wiki/Aeldari Eldar] is a humanoid being, descendant of an ancient interstellar Empire in the [[Wikipedia:Warhammer 40K|Warhammer 40K]] universe. [http://midkemia.wikia.com/wiki/Eldar Eldar] is also a race of Elves in the [http://midkemia.wikia.com/wiki/Midkemia Midkemia] cycle by [[Raymond E. Feist]].

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{{elves}}
[[Category:Elven peoples]]
[[Category:Quenya demonyms]]
[[de:Eldar]]
[[fi:Eldar]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/elfes/eldar]]