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Westron

2026-05-16T18:32:23Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* External links */

{{short description|Universal Language of the West}}
'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Middle-Earth's human languages]]
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|"deferential" and "familiar" pronouns]] for the second (and sometimes third) person, but the deferential pronouns had fallen out of use in the [[Hobbitish]] dialect. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]'''<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref>, of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. A detailed Westron phonology and additional grammar notes can be found in the manuscripts that Tolkien sold to the archives of [[Marquette University]] (they were initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'')<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. These documents include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref name=":0">[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44</ref>; their content was partially published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is small (roughly 150 words).<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view|articlename=Westron full dictionary|author=|dated=2025}}</ref><ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing|articlename=Complete Westron dictionary|dated=|website=|accessed=29 September, 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}
*{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=https://ardalambion.net/westron.htm|articlename=Westron - ''the Common Speech''|dated=|website=[[Ardalambion]]|accessed=29 December, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230205035/https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/westron.htm|archivename=Westron - ''the Common Speech''|archivedate=30 December, 2024}}{{references}}

{{languages}}

[[Category:Westron]]

[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium

2025-11-25T15:54:01Z

Pengolodh Saelon: Details and proof-quotations were moved to/as footnotes

{{disambig-two|2025 book|story|[[The End of Bovadium]]}}
{{book
| title=The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium
| image=The Bovadium Fragments.jpg
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| foreword=[[Chris Smith]]
| introduction=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| contributors=[[Richard Ovenden]]
| translator=
| illustrator=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] Emily Langford<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62060#forumpost62060|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=4 May 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514182642/https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62047#forumpost62047|archivename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|archivedate=14 May 2025}}</ref> (front cover; based on the Tolkien's ''[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]'')<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Shaun Gunner]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2025/06/new-tolkien-book-the-bovadium-fragments/|articlename=New Tolkien book – ''The Bovadium Fragments'' – is satire on industrialisation|dated=27 June 2025|website=TS|accessed=3 July 2025}}</ref>
| genre=[[Wikipedia:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-apocalyptic]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John Garth]]|articleurl=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/lord-of-the-ring-road-jrr-tolkiens-war-against-the-motor-car-ssv8g3qtl|articlename=Lord of the ring road — JRR Tolkien’s war against the motor car|dated=3 October 2025|website=[https://www.thetimes.com/ The Times]|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref> [[Wikipedia:Satire|satirical]]<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion|Tolkien & The Silmarillion]]'', II. "Summer with Tolkien", "Some Notes on “Smith of Wootton Major”", p. 36</ref> [[Wikipedia:Fantasy|fantasy]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 563 (entry "25 October 1960")</ref> or [[Wikipedia:Science Fiction|science fiction]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.reddit.com/user/AngryFrozenWater/ AngryFrozenWater]|articleurl=https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienbooks/comments/1o2cx69/the_bovadium_fragments/|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments|dated=October 2025|website=Reddit|accessed=18 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>
| subject=''[[Wikipedia:The Motor Bus|The Motor Bus]]''<ref name="guidereview"/> ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'' ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]''
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUK=
| publisherUS=
| date=
| dateUK=[[9 October]], [[2025]]
| dateUS=[[18 November]], [[2025]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=144
| isbn=
| isbn2=
| noisbn=
| issn=
| ice=
| series=
| precededby=''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (2024)
| followedby=
| usablenext=
| gallery=
}}

<center>{{Quote|As scholars pour over fragments unearthed from the [[Vâsti|archeological site]] at [[Bovadium]], a handful of documents written in [[Latin|two]] [[Modern English|languages]] reveal the secrets of this ancient place, which have lain buried for centuries. Evidently once upon a time a [[Daemon]] arose in nearby [[Vaccipratum]], who by his cunning devised abominable machines, which he called ''[[Motores]]''. The people of Bovadium first became enamoured of these machines, but soon became their slaves; and as the roads were gridlocked and the city polluted by their fumes, the end of Bovadium was nigh.|From the back cover.<ref name="guidereview"/>}}</center>

'''''The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium''''' is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], edited posthumously by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. It was published on [[9 October]] [[2025]].

The book presents for the first time Tolkien's ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'', a previously [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]] story that was written between the late [[1950]]s<ref name="telegraph">{{webcite|author=Dalya Alberge|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/05/30/morris-motors-boss-may-inspired-tolkien-villain/|articlename=Morris Motors boss may have inspired Tolkien villain|dated=May 30, 2025|website=Telegraph|accessed=May 30, 2025}}</ref> and early [[1960]]<ref name="Bio">{{B|IV}}, Chapter VI: The Storyteller, p. 163 (footnote)</ref><ref>{{CG|RG}}, "Environment", pp. 255-6 ("The Machine")</ref> with its accompanying illustrations. Also included is ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]'', an essay by [[Richard Ovenden]]. Around [[12 October]], Richard Ovenden signed copies of the book to be sold by Blackwells.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5837 The late Stu]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64778#forumpost64778|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref> These signed copies were all sold out by [[2 November]] at the latest.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1207 Laurin]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=65213#forumpost65213|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=2 November 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>

==Contents==
*Cover
*Title Page
*Copyright
*Note to Readers
*''Publisher's Note''
*''Introduction''

*THE BOVADIUM FRAGMENTS
**Foreword
**Fragment I
**Fragment II
**Fragment III
**Postscript by the Editor
**Other Texts of Fragment II

*THE ORIGIN OF BOVADIUM
**''Acknowledgments''
**Works by J.R.R. Tolkien
**Endnotes
**About the Publisher

==Illustrations==
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - London to Oxford through Berkshire.jpeg|London to Oxford through Berkshire]]<ref name="guidereview">{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1 Urulókë], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter], and [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5058 Mr. Underhill]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6867|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: TolkienGuide review|dated=3 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|O to be in Oxford (North) now that Summer's here]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64971#forumpost64971|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=22 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=22 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Turl Street, Oxford.jpeg|Turl St., Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Untitled (Alder by a Stream).jpeg|Untitled]] [Alder by a Stream]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Broad Street, Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Wood at the World's End.jpeg|The Wood at the World's End]]<ref name="guidereview" />

==From the publisher==
===Previous overview===
{{blockquote|World first publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, The Origin of Bovadium, by Richard Ovenden OBE.}}

===Overview===
{{blockquote|The first-ever publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," by Richard Ovenden OBE.

As Christopher Tolkien notes in his Introduction, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' was a "satirical fantasy" written by his father, which grew out of a planning controversy that erupted in Oxford in the late 1940s, when J.R.R. Tolkien was the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature.

Written initially for his own amusement, Tolkien’s tale was a private academic jest that poked gentle fun at the pomposity of archaeologists and the hideousness of college crockery. However, it was at the same time expressing a barbed ''cri de coeur'' against the inexorable rise of motor transport that was overwhelming the tranquility of his beloved city. Interest in publishing it in the 1960s ultimately foundered, and the text remained hidden for 60 years.

In this new edition, Christopher Tolkien provides notes and commentary that will enable the reader to enjoy at last this tale of an imagined Oxford viewed through the lens of future (and not wholly reliable) academic study. The text is accompanied by a small selection of illustrations by the author, some of them previously unpublished, which while not created specifically for this work, convey something of the tone and setting of the story, thereby enriching the tale.

Richard Ovenden's accompanying essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," paints a vivid portrait of Oxford during that time. Its text is illustrated with contemporary photos of the period, together with the actual plans that sparked the controversy. He also provides rich background to the casus belli which led to the furor that Tolkien witnessed firsthand, as the embers of debate between town planners and the university colleges were fanned into flame.

Playful, arch, erudite, and ultimately tragically moving, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' is like nothing else that J.R.R. Tolkien wrote, and its themes remain both provocative and timely. Within its lines may be found a concern for the fragility of our natural world, a love of which was shared by both father and son. As Christopher Tolkien’s final presentation of his father’s work, it is therefore perhaps fitting that ''The Bovadium Fragments'' should be their coda.}}

==Errata & typos==
Several sections of the book were written in [[Latin]] by Tolkien, and these parts do not seem to have been proofread as carefully as the rest of the text: there are a few spelling mistakes and typos<ref group="note">For instance, “Mortori” instead of “''Motori''” (p. 14), “periculum morris” instead of “periculum mortis”, or “Cresar” for “Caesar” (p. 50-51) and “redificia” for “aedificia” (p. 51). Moreover, the diphtong ''æ'' (''ae'') is not always (''i.e.'' inconsistently) ligatured (''e.g.'' “diversae [''sic''] factæ sunt linguæ eorum”, p. 50).</ref> left in the final published book.{{Fact}}

== Notes ==
{{References}}

==External links==
* {{webcite|author=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/author/profile/32420.Andrew_Ffrench/ Andrew Ffrench]|articleurl= https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/25208394.secret-tolkien-story-focuses-car-maker-william-morris/|articlename='Secret' Tolkien story focuses on car maker William Morris|dated=2 June 2025|website=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/ Oxford Mail]|accessed=2 June 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5729 Eye_of_the_Black_Tower]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64231#forumpost64231|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 September 2025|website=Guide|accessed=12 September 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://m.youtube.com/@TolkienGuide TolkienGuide]|articleurl=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGuQ-kEsbh4|articlename=Richard Ovenden OBE talks Tolkien and The Bovadium Fragments|dated=3 October 2025|website=YT|accessed=6 October 2025}}

{{Publishedmajorbooks}}

{{title|italics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bovadium Fragments: Together with 'The Origin of Bovadium, The}}

[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Die Bovadium Fragmente]]

The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium

2025-11-24T15:36:49Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Errata & typos */

{{disambig-two|2025 book|story|[[The End of Bovadium]]}}
{{book
| title=The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium
| image=The Bovadium Fragments.jpg
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| foreword=[[Chris Smith]]
| introduction=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| contributors=[[Richard Ovenden]]
| translator=
| illustrator=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] Emily Langford<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62060#forumpost62060|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=4 May 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514182642/https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62047#forumpost62047|archivename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|archivedate=14 May 2025}}</ref> (front cover; based on the Tolkien's ''[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]'')<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Shaun Gunner]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2025/06/new-tolkien-book-the-bovadium-fragments/|articlename=New Tolkien book – ''The Bovadium Fragments'' – is satire on industrialisation|dated=27 June 2025|website=TS|accessed=3 July 2025}}</ref>
| genre=[[Wikipedia:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-apocalyptic]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John Garth]]|articleurl=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/lord-of-the-ring-road-jrr-tolkiens-war-against-the-motor-car-ssv8g3qtl|articlename=Lord of the ring road — JRR Tolkien’s war against the motor car|dated=3 October 2025|website=[https://www.thetimes.com/ The Times]|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref> [[Wikipedia:Satire|satirical]]<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion|Tolkien & The Silmarillion]]'', II. "Summer with Tolkien", "Some Notes on “Smith of Wootton Major”", p. 36</ref> [[Wikipedia:Fantasy|fantasy]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 563 (entry "25 October 1960")</ref> or [[Wikipedia:Science Fiction|science fiction]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.reddit.com/user/AngryFrozenWater/ AngryFrozenWater]|articleurl=https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienbooks/comments/1o2cx69/the_bovadium_fragments/|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments|dated=October 2025|website=Reddit|accessed=18 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>
| subject=''[[Wikipedia:The Motor Bus|The Motor Bus]]''<ref name="guidereview"/> ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'' ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]''
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUK=
| publisherUS=
| date=
| dateUK=[[9 October]], [[2025]]
| dateUS=[[18 November]], [[2025]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=144
| isbn=
| isbn2=
| noisbn=
| issn=
| ice=
| series=
| precededby=''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (2024)
| followedby=
| usablenext=
| gallery=
}}

<center>{{Quote|As scholars pour over fragments unearthed from the [[Vâsti|archeological site]] at [[Bovadium]], a handful of documents written in [[Latin|two]] [[Modern English|languages]] reveal the secrets of this ancient place, which have lain buried for centuries. Evidently once upon a time a [[Daemon]] arose in nearby [[Vaccipratum]], who by his cunning devised abominable machines, which he called ''[[Motores]]''. The people of Bovadium first became enamoured of these machines, but soon became their slaves; and as the roads were gridlocked and the city polluted by their fumes, the end of Bovadium was nigh.|From the back cover.<ref name="guidereview"/>}}</center>

'''''The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium''''' is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], edited posthumously by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. It was published on [[9 October]] [[2025]].

The book presents for the first time Tolkien's ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'', a previously [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]] story that was written between the late [[1950]]s<ref name="telegraph">{{webcite|author=Dalya Alberge|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/05/30/morris-motors-boss-may-inspired-tolkien-villain/|articlename=Morris Motors boss may have inspired Tolkien villain|dated=May 30, 2025|website=Telegraph|accessed=May 30, 2025}}</ref> and early [[1960]]<ref name="Bio">{{B|IV}}, Chapter VI: The Storyteller, p. 163 (footnote)</ref><ref>{{CG|RG}}, "Environment", pp. 255-6 ("The Machine")</ref> with its accompanying illustrations. Also included is ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]'', an essay by [[Richard Ovenden]]. Around [[12 October]], Richard Ovenden signed copies of the book to be sold by Blackwells.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5837 The late Stu]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64778#forumpost64778|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref> These signed copies were all sold out by [[2 November]] at the latest.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1207 Laurin]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=65213#forumpost65213|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=2 November 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>

==Contents==
*Cover
*Title Page
*Copyright
*Note to Readers
*''Publisher's Note''
*''Introduction''

*THE BOVADIUM FRAGMENTS
**Foreword
**Fragment I
**Fragment II
**Fragment III
**Postscript by the Editor
**Other Texts of Fragment II

*THE ORIGIN OF BOVADIUM
**''Acknowledgments''
**Works by J.R.R. Tolkien
**Endnotes
**About the Publisher

==Illustrations==
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - London to Oxford through Berkshire.jpeg|London to Oxford through Berkshire]]<ref name="guidereview">{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1 Urulókë], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter], and [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5058 Mr. Underhill]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6867|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: TolkienGuide review|dated=3 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|O to be in Oxford (North) now that Summer's here]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64971#forumpost64971|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=22 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=22 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Turl Street, Oxford.jpeg|Turl St., Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Untitled (Alder by a Stream).jpeg|Untitled]] [Alder by a Stream]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Broad Street, Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Wood at the World's End.jpeg|The Wood at the World's End]]<ref name="guidereview" />

==From the publisher==
===Previous overview===
{{blockquote|World first publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, The Origin of Bovadium, by Richard Ovenden OBE.}}

===Overview===
{{blockquote|The first-ever publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," by Richard Ovenden OBE.

As Christopher Tolkien notes in his Introduction, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' was a "satirical fantasy" written by his father, which grew out of a planning controversy that erupted in Oxford in the late 1940s, when J.R.R. Tolkien was the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature.

Written initially for his own amusement, Tolkien’s tale was a private academic jest that poked gentle fun at the pomposity of archaeologists and the hideousness of college crockery. However, it was at the same time expressing a barbed ''cri de coeur'' against the inexorable rise of motor transport that was overwhelming the tranquility of his beloved city. Interest in publishing it in the 1960s ultimately foundered, and the text remained hidden for 60 years.

In this new edition, Christopher Tolkien provides notes and commentary that will enable the reader to enjoy at last this tale of an imagined Oxford viewed through the lens of future (and not wholly reliable) academic study. The text is accompanied by a small selection of illustrations by the author, some of them previously unpublished, which while not created specifically for this work, convey something of the tone and setting of the story, thereby enriching the tale.

Richard Ovenden's accompanying essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," paints a vivid portrait of Oxford during that time. Its text is illustrated with contemporary photos of the period, together with the actual plans that sparked the controversy. He also provides rich background to the casus belli which led to the furor that Tolkien witnessed firsthand, as the embers of debate between town planners and the university colleges were fanned into flame.

Playful, arch, erudite, and ultimately tragically moving, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' is like nothing else that J.R.R. Tolkien wrote, and its themes remain both provocative and timely. Within its lines may be found a concern for the fragility of our natural world, a love of which was shared by both father and son. As Christopher Tolkien’s final presentation of his father’s work, it is therefore perhaps fitting that ''The Bovadium Fragments'' should be their coda.}}

==Errata & typos==
Several sections of the book were written in [[Latin]] by Tolkien, and theses parts do not seem to have been proofread as carefully as the rest of the text: there are a few spelling mistakes and typos left in the final published book. For instance, “Mortori” instead of “Motori” (p. 14), “periculum morris” instead of “periculum mortis”, or “Cresar” for “Caesar” (p. 50-51) and “redificia” for “aedificia” (p. 51). Moreover, the diphtong ''æ'' (''ae'') is not always (''i.e.'' inconsistently) ligatured (''e.g.'' “diversae [''sic''] factæ sunt linguæ eorum”, p. 50).{{References}}

==External links==
* {{webcite|author=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/author/profile/32420.Andrew_Ffrench/ Andrew Ffrench]|articleurl= https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/25208394.secret-tolkien-story-focuses-car-maker-william-morris/|articlename='Secret' Tolkien story focuses on car maker William Morris|dated=2 June 2025|website=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/ Oxford Mail]|accessed=2 June 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5729 Eye_of_the_Black_Tower]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64231#forumpost64231|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 September 2025|website=Guide|accessed=12 September 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://m.youtube.com/@TolkienGuide TolkienGuide]|articleurl=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGuQ-kEsbh4|articlename=Richard Ovenden OBE talks Tolkien and The Bovadium Fragments|dated=3 October 2025|website=YT|accessed=6 October 2025}}

{{Publishedmajorbooks}}

{{title|italics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bovadium Fragments: Together with 'The Origin of Bovadium, The}}

[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Die Bovadium Fragmente]]

The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium

2025-11-24T15:34:09Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Errata & typos */

{{disambig-two|2025 book|story|[[The End of Bovadium]]}}
{{book
| title=The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium
| image=The Bovadium Fragments.jpg
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| foreword=[[Chris Smith]]
| introduction=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| contributors=[[Richard Ovenden]]
| translator=
| illustrator=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] Emily Langford<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62060#forumpost62060|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=4 May 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514182642/https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62047#forumpost62047|archivename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|archivedate=14 May 2025}}</ref> (front cover; based on the Tolkien's ''[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]'')<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Shaun Gunner]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2025/06/new-tolkien-book-the-bovadium-fragments/|articlename=New Tolkien book – ''The Bovadium Fragments'' – is satire on industrialisation|dated=27 June 2025|website=TS|accessed=3 July 2025}}</ref>
| genre=[[Wikipedia:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-apocalyptic]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John Garth]]|articleurl=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/lord-of-the-ring-road-jrr-tolkiens-war-against-the-motor-car-ssv8g3qtl|articlename=Lord of the ring road — JRR Tolkien’s war against the motor car|dated=3 October 2025|website=[https://www.thetimes.com/ The Times]|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref> [[Wikipedia:Satire|satirical]]<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion|Tolkien & The Silmarillion]]'', II. "Summer with Tolkien", "Some Notes on “Smith of Wootton Major”", p. 36</ref> [[Wikipedia:Fantasy|fantasy]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 563 (entry "25 October 1960")</ref> or [[Wikipedia:Science Fiction|science fiction]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.reddit.com/user/AngryFrozenWater/ AngryFrozenWater]|articleurl=https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienbooks/comments/1o2cx69/the_bovadium_fragments/|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments|dated=October 2025|website=Reddit|accessed=18 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>
| subject=''[[Wikipedia:The Motor Bus|The Motor Bus]]''<ref name="guidereview"/> ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'' ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]''
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUK=
| publisherUS=
| date=
| dateUK=[[9 October]], [[2025]]
| dateUS=[[18 November]], [[2025]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=144
| isbn=
| isbn2=
| noisbn=
| issn=
| ice=
| series=
| precededby=''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (2024)
| followedby=
| usablenext=
| gallery=
}}

<center>{{Quote|As scholars pour over fragments unearthed from the [[Vâsti|archeological site]] at [[Bovadium]], a handful of documents written in [[Latin|two]] [[Modern English|languages]] reveal the secrets of this ancient place, which have lain buried for centuries. Evidently once upon a time a [[Daemon]] arose in nearby [[Vaccipratum]], who by his cunning devised abominable machines, which he called ''[[Motores]]''. The people of Bovadium first became enamoured of these machines, but soon became their slaves; and as the roads were gridlocked and the city polluted by their fumes, the end of Bovadium was nigh.|From the back cover.<ref name="guidereview"/>}}</center>

'''''The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium''''' is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], edited posthumously by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. It was published on [[9 October]] [[2025]].

The book presents for the first time Tolkien's ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'', a previously [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]] story that was written between the late [[1950]]s<ref name="telegraph">{{webcite|author=Dalya Alberge|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/05/30/morris-motors-boss-may-inspired-tolkien-villain/|articlename=Morris Motors boss may have inspired Tolkien villain|dated=May 30, 2025|website=Telegraph|accessed=May 30, 2025}}</ref> and early [[1960]]<ref name="Bio">{{B|IV}}, Chapter VI: The Storyteller, p. 163 (footnote)</ref><ref>{{CG|RG}}, "Environment", pp. 255-6 ("The Machine")</ref> with its accompanying illustrations. Also included is ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]'', an essay by [[Richard Ovenden]]. Around [[12 October]], Richard Ovenden signed copies of the book to be sold by Blackwells.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5837 The late Stu]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64778#forumpost64778|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref> These signed copies were all sold out by [[2 November]] at the latest.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1207 Laurin]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=65213#forumpost65213|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=2 November 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>

==Contents==
*Cover
*Title Page
*Copyright
*Note to Readers
*''Publisher's Note''
*''Introduction''

*THE BOVADIUM FRAGMENTS
**Foreword
**Fragment I
**Fragment II
**Fragment III
**Postscript by the Editor
**Other Texts of Fragment II

*THE ORIGIN OF BOVADIUM
**''Acknowledgments''
**Works by J.R.R. Tolkien
**Endnotes
**About the Publisher

==Illustrations==
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - London to Oxford through Berkshire.jpeg|London to Oxford through Berkshire]]<ref name="guidereview">{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1 Urulókë], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter], and [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5058 Mr. Underhill]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6867|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: TolkienGuide review|dated=3 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|O to be in Oxford (North) now that Summer's here]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64971#forumpost64971|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=22 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=22 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Turl Street, Oxford.jpeg|Turl St., Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Untitled (Alder by a Stream).jpeg|Untitled]] [Alder by a Stream]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Broad Street, Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Wood at the World's End.jpeg|The Wood at the World's End]]<ref name="guidereview" />

==From the publisher==
===Previous overview===
{{blockquote|World first publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, The Origin of Bovadium, by Richard Ovenden OBE.}}

===Overview===
{{blockquote|The first-ever publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," by Richard Ovenden OBE.

As Christopher Tolkien notes in his Introduction, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' was a "satirical fantasy" written by his father, which grew out of a planning controversy that erupted in Oxford in the late 1940s, when J.R.R. Tolkien was the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature.

Written initially for his own amusement, Tolkien’s tale was a private academic jest that poked gentle fun at the pomposity of archaeologists and the hideousness of college crockery. However, it was at the same time expressing a barbed ''cri de coeur'' against the inexorable rise of motor transport that was overwhelming the tranquility of his beloved city. Interest in publishing it in the 1960s ultimately foundered, and the text remained hidden for 60 years.

In this new edition, Christopher Tolkien provides notes and commentary that will enable the reader to enjoy at last this tale of an imagined Oxford viewed through the lens of future (and not wholly reliable) academic study. The text is accompanied by a small selection of illustrations by the author, some of them previously unpublished, which while not created specifically for this work, convey something of the tone and setting of the story, thereby enriching the tale.

Richard Ovenden's accompanying essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," paints a vivid portrait of Oxford during that time. Its text is illustrated with contemporary photos of the period, together with the actual plans that sparked the controversy. He also provides rich background to the casus belli which led to the furor that Tolkien witnessed firsthand, as the embers of debate between town planners and the university colleges were fanned into flame.

Playful, arch, erudite, and ultimately tragically moving, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' is like nothing else that J.R.R. Tolkien wrote, and its themes remain both provocative and timely. Within its lines may be found a concern for the fragility of our natural world, a love of which was shared by both father and son. As Christopher Tolkien’s final presentation of his father’s work, it is therefore perhaps fitting that ''The Bovadium Fragments'' should be their coda.}}

==Errata & typos==
The fragments Tolkien wrote in [[Latin]] do not seem to have been proofread as carefully as the rest of the text. There are a few spelling mistakes and typos left in the final published book. For instance, “Mortori” instead of “Motori” (p. 14), “periculum morris” instead of “periculum mortis”, or “Cresar” for “Caesar” (p. 50-51) and “redificia” for “aedificia” (p. 51). Moreover, the diphtong ''æ'' (''ae'') is not always (''i.e.'' inconsistently) ligatured (''e.g.'' “diversae [''sic''] factæ sunt linguæ eorum”, p. 50).{{References}}

==External links==
* {{webcite|author=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/author/profile/32420.Andrew_Ffrench/ Andrew Ffrench]|articleurl= https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/25208394.secret-tolkien-story-focuses-car-maker-william-morris/|articlename='Secret' Tolkien story focuses on car maker William Morris|dated=2 June 2025|website=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/ Oxford Mail]|accessed=2 June 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5729 Eye_of_the_Black_Tower]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64231#forumpost64231|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 September 2025|website=Guide|accessed=12 September 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://m.youtube.com/@TolkienGuide TolkienGuide]|articleurl=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGuQ-kEsbh4|articlename=Richard Ovenden OBE talks Tolkien and The Bovadium Fragments|dated=3 October 2025|website=YT|accessed=6 October 2025}}

{{Publishedmajorbooks}}

{{title|italics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bovadium Fragments: Together with 'The Origin of Bovadium, The}}

[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Die Bovadium Fragmente]]

The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium

2025-11-24T15:33:31Z

Pengolodh Saelon: Typos and errata

{{disambig-two|2025 book|story|[[The End of Bovadium]]}}
{{book
| title=The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium
| image=The Bovadium Fragments.jpg
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| foreword=[[Chris Smith]]
| introduction=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| editor=[[Christopher Tolkien]]
| contributors=[[Richard Ovenden]]
| translator=
| illustrator=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] Emily Langford<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62060#forumpost62060|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=4 May 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514182642/https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62047#forumpost62047|archivename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|archivedate=14 May 2025}}</ref> (front cover; based on the Tolkien's ''[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]'')<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Shaun Gunner]]|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2025/06/new-tolkien-book-the-bovadium-fragments/|articlename=New Tolkien book – ''The Bovadium Fragments'' – is satire on industrialisation|dated=27 June 2025|website=TS|accessed=3 July 2025}}</ref>
| genre=[[Wikipedia:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|Post-apocalyptic]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John Garth]]|articleurl=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/lord-of-the-ring-road-jrr-tolkiens-war-against-the-motor-car-ssv8g3qtl|articlename=Lord of the ring road — JRR Tolkien’s war against the motor car|dated=3 October 2025|website=[https://www.thetimes.com/ The Times]|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref> [[Wikipedia:Satire|satirical]]<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion|Tolkien & The Silmarillion]]'', II. "Summer with Tolkien", "Some Notes on “Smith of Wootton Major”", p. 36</ref> [[Wikipedia:Fantasy|fantasy]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 563 (entry "25 October 1960")</ref> or [[Wikipedia:Science Fiction|science fiction]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.reddit.com/user/AngryFrozenWater/ AngryFrozenWater]|articleurl=https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienbooks/comments/1o2cx69/the_bovadium_fragments/|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments|dated=October 2025|website=Reddit|accessed=18 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>
| subject=''[[Wikipedia:The Motor Bus|The Motor Bus]]''<ref name="guidereview"/> ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'' ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]''
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
| publisherUK=
| publisherUS=
| date=
| dateUK=[[9 October]], [[2025]]
| dateUS=[[18 November]], [[2025]]
| format=Hardcover
| pages=144
| isbn=
| isbn2=
| noisbn=
| issn=
| ice=
| series=
| precededby=''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' (2024)
| followedby=
| usablenext=
| gallery=
}}

<center>{{Quote|As scholars pour over fragments unearthed from the [[Vâsti|archeological site]] at [[Bovadium]], a handful of documents written in [[Latin|two]] [[Modern English|languages]] reveal the secrets of this ancient place, which have lain buried for centuries. Evidently once upon a time a [[Daemon]] arose in nearby [[Vaccipratum]], who by his cunning devised abominable machines, which he called ''[[Motores]]''. The people of Bovadium first became enamoured of these machines, but soon became their slaves; and as the roads were gridlocked and the city polluted by their fumes, the end of Bovadium was nigh.|From the back cover.<ref name="guidereview"/>}}</center>

'''''The Bovadium Fragments: together with The Origin of Bovadium''''' is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], edited posthumously by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. It was published on [[9 October]] [[2025]].

The book presents for the first time Tolkien's ''[[The End of Bovadium]]'', a previously [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]] story that was written between the late [[1950]]s<ref name="telegraph">{{webcite|author=Dalya Alberge|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/05/30/morris-motors-boss-may-inspired-tolkien-villain/|articlename=Morris Motors boss may have inspired Tolkien villain|dated=May 30, 2025|website=Telegraph|accessed=May 30, 2025}}</ref> and early [[1960]]<ref name="Bio">{{B|IV}}, Chapter VI: The Storyteller, p. 163 (footnote)</ref><ref>{{CG|RG}}, "Environment", pp. 255-6 ("The Machine")</ref> with its accompanying illustrations. Also included is ''[[The Origin of Bovadium]]'', an essay by [[Richard Ovenden]]. Around [[12 October]], Richard Ovenden signed copies of the book to be sold by Blackwells.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5837 The late Stu]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64778#forumpost64778|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref> These signed copies were all sold out by [[2 November]] at the latest.<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1207 Laurin]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=65213#forumpost65213|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=2 November 2025|website=Guide|accessed=17 November 2025|archiveurl=|archivename=|archivedate=}}</ref>

==Contents==
*Cover
*Title Page
*Copyright
*Note to Readers
*''Publisher's Note''
*''Introduction''

*THE BOVADIUM FRAGMENTS
**Foreword
**Fragment I
**Fragment II
**Fragment III
**Postscript by the Editor
**Other Texts of Fragment II

*THE ORIGIN OF BOVADIUM
**''Acknowledgments''
**Works by J.R.R. Tolkien
**Endnotes
**About the Publisher

==Illustrations==
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - London to Oxford through Berkshire.jpeg|London to Oxford through Berkshire]]<ref name="guidereview">{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/1 Urulókë], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail], [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/10 Trotter], and [https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5058 Mr. Underhill]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6867|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: TolkienGuide review|dated=3 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=4 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|O to be in Oxford (North) now that Summer's here]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/4446 onthetrail]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64971#forumpost64971|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=22 October 2025|website=Guide|accessed=22 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Turl Street, Oxford.jpeg|Turl St., Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Untitled (Alder by a Stream).jpeg|Untitled]] [Alder by a Stream]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Broad Street, Oxford]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - King's Norton from Bilberry Hill.jpeg|King's Norton from Bilberry Hill]]<ref name="guidereview" />
*[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Wood at the World's End.jpeg|The Wood at the World's End]]<ref name="guidereview" />

==From the publisher==
===Previous overview===
{{blockquote|World first publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, The Origin of Bovadium, by Richard Ovenden OBE.}}

===Overview===
{{blockquote|The first-ever publication of a previously unknown short satirical fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by his son, Christopher Tolkien, and accompanied by illustrations from the author together with an essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," by Richard Ovenden OBE.

As Christopher Tolkien notes in his Introduction, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' was a "satirical fantasy" written by his father, which grew out of a planning controversy that erupted in Oxford in the late 1940s, when J.R.R. Tolkien was the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature.

Written initially for his own amusement, Tolkien’s tale was a private academic jest that poked gentle fun at the pomposity of archaeologists and the hideousness of college crockery. However, it was at the same time expressing a barbed ''cri de coeur'' against the inexorable rise of motor transport that was overwhelming the tranquility of his beloved city. Interest in publishing it in the 1960s ultimately foundered, and the text remained hidden for 60 years.

In this new edition, Christopher Tolkien provides notes and commentary that will enable the reader to enjoy at last this tale of an imagined Oxford viewed through the lens of future (and not wholly reliable) academic study. The text is accompanied by a small selection of illustrations by the author, some of them previously unpublished, which while not created specifically for this work, convey something of the tone and setting of the story, thereby enriching the tale.

Richard Ovenden's accompanying essay, "The Origin of Bovadium," paints a vivid portrait of Oxford during that time. Its text is illustrated with contemporary photos of the period, together with the actual plans that sparked the controversy. He also provides rich background to the casus belli which led to the furor that Tolkien witnessed firsthand, as the embers of debate between town planners and the university colleges were fanned into flame.

Playful, arch, erudite, and ultimately tragically moving, ''The Bovadium Fragments'' is like nothing else that J.R.R. Tolkien wrote, and its themes remain both provocative and timely. Within its lines may be found a concern for the fragility of our natural world, a love of which was shared by both father and son. As Christopher Tolkien’s final presentation of his father’s work, it is therefore perhaps fitting that ''The Bovadium Fragments'' should be their coda.}}

== Errata & typos ==
The fragments Tolkien wrote in [[Latin]] do not seem to have been proofread as carefully as the rest of the text. There are a few spelling mistakes and typos left in the final published book. For instance, “Mortori” instead of “Motori” (p. 14), “periculum morris” instead of “periculum mortis”, or “Cresar” for “Caesar” (p. 50-51) and “redificia” for “aedificia” (p. 51). Moreover, the diphtong ''æ'' (''ae'') is not always (that is, inconsistently) ligatured (''e.g.'' “diversae [''sic''] factæ sunt linguæ eorum”, p. 50).{{References}}

==External links==
* {{webcite|author=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/author/profile/32420.Andrew_Ffrench/ Andrew Ffrench]|articleurl= https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/25208394.secret-tolkien-story-focuses-car-maker-william-morris/|articlename='Secret' Tolkien story focuses on car maker William Morris|dated=2 June 2025|website=[https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/ Oxford Mail]|accessed=2 June 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://www.tolkienguide.com/profile/5729 Eye_of_the_Black_Tower]|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=64231#forumpost64231|articlename=The Bovadium Fragments: Together with ‘The Origin of Bovadium’|dated=12 September 2025|website=Guide|accessed=12 September 2025}}
*{{webcite|author=[https://m.youtube.com/@TolkienGuide TolkienGuide]|articleurl=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGuQ-kEsbh4|articlename=Richard Ovenden OBE talks Tolkien and The Bovadium Fragments|dated=3 October 2025|website=YT|accessed=6 October 2025}}

{{Publishedmajorbooks}}

{{title|italics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bovadium Fragments: Together with 'The Origin of Bovadium, The}}

[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[de:Die Bovadium Fragmente]]

Index:Unpublished material

2025-11-24T15:11:39Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Linguistics (invented languages) */

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=23 December 2010|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}, note to "p. 257, entry for 1943, l. 1"</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']] (partially published in commentary to ''[[The Hoard]]'')<ref>{{CP|69}}</ref>
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Note on Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Hláforde Beorge God!]]''<ref name=unpublished>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/378417/hlforde_beorge_god|articlename=Hláforde Beorge God!|dated=|website=[https://library.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds library]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Wástú?]]''<ref name=unpublished/>
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".
*''[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]''<ref name=CGC848>{{CG|C}}, p. 848</ref>
*''[[Magna Dei Gloria (Warwick)]]''<ref name=CGC850>{{CG|C}}, p. 850</ref>
*''[[The Brothers-in-Arms]]''<ref name=CGC842>{{CG|C}}, p. 842</ref>
*[[The Children of Húrin (rhyming couplets)|''The Children of Húrin'' (rhyming couplets)]] (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*''[[Companions of the Rose]]''<ref name=CGC843>{{CG|C}}, p. 843</ref>
*''[[Completorium]]''.<ref name=CGC843/>

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''<ref name="poem">{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=10 April 2014|website=HS|accessed=26 September 2025}}, note to "1920s (by June 1927)" under "p. 110, add entry:"</ref>
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''<ref name="poem"/>
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*Note on [[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'']] etymology (1970s)
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*“Homophonic stems” (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*two papers about [[Mágol]]
*[[Westron]] phonology and grammar notes from [[Marquette University]]'s manuscripts<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. Initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', they include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 23-26</ref>.
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien “experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages”<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in “future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''”)<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>

==Miscellaneous==
*[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Tale of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref> (partially published)<ref>{{CP|88}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 847 (entry ''Gunnar's End'')</ref><ref>{{CG|2RGI}}, entry ''Atlakviða''</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Rhûnnic

2025-11-24T11:04:49Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* History */

{{expansion}}
{{adaptation}}
'''Rhûnic'''<ref name="merc">{{webcite|author=[[Bear McCreary]]|articleurl=https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-202/|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Episode 202|dated=October 15 2024|website=[https://bearmccreary.com/ bearmccreary.com]|accessed=}}</ref>, also called '''Rhûnnic'''<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]], [[Where the Stars are Strange]]; The subtitles reveal the name. However, this may be an erroneous spelling.</ref>, was a language spoken by the [[Easterlings|Easterling]] mercenaries<ref name="merc" /> known as the [[Gaudrim]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|A summary of Tolkien’s attested human languages]]
Tolkien never refers to any "Rhûnic" language or people, but uses the broader category of "[[Easterlings]]", and the existence of Easterling languages is confirmed even though such languages were not fleshed out by Tolkien (outside of some names like [[Khamûl]]). Rhûnic, while allegedly based on one of Tolkien’s languages<ref name="merc" /><ref name="fof">{{webcite|author=Austrawandil|articleurl=https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/|articlename=Rhûnic Revealed|dated=November 8 2024|website=[https://fellowshipoffans.com/ fellowshipoffans.com]|accessed=}}</ref>, was developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''. In the words of the series composer [[Bear McCreary]]<ref name="merc" />:

{{Quote|For this series, we always strive to ensure that music sung by soloists or choirs communicates meaning in text that is relevant to the culture the music represents. So, what language would the music of Rhûn be sung in? Rhûn is a large, mostly unexplored area in Tolkien’s published works, left intentionally vague. Tolkien scholars working on our series dug through Tolkien’s unpublished notes and used them to build the foundation of a Rhûnic language, one that has never been heard before by fans. Helping to expand one of Tolkien’s lesser-known languages into a vibrant musical culture was a true honor.|}}

==Inspiration==
It is possible that Rhûnic is based on J. R. R. Tolkien’s Hungarian-based language called [[Mágol]], for which most of existent material remains unpublished.<ref name="fof" />

==Vocabulary==
The following table contains all known Rhûnic words and their possible meanings.<ref name="fof" />

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" rules="all"
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Rhûnic word'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Possible meaning(s)'''
|-
|aibesjar||our sister (? or carried, or far; if “our sister”, then possibly jar means “our”)
|-
|aišäd||shrine (sacred shrine?)
|-
|anže||forth (? or bring)
|-
|arkäd||throne
|-
|balan||far (? or carried, or our sister)
|-
|bil||in
|-
|bauvailun||unseen (? or threat)
|-
|bódi||sacred (? or beat)
|-
|če||and
|-
|dunšig||magic (? or dark magic)
|-
|dyúl||her (? or you, or some word indicating a command)
|-
|feč||thou
|-
|feg||thy/thine/your (genitive case of feč)
|-
|fú||under
|-
|gileg||bring (? or forth)
|-
|go||from
|-
|gorul||rise
|-
|hez||command (?)
|-
|i||the
|-
|j'|| ? (a prefix, possibly from je “to” or i “the”)
|-
|jai||with
|-
|je||to
|-
|ligrám||wings (? or white, or white wings, or beat)
|-
|lihiš||white (? or wings, or white wings, or beat)
|-
|lún||dark
|-
|lurg||threat (? or unseen)
|-
|naþa||servant
|-
|nädo||flesh (? or grant)
|-
|ní||command (?)
|-
|niganvil<ref group="note" name="note">This word was used in the [[Where the Stars are Strange|second episode]] of the second season of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' by one of the [[Gaudrim]]. The meaning is unknown.</ref>|| ? (likely a noun or noun phrase, possibly including a prepositional suffix)
|-
|*nim||root word relating to moon (? or light)
|-
|nimžil||moonlight
|-
|pängul<ref group="note" name="note" />|| ? (probably a verb in imperative form)
|-
|raib||border (either normal form or shortened form for use in a compound)
|-
|raibo||border (either normal form, or a marked noun declension, or perhaps containing a prepositional suffix -o, meaning “at”)
|-
|*šig||root word relating to magic
|-
|šigór||Istar, wizard, seemingly coined in relation to the [[adûnaic]] noun ''zigûr'' “wizard”
|-
|taugun||carried (? or far, or our sister)
|-
|þabul||grant (? or flesh)
|-
|þur||power, might
|-
|*žil||root word relating to light (? or moon)
|-
|žilid||splendor, maybe distantly related with [[noldorin]] ''silith'' ?
|-
|}

{{Quote|Given that nimžil means “moonlight” and žilid means “splendor”, it is likely that *žil is a root word meaning “light”, or something similar. In which case, nim would mean “moon”. Also, given that dunšig means “magic” (or “dark magic”?), and šigór means “Istar”, or “wizard”, it is likely that *šig is a root word with a meaning related to magic.|''[https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/ Fellowship of Fans.com "Rhûnic Revealed"]''}}

==Phonology<ref name="JK">{{webcite|author=Jan Konečný|articleurl=https://sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology/|articlename=Rhûnic phonology|dated=January 28 2025|website=[https://sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology/ sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology]|accessed=}}</ref>==

'''There are no official sources to document the phonology of the language, the below data is an approximation'''

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" rules="all"
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Letter(s)'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/ IPA]'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''English equivalent (if there is any)'''
|-
|A||a||The '''O''' in s'''''o'''''uth.
|-
|Á, Â||aː||The '''A''' in f'''''a'''''r.
|-
|Ä||a, æ||The '''O''' in s'''''o'''''uth or the '''A''' in m'''''a'''''p.
|-
|E||ɛ||The '''E''' in b'''''e'''''ll.
|-
|I||ɪ||The '''I''' in th'''''i'''''n.
|-
|Í||iː||The '''IE''' in f'''''ie'''''ld.
|-
|O||o||The '''A''' in t'''''a'''''lk but shorter.
|-
|Ó||oː||The '''O''' in sh'''''o'''''re.
|-
|U||u||The '''OO''' in t'''''oo'''''k.
|-
|Ú, Û||uː||The '''OO''' in t'''''oo'''''l.
|-
|AI||aj, aɪ̯||The '''I''' in m'''''i'''''ce.
|-
|AU||aw, au̯||The '''OU''' in m'''''ou'''''se.
|-
|P||p||The '''P''' in '''''p'''''ie.
|-
|B||b||The '''B''' in '''''b'''''ait.
|-
|F||f||The '''F''' in '''''f'''''riend.
|-
|V||v||The '''V''' in '''''v'''''ine.
|-
|M||m||The '''M''' in '''''m'''''ace.
|-
|N||n||The '''N''' in '''''n'''''ever.
|-
|D||d||The '''D''' in '''''d'''''ay.
|-
|Þ||θ||The '''TH''' in wi'''''th'''''.
|-
|K||k||The '''C''' in '''''c'''''ape.
|-
|G||ɡ||The '''G''' in '''''g'''''race.
|-
|H||h, x||The '''H''' in '''''h'''''ow or the '''CH''' in lo'''''ch'''''.
|-
|L||l||The '''L''' in '''''l'''''ight.
|-
|R||r||The '''''thrilled R'''''.
|-
|S||s||The '''S''' in '''''s'''''teep.
|-
|Z||z||The '''Z''' in wi'''''z'''''ard.
|-
|Š||ʃ||The '''SH''' in '''''sh'''''een.
|-
|Ž||ʒ||The '''S''' in vi'''''s'''''ion.
|-
|Č||t͡ʃ||The '''CH''' in '''''ch'''''eck.
|-
|J||j, ʒ, d͡ʒ||The '''Y''' in '''''y'''''es, the '''S''' in vi'''''s'''''ion or the '''J''' in '''''j'''''eans.
|-
|Y||j||The '''Y''' in '''''y'''''es.
|-
|DY||dj, ɟ||The '''''Czech and Slovak Ď''''' or the '''''Hungarian GY'''''.
|-
|NG||ŋ||The '''NG''' in thi'''''ng'''''.
|-
|KH||x||The '''CH''' in lo'''''ch'''''.
|-
|}

Note that '''Â''' only appears in [[Brânk]] while '''Û''' and '''KH''' only appear in [[Khamûl]], '''the latter of which may not be included in Rhûnic'''.

'''Y''' only appears in the word '''DYÚL''', so It might not represent a separate phoneme, but rather change the '''D''' sound into one that’s similar to the Czech and Slovak '''Ď''' or the Hungarian '''GY'''.

It is also possible that the '''N''' in the words '''NÍ''' and '''*NIM''' is pronounced as /ɲ/, the same way the '''N''' in the word '''''n'''''ew is in some dialects of English.

==See also==
*[[Rhûn (soundtrack)]]
*[[Sandstorm at the Well]]
*[[Rhûn#Portrayal in adaptations|Rhûn: Portrayal in adaptations]]

==External links==
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/LOTR_on_Prime/comments/1g4misj/analysis_of_rh%C3%BBnic_language_on_soundtrack/ Analysis of Rhûnic language on soundtrack] on Reddit.com
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/LOTR_on_Prime/comments/1f593in/rh%C3%BBnic_language/ Rhûnic language?] on Reddit.com
*[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-202/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 202] on bearmccreary.com
*[https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/ Rhûnic Revealed] on fellowshipoffans.com

{{references|n}}

[[Category:Concepts from adaptations]]

Lay of Nimrodel

2025-11-24T11:01:38Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* External links */

{{disambig-more|Nimrodel|[[Nimrodel (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:Julian Bauer - The Falls of Nimrodel.jpg|thumb|350px|''The Falls of Nimrodel'' by [https://julianb.artstation.com/ Julian Baer]]]
The '''Lay of Nimrodel'''<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref> is a song partially sung by [[Legolas]] while he and the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Company]] rested by the river [[Nimrodel (river)|Nimrodel]] on the night of [[15 January]] {{TA|3019}}.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> The original song was in [[Sindarin]] but Legolas sang the song in the [[Westron]] speech. The song is incomplete because Legolas had forgotten much of it. The song was long and sad, for it told how sorrow came upon [[Lothlórien]] when the [[Dwarves]] found [[Durin's Bane|evil in the mountains]].<ref>{{FR|II6}}</ref>

==The song==
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Lay of Nimrodel.mp3|thumb|left|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] reads the Lay of Nimrodel]] 
:''An Elven-maid there was of old, A shining star by day: Her mantle white was hemmed with gold, Her shoes of silver-grey. A star was bound upon her brows, A light was on her hair As sun upon the golden boughs In Lórien the fair. Her hair was long, her limbs were white, And fair she was and free; And in the wind she went as light As leaf of linden-tree. Beside the falls of Nimrodel, By water clear and cool, Her voice as falling silver fell Into the shining pool. Where now she wanders none can tell, In sunlight or in shade; For lost of yore was Nimrodel And in the mountains strayed. The elven-ship in haven grey Beneath the mountain-lee Awaited her for many a day Beside the roaring sea. A wind by night in Northern lands Arose, and loud it cried, And drove the ship from elven-strands Across the streaming tide. When dawn came dim the land was lost, The mountains sinking grey Beyond the heaving waves that tossed Their plumes of blinding spray. Amroth beheld the fading shore Now low beyond the swell, And cursed the faithless ship that bore Him far from Nimrodel. Of old he was an Elven-king, A lord of tree and glen, When golden were the boughs in spring In fair Lothlórien. From helm to sea they saw him leap, As arrow from the string, And dive into the water deep, As mew upon the wing. The wind was in his flowing hair, The foam about him shone; Afar they saw him strong and fair Go riding like a swan. But from the West has come no word, And on the Hither Shore No tidings Elven-folk have heard Of Amroth evermore.''

==See also==
*[[Poems in The Lord of the Rings|Poems in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFZbzKN4S78 Musical rendition by Víctor Gondra]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AD2fKNnTnME Musical rendition by Yolanda Mott]

{{references}}
[[Category:Poems in The Fellowship of the Ring]]
[[Category:Songs]]

Rhûnnic

2025-11-20T17:31:32Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

{{expansion}}
{{adaptation}}
'''Rhûnic'''<ref name="merc">{{webcite|author=[[Bear McCreary]]|articleurl=https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-202/|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Episode 202|dated=October 15 2024|website=[https://bearmccreary.com/ bearmccreary.com]|accessed=}}</ref>, also called '''Rhûnnic'''<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]], [[Where the Stars are Strange]]; The subtitles reveal the name. However, this may be an erroneous spelling.</ref>, was a language spoken by the [[Easterlings|Easterling]] mercenaries<ref name="merc" /> known as the [[Gaudrim]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|A summary of Tolkien’s attested human languages]]
Tolkien never refers to any "Rhûnic" language or people, but uses the broader category of "[[Easterlings]]", and the existence of Easterling languages is confirmed even though such languages were not fleshed out by Tolkien (outside of some names like [[Khamûl]]). Rhûnic, while supposedly based on one of Tolkien’s languages<ref name="merc" /><ref name="fof">{{webcite|author=Austrawandil|articleurl=https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/|articlename=Rhûnic Revealed|dated=November 8 2024|website=[https://fellowshipoffans.com/ fellowshipoffans.com]|accessed=}}</ref>, was developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''. In the words of the series composer [[Bear McCreary]]<ref name="merc" />:

{{Quote|For this series, we always strive to ensure that music sung by soloists or choirs communicates meaning in text that is relevant to the culture the music represents. So, what language would the music of Rhûn be sung in? Rhûn is a large, mostly unexplored area in Tolkien’s published works, left intentionally vague. Tolkien scholars working on our series dug through Tolkien’s unpublished notes and used them to build the foundation of a Rhûnic language, one that has never been heard before by fans. Helping to expand one of Tolkien’s lesser-known languages into a vibrant musical culture was a true honor.|}}

==Inspiration==
It is possible that Rhûnic is based on J. R. R. Tolkien’s Hungarian-based language called [[Mágol]].<ref name="fof" />

==Vocabulary==
The following table contains all known Rhûnic words and their possible meanings.<ref name="fof" />

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" rules="all"
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Rhûnic word'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Possible meaning(s)'''
|-
|aibesjar||our sister (? or carried, or far; if “our sister”, then possibly jar means “our”)
|-
|aišäd||shrine (sacred shrine?)
|-
|anže||forth (? or bring)
|-
|arkäd||throne
|-
|balan||far (? or carried, or our sister)
|-
|bil||in
|-
|bauvailun||unseen (? or threat)
|-
|bódi||sacred (? or beat)
|-
|če||and
|-
|dunšig||magic (? or dark magic)
|-
|dyúl||her (? or you, or some word indicating a command)
|-
|feč||thou
|-
|feg||thy/thine/your (genitive case of feč)
|-
|fú||under
|-
|gileg||bring (? or forth)
|-
|go||from
|-
|gorul||rise
|-
|hez||command (?)
|-
|i||the
|-
|j'|| ? (a prefix, possibly from je “to” or i “the”)
|-
|jai||with
|-
|je||to
|-
|ligrám||wings (? or white, or white wings, or beat)
|-
|lihiš||white (? or wings, or white wings, or beat)
|-
|lún||dark
|-
|lurg||threat (? or unseen)
|-
|naþa||servant
|-
|nädo||flesh (? or grant)
|-
|ní||command (?)
|-
|niganvil<ref group="note" name="note">This word was used in the [[Where the Stars are Strange|second episode]] of the second season of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' by one of the [[Gaudrim]]. The meaning is unknown.</ref>|| ? (likely a noun or noun phrase, possibly including a prepositional suffix)
|-
|*nim||root word relating to moon (? or light)
|-
|nimžil||moonlight
|-
|pängul<ref group="note" name="note" />|| ? (probably a verb in imperative form)
|-
|raib||border (either normal form or shortened form for use in a compound)
|-
|raibo||border (either normal form, or a marked noun declension, or perhaps containing a prepositional suffix -o, meaning “at”)
|-
|*šig||root word relating to magic
|-
|šigór||Istar, wizard, seemingly coined in relation to the [[adûnaic]] noun ''zigûr'' “wizard”
|-
|taugun||carried (? or far, or our sister)
|-
|þabul||grant (? or flesh)
|-
|þur||power, might
|-
|*žil||root word relating to light (? or moon)
|-
|žilid||splendor, maybe distantly related with [[noldorin]] ''silith'' ?
|-
|}

{{Quote|Given that nimžil means “moonlight” and žilid means “splendor”, it is likely that *žil is a root word meaning “light”, or something similar. In which case, nim would mean “moon”. Also, given that dunšig means “magic” (or “dark magic”?), and šigór means “Istar”, or “wizard”, it is likely that *šig is a root word with a meaning related to magic.|''[https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/ Fellowship of Fans.com "Rhûnic Revealed"]''}}

==Phonology<ref name="JK">{{webcite|author=Jan Konečný|articleurl=https://sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology/|articlename=Rhûnic phonology|dated=January 28 2025|website=[https://sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology/ sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology]|accessed=}}</ref>==

'''There are no official sources to document the phonology of the language, the below data is an approximation'''

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" rules="all"
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Letter(s)'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/ IPA]'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''English equivalent (if there is any)'''
|-
|A||a||The '''O''' in s'''''o'''''uth.
|-
|Á, Â||aː||The '''A''' in f'''''a'''''r.
|-
|Ä||a, æ||The '''O''' in s'''''o'''''uth or the '''A''' in m'''''a'''''p.
|-
|E||ɛ||The '''E''' in b'''''e'''''ll.
|-
|I||ɪ||The '''I''' in th'''''i'''''n.
|-
|Í||iː||The '''IE''' in f'''''ie'''''ld.
|-
|O||o||The '''A''' in t'''''a'''''lk but shorter.
|-
|Ó||oː||The '''O''' in sh'''''o'''''re.
|-
|U||u||The '''OO''' in t'''''oo'''''k.
|-
|Ú, Û||uː||The '''OO''' in t'''''oo'''''l.
|-
|AI||aj, aɪ̯||The '''I''' in m'''''i'''''ce.
|-
|AU||aw, au̯||The '''OU''' in m'''''ou'''''se.
|-
|P||p||The '''P''' in '''''p'''''ie.
|-
|B||b||The '''B''' in '''''b'''''ait.
|-
|F||f||The '''F''' in '''''f'''''riend.
|-
|V||v||The '''V''' in '''''v'''''ine.
|-
|M||m||The '''M''' in '''''m'''''ace.
|-
|N||n||The '''N''' in '''''n'''''ever.
|-
|D||d||The '''D''' in '''''d'''''ay.
|-
|Þ||θ||The '''TH''' in wi'''''th'''''.
|-
|K||k||The '''C''' in '''''c'''''ape.
|-
|G||ɡ||The '''G''' in '''''g'''''race.
|-
|H||h, x||The '''H''' in '''''h'''''ow or the '''CH''' in lo'''''ch'''''.
|-
|L||l||The '''L''' in '''''l'''''ight.
|-
|R||r||The '''''thrilled R'''''.
|-
|S||s||The '''S''' in '''''s'''''teep.
|-
|Z||z||The '''Z''' in wi'''''z'''''ard.
|-
|Š||ʃ||The '''SH''' in '''''sh'''''een.
|-
|Ž||ʒ||The '''S''' in vi'''''s'''''ion.
|-
|Č||t͡ʃ||The '''CH''' in '''''ch'''''eck.
|-
|J||j, ʒ, d͡ʒ||The '''Y''' in '''''y'''''es, the '''S''' in vi'''''s'''''ion or the '''J''' in '''''j'''''eans.
|-
|Y||j||The '''Y''' in '''''y'''''es.
|-
|DY||dj, ɟ||The '''''Czech and Slovak Ď''''' or the '''''Hungarian GY'''''.
|-
|NG||ŋ||The '''NG''' in thi'''''ng'''''.
|-
|KH||x||The '''CH''' in lo'''''ch'''''.
|-
|}

Note that '''Â''' only appears in [[Brânk]] while '''Û''' and '''KH''' only appear in [[Khamûl]], '''the latter of which may not be included in Rhûnic'''.

'''Y''' only appears in the word '''DYÚL''', so It might not represent a separate phoneme, but rather change the '''D''' sound into one that’s similar to the Czech and Slovak '''Ď''' or the Hungarian '''GY'''.

It is also possible that the '''N''' in the words '''NÍ''' and '''*NIM''' is pronounced as /ɲ/, the same way the '''N''' in the word '''''n'''''ew is in some dialects of English.

==See also==
*[[Rhûn (soundtrack)]]
*[[Sandstorm at the Well]]
*[[Rhûn#Portrayal in adaptations|Rhûn: Portrayal in adaptations]]

==External links==
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/LOTR_on_Prime/comments/1g4misj/analysis_of_rh%C3%BBnic_language_on_soundtrack/ Analysis of Rhûnic language on soundtrack] on Reddit.com
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/LOTR_on_Prime/comments/1f593in/rh%C3%BBnic_language/ Rhûnic language?] on Reddit.com
*[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-202/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 202] on bearmccreary.com
*[https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/ Rhûnic Revealed] on fellowshipoffans.com

{{references|n}}

[[Category:Concepts from adaptations]]

Rhûnnic

2025-11-20T17:21:43Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Vocabulary */

{{expansion}}
{{adaptation}}
'''Rhûnic''',<ref name="merc">{{webcite|author=[[Bear McCreary]]|articleurl=https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-202/|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Episode 202|dated=October 15 2024|website=[https://bearmccreary.com/ bearmccreary.com]|accessed=}}</ref> also called '''Rhûnnic''',<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]], [[Where the Stars are Strange]]; The subtitles reveal the name. However, this may be an erroneous spelling.</ref> was a language spoken by the [[Easterlings|Easterling]] mercenaries<ref name="merc" /> known as the [[Gaudrim]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.

==History==
Rhûnic, while supposedly based on one of Tolkien’s languages<ref name="merc" /><ref name="fof">{{webcite|author=Austrawandil|articleurl=https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/|articlename=Rhûnic Revealed|dated=November 8 2024|website=[https://fellowshipoffans.com/ fellowshipoffans.com]|accessed=}}</ref>, was developed for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''. In the words of the series composer [[Bear McCreary]]<ref name="merc" />:

{{Quote|For this series, we always strive to ensure that music sung by soloists or choirs communicates meaning in text that is relevant to the culture the music represents. So, what language would the music of Rhûn be sung in? Rhûn is a large, mostly unexplored area in Tolkien’s published works, left intentionally vague. Tolkien scholars working on our series dug through Tolkien’s unpublished notes and used them to build the foundation of a Rhûnic language, one that has never been heard before by fans. Helping to expand one of Tolkien’s lesser-known languages into a vibrant musical culture was a true honor.|}}

==Inspiration==
It is possible that Rhûnic is based on J. R. R. Tolkien’s Hungarian-based language called [[Mágol]].<ref name="fof" />

==Vocabulary==
The following table contains all known Rhûnic words and their possible meanings.<ref name="fof" />

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" rules="all"
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Rhûnic word'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Possible meaning(s)'''
|-
|aibesjar||our sister (? or carried, or far; if “our sister”, then possibly jar means “our”)
|-
|aišäd||shrine (sacred shrine?)
|-
|anže||forth (? or bring)
|-
|arkäd||throne
|-
|balan||far (? or carried, or our sister)
|-
|bil||in
|-
|bauvailun||unseen (? or threat)
|-
|bódi||sacred (? or beat)
|-
|če||and
|-
|dunšig||magic (? or dark magic)
|-
|dyúl||her (? or you, or some word indicating a command)
|-
|feč||thou
|-
|feg||thy/thine/your (genitive case of feč)
|-
|fú||under
|-
|gileg||bring (? or forth)
|-
|go||from
|-
|gorul||rise
|-
|hez||command (?)
|-
|i||the
|-
|j'|| ? (a prefix, possibly from je “to” or i “the”)
|-
|jai||with
|-
|je||to
|-
|ligrám||wings (? or white, or white wings, or beat)
|-
|lihiš||white (? or wings, or white wings, or beat)
|-
|lún||dark
|-
|lurg||threat (? or unseen)
|-
|naþa||servant
|-
|nädo||flesh (? or grant)
|-
|ní||command (?)
|-
|niganvil<ref group="note" name="note">This word was used in the [[Where the Stars are Strange|second episode]] of the second season of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' by one of the [[Gaudrim]]. The meaning is unknown.</ref>|| ? (likely a noun or noun phrase, possibly including a prepositional suffix)
|-
|*nim||root word relating to moon (? or light)
|-
|nimžil||moonlight
|-
|pängul<ref group="note" name="note" />|| ? (probably a verb in imperative form)
|-
|raib||border (either normal form or shortened form for use in a compound)
|-
|raibo||border (either normal form, or a marked noun declension, or perhaps containing a prepositional suffix -o, meaning “at”)
|-
|*šig||root word relating to magic
|-
|šigór||Istar, wizard, seemingly coined in relation to the [[adûnaic]] noun ''zigûr'' “wizard”
|-
|taugun||carried (? or far, or our sister)
|-
|þabul||grant (? or flesh)
|-
|þur||power, might
|-
|*žil||root word relating to light (? or moon)
|-
|žilid||splendor, maybe distantly related with [[noldorin]] ''silith'' ?
|-
|}

{{Quote|Given that nimžil means “moonlight” and žilid means “splendor”, it is likely that *žil is a root word meaning “light”, or something similar. In which case, nim would mean “moon”. Also, given that dunšig means “magic” (or “dark magic”?), and šigór means “Istar”, or “wizard”, it is likely that *šig is a root word with a meaning related to magic.|''[https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/ Fellowship of Fans.com "Rhûnic Revealed"]''}}

==Phonology<ref name="JK">{{webcite|author=Jan Konečný|articleurl=https://sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology/|articlename=Rhûnic phonology|dated=January 28 2025|website=[https://sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology/ sites.google.com/view/rhunic-phonology]|accessed=}}</ref>==

'''There are no official sources to document the phonology of the language, the below data is an approximation'''

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" rules="all"
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''Letter(s)'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/ IPA]'''
| style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-2);" |'''English equivalent (if there is any)'''
|-
|A||a||The '''O''' in s'''''o'''''uth.
|-
|Á, Â||aː||The '''A''' in f'''''a'''''r.
|-
|Ä||a, æ||The '''O''' in s'''''o'''''uth or the '''A''' in m'''''a'''''p.
|-
|E||ɛ||The '''E''' in b'''''e'''''ll.
|-
|I||ɪ||The '''I''' in th'''''i'''''n.
|-
|Í||iː||The '''IE''' in f'''''ie'''''ld.
|-
|O||o||The '''A''' in t'''''a'''''lk but shorter.
|-
|Ó||oː||The '''O''' in sh'''''o'''''re.
|-
|U||u||The '''OO''' in t'''''oo'''''k.
|-
|Ú, Û||uː||The '''OO''' in t'''''oo'''''l.
|-
|AI||aj, aɪ̯||The '''I''' in m'''''i'''''ce.
|-
|AU||aw, au̯||The '''OU''' in m'''''ou'''''se.
|-
|P||p||The '''P''' in '''''p'''''ie.
|-
|B||b||The '''B''' in '''''b'''''ait.
|-
|F||f||The '''F''' in '''''f'''''riend.
|-
|V||v||The '''V''' in '''''v'''''ine.
|-
|M||m||The '''M''' in '''''m'''''ace.
|-
|N||n||The '''N''' in '''''n'''''ever.
|-
|D||d||The '''D''' in '''''d'''''ay.
|-
|Þ||θ||The '''TH''' in wi'''''th'''''.
|-
|K||k||The '''C''' in '''''c'''''ape.
|-
|G||ɡ||The '''G''' in '''''g'''''race.
|-
|H||h, x||The '''H''' in '''''h'''''ow or the '''CH''' in lo'''''ch'''''.
|-
|L||l||The '''L''' in '''''l'''''ight.
|-
|R||r||The '''''thrilled R'''''.
|-
|S||s||The '''S''' in '''''s'''''teep.
|-
|Z||z||The '''Z''' in wi'''''z'''''ard.
|-
|Š||ʃ||The '''SH''' in '''''sh'''''een.
|-
|Ž||ʒ||The '''S''' in vi'''''s'''''ion.
|-
|Č||t͡ʃ||The '''CH''' in '''''ch'''''eck.
|-
|J||j, ʒ, d͡ʒ||The '''Y''' in '''''y'''''es, the '''S''' in vi'''''s'''''ion or the '''J''' in '''''j'''''eans.
|-
|Y||j||The '''Y''' in '''''y'''''es.
|-
|DY||dj, ɟ||The '''''Czech and Slovak Ď''''' or the '''''Hungarian GY'''''.
|-
|NG||ŋ||The '''NG''' in thi'''''ng'''''.
|-
|KH||x||The '''CH''' in lo'''''ch'''''.
|-
|}

Note that '''Â''' only appears in [[Brânk]] while '''Û''' and '''KH''' only appear in [[Khamûl]], '''the latter of which may not be included in Rhûnic'''.

'''Y''' only appears in the word '''DYÚL''', so It might not represent a separate phoneme, but rather change the '''D''' sound into one that’s similar to the Czech and Slovak '''Ď''' or the Hungarian '''GY'''.

It is also possible that the '''N''' in the words '''NÍ''' and '''*NIM''' is pronounced as /ɲ/, the same way the '''N''' in the word '''''n'''''ew is in some dialects of English.

==See also==
*[[Rhûn (soundtrack)]]
*[[Sandstorm at the Well]]
*[[Rhûn#Portrayal in adaptations|Rhûn: Portrayal in adaptations]]

==External links==
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/LOTR_on_Prime/comments/1g4misj/analysis_of_rh%C3%BBnic_language_on_soundtrack/ Analysis of Rhûnic language on soundtrack] on Reddit.com
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/LOTR_on_Prime/comments/1f593in/rh%C3%BBnic_language/ Rhûnic language?] on Reddit.com
*[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-202/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 202] on bearmccreary.com
*[https://fellowshipoffans.com/news/rhunic-revealed/ Rhûnic Revealed] on fellowshipoffans.com

{{references|n}}

[[Category:Concepts from adaptations]]

Index:Unpublished material

2025-11-12T15:13:00Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Linguistics (invented languages) */

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=23 December 2010|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}, note to "p. 257, entry for 1943, l. 1"</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']] (partially published in commentary to ''[[The Hoard]]'')<ref>{{CP|69}}</ref>
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Note on Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Hláforde Beorge God!]]''<ref name=unpublished>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/378417/hlforde_beorge_god|articlename=Hláforde Beorge God!|dated=|website=[https://library.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds library]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Wástú?]]''<ref name=unpublished/>
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".
*''[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]''<ref name=CGC848>{{CG|C}}, p. 848</ref>
*''[[Magna Dei Gloria (Warwick)]]''<ref name=CGC850>{{CG|C}}, p. 850</ref>
*''[[The Brothers-in-Arms]]''<ref name=CGC842>{{CG|C}}, p. 842</ref>
*[[The Children of Húrin (rhyming couplets)|''The Children of Húrin'' (rhyming couplets)]] (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*''[[Companions of the Rose]]''<ref name=CGC843>{{CG|C}}, p. 843</ref>
*''[[Completorium]]''.<ref name=CGC843/>

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''<ref name="poem">{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=10 April 2014|website=HS|accessed=26 September 2025}}, note to "1920s (by June 1927)" under "p. 110, add entry:"</ref>
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''<ref name="poem"/>
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*Note on [[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'']] etymology (1970s)
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*“Homophonic stems” (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mágol]]
*[[Westron]] phonology and grammar notes from [[Marquette University]]'s manuscripts<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. Initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', they include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 23-26</ref>.
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien “experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages”<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in “future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''”)<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>

==Miscellaneous==
*[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Tale of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref> (partially published)<ref>{{CP|88}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 847 (entry ''Gunnar's End'')</ref><ref>{{CG|2RGI}}, entry ''Atlakviða''</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Index:Unpublished material

2025-11-12T15:11:44Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Linguistics (invented languages) */

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=23 December 2010|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}, note to "p. 257, entry for 1943, l. 1"</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']] (partially published in commentary to ''[[The Hoard]]'')<ref>{{CP|69}}</ref>
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Note on Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Hláforde Beorge God!]]''<ref name=unpublished>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/378417/hlforde_beorge_god|articlename=Hláforde Beorge God!|dated=|website=[https://library.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds library]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Wástú?]]''<ref name=unpublished/>
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".
*''[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]''<ref name=CGC848>{{CG|C}}, p. 848</ref>
*''[[Magna Dei Gloria (Warwick)]]''<ref name=CGC850>{{CG|C}}, p. 850</ref>
*''[[The Brothers-in-Arms]]''<ref name=CGC842>{{CG|C}}, p. 842</ref>
*[[The Children of Húrin (rhyming couplets)|''The Children of Húrin'' (rhyming couplets)]] (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*''[[Companions of the Rose]]''<ref name=CGC843>{{CG|C}}, p. 843</ref>
*''[[Completorium]]''.<ref name=CGC843/>

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''<ref name="poem">{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=10 April 2014|website=HS|accessed=26 September 2025}}, note to "1920s (by June 1927)" under "p. 110, add entry:"</ref>
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''<ref name="poem"/>
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*([[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'']] etymology (1970s))
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*“Homophonic stems” (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mágol]]
*[[Westron]] phonology and grammar notes from [[Marquette University]]'s manuscripts<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. Initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', they include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 23-26</ref>.
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien “experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages”<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in “future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''”)<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>

==Miscellaneous==
*[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Tale of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref> (partially published)<ref>{{CP|88}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 847 (entry ''Gunnar's End'')</ref><ref>{{CG|2RGI}}, entry ''Atlakviða''</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Westron

2025-10-20T08:50:35Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Etymology and names */ typo

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Middle-Earth's human languages]]
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]'''<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref>, of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. A detailed Westron phonology and additional grammar notes can be found in the manuscripts that Tolkien sold to the archives of [[Marquette University]] (they were initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'')<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. These documents include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref name=":0">[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44</ref>; their content was partially published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is small (roughly 150 words)<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view|articlename=Westron full dictionary|author=|dated=2025}}</ref><ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44.</ref>.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing Complete Westron dictionary]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Westron

2025-10-20T07:56:19Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Corpus */

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Middle-Earth's human languages]]
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. A detailed Westron phonology and additional grammar notes can be found in the manuscripts that Tolkien sold to the archives of [[Marquette University]] (they were initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'')<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. These documents include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref name=":0">[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44</ref>; their content was partially published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is small (roughly 150 words)<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view|articlename=Westron full dictionary|author=|dated=2025}}</ref><ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44.</ref>.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing Complete Westron dictionary]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Westron

2025-10-20T07:55:35Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Corpus */

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Middle-Earth's human languages]]
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. A detailed Westron phonology and additional grammar notes can be found in the manuscripts that Tolkien sold to the archives of [[Marquette University]] (they were initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'')<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. These documents include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref name=":0">[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 37-44</ref>; their content was partially published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is small (roughly 150 words)<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view|articlename=Westron full dictionary|author=|dated=2025}}</ref><ref name=":0" />.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing Complete Westron dictionary]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Mannish

2025-10-18T07:47:23Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Schematic */chart updated

{{sources}}
'''Mannish''' is a term used to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish language was [[Westron]].

==History==
Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]] when the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Hador|House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that would be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue.

During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]], the House of Bëor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|Notion}}</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of Men of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohanese]] language. The House of Haleth also left descendants that spoke the various [[Pre-Númenórean]] languages.<ref name="Drú">{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><ref name="AppF" />

Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse.<ref name="AppF">{{App|F}}</ref>

After the Downfall, the Faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="AppF" />

==Schematic==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|Summary tree of all human languages]]
*Languages of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]
**[[Taliska]] (two dialects; [[House of Bëor|Bëor]] and [[House of Hador|Hador]])
***[[Adûnaic]]
****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]
****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])
*****[[Hobbitish]] (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])
*****[[Stoorish]] (influenced by [[Dunlendish]])
**Languages of [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]
**Languages of [[Northmen]]
***[[Language of Dale]]
***[[Rohanese]]
*Language of the Second House of the Atanatári (see [[Pre-Númenórean]])
**[[Haladin]] language
**[[Dunlendish]]
*[[Drúadan]] languages
**Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]
**Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan Forest]]
*Many [[Haradrim|Haradric]] languages
*Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]

==Translation==
Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English.

This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the Germanic family, most names Tolkien used are Germanic ([[Norse]], [[Gothic]], et cetera) with some Celtic exceptions.

*Ancient names related to ''' [[Rhovanion]]''' (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are '''[[Gothic]],'''' indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognizable by Westron.
*'''[[Rohanese]]''', the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by '''[[Old English]]''', as Rohanese is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English;
*The '''[[Language of Dale]]''' (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into '''Old Norse''', a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohanese and Westron;
*The '''[[Hobbitish]]''' names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are '''[[Celtic]]''';

Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists (such as [[Dunlendish]]), were left in their "genuine" form.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Men awoke as dumb creatures, and they were taught speech by [[Nuin]] the "Father of Speech", an Elf of the [[Hisildi]] who awoke them.<ref>{{LT1|Xn}}</ref>

In the 1930s ''[[The Tree of Tongues]]'', a schematic belonging to a later phase of the mythology, the "Tongues of Man" is derived from [[Avarin|Lemberin]] and [[Khuzdul]], as in the later legendarium, but also from "[[Orcish]] languages".<ref>{{LR|P2V}}</ref>

==External links==
*[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages]", [[Ardalambion]]
*[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://web.archive.org/web/20130308120545/http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages]", Lalaith's Science Pages

{{references}}

{{languages}}

[[Category:Mannish| ]]
[[fr:langues/langues humaines]]

Westron

2025-10-18T07:46:27Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* History */ chart updated

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Middle-Earth's human languages]]
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing Complete Westron dictionary]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

File:Tree of human tongues expanded.jpg

2025-10-18T07:46:11Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

Full genealogical chart of all human languages (including druedainic/drughu)

Westron

2025-10-18T07:31:59Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* History */ schematic tree added

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tree of human tongues.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Middle-Earth's human languages]]
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing Complete Westron dictionary]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Mannish

2025-10-18T07:29:34Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Schematic */ schematic tree

{{sources}}
'''Mannish''' is a term used to refer to the languages of [[Men]], as opposed to the [[Elvish]] tongues, or those of the other races of [[Middle-earth]]. By far the most prominent Mannish language was [[Westron]].

==History==
Languages of Men started in [[Hildórien]] when the [[Edain]] divided to migrate to the west. The groups that would eventually be known as [[House of Bëor]] and [[House of Hador|House of Marach]], used [[Taliska|one language]]. The third tribe, that would be later known as the [[House of Haleth]], used an unrelated tongue.

During the march, the tribes left behind various descendants in [[Eriador]] who continued their languages. In [[Beleriand]], the House of Bëor quickly adopted [[Sindarin]]. However the language of Hador retained and was influenced by [[Khuzdul]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

The language of the [[House of Hador]] during the [[Second Age]] evolved into [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{SD|Notion}}</ref> Meanwhile the descendants of Men of the First Age in the Westlands became the [[Éothéod]] from whom ultimately derives the [[Rohanese]] language. The House of Haleth also left descendants that spoke the various [[Pre-Númenórean]] languages.<ref name="Drú">{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><ref name="AppF" />

Early Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men and became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse.<ref name="AppF">{{App|F}}</ref>

After the Downfall, the Faithful considered Sindarin their mother tongue and used the Common Speech in their dealings with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from the Elven-tongues.<ref name="AppF" />

==Schematic==
[[File:Tree of human tongues.jpg|thumb|Summary tree of all human languages]]
*Languages of the First and Third Houses of the [[Atanatári]]
**[[Taliska]] (two dialects; [[House of Bëor|Bëor]] and [[House of Hador|Hador]])
***[[Adûnaic]]
****Black Adûnaic of [[Black Númenóreans]]
****[[Westron]] or "Common Speech" (influenced by [[Sindarin]], and languages of [[Eriador]])
*****[[Hobbitish]] (influenced by languages of [[Northmen]])
*****[[Stoorish]] (influenced by [[Dunlendish]])
**Languages of [[Middle Men]] of [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]]
**Languages of [[Northmen]]
***[[Language of Dale]]
***[[Rohanese]]
*Language of the Second House of the Atanatári (see [[Pre-Númenórean]])
**[[Haladin]] language
**[[Dunlendish]]
*[[Drúadan]] languages
**Language of the Drúedain of [[Brethil]]
**Language of the Woses of [[Drúadan Forest]]
*Many [[Haradrim|Haradric]] languages
*Many tongues of [[Easterlings]]

==Translation==
Tolkien used real-life languages and names to present Mannish. The most known example is Westron, which is always replaced with modern English.

This logic went one step further by also presenting all languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists is simulated to the English reader. Since English belongs to the Germanic family, most names Tolkien used are Germanic ([[Norse]], [[Gothic]], et cetera) with some Celtic exceptions.

*Ancient names related to ''' [[Rhovanion]]''' (such as "[[Vidugavia]]") are '''[[Gothic]],'''' indicating a relationship to Dalish but not recognizable by Westron.
*'''[[Rohanese]]''', the language of the [[Rohirrim]] was replaced by '''[[Old English]]''', as Rohanese is an archaic relative of Westron, much as Anglo-Saxon is an archaic relative of English;
*The '''[[Language of Dale]]''' (from which came the names of the [[Dwarves]] of [[Durin's Folk]]), was translated into '''Old Norse''', a language related to Anglo-Saxon and modern English as Dalish was related to Rohanese and Westron;
*The '''[[Hobbitish]]''' names of the [[Stoors]], [[Buckland]] as well as some [[Bree-land]] names are '''[[Celtic]]''';

Mannish languages unrelated to Westron that sounded alien to the protagonists (such as [[Dunlendish]]), were left in their "genuine" form.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Men awoke as dumb creatures, and they were taught speech by [[Nuin]] the "Father of Speech", an Elf of the [[Hisildi]] who awoke them.<ref>{{LT1|Xn}}</ref>

In the 1930s ''[[The Tree of Tongues]]'', a schematic belonging to a later phase of the mythology, the "Tongues of Man" is derived from [[Avarin|Lemberin]] and [[Khuzdul]], as in the later legendarium, but also from "[[Orcish]] languages".<ref>{{LR|P2V}}</ref>

==External links==
*[[Helge Fauskanger]], "[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm Various Mannish languages]", [[Ardalambion]]
*[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://web.archive.org/web/20130308120545/http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of Atani languages]", Lalaith's Science Pages

{{references}}

{{languages}}

[[Category:Mannish| ]]
[[fr:langues/langues humaines]]

File:Tree of human tongues.jpg

2025-10-18T07:27:10Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

genealogical tree of all human languages of Middle-Earth

Index:Unpublished material

2025-10-17T20:11:24Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Linguistics (invented languages) */ I added to the list the westron notes whose existence was confirmed by Jim Allan, Lisa Star, and then David Salo.

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=23 December 2010|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}, note to "p. 257, entry for 1943, l. 1"</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']] (partially published in commentary to ''[[The Hoard]]'')<ref>{{CP|69}}</ref>
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Note on Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The End of Bovadium]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*Untitled epistolary poem<ref name=guide/>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*"[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]"<ref name=CGC848>{{CG|C}}, p. 848</ref>
*"[[Magna Dei Gloria (Warwick)|Magna Dei Gloria]]"<ref name=CGC850>{{CG|C}}, p. 850</ref>
*"[[The Brothers-in-Arms]]" (or [[The Brothers in Arms]])<ref name=CGC842>{{CG|C}}, p. 842</ref>
*"[[The Children of Húrin (rhyming couplets)]]" (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*"[[Companions of the Rose]]"<ref name=CGC843>{{CG|C}}, p. 843</ref>
*"[[Completorium]]". Earlier called ''[[Completorium|Evening]]''.<ref name=CGC843/>
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''<ref name="poem">{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=10 April 2014|website=HS|accessed=26 September 2025}}, note to "1920s (by June 1927)" under "p. 110, add entry:"</ref>
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''<ref name="poem"/>
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*([[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'' etymology (1970s)]])
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*“Homophonic stems” (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mágol]]
*[[Westron]] phonology and grammar notes from [[Marquette University]]'s manuscripts<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], p. 20</ref>. Initially written for the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', they include declensions of animate and inanimate nouns and the present tense conjugation of the verb ''pūt-'' “to blow”<ref>[[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17]], pp. 23-26</ref>.
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien “experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages”<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in “future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''”)<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>

==Miscellaneous==
*[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Song of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 847 (entry ''Gunnar's End'')</ref><ref>{{CG|2RGI}}, entry ''Atlakviða''</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Index:Unpublished material

2025-10-13T19:58:42Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Linguistics (invented languages) */ I remove one item, because it has (at last) been published recently in Parma Eldalamberon 23

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=23 December 2010|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}, note to "p. 257, entry for 1943, l. 1"</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']] (partially published in commentary to ''[[The Hoard]]'')<ref>{{CP|69}}</ref>
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*(Essay, written in response to seeing [[Pauline Baynes]]'s depiction of various characters from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien described each member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and some other persons as he pictured them — an invaluable aid to any illustrator of his work. [Bodleian Library, Oxford: Dept. of Western Manuscripts, Mss Tolkien A61, fols. 1—31.])<ref name=Plaza>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=Second%20Age&TID=235015|articlename=Tolkien's Lecture Notes - publish or be damned!|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=11 May 2014}}</ref>
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Note about the location of the [[Dúnedain]] ("In January of 2000, [[David Salo]] shared the following information on the Internet: 'There is a short but hardly legible note which Tolkien wrote for insertion into the story of [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] (and which was not in the event used); it includes information about the location of the Dunedain. Because of the difficulty of the note, the information is not entirely clear, but it suggests that the Dunedain lived in woodlands between the [[Hoarwell|Mitheithel]] and [[Bruinen]]. Source: microfilms at [[Marquette University]], Series 3, Box 9, Folder 3.'")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://www.minastirith.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=17;t=000253|articlename=Forum post|dated=7 July 2004|website=[http://www.minastirith.com/ minastirith.com]|accessed=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The End of Bovadium]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*Untitled epistolary poem<ref name=guide/>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*"[[The Horns of the Host of Doriath]]"<ref name=CGC848>{{CG|C}}, p. 848</ref>
*"[[Magna Dei Gloria (Warwick)|Magna Dei Gloria]]"<ref name=CGC850>{{CG|C}}, p. 850</ref>
*"[[The Brothers-in-Arms]]" (or [[The Brothers in Arms]])<ref name=CGC842>{{CG|C}}, p. 842</ref>
*"[[The Children of Húrin (rhyming couplets)]]" (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*"[[Companions of the Rose]]"<ref name=CGC843>{{CG|C}}, p. 843</ref>
*"[[Completorium]]". Earlier called ''[[Completorium|Evening]]''.<ref name=CGC843/>
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''<ref name="poem">{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology_by_date.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology · Arranged by Date|dated=10 April 2014|website=HS|accessed=26 September 2025}}, note to "1920s (by June 1927)" under "p. 110, add entry:"</ref>
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''<ref name="poem"/>
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*([[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'' etymology (1970s)]])
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*"Homophonic stems" (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mágol]]
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien "experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages"<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in "future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''")<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>

==Miscellaneous==
*[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Song of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 847 (entry ''Gunnar's End'')</ref><ref>{{CG|2RGI}}, entry ''Atlakviða''</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode

2025-10-13T19:57:40Z

Pengolodh Saelon: add publishing information

'''''Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode'''''<ref>[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS52 DTS52]</ref> is a manuscript of a [[Westron]] chart for [[Tengwar]] devised by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], and included in [[Jim Allan]]'s [[unpublished]] ''[[Report from Marquette]]''. It was also published in [[Parma Eldalamberon 23|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 23]].

The following Westron names are given:

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left" Style:
|-
! width="250px" |Tinco-téma
! width="250px" |[[Parmatéma|Parma-téma]]
! width="250px" |Calma-téma
! width="250px" |Quessë-téma
|-
|1. Tó - [[Tinco]]
|2. Pí - [[Parma]]
|3. Ché - [[Calma]]
|4. Cá - [[Quessë]]
|-
|5. Dó - [[Ando]]
|6. Bí - [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]
|7. Jé - [[Anga]]
|8. Gá - [[Ungwë]]
|-
|9. Thó - [[Súlë]]
|10. Fí - [[Formen]]
|11. [[Shé]] - [[Aha]]
|12. Aha - [[Hwesta]]
|-
|13. Adho - [[Anto]]
|14. Ivi - [[Ampa]]
|15. Izhe - [[Anca]]
|16. Agha - [[Unquë]]
|-
|17. Nó - [[Númen]]
|18. Mí - [[Malta]]
|19. Nyé - [[Noldo]]
|20. Ngá - [[Ngwalmë]]
|-
|21. Ar - [[Órë]]
|22. Wí - [[Valar|Vala]]
|23. Yé - [[Anna]]
|24. 'Á - [[Vilya]]
|-
|25. Aro - [[Rómen]]
|26. Rhó - [[Arda]]
|27. Alo - [[Lambë]]
|28. Lhó - [[Alda]]
|-
|29. Só - [[Silmë]]
|30. Ós - [[Silmë nuquerna]]
|31. Azo - [[Essë]]
|32. Oza - [[Essë nuquerna]]
|-
|33. Há - [[Hyarmen]]
|34. Whí - [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]
|35. Ai - [[Yanta]]
|36. Au - [[Urë]]
|}

==References==
<references />

{{languages}}
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Tengwar]]
[[Category:Westron]]

[[fr:langues/ecritures/tengwar/noms tengwar#les noms en westron]]

Dunlendish

2025-10-03T13:00:00Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* History */

'''Dunlendish''',<ref name="Hobbits">{{App|Hobbits}}, p. 1130</ref> also known as the '''Dunland tongue''',<ref name="Deep">{{TT|Deep}}, p. 537</ref> was a [[Mannish]] [[Languages|language]] that was spoken by the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Dunland]].<ref name="Men">{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref>

==History==
The [[Pre-Númenórean]] language that was spoken by ancestors of the Dunlendings in the forests south of the [[Blue Mountains]] in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] during the [[Second Age]]<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> was related to the language of the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]] of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 72 and note 69</ref> The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]] from which [[Adûnaic]], the language of the [[Númenóreans]] was descended.<ref name="Atani">{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref> Dunlendish was not related to or only remotely akin to [[Westron]],<ref name="Men" /> because Westron was descended from Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of other Men.<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

It appears that a language related to Dunlendish was adopted by the southern group of [[Hobbits]] of [[Stoors|Stoor-kind]] while they settled between [[Tharbad]] and the borders of Dunland<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> between {{TA|1150}} until about {{TA|1630|n}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085 and entry for the year ''c. '' 1630, p. 1086</ref> before they migrated north to [[the Shire]], but by the later [[Third Age]] their descendants in the Shire and in [[Bree]] had long abandoned it for the [[Westron|Common Speech]].<ref name="Hobbits" />

The [[Men of Bree]] once spoke a language that was related to Dunlendish, because they were descended from the same [[Pre-Númenóreans|people]] as the Dunlendings, but the Men of Bree adopted [[Westron]] after they became subjects of the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref name="Men" /> The odd names of [[Bucklanders]] and the name of Bree and the names of locations near Bree were traces of the older language of the southern Stoors and the Men of Bree.<ref name="Translation">{{App|Translation}}, p. 1135</ref>

On 3 March {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 3, p. 1093</ref> during the [[War of the Ring]] [[Gamling]] said that Dunlendish was once spoken in many western valleys in [[Rohan]] and was able to understand Dunlendish.<ref name="Deep" /> It is not recorded if Dunlendish was still spoken by some inhabitants of Rohan as a native language at that time and how Gamling learned Dunlendish.

Apparently Dunlendish was known also beyond the other side of the [[Misty Mountains]]; the [[Great Gates]] of [[Moria]] included Dunlendish inscriptions in [[Cirth]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 8</ref>

To this language belongs the name ''[[Forgoil]]'', which was said to mean 'Strawheads' and was given to the [[Rohirrim]],<ref name="Men">{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref> and was used as an insult during the battle of Helm's Deep.<ref name="Deep" /> The only analysis that can be done with some degree of credibility, is that the final part -il could be the plural marker of the word; then, it would be reminiscent to the [[Elvish]] partitive plural -li, and perhaps related.<ref>{{webcite|website=Arda|articleurl=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm|articlename=Mannish|accessed=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==Translation==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] used [[Celtic]] names for many first names of male Hobbits of [[Buckland]] and for place names in the region of Bree.<ref name="Translation" />

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Dunlendings]]
[[Category:Mannish]]
[[fi:Mustainmaan kieli]]

Dunlendish

2025-10-03T12:59:26Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* History */ reference link to the "Dunlendish" page

'''Dunlendish''',<ref name="Hobbits">{{App|Hobbits}}, p. 1130</ref> also known as the '''Dunland tongue''',<ref name="Deep">{{TT|Deep}}, p. 537</ref> was a [[Mannish]] [[Languages|language]] that was spoken by the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Dunland]].<ref name="Men">{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref>

==History==
The [[Pre-Númenórean]] language that was spoken by ancestors of the Dunlendings in the forests south of the [[Blue Mountains]] in [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] during the [[Second Age]]<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> was related to the language of the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]] of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 72 and note 69</ref> The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]] from which [[Adûnaic]], the language of the [[Númenóreans]] was descended.<ref name="Atani">{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref> Dunlendish was not related to or only remotely akin to [[Westron]],<ref name="Men" /> because Westron was descended from Adûnaic mingled with many words of the languages of other Men.<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

It appears that a language related to Dunlendish was adopted by the southern group of [[Hobbits]] of [[Stoors|Stoor-kind]] while they settled between [[Tharbad]] and the borders of Dunland<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> between {{TA|1150}} until about {{TA|1630|n}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085 and entry for the year ''c. '' 1630, p. 1086</ref> before they migrated north to [[the Shire]], but by the later [[Third Age]] their descendants in the Shire and in [[Bree]] had long abandoned it for the [[Westron|Common Speech]].<ref name="Hobbits" />

The [[Men of Bree]] once spoke a language that was related to [[Dunlendish]], because they were descended from the same [[Pre-Númenóreans|people]] as the Dunlendings, but the Men of Bree adopted [[Westron]] after they became subjects of the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref name="Men" /> The odd names of [[Bucklanders]] and the name of Bree and the names of locations near Bree were traces of the older language of the southern Stoors and the Men of Bree.<ref name="Translation">{{App|Translation}}, p. 1135</ref>

On 3 March {{TA|3019}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 3, p. 1093</ref> during the [[War of the Ring]] [[Gamling]] said that Dunlendish was once spoken in many western valleys in [[Rohan]] and was able to understand Dunlendish.<ref name="Deep" /> It is not recorded if Dunlendish was still spoken by some inhabitants of Rohan as a native language at that time and how Gamling learned Dunlendish.

Apparently Dunlendish was known also beyond the other side of the [[Misty Mountains]]; the [[Great Gates]] of [[Moria]] included Dunlendish inscriptions in [[Cirth]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 8</ref>

To this language belongs the name ''[[Forgoil]]'', which was said to mean 'Strawheads' and was given to the [[Rohirrim]],<ref name="Men">{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref> and was used as an insult during the battle of Helm's Deep.<ref name="Deep" /> The only analysis that can be done with some degree of credibility, is that the final part -il could be the plural marker of the word; then, it would be reminiscent to the [[Elvish]] partitive plural -li, and perhaps related.<ref>{{webcite|website=Arda|articleurl=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/mannish.htm|articlename=Mannish|accessed=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==Translation==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] used [[Celtic]] names for many first names of male Hobbits of [[Buckland]] and for place names in the region of Bree.<ref name="Translation" />

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Dunlendings]]
[[Category:Mannish]]
[[fi:Mustainmaan kieli]]

Westron

2025-09-29T08:08:53Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* External links */ adding link to a recension of all westron known words

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/18EwnCZh56n2MoyTEBjotpP4rQAl8nsOC/view?usp=sharing Complete Westron dictionary]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Westron

2025-09-20T20:46:17Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* See also */ There was a mistake: the link to an alleged "list of WESTRON words" was actually a link to a list of ADÛNAIC words.

'''Westron''' ('''''Adûni''''' in itself) was the [[languages|language]] of the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Middle-earth]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]] it was more or less a universal language spoken throughout the [[races]] and peoples of the [[Westlands]], thus it was also known as the '''Common Speech'''.

Westron, through its ancestor [[Adûnaic]], was distantly related to other native languages of the [[Middle Men]] of the Westlands, like [[Northern Mannish]] of [[Rhovanion]], and [[Rohanese]]; all descended from the [[Taliska|ancient languages]] of the [[Edain]].<ref name="lang">{{App|F1}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 4</ref>

==History==
The Westron speech is derived from the [[Adûnaic]] tongue of [[Númenor]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref> The [[Númenoreans]] brought it to the western coastlands of the continent of [[Middle-earth]] when they established trade outposts and forts in the third millennium of the [[Second Age]]. Westron originated as a creole language spoken between the Númenoreans and the native [[Middle Men]], and from those Númenorean colonies it spread to most of the westlands.

After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Faithful]] Númenoreans neglected their 'unfaithful' language in favour of [[Elvish]], allowing Adûnaic as spoken in Middle-earth to change and evolve chaotically among the Middle Men. But later it was enriched and softened under Elvish influence.

===Distribution===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron was adopted by nearly all [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] all along the coasts from [[Umbar]] northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland to the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]] and north up the river [[Anduin]] to the [[Gladden Fields]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Anduin. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #59</ref> [[Hobbitish]] itself was a rustic dialect of Westron.

For this, Westron was also known as the '''Common Speech'''. [[Dwarves]] used Westron as a public language, as [[Khuzdul]] was private. Some [[Elves]] also spoke Westron, although some, like [[Haldir]]'s brothers, didn't leave their lands much and had not learned the Common Speech.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> Even [[Orcs]] spoke Westron, which was the base of [[Orkish]] tongues.<ref name="lang" /><ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

The [[Northmen]] also spoke Westron, such as [[Beorn]] and the [[Lake-men]].<ref>{{HM|H}}</ref> The [[Woses]],<ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref> the [[Dunlendings]]<ref>{{TT|Deep}}</ref> and the [[Rohirrim]] were examples of Men whose language was not Westron, but they spoke it in interlingual circumstances.<ref name="lang" />

Under King [[Thengel]] of Rohan (who had lived in Gondor for many years before taking the throne), the Common Speech began to be used as the language of the court instead of their native [[Rohanese]] (thus [[Théoden]], [[Éomer]], and [[Éowyn]] were all functionally bilingual in Rohirric and Common Speech) "though not all thought this a good thing..."{{fact}}

==Grammar==
Westron had both "deferential" pronouns, and "familiar" pronouns, but Hobbitish no longer possessed a [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]. Westron had deferential pronouns for the second person (and sometimes the third person) but this had fallen out of use in [[Hobbitish]]. Interestingly, this is the opposite of what happened in English, where the familiar "thee/thou" fell out of favour and the deferential "you" became universal.

This lack of a deferential pronoun and universal use of the familiar pronoun is what [[Gondorians]] were referring to when they repeatedly remarked that Hobbit-speech sounded strange.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
Westron is a translation of the original name '''''Adûni'''''<ref>{{PM|X}}, p. 316</ref> (cf. [[Adûnaic]] ''[[Adûn]]'' ("west")), and "Common Speech" translates the Westron term '''[[Sôval]] [[Phârë]]''',<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, note 6, p. 55</ref> of identical meaning. In [[Sindarin]] the language was called '''[[Annúnaid]]''' (Westron), or '''[[Falathren]]''' (Shore-language).<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, The Languages at the End of the Third Age, p. 32</ref>

==Translation==
According to Tolkien's fiction, Westron was the language spoken and understood by the protagonists of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="L144" /> Many names of characters and places, in the book's "reality", were in Westron.

However, Tolkien mentions that Westron was presented as having been completely replaced by [[Modern English]] in the text. This had certain important implications: first of all, proper names with derivations understandable or evident to speakers of Westron had been translated, to preserve the effect to the English reader. Thus, names like ''Baggins'', ''Bagshot Row'', ''Peregrin'', ''Rivendell'' et cetera, are not the ''actual'' names as spoken by the characters but are presented as ''translations''.

Of course, outside the fictional context of the story, it is clear that there was no such "translation": the English names came first and the "original" forms in Westron or other languages were devised by Tolkien later.

[[Rivendell]] ("cloven valley") was actually called ''[[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]]'', and [[Bag End]] was actually called ''[[Labin-nec]]'', after ''[[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'', the real form of [[Baggins Family|Baggins]]. In some cases the explanations became quite involved, such as the river Brandywine (Sindarin [[Baranduin]], "golden-brown river") being actually called ''[[Branda]]-[[nîn]]'', a punning Westron name meaning "border-water", which was later punned again as ''[[Bralda]]-[[hîm]]'' meaning "heady ale".

This logic went one step further by also presenting all [[Mannish]] languages akin to Westron in languages related to English, so that their "understandability" by the protagonists would be simulated to the English reader.<ref name="L144" />

This utter replacement of Westron by English was taken so far that some sources that should give actual Westron have been turned to English too. For instance, in [[Moria]], an illustration of the runic text on [[Balin]]'s gravestone is given. The text is said to be written in both Khuzdul and Westron. But while the first part of the inscription seems to really be a bit of Khuzdul, the second part is actually plain English, just written in [[cirth]].

==Corpus==
The corpus of Westron is small; several of the Westron forms given above were not published in Tolkien's lifetime. Tolkien never worked out Westron to the same extent as [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] or even [[Adûnaic]].

Many words come from [[Appendix F]] and the creation of it in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. Additional information was published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] in [[2001]]. Even now, the corpus is very small.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Westron words|Category:Westron words]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/westron.htm Analysis of Westron] at [[Ardalambion]]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Westron| ]]
[[de:Westron]]
[[fi:Westron]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/westron]]

Latin for the laity

2025-09-20T20:43:21Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

''Latin for the laity'' is the topic and title of a lecture Tolkien gave to his parish of [[St. Anthony of Padua (Church)|St. Anthony of Padua]] in the late 1950s<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-christian-consonance-of-middle-earth-a-landmark-international-conference/|articlename=The Christian Consonance of Middle-earth: A Landmark International Conference|author=Holly Ordway|dated=25 June 2025}}</ref>.

According to [[Michaël Devaux|Michäel Devaux]], Tolkien aimed to help his fellow parishioners better understand the basic [[Latin]] elements of the Mass and gave various reasons why this would be helpful for their devotions. This lecture shows him as an active member of the parish, and also as having good reasons, which he could articulate, for valuing Latin, emphasizing that his love of the Mass in Latin was not merely nostalgic.

At one point in this lecture, Tolkien quotes [[John Henry Newman]] (1801-1890), a catholic priest, theologian and cardinal, which is the only explicit evidence of Tolkien actually reading the works of Newman.

===References===
<references />

Latin for the laity

2025-09-20T20:41:22Z

Pengolodh Saelon: references heading

''Latin for the laity'' is the topic and title of a lecture Tolkien gave to his parish of [[St. Anthony of Padua (Church)|St. Anthony of Padua]] in the late 1950s<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/the-christian-consonance-of-middle-earth-a-landmark-international-conference/|articlename=The Christian Consonance of Middle-earth: A Landmark International Conference|author=Holly Ordway|dated=25 June 2025}}</ref>.

According to [[Michaël Devaux|Michäel Devaux]], Tolkien aimed to help his fellow parishioners better understand the basic [[Latin]] elements of the Mass and gave various reasons why this would be helpful for their devotions. This lecture shows him as an active member of the parish, and also as having good reasons, which he could articulate, for valuing Latin, emphasizing that his love of the Mass in Latin was not merely nostalgic.

At one point in this lecture, Tolkien quotes [[John Henry Newman]] (1801-1890), a catholic priest, theologian and cardinal, which is the only explicit evidence of Tolkien knowing and reading the works of Newman.

=== References ===
<references />

Latin for the laity

2025-09-20T20:40:27Z

Pengolodh Saelon: a page on a unpublished lecture given by Tolkien

1907

2025-03-31T16:48:59Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* ? */

{{year-header}}
==February==
*'''[[21 February|21]]''' - [[W.H. Auden]], friend of Tolkien, is born.
==April==
*'''[[23 April|23]]''' - Author [[Paul H. Kocher]] is born.
==May==
*'''[[9 May|9]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] receives the book ''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe]]''.
==November==
*'''[[27 November|27]]''' - Author [[L. Sprague de Camp]] is born.
==December==
*'''[[13 December|13]]''' - [[Ebba-Margareta von Freymann]], a German poetess who would translate the poems in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' for [[Margaret Carroux]], is born.
==?==
*'''?''' - Actor [[Duncan McIntyre]] is born.
*'''?''' - Scholar [[I.L. Gordon]] is born.
*'''Autumn''' - Tolkien starts creating the [[Naffarin]] language.
{{Years|1904|1905|1906|1907|1908|1909|1910|}}

[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

1907

2025-03-31T16:48:41Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* ? */

{{year-header}}
==February==
*'''[[21 February|21]]''' - [[W.H. Auden]], friend of Tolkien, is born.
==April==
*'''[[23 April|23]]''' - Author [[Paul H. Kocher]] is born.
==May==
*'''[[9 May|9]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] receives the book ''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe]]''.
==November==
*'''[[27 November|27]]''' - Author [[L. Sprague de Camp]] is born.
==December==
*'''[[13 December|13]]''' - [[Ebba-Margareta von Freymann]], a German poetess who would translate the poems in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' for [[Margaret Carroux]], is born.
==?==
*'''?''' - Actor [[Duncan McIntyre]] is born.
*'''?''' - Scholar [[I.L. Gordon]] is born.
*Autumn - Tolkien starts creating the [[Naffarin]] language.
{{Years|1904|1905|1906|1907|1908|1909|1910|}}

[[Category:Years (real-world)]]

Naffarin

2025-03-31T16:47:07Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

'''''Naffarin''''' is a language created around autumn [[1907]]<ref>[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]] ([[2006]]), ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: II. Reader's Guide'', p. 475</ref> by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. Much of what we know of Naffarin comes from a lecture by Tolkien called [[A Secret Vice]] Naffarin incorporated some of the latest stages of [[Nevbosh]]. This language was inspired by English, Latin and Spanish. All writing from Tolkien originally created Naffarin has been lost but he writes in 'A Secret Vice' that he can remember it well enough.<ref name="vice">{{MC|6}}</ref>

The phonetic system was limited, with no phonemes that do not occur in English (but with the deliberate exclusion of w, p, Š, Ź, and c), though Tolkien argues that alien sounding words can still be created with purely English sounds through combinations of phonemes.<ref name="vice" />

Tolkien gives an example Naffarin sentence to illustrate (no translation given),''O Naffarínos cutá vu navru cangor luttos ca vúna tiéranar, dana maga tíer ce vru encá vún' farta once ya merúta vúna maxt' amámen''. Tolkien states that vrú means ever, this is the only Naffarin word we have a translation for.<ref>{{MC|6}}, p. 141</ref>

Based on the above phrase, [[Helge Fauskanger]] noted that Naffarin has several elements in style and structure that might resemble future [[Elvish]] (By [[1915]] Tolkien would start writing the [[Qenya Lexicon]]).<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|website=Arda|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm#Heading4|articlename=External history of Quenya|accessed=31 August 2014}}</ref>
==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/naffarin.htm Naffarin] by [[Helge Fauskanger]]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]
[[fi:Naffarin]]

Naffarin

2025-03-31T16:46:33Z

Pengolodh Saelon: wrong date of creation : added the true year (i.e. 1907) as well as the source for this information

'''''Naffarin''''' is a language created around autumn 1907<ref>[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]] ([[2006]]), ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: II. Reader's Guide'', p. 475</ref> by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. Much of what we know of Naffarin comes from a lecture by Tolkien called [[A Secret Vice]] Naffarin incorporated some of the latest stages of [[Nevbosh]]. This language was inspired by English, Latin and Spanish. All writing from Tolkien originally created Naffarin has been lost but he writes in 'A Secret Vice' that he can remember it well enough.<ref name="vice">{{MC|6}}</ref>

The phonetic system was limited, with no phonemes that do not occur in English (but with the deliberate exclusion of w, p, Š, Ź, and c), though Tolkien argues that alien sounding words can still be created with purely English sounds through combinations of phonemes.<ref name="vice" />

Tolkien gives an example Naffarin sentence to illustrate (no translation given),''O Naffarínos cutá vu navru cangor luttos ca vúna tiéranar, dana maga tíer ce vru encá vún' farta once ya merúta vúna maxt' amámen''. Tolkien states that vrú means ever, this is the only Naffarin word we have a translation for.<ref>{{MC|6}}, p. 141</ref>

Based on the above phrase, [[Helge Fauskanger]] noted that Naffarin has several elements in style and structure that might resemble future [[Elvish]] (By [[1915]] Tolkien would start writing the [[Qenya Lexicon]]).<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|website=Arda|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm#Heading4|articlename=External history of Quenya|accessed=31 August 2014}}</ref>
==External links==
*[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/naffarin.htm Naffarin] by [[Helge Fauskanger]]
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]
[[fi:Naffarin]]

Noel

2025-01-11T10:02:01Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

{{Poem infobox
| title=Noel
| written=Before [[1936]]
| published=''[[Annual of Our Lady's School (1936)|'Annual' of Our Lady's School, Abingdon]]'', ''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''
| subject=[[Christianity]], [[Christ]]
}}
[[File:Annual of Our Lady's School (Vol.12).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Contents page from Vol.12 of the [[Annual of Our Lady's School (1936)]]]]
'''''Noel''''' is the title of a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was published together with the poem "[[Shadow-Bride|The Shadow Man]]" in the [[Annual of Our Lady's School (1936)|''Annual'' of Our Lady's School]] in [[1936]]. According to [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], who discovered the poem in [[2013]], it is a "directly [[Christianity|Christian]] poem, celebrating the birth of [[Christ]]".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/tolkien-notes-8/|articlename=Tolkien Notes 8|dated=16 June 2013|website=[http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/ Wayneandchristina.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 April 2014}}</ref>

In 2024, the poem was re-published in September as entry 148 of ''[[The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', where Hammond and Scull likened the poem's mood to "an English winter" and compared it to Christina Rossetti's 'A Christmas Carol' from 1872.<ref name="collectedpoems">{{CP|148}}</ref>

The poem was set to music and sung by the men's vocal ensemble [https://www.floriani.org/ Floriani] on the occasion of 2024's Christmas<ref>See [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0zxCz_0omU ''J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lost Christmas Poem | Noël''] on YouTube.</ref>.

==First stanza==
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
:Grim was the world and grey last night;
::The moon and stars were fled,
:The hall was dark without song or light.
::The fires were fallen dead.
:The wind in the trees was like to the sea,
::And over the mountains' teeth
:It whistled bitter-cold and free,
::As a sword leapt from its sheath.<ref name=collectedpoems/></poem>

==See also==
*[[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

{{references}}
{{poems}}
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]

Index:Unpublished material

2024-10-24T18:57:06Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Poetry */ This page is an index of yet unpublished works only. I removed from the list various poems which have now (at last) been published (in 'The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien', 2024), and are available for sale to anyone.

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref name=Addenda>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology|dated=|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']]
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*(Essay, written in response to seeing [[Pauline Baynes]]'s depiction of various characters from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien described each member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and some other persons as he pictured them — an invaluable aid to any illustrator of his work. [Bodleian Library, Oxford: Dept. of Western Manuscripts, Mss Tolkien A61, fols. 1—31.])<ref name=Plaza>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=Second%20Age&TID=235015|articlename=Tolkien's Lecture Notes - publish or be damned!|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=11 May 2014}}</ref>
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Note about the location of the [[Dúnedain]] ("In January of 2000, [[David Salo]] shared the following information on the Internet: 'There is a short but hardly legible note which Tolkien wrote for insertion into the story of [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] (and which was not in the event used); it includes information about the location of the Dunedain. Because of the difficulty of the note, the information is not entirely clear, but it suggests that the Dunedain lived in woodlands between the [[Hoarwell|Mitheithel]] and [[Bruinen]]. Source: microfilms at [[Marquette University]], Series 3, Box 9, Folder 3.'")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://www.minastirith.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=17;t=000253|articlename=Forum post|dated=7 July 2004|website=[http://www.minastirith.com/ minastirith.com]|accessed=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The End of Bovadium]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*Untitled epistolary poem<ref name=guide/>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*"[[The Children of Húrin (rhyming couplets)]]" (Another version in rhyming couplets of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', abandoned early)<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 130</ref>
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*([[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'' etymology (1970s)]])
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*"Homophonic stems" (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mágol]]
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien "experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages"<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in "future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''")<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>
*''[[Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode]]''

==Miscellaneous==
*[[The Trumpets of Faerie]]
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Song of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Wikipedia:Atlakviða|Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse.]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 847</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Index:Unpublished material

2024-10-23T12:32:32Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Poetry */ This is supposed to be a list of yet-unpublished poems by Tolkien: I removed several poems that have been recently published in 'The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien'

This is a list of known '''Unpublished or partially unpublished material by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''. For a list of Tolkien's published writings, see [[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]].
*''Note 1: Entries which have no article of their own carry references, otherwise references are found under each article.''
*''Note 2: Material which is only rumoured (i.e., where no reference has been found in a reliable published source), questionable, disputed, or similiar, are enclosed with parentheses''.

==Essays, notes, and lectures==
*"[[The Beginnings of English Poetry]]" (talk to the Oxford High School for Girls)<ref name=Addenda>{{webcite|author=[[Christina Scull]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]]|articleurl=http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/chronology.html|articlename=Addenda and Corrigenda to ''The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide'' (2006) Vol. 1: Chronology|dated=|website=HS|accessed=19 May 2012}}</ref>
*"[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Celts and Teutons]]"
*"[[The Chill Barbarians of the North]]"
*[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']]
*[[Critique of "Distressing Tale of Thangobrind the Jeweler"]]
*[[Cushing Memorial Library and Archives collection]]
*[[Diplomatarium Islandicum manuscripts|''Diplomatarium Islandicum'' manuscripts]]
*[[Elvish time]] (partially published)
*(Essay, written in response to seeing [[Pauline Baynes]]'s depiction of various characters from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien described each member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and some other persons as he pictured them — an invaluable aid to any illustrator of his work. [Bodleian Library, Oxford: Dept. of Western Manuscripts, Mss Tolkien A61, fols. 1—31.])<ref name=Plaza>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=Second%20Age&TID=235015|articlename=Tolkien's Lecture Notes - publish or be damned!|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=11 May 2014}}</ref>
*"Francis Thompson" - paper on Francis Thompson, presented to the Exeter College Essay Club. (partially published)<ref>{{HM|AH}}, p. 205</ref>
*[[The Goths]]
*"[[The History of the 'Our Father' in English]]"
*[[Manuscript notes in Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe|Manuscript notes in ''Dictionary in Englysshe and Welshe'']]
*Note about the location of the [[Dúnedain]] ("In January of 2000, [[David Salo]] shared the following information on the Internet: 'There is a short but hardly legible note which Tolkien wrote for insertion into the story of [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]] (and which was not in the event used); it includes information about the location of the Dunedain. Because of the difficulty of the note, the information is not entirely clear, but it suggests that the Dunedain lived in woodlands between the [[Hoarwell|Mitheithel]] and [[Bruinen]]. Source: microfilms at [[Marquette University]], Series 3, Box 9, Folder 3.'")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://www.minastirith.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=17;t=000253|articlename=Forum post|dated=7 July 2004|website=[http://www.minastirith.com/ minastirith.com]|accessed=16 April 2017}}</ref>
*Notes in Tolkien's copies of:
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Cairo Studies in English|''Cairo Studies in English'']])
**[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Der Indogermanische Ablaut|''Der Indogermanische Ablaut'']]
**''The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures'' (Sands & Company Ltd 1947; contains "numerous notes and bibliographical amendments")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Pieter Collier]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/tolkien-book-store/001343.htm|articlename=#001343 - The New Testament in the Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures, Signed By J.R.R. Tolkien|dated=|website=TL|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref>
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes|Portugais; phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, textes]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#|The Prioress's Tale and The Tale of Sir Thopas]]''
**''[[List of books in Tolkien's library#Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur|Probleme der Englischen Sprache und Kultur]]''
**''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'' (held at the [[Marquette University]]; annotations in pencil)<ref>[[Dimitra Fimi]], [http://www.facebook.com/groups/6522796067/permalink/10151631395776068/ Post at The Tolkien Society page], dated 17 May 2013 at Facebook (accessed 17 May 2013)</ref>
**([[List of books in Tolkien's library#Specimens Of Early English|''Specimens Of Early English'']])
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Notes on etymology of 'Lydney']]
*[[James Joyce|Notes on James Joyce]]
*[[Letter 297|Númenórean religion]]
*[[Tolkien and Wales#Unpublished manuscripts|Papers relating to "English and Welsh"]]
*Review (written ca. 1934-1935) of "the Devonshire volumes published by the English Place-Name Society in 1931 and 1932".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 172</ref>
*[[Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem|Review notes for ''Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem'']]
*"[[The Ulsterior Motive]]"
*"[[On the translation of poetry]]'' (partially published)

==Fiction==
*''[[The Bloodhound, the Chef, and the Suffragette]]''<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 67</ref>
*''[[Cherry Farm]]''
*''[[Anaxartaron Onyalië]]''/''Anaxartamel'' (''Of the Ents and the Eagles'')
*''[[Of Aulë and the Dwarves]]''
*''[[The End of Bovadium]]''
*''[[The King of the Green Dozen]]''
*''[[The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin]]''
*''[[The Orgog]]''
*Prose version of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'', covering till [[Dairon]]'s betrayal.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 295</ref>

==Poetry==
{{Seealso|The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien}}
*''[[Bummsdrápa]]''<ref name=guide>{{CG|2RGI}}, Libraries and archives, Other Libraries and Archives: University of Leeds, pp. 515-7</ref>
*Untitled epistolary poem<ref name=guide/>
*[[Rehabilitations and Other Essays|Unknown "alliterative poem"]]
*Full English recording of "[[Twenty years have flowed away down the long river]]".

;Only exist/survive as titles
*''[[Monoceros, the Unicorn]]''
*''[[Reginhardus, the Fox]]''
*''[[Smakkabagms]]''

==Letters==
{{main|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"}}

==Linguistics (invented languages)==
*([[Asëa#Etymology|''athelas''/''asëa'' etymology (1970s)]])
*[[Book of the Foxrook]] (partially published)
*Common Eldarin pronominal elements (grammatical description; partially published)<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 14</ref><ref group=note>This manuscript appears to be included with the published "Quenya Pronominal Elements" (cf. {{VT|49b}}, p. 50).</ref>
*Discussion of Quenya demonstrative and relative pronouns (partially published; dating from the 1940s)<ref>{{PE|16}}, pp. 96-7</ref>
*"Homophonic stems" (partially published; ca. 1968, typescript text)<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 14</ref>
*[[Khuzdul]] phonology and root modifications<ref>{{webcite|author=Carl Hostetter|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/archives/index.php?Archive=archive&TID=161449|articlename=reply to: Khuzdul - mostly to Aelfwine/Carl Hostetter|dated=26 Nov 2004|website=Plaza|accessed=17 Apr 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mágol]]
*1930s Noldorin Grammar<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 44</ref>
*Notebook showing how Tolkien "experimented with Esperanto before creating his fictional Elvish languages"<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/whatson/whats-on/upcoming-events/2019/feb/babel-adventures-in-translation|articlename=Babel: Adventures in Translation|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=30 January 2019}}</ref>
*Pronominal endings (1950s)<ref>{{VT|50a}}, p. 21</ref>
*[[Queen of Heaven]], a trilingual prayer to Varda.<ref>{{webcite||articleurl=http://www.omentielva.com/programme.htm|articlename=Omentielva Nertea: Programme|website=[http://www.omentielva.com/index.htm Omentielva: The International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages]|accessed=22 August 2022}}</ref>
*Specimens of Tolkien's invented languages in [[tengwar]]-type script from the 1930s (might appear in "future issues of ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''")<ref>{{PE|20}}, p. 5</ref>. These were published as Versions A and A′ of ''The Feanorian Alphabet'' in [[Parma Eldalamberon 22|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 22]], with a note that later Versions B and C are intended to be published "in future volumes of Parma Eldalamberon".<ref>{{PE|22}}, pp. 7-8</ref>
*[[Taliska]] historical grammar and dictionary<ref>{{VT|27a}}, pp. 5-6</ref>
*''Fëanorian Tengwar Mode for Taliska and Gothic''<ref>{{VT|35}}, p. 7</ref>
*''[[Alphabet of Fëanor: Numenian, or Westron, Mode]]''

==Miscellaneous==
*Annotated map of Middle-earth<ref>{{webcite|author=Alison Flood|articleurl=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings|articlename=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings|dated=23 October 2015|website=[http://www.theguardian.com/ theguardian.com]|accessed=24 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[The Book of Ishness]]'' (partially published)
*[[Cigar bill (3 March 1972)]]
*Collection at the [[University of Leeds]] (includes letter [[Letter to Arthur Ransome]] and transcriptions into [[Tengwar]] of parts of this and Ransome's letter)<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 207-8</ref><ref name=Leeds>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3305/tolkien_sales_are_not_very_great|articlename=Tolkien: "Sales are not very great"|dated=16 October 2012|website=[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]|accessed=21 October 2012}}</ref>
*Collection of [[Simonne d'Ardenne]] (includes letters, lecture notes, etc.; only a ''[[tengwar]]'' inscription from the collection published)<ref>Nathalie Kotowski, "Letter to the Editor", in [[Vinyar Tengwar 23|''Vinyar Tengwar'' 23]] ([[1992]]), p. 16</ref>
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien's diaries]] (partially published)
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]]
*"A few minor items" related to the [[Letters from Father Christmas|''Father Christmas'' letters]] ("verso inscriptions", "a couple of plainer envelopes ... and a couple of brief notes")<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2012/11/06/the-father-christmas-letters-4/|articlename=The ‘Father Christmas’ Letters (comments section)|dated=21 November 2012|website=HS|accessed=24 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[Index questions|"Index questions" (Glossary-index)]] (partially published)
*[[Oxford University visitor's page]]
*"[[T.H. White|''The Sword of the Stone'' manuscript]]"

==Translations and editions==
*[[The Song of Beewolf Son of Echgethew|''Beowulf'' (alliterative translation)]]<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael D.C. Drout]]|articleurl=http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/2014/05/jrr-tolkiens-beowulf-translation.html|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Beowulf'' Translation|dated=26 May 2014|website=[http://wormtalk.blogspot.com/ Wormtalk and Slugspeak]|accessed=30 May 2014}}</ref>
*"[[Clarendon Chaucer]]" (partially published)
*"[[Gunnar's End]]". [Translation of brief passage from the Norse ''[[Wikipedia:Atlakviða|Atlakviða]]'' into [[Old English]] verse.]<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 847</ref>
*''[[Wikipedia:Ormulum|Ormulum]]''<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Anders Stenström|Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/23-oktober-2014/|articlename=Tolkienseminariet 23 oktober 2014|dated=19 October 2015|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/ tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 October 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]''
*(''[[Die Walküre]]'')

{{references|note}}
[[Category:Index]]

Golden Leaves

2024-10-22T08:50:20Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Poem */ typo

{{Song
| title = Golden Leaves
| album = [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (Season Two: Amazon Original Series Soundtrack)]]
| image = Rings of Power Season 2 Soundtrack.jpg
| composer = [[Bear McCreary]]
| writer =
| performer = [[Benjamin Walker]], Synchron Stage Choir
| duration = 3:18
| track = 4
| previous =
| next =
| spotify =
}}

'''''Golden Leaves''''' is a song composed by [[Bear McCreary]] for the [[Elven Kings Under the Sky|first episode]] of the second season of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]. It features lyrics sung in [[Quenya]] by [[Benjamin Walker]], who plays [[Gil-galad]] on the show. Accordings to Bear McCreary, the lyrics were crafted by [[John D. Payne]], inspired in part by the lyrics [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] wrote for [[Galadriel's Song]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<ref>[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 201], by [[Bear McCreary]], oct. 1, 2024.</ref>.

==Poem==
<poem>
''Sís laurië lassi taiter,''
''yénin linwavandië.''
''Anpalla Vai Ahtalëa,''
''sí lantar Eldaniër.''

''[[Eldalië|Eldalié]]! Eldalié!''
''Hrívë túla helda ré úlassëa.''
''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''I lassi lantar celumenna.''

(children’s choir:) ''Cormar nelde aranin Eldaron''

''Eldalié and’ amárielvë''
''ambena solor.''
''Sí néca riëmancan,''
''viliën an Valinor''

''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''Hrívë túla helda ré úlassëa.''
''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''I lassi lantar celumenna.''
</poem>

==Translation==
The Quenya text above as long as its following translation were published by Amazon's composer Bear McCreary on his personal website<ref>[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 201], by [[Bear McCreary]], oct. 1, 2024.</ref>.
<poem>
''Here long the golden leaves grew,''
''on years branching.''
''For beyond the Sundering Seas,''
''now fall Elven-tears.''

''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''Winter is coming, bare leafless day.''
''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''The leaves are falling in the stream.''

(children's choir:) ''Three rings for the Elven kings''

''Elven-kind long have we dwelt''
''upon this hither shore.''
''Now fading crown I trade,''
''to sail to Valinor.''

''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''Winter is coming, bare leafless day.''
''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''The leaves are falling in the stream.''
</poem>

The series scene actually features only the two last stanzas, however the full song does play during the credits.

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wlJBa7iKOg Golden Leaves (feat. Benjamin Walker)] on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ_ayV-DT-g Inside The Rings of Power S2, E1] (BTS featurette of the episode)
*Bear McCreary's [https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ blog post] about the song.

{{references}}

[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (Season Two: Amazon Original Series Soundtrack)]]

Golden Leaves

2024-10-22T05:59:41Z

Pengolodh Saelon: I added information about the author of the lyrics

{{Song
| title = Golden Leaves
| album = [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (Season 2: Amazon Original Series Soundtrack)]]
| image = Rings of Power Season 2 Soundtrack.jpg
| composer = [[Bear McCreary]]
| writer =
| performer = [[Benjamin Walker]], Synchron Stage Choir
| duration = 3:18
| track = 4
| previous =
| next =
| spotify =
}}

'''Golden Leaves''' is a song composed by [[Bear McCreary]] for the [[Elven Kings Under the Sky|first episode]] of the second season of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]. It features lyrics sung in [[Quenya]] by [[Benjamin Walker]], who plays [[Gil-galad]] on the show. Accordings to Bear McCreary, the lyrics were crafted by [[John D. Payne|J.D. Payne]], inspired in part by the lyrics [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] wrote for [[Galadriel's Song|Galadriel's song]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<ref>[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 201], by [[Bear McCreary]], oct. 1, 2024.</ref>.

==Lyrics==
<poem>
''Sís laurië lassi taiter,''
''yénin linwavandië.''
''Anpalla Vai Ahtalëa,''
''sí lantar Eldaniër.''

''[[Eldalië]]! Eldalié!''
''Hrívë túla helda ré úlassëa.''
''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''I lassi lantar celumenna.''

(children’s choir:) ''Cormar nelde aranin Eldaron''

''Eldalié and’ amárielvë''
''ambena solor.''
''Sí néca riëmancan,''
''viliën an Valinor''

''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''Hrívë túla helda ré úlassëa.''
''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''I lassi lantar celumenna.''
</poem>

==Translation==
The Quenya text above as long as its following translation were provided by Amazon's composer Bear McCreary on his personal website<ref>[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 201], by [[Bear McCreary]], oct. 1, 2024.</ref>.
<poem>
''Here long the golden leaves grew,''
''on years branching.''
''For beyond the Sundering Seas,''
''now fall Elven-tears.''

''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''Winter is coming, bare leafless day.''
''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''The leaves are falling in the stream.''

(children's choir:) ''Three rings for the Elven kings''

''Elven-kind long have we dwelt''
''upon this hither shore.''
''Now fading crown I trade,''
''to sail to Valinor.''

''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''Winter is coming, bare leafless day.''
''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''The leaves are falling in the stream.''
</poem>

The series scene actually features only the two last stanzas, however the full song does play during the credits.

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wlJBa7iKOg Golden Leaves (feat. Benjamin Walker)] on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ_ayV-DT-g Inside The Rings of Power S2, E1] (BTS featurette of the episode)
*Bear McCreary's [https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ blog post] about the song.
<references />

Golden Leaves

2024-10-22T05:55:30Z

Pengolodh Saelon: I corrected the lyrics, which were an ear-guess, and put the actual official lyrics provided by the composer of the song himself.

{{Song
| title = Golden Leaves
| album = [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (Season 2: Amazon Original Series Soundtrack)]]
| image = Rings of Power Season 2 Soundtrack.jpg
| composer = [[Bear McCreary]]
| writer =
| performer = [[Benjamin Walker]], Synchron Stage Choir
| duration = 3:18
| track = 4
| previous =
| next =
| spotify =
}}

'''Golden Leaves''' is a song composed by [[Bear McCreary]] for the [[Elven Kings Under the Sky|first episode]] of the second season of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]. It features lyrics sung in [[Quenya]] by [[Benjamin Walker]], who plays [[Gil-galad]] on the show.
==Lyrics==
<poem>
''Sís laurië lassi taiter,''
''yénin linwavandië.''
''Anpalla Vai Ahtalëa,''
''sí lantar Eldaniër.''

''[[Eldalië]]! Eldalié!''
''Hrívë túla helda ré úlassëa.''
''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''I lassi lantar celumenna.''

(children’s choir:) ''Cormar nelde aranin Eldaron''

''Eldalié and’ amárielvë''
''ambena solor.''
''Sí néca riëmancan,''
''viliën an Valinor''

''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''Hrívë túla helda ré úlassëa.''
''Eldalié! Eldalié!''
''I lassi lantar celumenna.''
</poem>

==Translation==
The Quenya text above as long as its following translation were provided by Amazon's composer Bear McCreary on his personal website<ref>[https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ The Lord of the Rings: Episode 201], by [[Bear McCreary]], oct. 1, 2024.</ref>.
<poem>
''Here long the golden leaves grew,''
''on years branching.''
''For beyond the Sundering Seas,''
''now fall Elven-tears.''

''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''Winter is coming, bare leafless day.''
''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''The leaves are falling in the stream.''

(children's choir:) ''Three rings for the Elven kings''

''Elven-kind long have we dwelt''
''upon this hither shore.''
''Now fading crown I trade,''
''to sail to Valinor.''

''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''Winter is coming, bare leafless day.''
''O’ Elven-kind! O’ Elven-kind!''
''The leaves are falling in the stream.''
</poem>

The series scene actually features only the two last stanzas, however the full song does play during the credits.

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wlJBa7iKOg Golden Leaves (feat. Benjamin Walker)] on YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ_ayV-DT-g Inside The Rings of Power S2, E1] (BTS featurette of the episode)
*Bear McCreary's [https://bearmccreary.com/the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-201/ blog post] about the song.

Tengwar

2024-05-14T18:31:23Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Arrangement */ the link to the "vilya" page was changed into a link to the "vilya (word)" page

{{cleanup}}
{{font|[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Tengwar Parmaite] by [[Måns Björkman]]}}
{{disambig-more|Fëanorian|[[Fëanorian (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Tengwar.jpeg|thumb|"The Tengwar" table by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] in [[Appendix E]]: "The table shows, informal book-hand shape, all the letters that were commonly used in the West-lands in the Third Age".]]
The '''''Tengwar''''' (pron. [{{IPA|ˈteŋɡʷar}}], [[Quenya]] for “letters”, singular ''tengwa'' [{{IPA|ˈteŋɡʷa}}], [[Sindarin]] ''tîw''<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>) was a writing system invented by [[Fëanor]] (and was therefore also called the '''Fëanorian alphabet'''<ref>{{L|25}}</ref> or '''script'''<ref>{{L|168}}</ref>). It was used for a variety of languages among the [[Free peoples]] and became perhaps the most prominent writing system of [[Arda]], used by a variety of [[:Portal:Characters|Races]] through the [[Ages]].

==History==
[[Fëanor]] invented the Tengwar in {{YT|1250}} of the [[First Age|First Age of Arda]], strongly influenced by the [[Sarati]] of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil the Loremaster]].<ref>{{WJ|P4}}</ref><ref name="ApD">{{VT|39a}}</ref> Fëanor both constructed the Tengwar as a general phonetic alphabet and devised special arrangements to fit the characteristics of all languages of [[Valinor]].<ref>{{TI|Runes}}</ref> Over the course of the First Age, three different modes of Tengwar emerged: [[Quenya]], [[Beleriand]], and [[Sindarin]]. Sindarin is written in one of two modes, the mode of Beleriand, or the mode of Gondor (also known as [http://www.tecendil.com/tengwar-handbook/ Omatehtar] Mode).

===Classical Quenya mode===
[[File:Ryszard Derdziński - Feanor.jpg|thumb|[[Fëanor]] designs the first Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdziński]]]]
{{main|Quenya mode}}
Unlike Rúmil, Fëanor considered vowels as independent sounds and not just “colours” of the consonants, so he devised the “full writing” ([[Quanta Sarmë]]).<ref name="ApD"/>

However, Fëanor also used a more 'conservative' system which seemed to have been proved far more popular; he also held Rúmil's idea of syllabic analysis of the words by the Sarati and made use of [[tehtar]] instead of the full letters.<ref name="ApD"/>.

The classical Quenya mode of the Tengwar may have originated from Fëanor's own arrangement. There is no direct evidence for this hypothesis, but the use of the Quenya names for the individual letters hints to a primate of the Quenya mode. Another hint to a very old age of the classical Quenya mode is that it uses the [[Calmatéma]] as a k-series, like the mode of Beleriand which we can assume to have originated in the First Age.

===Mode of Beleriand===
{{main|Mode of Beleriand}}
When the [[Noldor]] rebelled and came to [[Middle-earth]], they adapted their writing for the new languages they learned. Quanta Sarmë was used for languages where the tehtar were not useful<ref name="ApD" /> which could have been the origin for the Mode of Beleriand.

It is also possible that the Tengwar influenced the evolution of the [[Cirth]] of [[Daeron]] in Beleriand, mainly in their shape and arrangement.

We know from the inscription on the [[West-gate of Moria]] that a Tengwar mode called the [[Mode of Beleriand]] was used in [[Eregion]]. This name allows for the assumption that the same mode was used already in the [[First Age]].

At the end of the [[Third Age]], the Elves of [[Rivendell]] probably still used that mode, since a transcription of the Rivendell [[aerlinn]] ''[[A Elbereth Gilthoniel]]'' features it.<ref>{{RGEO|7}}</ref> Frodo, however, even though literate in Sindarin, was apparently unable to read this mode.

===General use===
By the end of the Third Age, there was a ''general use'' that could be used for a variety of languages including Quenya, Sindarin and the Common Speech.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett]] (letter); see also [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS58 DTS58]</ref> This use could have evolved during the [[Second Age]] in [[Eregion]] or even in [[Númenor]].
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - One Ring inscription.png|thumb|left|The [[Ring-inscription]] on [[the One Ring]].]]
The same mode appears on the [[Ring-inscription]]<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref> that the [[Númenorean]] [[Isildur]] observed it to be "fashioned in an elven-script of Eregion".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref>

It is not certain whether the whole ''mode'' itself was from Eregion or simply just the ''script'' was of an Elvish fashion. Some [[Adûnaic]] words use this mode.<ref>{{HM|SD}}, Lowdham's Inscription</ref>.

Another mode that was based on the "general use" but used full letters for the representation of vowels was used in the Northern part of the [[Westron]]-speaking regions, perhaps by influence of the Elves of [[Rivendell]]. This might explain why Frodo was unable to read either the Mode of Beleriand or the Ring Inscription.

== Spelling and pronunciation ==
=== Structure ===
The most notable characteristic of the Tengwar script is that the shapes of the letters correspond to the features of the sounds they represent.

The shape of the Tengwar uniformly consisted of two elements, the ''[[telco]]'' (stem) to which is attached a ''[[lúva]]'' (bow).
It is noticeable that some of the letters of the [[Sarati|Sarati]] resembled the telco/lúva shape seen on the Tengwar. Therefore it is possible that those particular letters influenced stylistically the Tengwar.

The telco could be normal, raised, shortened or heightened. The lúva would be single or doubled, and these could be open or closed.

All the above combinations can create 32 to 40 different shapes of letters. These shapes mirrored phonological significances: the basic form of a tengwa was used for the [[patakar]], the voiceless stops; telcor determined how the sound was articulated, and the lúvar where in the mouth it was made:
* Doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one.
* Raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative or a corresponding voiced version of it.
* Shortening it (so it is only the height of the bow) indicates the corresponding nasal or, mostly, the approximants.

According to their shape, the 32 different glyphs could be arranged and presented consistently on a table. The principal letters are divided into series (''témar'') that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six rows (''tyeller'') that correspond to the main manners of articulation. Both vary among modes.

The table below gives the '''theoretical'''<ref>Observations made by [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', The Evolution of the Tengwar</ref> values of the Tengwar based consistently on the above-mentioned rules. Note that no language possessed all these sounds and the following does not represent an actual table of values of a particular language. In actuality, the languages used modifications or variations of them.

{| style="text-align:center; height:30em; margin-left: 20%; margin-right: auto;"
! style="width:6em" |
! colspan="2" style="width:6em" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="width:6em" | Dental
! colspan="2" style="width:6em" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="width:6em" | Labiovelar
|-
| '''Voiceless plosives'''
| {{tg|q}}
| <big>p</big>
| {{tg|1}}
| <big>t</big>
| {{tg|a}}
| <big>k</big>
| {{tg|z}}
| <big>kʷ</big>
|-
| '''Voiced plosives'''
| {{tg|w}}
| <big>b</big>
| {{tg|2}}
| <big>d</big>
| {{tg|s}}
| <big>g</big>
| {{tg|x}}
| <big>gʷ</big>
|-
| '''Aspirated plosives'''
| {{tg|Q}}
| <big>pʰ</big>
| {{tg|!}}
| <big>tʰ</big>
| {{tg|A}}
| <big>kʰ</big>
| {{tg|Z}}
| <big>kʰʷ</big>
|-
| '''Breathy plosives'''
| {{tg|W}}
| <big>bʱ</big>
| {{tg|@}}
| <big>dʱ</big>
| {{tg|S}}
| <big>gʱ</big>
| {{tg|X}}
| <big>gʱʷ</big>
|-
| '''Voiceless fricatives'''
| {{tg|e}}
| <big>f</big>
| {{tg|3}}
| <big>θ</big>
| {{tg|d}}
| <big>x</big>
| {{tg|c}}
| <big>xʷ</big>
|-
| '''Voiced fricatives'''
| {{tg|r}}
| <big>v</big>
| {{tg|4}}
| <big>ð</big>
| {{tg|f}}
| <big>ɣ</big>
| {{tg|v}}
| <big>ɣʷ</big>
|-
| '''Voiceless nasals'''
| {{tg|y}}
| <big>m̥</big>
| {{tg|6}}
| <big>n̥</big>
| {{tg|h}}
| <big>ŋ̊</big>
| {{tg|n}}
| <big>ŋ̊ʷ</big>
|-
| '''Nasals'''
| {{tg|t}}
| <big>m</big>
| {{tg|5}}
| <big>n</big>
| {{tg|g}}
| <big>ŋ</big>
| {{tg|b}}
| <big>ŋʷ</big>
|-
|}

===Arrangement===
By the end of the [[Third Age]], the Tengwar were somehow standardized. Their Quenya names became standard for all modes, and less used ones were not included (although still used), such as those of the extended stems and the [[Tyelpetéma]]. The table displayed 36 letters: the 24 standard Tengwar, plus 12 of the additional Tengwar.

Also, the Tengwar were assigned numeric values.

{| border="1"
!
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
|Grade I
| {{tg|1}}
| [[Tinco]]
| {{tg|q}}
| [[Parma]]
| {{tg|a}}
| [[Calma]]
| {{tg|z}}
| [[Quesse]]
|-
|Grade II
| {{tg|2}}
| [[Ando]]
| {{tg|w}}
| [[Umbar (word)|Umbar]]
| {{tg|s}}
| [[Anga]]
| {{tg|x}}
| [[Ungwe]]
|-
|Grade III
| {{tg|3}}
| [[Súlë]]
| {{tg|e}}
| [[Formen]]
| {{tg|d}}
| [[Aha]]
| {{tg|c}}
| [[Hwesta]]
|-
|Grade IV
| {{tg|4}}
| [[Anto]]
| {{tg|r}}
| [[Ampa]]
| {{tg|f}}
| [[Anca]]
| {{tg|v}}
| [[Unque]]
|-
|Grade V
| {{tg|5}}
| [[Númen]]
| {{tg|t}}
| [[Malta]]
| {{tg|g}}
| [[Noldo]]
| {{tg|b}}
| [[Nwalme]]
|-
|Grade VI
| {{tg|6}}
| [[Óre]]
| {{tg|y}}
| [[Vala|Vala]]
| {{tg|h}}
| [[Anna]]
| {{tg|n}}
| [[Vilya (word)|Vilya]]
|-
!
! colspan="8" | '''Additional Tengwar:'''
|-
|
| {{tg|7}}
| [[Rómen]]
| {{tg|u}}
| [[Arda]]
| {{tg|j}}
| [[Lambe]]
| {{tg|m}}
| [[Alda]]
|-
|
| {{tg|8}}
| [[Silme]]
| {{tg|i}}
| [[Silme nuquerna]]
| {{tg|k}}
| [[Essë]]
| {{tg|,}}
| [[Esse nuquerna]]
|-
|
| {{tg|9}}
| [[Hyarmen]]
| {{tg|l}}
| [[Yanta]]
| {{tg|o}}
| [[Hwesta Sindarinwa]]
| {{tg|.}}
| [[Úrë]]
|-
|
| {{tg|½}}
| [[Halla]]
| {{tg|`}}
| [[Telco]]
| {{tg|~}}
| [[Ára]]
|
|Osse
|-
|}

== Values==
As mentioned, the Tengwar had a generic mode that covered a wide range of phonemes. This mode perhaps originated in [[Eregion]] and exemplified in the verse of [[the One Ring]] and other Westron Tengwar texts. It could be used for both Quenya and Sindarin.

The following table gives both the formal Quenya and Numenian<ref>[[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[Report from Marquette]]''</ref> names of the Tengwar. When two values are given (separated with a '''/''' slash), the first refers to the Elvish variation and the second to the [[Mannish]] or Westron variation.

Note that the dashes indicate when the letter is used initially or finally and/or as a diphthong element.

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
| {{tg|1}}
| t Tinco/Tó
| {{tg|q}}
| p Parma/Pí
| {{tg|a}}
| ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''') Calma/Ché
| {{tg|z}}
| k Quesse/Ká
|-
| {{tg|2}}
| d Ando/Dó
| {{tg|w}}
| b Umbar/Bí
| {{tg|s}}
|j Anga/Jé
| {{tg|x}}
| g Ungwe/Gá
|-
| {{tg|3}}
| th Súle/Thó
| {{tg|e}}
| f Formen/Fí
| {{tg|d}}
|sh Aha/Shé
| {{tg|c}}
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''') Hwesta/Aha (or Oha)
|-
| {{tg|4}}
| dh Anto/Adhó
| {{tg|r}}
| v Ampa/Ví
| {{tg|f}}
| zh Anca/Izhe
| {{tg|v}}
|gh Unque/Agha
|-
| {{tg|5}}
| n Númen/Nó
| {{tg|t}}
| m Malta/Mí
| {{tg|g}}
| ny Noldo/Nyé
| {{tg|b}}
| ng Nwalme/Ngá
|-
| {{tg|6}}
| -r/r Óre/Ar
| {{tg|y}}
| w, -u/w Vala/Wí
| {{tg|h}}
| -i/y Anna/Yé
| {{tg|n}}
|’? ’á
|-
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:
|-
| {{tg|7}}
| r Rómen/Aro
| {{tg|u}}
| rh Arda/Rho
| {{tg|j}}
| l Lambe/Alo
| {{tg|m}}
| lh Alda/Lho
|-
| {{tg|8}}
| s Silme/Só
| {{tg|i}}
|s Silme Nuquerna/Ós
| {{tg|k}}
| ss/z Esse/Azo
| {{tg|,}}
| z Oza
|-
| {{tg|9}}
| h Hyarmen/Há
| {{tg|l}}
| i-, -e Yanta/Ai
| {{tg|o}}
| wh Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí
| {{tg|.}}
| -u? Úre/Au
|}

The following is a full mode variety, related mainly to the north, and uses Tengwar (and carriers) as vowels. It was probably created in [[Arnor]], influenced from the Mode of Beleriand used in [[Rivendell]]. Even the [[Dwarves|dwarf]] [[Ori]] wrote in this hand in the [[Book of Mazarbul]]<ref>The second page of the Book of Mazarbul ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS13 DTS13]) said to be written by Ori, is categorized to belong to the Northern Variety [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_modes.htm here]</ref>.

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Tincotéma
! colspan="2" | Parmatéma
! colspan="2" | Calmatéma
! colspan="2" | Quessetéma
|-
| {{tg|1}}
| t Tinco/Tó
| {{tg|q}}
| p Parma/Pí
| {{tg|a}}
|ch (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''') Calma/Ché
| {{tg|z}}
| k Quesse/Ká
|-
| {{tg|2}}
| d Ando/Dó
| {{tg|w}}
| b Umbar/Bí
| {{tg|s}}
|j AngaJé
| {{tg|x}}
| g Ungwe/Gá
|-
| {{tg|3}}
| th Súle/Thó
| {{tg|e}}
| f Formen/Fí
| {{tg|d}}
|sh Aha/Shé
| {{tg|c}}
| ch/h (as in ''lo'''ch''''' Hwesta/Aha
|-
| {{tg|4}}
| dh Anto/Adhó
| {{tg|r}}
| v Ampa/Ví
| {{tg|f}}
|zh Anca/Izhe
| {{tg|v}}
|gh Unque/Agha
|-
| {{tg|5}}
| n Númen/Nó
| {{tg|t}}
| m Malta/Mí
| {{tg|g}}
|ny Noldo/Nyé
| {{tg|b}}
| ng Nwalme/Ngá
|-
| {{tg|6}}
| -r/r Óre/Ar
| {{tg|y}}
| w, -u/u Vala/Wí
| {{tg|h}}
| o Anna/Yé
| {{tg|n}}
|a 'a
|-
! colspan="8" | Additional Tengwar:
|-
| {{tg|7}}
| r Rómen/Aro
| {{tg|u}}
| rh Arda/Rho
| {{tg|j}}
| l Lambe/Alo
| {{tg|m}}
| lh Alda/Lho
|-
| {{tg|8}}
| s Silme/Só
| {{tg|i}}
|s Silme Nuquerna/Ós
| {{tg|k}}
| ss/z Esse/Azo
| {{tg|,}}
| z Esse Nuquerna/Oza
|-
| {{tg|9}}
| h Hyarmen/Há
| {{tg|l}}
| i-, -e/e Yanta/Ai
| {{tg|o}}
| wh Hwesta Sindarinwa/Whí
| {{tg|.}}
| w Úre/Au
|-
|{{tg|`B}}
|i
|{{tg|~B}}
|i-/y-
|{{tg|]}}
|a
| {{tg|š}}
| mh
|}

==Other modes==
Just as with any alphabetic writing system, every specific language written in Tengwar requires a specific orthography, depending on the phonology of that language. These Tengwar orthographies are usually called ''modes''. All of them use as a basis the "[[Tengwar#Structure|theoretical values]]" table above, corresponding the letters to the phonemes of each language's phonology, and even drop out the characters that would be useless.

All the modes can be divided into two large categories:
*Some represent vowels with diacritics called '''[[tehtar]]''' or ''[[ómatehtar]]'' ("vowel tehtar"), like the [[Quenya mode]].
*The "full writing" modes represent vowels by normal letters, such as the [[Quanta Sarmë]] or the [[Mode of Beleriand]].

Furthermore, some modes map the basic consonants to {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}, while others (generally [[Mannish]]) use them to represent {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}.

== External history ==
The [[Sarati]], a script developed by Tolkien in the late 1910s that is described in ''[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 13]]'', anticipates many features of the Tengwar, especially the vowel representation by diacritics (which is found in many Tengwar varieties), different Tengwar shapes and a few correspondances between sound features and letter shape features (though inconsistent).

Even closer to the Tengwar is the [[Valmaric script]], described in [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Parma Eldalamberon'' 14]], which Tolkien used from about 1922 to 1925. It features many Tengwar shapes and the inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}} found in some Tengwar varieties. The tables in the samples V12 and V13 show an arrangement that is very similar to the one of the primary Tengwar in the classical Quenya "mode".

The Tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. ''The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription'', the first published Tengwar sample, dates to 1937 (''[[The Hobbit]]'', most editions). The full explanation of the Tengwar was published in Appendix E of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' in 1955.

==Inspiration==
Tengwar is a [[Wikipedia:Featural writing system|featural alphabet]], meaning there is correspondence between letter shape features and [[Wikipedia:place of articulation|place]] and [[Wikipedia:manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]. Perhaps the oldest and most famous featural system is the Korean [[Wikipedia:Hangul|Hangul alphabet]].

[[Jim Allan]] (''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', ISBN 0-905220-10-2) compared the Tengwar with the ''Universal Alphabet'' of [[Wikipedia:Francis Lodwick|Francis Lodwick]] of 1686, both on grounds of the feature factor, but also the actual letter shapes, and the use of vowels as diacritics.

Linguist [[:wikipedia:Jerzy Kuryłowicz|Jerzy Kuryłowicz]] immediately recognised the resemblance of an ornamental variety of the [[Celtic]] script (perhaps referring to the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|Insular script]]).<ref>Reminisces of Prof. [[Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]] in an interview with Tomasz Fiałkowski in the pages of ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' (No. 14, 1994)</ref>

It is not known whether Tolkien was aware of these previous scripts. However, considering the sarati and the valmaric script that he already invented in his youth, it is conceivable that Tolkien developed the idea of featural notation by himself. However, in [[The Lord of the Rings]], Tolkien described it as not an alphabet, but a "haphazard series of letters," as they each had its own value.<ref>{{App|E2}}</ref>

It is likewise not known whether the shapes of several Tengwar were inspired by the [[Wikipedia:Insular script|insular minuscule script]] (used to write [[Anglo-saxon]]) or the [[Wikipedia:blackletter|gothic textura]] and cursive scripts (used to write Middle English), with which Tolkien was familiar through reading medieval manuscripts in these languages in his professional capacity as a linguist.

==Tengwar study==
===Modes===
As the peoples of Middle-earth used various modes of Tengwar, and as Tolkien wrote English, [[Old English]] and [[Norse]] in Tengwar, [[fandom|fans]] have created Tengwar modes for real languages. There are modes to write French, Swedish, Latin, Italian or Spanish.

=== Encoding schemes ===
==== Non-Unicode ====
The contemporary de facto standard in the Tengwar user community maps the Tengwar characters onto the regular English character encoding following the example of the [http://www.gis.net/~dansmith/fonts/font_tengwar/ Tengwar typefaces] by [[Dan Smith]]. A drawback of the font solution is that, if no corresponding Tengwar font is installed, an awful string of [[wikipedia:Mojibake|nonsense characters]] appears.

Since there is not enough place for all the signs, certain signs are included in a "Tengwar A" font which also maps its characters on ISO 8859-1, overlapping with the first font.

For each Tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it.

Other Tengwar typefaces with Dan Smith's encoding include [http://home.student.uu.se/j/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html Johan Winge's Tengwar Annatar], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm Måns Björkman's Tengwar Parmaite], [http://www.geocities.com/enrombell/Archivos.htm Enrique Mombello's Tengwar Élfica] or [http://www.limes.com.pl/~miszka/ Michal Nowakowski's Tengwar Formal] (note that most of these differ in details).

The following sample shows the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written in English according to the traditional English orthography. If no Tengwar font is installed, it will look nonsense since the corresponding ISO 8859-1 characters (Roman letters, numbers and signs) will appear instead.

{{tg|j#¸ 9t&5# w`Vb%_ 6EO w6Y5 e7~V 2{( zèVj# 5% 2x%51T`Û 2{( 7v%1+º 4hR 7EO 2{$yYO2 y4% 7]F85^ 2{( z5^8i`B5$i( 2{( dyYj2 zE1 1`N ]Fa 4^(6 5% `C 8q7T1T W w74^(69~N2º}}

==== Unicode ====
A proposal has been made by Michael Everson to include the Tengwar in the [[Unicode]] standard. The codepoints are subject to change; the range U+016080 to U+0160FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane is tentatively allocated for Tengwar according to the current [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/ Unicode roadmap].

Tengwar are currently included in the unofficial ConScript Unicode Registry, which assigns codepoints in the Private Use Area. Tengwar are mapped to the range U+E000 to U+E07F. The following Unicode sample (which repeats the one above) is meaningful when viewed under a typeface supporting Tengwar glyphs in the area defined in the ConScript Tengwar proposal. Some typefaces that support this proposal are [http://www.evertype.com/emono/ Everson Mono], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/tengtelc.html Tengwar Telcontar], [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium], [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/formal.html Tengwar Formal Unicode], and [http://freetengwar.sourceforge.net/freemonotengwar.html FreeMonoTengwar] ([http://www.code2000.net/ James Kass]'s Code2000 and Code2001 use an older, incompatible version of the proposal).

<blockquote style="font-family: 'Tengwar Formal CSUR', 'FreeMonoTengwar', 'Constructium', 'Everson Mono', 'Tengwar Formal Unicode', 'Tengwar Telcontar', 'Everson Mono', 'Unifont CSUR'; font-size: 150%; line-height: 120%">            ⸬                   ⸬</blockquote>

===Uses outside the legendarium===
Random (meaningless) Tengwar appears stylistically in a prop of an ancient tome in the [[Wikipedia:Within Temptation|Within Temptation]] music video for "Stand My Ground". Tengwar also appears in the computer game ''[[Wikipedia:Atlantis: The Lost Tales|Atlantis: The Lost Tales]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Alone in the Dar|Alone in the Dark]]'' comic book.

Several linguists, such as [[Wikipedia:Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond]], promote the usage of Tengwar for the constructed language [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]] as it is culturally neutral and contains some main Lojban morphology rules, making Lojban easier to learn when it is written with Tengwar.<ref>Kena. [http://vodka-pomme.net/projects/tengwar-for-lojban/lojteng#learn ''Lojban using tengwar - why?''] (accessed August 2007)</ref> (Another suggested mode can be seen [http://www.catb.org/~esr/tengwar/lojban-tengwar.html there]).

== See also ==
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Cirth]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_teng_primers.html Tengwar tutorials]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems] Wikibook on the secondary-world history of the Elven writing systems
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengwar.htm Amanye Tenceli - The Tengwar] A comprehensive study of the Tengwar script
* [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html The Mellonath Daeron Index of Tengwar Specimina] — a continuously expanding list of all published Tengwar samples
* [http://www.tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/fonty.php A comprehensive list of Tengwar fonts] (in Polish, but still useful even if you can't read the language)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/tengwar.htm Omniglot reference]
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]

=== Modes ===
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general_english.htm Tengwar Mode for English (general use)]
* [http://catb.org/~esr/tengwar/ ESR's Tengwar modes for Esperanto and Lojban languages]
* [http://lambenor.free.fr/tengwar/espanol.html Tengwar mode for Spanish]

=== Software ===
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/ott/start.php?l=en Online Tengwar transcriber]
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/tengscribe.htm Tengwar Scribe] (Win32)
* [http://tengwar.art.pl/ktt/ KTT] (Linux+KDE)
* [http://www.tecendil.com/ Tecendil] online Tengwar transcriber (No software needed)

More of Tengwar software on [http://tengwar.art.pl/tengwar/programy.php Tengwar Feanora] web-site (in Polish).

=== Technical ===
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Official proposal to encode Tengwar in Unicode]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/tengwar.pdf Revised Tengwar proposal]

{{references}}

* Christopher Tolkien, ''The Tengwar Numerals'', in ''[[Quettar]]'' 13, Feb. 1982, pp. 8-9; a further, untitled, explanation of the Tengwar numerals by Christopher Tolkien appeared in ''Quettar'' 14, May 1982, pp. 6-7.

{{languages}}
[[Category:Tengwar]]
[[Category:Writing systems]]
[[de:Tengwar]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/tengwar]]
[[fi:Tengwar]]

Eldamo

2024-03-11T14:21:48Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

{{website
| name=Eldamo
| image=
| URL=http://eldamo.org/index.html
| slogan=An Elvish Lexicon
| alexa=
| commercial=No
| type=
| language=English (Includes [http://eldamo.org/translations/international-searches.html optional glosses in Russian and Polish])
| license=
| articlecount=
| registration=
| owner=[[Paul Strack]]
| creator=
| keypeople=
| launch=[[2008]]
| status=Active (last version 0.8.4.2 — generated [[11 December]] [[2022]])
}}
'''Eldamo''' ('''''El'''vish '''Da'''ta '''Mo'''del''), or '''An Elvish Lexicon''', is a linguistic website launched in [[2008]], compiling a lexicon of Tolkien's invented [[languages]]. The website is maintained by Paul Strack and, despite its name, does include all of Tolkien's languages, not only the [[Eldarin]] family.

The website does not only work as a dictionary, but as a full lexicon that analyzes the relationships between words and the conceptual development of Tolkien's languages through his lifetime. Therefore the invented languages are divided by three periods: Early (1910-30), Middle (1930-50) and Late (1950-73). The entries are extensively sourced.

It also contains a detailed analysis of the grammar and phonetic development of [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Adûnaic]]. Optionally, a lexicon of commonly used and well accepted [[Neo-Elvish]] vocabulary is included, drawn from [[Helge Fauskanger]]'s ''[https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/nqnt.htm New Testament in Neo-Quenya]'', or the ''[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq.htm Parma Penyanë Quettaron]'', among others.

No new Tolkien word were added since the v0.8.6 update (May 2023); among other rare missing sources, the Eldamo lexicon does not include the [[Marquette University|Marquette]] [[Westron]] words published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] by [[Lisa Star]]<ref>Checked on the 11 March 2024. The lexicon may have been updated since.</ref>.

Its content is derived from an [[:Wikipedia:XML database|XML data model]], which can be used freely in accordance with the [[:Wikipedia:Creative Commons license|Creative Commons license]] (with attribution).

As can be noticed, [[Tolkien Gateway]] uses Eldamo widely as reference for names that are not glossed in the main sources.
[[Category:Linguistic websites]]
[[fi:Eldamo]]

Eldamo

2024-03-11T14:21:09Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

{{website
| name=Eldamo
| image=
| URL=http://eldamo.org/index.html
| slogan=An Elvish Lexicon
| alexa=
| commercial=No
| type=
| language=English (Includes [http://eldamo.org/translations/international-searches.html optional glosses in Russian and Polish])
| license=
| articlecount=
| registration=
| owner=[[Paul Strack]]
| creator=
| keypeople=
| launch=[[2008]]
| status=Active (last version 0.8.4.2 — generated [[11 December]] [[2022]])
}}
'''Eldamo''' ('''''El'''vish '''Da'''ta '''Mo'''del''), or '''An Elvish Lexicon''', is a linguistic website launched in [[2008]], compiling a lexicon of Tolkien's invented [[languages]]. The website is maintained by Paul Strack and, despite its name, does include all of Tolkien's languages, not only the [[Eldarin]] family.

The website does not only work as a dictionary, but as a full lexicon that analyzes the relationships between words and the conceptual development of Tolkien's languages through his lifetime. Therefore the invented languages are divided by three periods: Early (1910-30), Middle (1930-50) and Late (1950-73). The entries are extensively sourced.

It also contains a detailed analysis of the grammar and phonetic development of [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]] and [[Adûnaic]]. Optionally, a lexicon of commonly used and well accepted [[Neo-Elvish]] vocabulary is included, drawn from [[Helge Fauskanger]]'s ''[https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/nqnt.htm New Testament in Neo-Quenya]'', or the ''[http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/ppq.htm Parma Penyanë Quettaron]'', among others.

No new Tolkien word were added since the v0.8.6 update (May 2023); among other rare missing sources, the Eldamo lexicon does not include the [[Marquette University|Marquette]] [[Westron]] words published in [[Tyalië Tyelelliéva 17|''Tyalië Tyelelliéva'' 17]] by [[Lisa Star]]<ref>Checked on the 03/11/2024. The lexicon may have been updated since.</ref>.

Its content is derived from an [[:Wikipedia:XML database|XML data model]], which can be used freely in accordance with the [[:Wikipedia:Creative Commons license|Creative Commons license]] (with attribution).

As can be noticed, [[Tolkien Gateway]] uses Eldamo widely as reference for names that are not glossed in the main sources.
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Frodo Baggins

2024-03-07T18:01:07Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Etymology */ update on the french translation of the name

{{Disambig-two|the Ring-bearer|the son of [[Samwise Gamgee]]|[[Frodo Gardner]]}}
{{hobbit infobox
| name=Frodo Baggins
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Frodo Baggins.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Frodo Baggins" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''[[#Other names|See below]]''
| titles=
| position=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
| location=[[Brandy Hall]], [[Buckland]] [[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]] [[Crickhollow]] [[Tol Eressëa]]
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]
| language=[[Westron]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth=[[22 September]], {{TA|2968}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| sailedwest=[[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]
| age=53
| notablefor=Bearing the [[One Ring]] to the land of [[Mordor]], and bringing it to the [[Cracks of Doom]]
| family=[[Baggins Family|Baggins]]
| parentage=[[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]]
| siblings=
| spouse=Never married
| children=None
| gender=Male
| height=Taller than some Hobbits<ref name="Strider">{{FR|Strider}}</ref>
| hair=Brown<ref group="note">In the chapter "[[Strider (chapter)|Strider]]", [[Nob]] says to Frodo: "And I made a nice imitation of your head with a brown woollen mat"</ref>
| skin=Fairer than most Hobbits<ref name="Strider">{{FR|Strider}}</ref>
| eyes=
| clothing=[[Mithril coat]], [[Elven cloaks|Elven cloak]]
| weapons=[[Sting]]
| steed=[[Strider (pony)|Strider]]
}}

{{quote|And though all the mighty elf-friends of old, [[Hador]], and [[Húrin]], and [[Túrin]], and [[Beren]] himself were assembled together, your seat should be among them.|Elrond to Frodo Baggins in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Council of Elrond]]"}}

'''Frodo Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|hobbit]] of the [[Third Age]], the most famous of all Hobbits in the histories for his leading role in the [[Quest of the Ring]]. During this epic quest, he bore [[the One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]] and there destroyed it, giving him renown like no other [[Hobbits|Halfling]] throughout [[Middle-earth]]. He is also peculiar for being, as a [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], one of the only three Hobbits to be granted passage from Middle-earth to [[Aman]], the [[Undying Lands]].

==History==
===Childhood and youth===
Frodo, child of the respectable [[Drogo Baggins]] and [[Primula Brandybuck]], was born on [[22 September]] of {{TA|2968}}. After his parents died in a boating accident, Frodo went to live in [[Brandy Hall]] with his mother’s relatives, the [[Brandybucks]]. He grew up under the guardianship of the [[Master of Buckland]] [[Rorimac Brandybuck|Rorimac "Goldfather" Brandybuck]], who was his uncle. Frodo was caught several times stealing [[mushrooms]] from [[Farmer Maggot]], who, on the last incident, thrashed Frodo and set his three dogs to chase Frodo from [[Bamfurlong]] to [[Bucklebury Ferry]]. Frodo was terrified of them afterwards.<ref>{{FR|14}}: "''though I daresay the beasts knew their business...''"</ref>

Frodo stayed in Buckland until his "uncle" [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] adopted him and took him in to live in [[Bag End]], Bilbo's house in [[Hobbiton]]. He enjoyed life with Bilbo, with whom he shared the same birthday - though others often called the old hobbit "queer." Bilbo taught him to read, and told him stories of the past, even giving him some instruction in the [[elvish]] tongue. Frodo was the only one Bilbo allowed to read [[There and Back Again|his memoirs]]. Bilbo made Frodo his heir, frustrating the attempts of the disagreeable [[Sackville-Baggins Family|Sackville-Baggins]]es, who coveted the estate of Bag End.<ref name=party>{{FR|Party}}</ref>

The two went often out for long walks along the lanes of the [[Water-valley]] and talked about adventure; they were sometimes seen by [[Wandering Companies]] of [[Elves]], though the hobbits did not see them. When they returned home, Bilbo would tell Frodo that the Road is like a massive river, and all porches are its "springs" and all paths are its "tributaries".<ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref>

Frodo and Bilbo were comfortable and well off until {{TA|3001}}. At this time, Bilbo threw an enormous [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|party]] to celebrate his 111th birthday, and Frodo's 33rd, the date of Frodo's coming of age. At this party Bilbo gave his farewell speech, and made his long-planned "disappearance" and withdrawal from [[the Shire]]. Frodo, who had been informed beforehand of the "joke", as Bilbo called it, was spared the shock that afflicted the other assembled Hobbits. Frodo returned home as the new Master of Bag End, as per [[Bilbo's will]]. He was greeted there by [[Gandalf]], who informed him that, among other things, Frodo had inherited Bilbo's [[One Ring|magic ring]].

===Master of Bag End===
[[File:Eric Faure-Brac - Bag End.jpg|thumb|left|220px|''Bag End'' by Eric Faure-Brac]]
Frodo took charge of distributing the presents Bilbo had left for the other hobbits, a long and tiring task. Then [[Gandalf]] the [[Wizards|wizard]], who had come for the festivities, warned Frodo not to use the magic ring, and to keep it secret and safe. Then he left, Frodo knew not where, with his mind full of curiosity about the ring. A suspicion was growing in the back of the Wizard's mind, but Gandalf did not yet know what it was.

Frodo, meanwhile, was quite well off. He continued honouring Bilbo every year along with his own birthday. He had also inherited some strange customs from Bilbo, like wandering by himself at nights far from home in the hills and woods under the starlight. His closest friends at this time were [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], also [[Folco Boffin]] and [[Fredegar Bolger]], and other cousins from the family of the [[Old Took]]. Like Bilbo, Frodo continued to look robust and energetic even in his forties, and dreamed of one day seeing mountains and wilderness; he often wondered what lay beyond the borders of the Shire, and as he grew older, he would travel further and further from home. His friends were worried, and suspected that he met [[Elves]] and other strangers that had begun to be more common sights in the Shire. These strangers bore strange tales of unrest from lands far-off.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

Still, he lived in peace and respectability for seventeen years, until Gandalf returned with the dreadful revelation that the "magic ring" was really the [[One Ring]], weapon of [[Sauron]], a thing of evil power thousands of years old. Furthermore, the Dark Lord was now aware of its survival, and would be searching for it, as [[Gollum]] had revealed - under torture - that it was to be found in the Shire. After a long discussion and a test by fire, which revealed the [[Black Speech]] written upon the ring, the two agreed that Frodo would have to leave the Shire for his own safety. [[Samwise Gamgee]], the gardener, was selected to travel with him. Gandalf recommended Rivendell as a destination, as the road was likely safe and the valley well-protected. He told Frodo to take the alias [[Mr. Underhill|Underhill]] while abroad. Frodo was reluctant, but wisely followed the wizard's advice. He bought a house in [[Crickhollow]] as an excuse to head east.

Gandalf stayed for two months while Frodo worked out the details. At the end of that time the wizard left to "get some news", as rather disturbing tidings had come to his ears. He promised to be back for the farewell party. Meanwhile, Frodo was not aware that some of his closest friends were watching him - [[Fredegar Bolger|Fredegar "Fatty" Bolger]], his cousin [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck]], and Sam himself knew that Frodo and Gandalf were in some trouble concerning the Ring, and that Frodo was preparing for some adventure.

As autumn passed, Frodo was waiting for Gandalf, but did not return and Frodo grew quite anxious. Merry and Fatty drove the cart of Frodo's belongings ahead, while Frodo still waited for Gandalf. At the last possible day, he gave up waiting and departed with Pippin and Sam.

===Hobbiton to Crickhollow===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Last Sight of Hobbiton.jpg|thumb|220px|''Last Sight of Hobbiton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Less than a day into their journey, Frodo, strangely nervous, requested that the threesome hide upon the approach of a [[Nazgûl|horseman]]. The rider was dressed in black, riding upon a black horse, and making queer sniffling noises. Frodo felt the urge to put on the Ring and vanish, but just as he was about to give in, the rider departed at a trot. Samwise then remarked upon the "[[Nazgûl|Black Rider]]" that had spoken to his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee]], some time earlier. This made Frodo wish that he had waited for Gandalf.

That night, they were again overtaken by a Black Horseman. This time it seemed to be able to sniff out their hiding place. But as it approached, it was driven away by the song of a group of [[Elves]]. Their leader, [[Gildor]], greeted the hobbits warmly, and lauded Frodo for his knowledge of their tongue. Frodo tried to get information from Gildor on the Black Riders, but the elf would tell him very little. Gildor foresaw that Frodo would have many dealings with the Riders in the future, and urged him to flee them whenever he met them. He and his party left the Hobbits before daybreak, while the three slept.

The next day the threesome agreed to stay off the road. After a brief scare when Sam sighted a Rider, they worried about losing their way. That evening they heard a terrible wail, and Frodo distinguished words in it. Before long they came to [[Bamfurlong]], the property of [[Farmer Maggot]]. Although Pippin knew Maggot, Frodo recalled a scare he had received at a young age after caught stealing the farmer’s mushrooms, being threatened with the dogs. He froze when the dogs came forth from the house, but Maggot's hospitality soon won him over. When Maggot told of a Black Rider who had stopped at his house asking for "Baggins," and made several shrewd guesses, Frodo grew uncomfortable. Maggot took them to [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in his wagon. There they joined up with Merry. As they were ferried across into [[Buckland]], they caught sight of a dark shape on the landing from which they had come.

===Crickhollow to Bree===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Under the Spell of the Barrow-wight'']]
When they reached the house in Crickhollow, the other hobbits revealed their knowledge of the One Ring and promised to stick with Frodo on the road to [[Rivendell]]. The next morning, leaving Fatty to housesit, they passed into the [[Old Forest]]. In time they were driven by the trees down to the [[Withywindle]], where they were ensnared by [[Old Man Willow]]. Rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], the hobbits came to his house. There they met Tom's wife, [[Goldberry]], and Frodo was moved to poetry over her loveliness. He was interested in Bombadil himself, and several times tried to learn who he was. That night he dreamed of a white-haired figure on a pinnacle of stone, borne away by an eagle.

The next day Frodo tried on the Ring, after finding it had no effect on Bombadil. Not subject to the Ring’s power, Tom nevertheless could see Frodo. That night Frodo dreamed once more, a dream he never forgot.

{{Blockquote|Frodo heard a sweet singing running in his mind: a song that seemed to come like a pale light behind a grey rain-curtain, and growing stronger to turn the veil all to glass and silver, until at last it was rolled back, and a far green country opened before him under a swift sunrise.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Fog on the Barrow-downs]]"}}

After bidding Tom and Goldberry farewell, the Hobbits went on and traveled through the [[barrow-downs]]. Becoming lost in the mist, they were taken by the [[barrow-wights]], Frodo last of all. Frodo woke in the barrow to find the barrow-wight bending over his three friends. He rose and in a tremendous act of bravery and resilience took a sword and smote off the wight's hand. Then he summoned Bombadil with a [[Ho! Tom Bombadil, Tom Bombadillo!|song]] Tom had taught him. Bombadil drove the wight away and helped Frodo wake the others. Tom gave the hobbits ponies and escorted them all to the road before turning his face back toward the Withywindle. The hobbits continued along the road to Bree, where they took lodging at [[The Prancing Pony]] inn as Bombadil had recommended, with Frodo registering under the name of [[Mr. Underhill|Underhill]] as Gandalf had suggested.

===Strider and Weathertop===
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Strider in The Prancing Pony.jpg|thumb|200px|''Strider in The Prancing Pony'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]
While Merry went out to take a walk in the night air, the other hobbits came down to the common-room and were introduced by the landlord [[Barliman Butterbur]] to the gathering, Frodo under his alias. Frodo asked if Gandalf was present in Bree, only to learn that he had not yet arrived. While Pippin and Sam enjoyed the drink and conversation, Frodo remained withdrawn, soon falling into conversation with a curious [[Rangers of the North|ranger]] called [[Aragorn|Strider]], who gave him a warning about letting his friends talk to much. Pippin began to tell about [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|Bilbo's Birthday Party]], and Frodo, at Strider’s encouragement and in an attempt to prevent the name of Baggins from being raised, began to sing ''[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]''. This proved popular with the gathering, but unfortunately, as Frodo relaxed, he fell from the table and the Ring slipped on his finger, causing him to vanish.

[[File:John Howe - Against the Shadow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Against the Shadow'' by [[John Howe]]]]
Frodo crawled over to Strider's corner and slipped off the Ring, and said that he had rolled quickly to the side. The suspicious Breelanders, however, grew angry or frightened, and eventually all left the common-room. Frodo and his comrades retired to their room, where they found Strider waiting to talk to them. Strider was honest and blunt, telling what he had overheard and what he knew of them, as well as warning them of the Black Riders and traitors in Bree. He urged them to accept his aide by inviting him into the company. Frodo was leaning to believe the ranger when Butterbur broke in, giving Frodo the long-awaited letter from Gandalf, undelivered by Butterbur’s forgetfulness. After some little bit of light was shed on the situation to the innkeeper, he swore to help the hobbits in any way he could, as a friend of Gandalf and one very much afraid of Mordor. Frodo, reading the letter, learned that Gandalf recommended Strider as one to whom Frodo could go for help. After some further debate, Frodo agreed to let Strider lead them to Rivendell.

Strider arranged for a deception, by moving them to a different room. The next morning, their ponies were gone and the room was ravaged. Butterbur paid for a [[Bill the Pony|replacement pony]], and the four hobbits and ranger set out into the Wilds. They passed through [[Chetwood]] and [[Midgewater Marshes]], and finally to the [[Weather Hills]] before coming up to [[Weathertop]]. Black Riders were sighted from the top of the cairn, and Strider counselled to remain where they were. Shortly after the Black Riders came, and Frodo was stricken down. In desperation he put on the Ring and saw the [[Nazgûl]] in their true forms. Frodo then tried to attack in [[Varda|Elbereth]]’s name, but their leader, the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]], stabbed Frodo in the shoulder with a [[Morgul-knife]], before being driven away by Strider.

===Weathertop to Rivendell===
Because of a piece of the knife embedded in his shoulder, Frodo started to become ill, so his companions hurried to take him to the [[Rivendell|House of Elrond]]. After journeying for 12 days, they were found by [[Glorfindel]], one of the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]], who was sent by Elrond to help Frodo after he heard of him from Gildor. Glorfindel, seeing that Frodo was starting to fade, put him upon his horse, [[Asfaloth]], and ordered him to go on when the Ringwraiths approached. Asfaloth outran the steeds of the Nazgûl and bore Frodo across the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but Frodo, who was on the brink of becoming a [[Wraiths|wraith]], turned around at the other side and defied the Nine. The Riders, were driven into the [[Bruinen|River]] by Glorfindel, Strider and the three hobbits, where they were swept away by the ensuing waters.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref> As a sign that Frodo was shifting to the [[Wraith-world]], he could see the [[Unseen]] [[Light of Valinor|luminous form]] of Glorfindel.

Unconscious, Frodo was carried inside Rivendell, where Elrond removed the fragment of the knife from his shoulder. He awoke two days later, mostly recovered, and was delighted to find that Gandalf had arrived. Frodo's recovery was celebrated with a feast during which he met [[Glóin]] and asked concerning the [[Dwarves of Erebor]]. Afterwards, Elrond led his guests to the [[Hall of Fire]], where Frodo found Bilbo, whom he hadn't seen in seventeen years. Bilbo asked to see the Ring and was saddened to see Frodo's negative reaction. The two hobbits then enjoyed talking about Bilbo's [[Translations from the Elvish|works on lore]] and [[the Shire]].<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

===Fellowship of the Ring===
{{seealso|Quest of the Ring}}
During the [[Council of Elrond]], it was decided that the Ring must be destroyed by casting it into the [[Cracks of Doom]]. Frodo volunteered to be the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]], and a [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] was formed to protect him; the fellowship included Gandalf, Aragorn (Strider's real name), [[Boromir]] of [[Gondor]], [[Legolas]] of the [[Woodland Realm]], [[Gimli]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], and Frodo's friends Sam, Merry and Pippin.<ref name=council>{{FR|Council}}</ref> Before their departure, Bilbo gave Frodo his sword, [[Sting]], and his [[Mithril coat]] to to protect him on the perilous journey to [[Mount Doom]] that lay ahead.

On [[December 25]], the fellowship left Rivendell, and headed south along the west side of the [[Misty Mountains]]. They attempted to cross them by the Redhorn gate, but were thwarted by a fierce blizzard <ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> and had to go back. After surviving a [[Wargs|Warg]] attack, Gandalf persuaded the company to go through the abandoned [[Dwarves|Dwarf]] kingdom of [[Moria]]. Just before entering Moria, Frodo was attacked by the [[Watcher in the Water]] and barely escaped. During the journey through Moria, Frodo began to suspect that something was tracking them. Later, inside the [[chamber of Mazarbul]], the Fellowship was attacked by [[Orcs]], and Frodo was struck by an Orc spear but was saved by the mithril coat he wore. The company escaped the chamber, and were close to exiting Moria, when [[Durin's Bane]] appeared and pursued them to the [[bridge of Khazad-dûm]] where Gandalf held him off so the rest of the Fellowship could escape. After breaking the bridge, both he and the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] fell and disappeared into the chasm below, after which Aragorn took over as leader.<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref>
[[File:Alan Lee - The Mirror of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|''The Mirror of Galadriel'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]
Eventually they reached [[Lothlórien]], and were housed by the elves at [[Caras Galadhon]]. During their rest there, [[Galadriel]] allowed Frodo and Sam to look into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]], in which they saw many things.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}}</ref> When leaving the Woods, Galadriel gave Frodo a [[Phial of Galadriel|vial]] with light from the [[Silmaril]] of [[Eärendil]].<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}</ref>

They travelled down the [[Anduin]] river in boats given to them by the elves. On their trip down the river, Frodo confirmed his suspicion that they were being trailed by Gollum. At [[Amon Hen]], the Ring's corrupting power caused Boromir to try to take the Ring from Frodo, who escaped by putting it on. Seeing the corrupting influence of the ring on Boromir, he then decided to leave the Fellowship and go on alone, but he was thwarted in this when Sam discovered him attempting to cross the [[Nen Hithoel]], and insisted on accompanying him.

===Emyn Muil to Ithilien===
The two companions reached [[Amon Lhaw]] and toiled through the [[Emyn Muil]]. Soon after, they found Gollum following them, and they captured him with the [[Elven rope]].
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Through the Marshes.jpg|thumb|left|''Through the Marshes'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Frodo decided to trust Gollum to be their guide. He led the Hobbits out of the Emyn Muil and through the [[Dead Marshes]]. During their route, they were delayed several times by a [[Nazgûl]] flying on a [[Fell beasts|fell beast]]. The Hobbits reached [[Carchost]], the western [[Towers of the Teeth|Tower of the Teeth]], where Frodo had intended to enter Mordor, but Gollum persuaded Frodo to follow him to a safer entrance, the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]. During the next night's march they passed into [[North Ithilien]], and by daylight of [[March 7]] they reached the stream of [[Henneth Annûn]].

Their camp fire attracted the [[Rangers of Ithilien]], and their leader, [[Faramir]] (Boromir's brother), considered them spies and questioned Frodo concerning their errand, who recounted the journeys of the Fellowship, but said nothing about the Ring. Faramir informed Frodo of Boromir's death, implying Frodo's involvement. Faramir blindfolded the Hobbits and led them to Henneth Annûn, a secret Gondorian outpost, and questioned them further in private. After a meal, Sam accidentally revealed that Frodo had the Ring, but Faramir denied its lure, and thus gained the trust of the hobbits.

During the night, Faramir called Frodo and Sam to him, and showed them Gollum, who had found his way to Henneth Annûn, and (ignorant of their presence) was hunting for [[Fish|fish]]. Faramir, suspecting that Frodo had lied about Gollum's involvement in their quest, threatened to kill him for fear that he might reveal the location of their outpost to the enemy. Frodo confessed to the part of Gollum in their errand, and begged Faramir not to slay him. Gollum was caught and questioned and then surrendered to Frodo. The following morning Faramir released the three travellers, warning them strongly against taking the pass of Cirith Ungol.

===Entering Mordor===
[[File:John Howe - Shelob About to Leap on Frodo.jpg|thumb|left|''Shelob About to Leap on Frodo'' by [[John Howe]]]]
After two marches they came to the valley of the [[Morgulduin]] and continued east. On the "[[Dawnless Day]]" Gollum lead them east to the [[Southward Road]] and reached the [[Cross-roads]] just as the sun was setting.<ref>{{TT|Journey}}</ref> They reached just opposite the north-facing gate of [[Minas Morgul]] and they saw the Morgul-host march forth.

In that night they ascended the [[Straight Stair]] and reached the top of the [[Winding Stair]] at dawn of [[March 11]] where they were woken by Gollum. He led the up the to the entrance to [[Shelob's Lair]]. Inside the tunnel Gollum betrayed Frodo and Sam to [[Shelob]] the [[Spiders|spider]], who stung Frodo after he left the tunnel. Sam saved Frodo from being eaten by Shelob, but thought him dead and took the Ring from him, resolving to continue the Quest alone. However Frodo (who was still alive) was captured by Orcs and taken to the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]].

===Cirith Ungol to Mount Doom===
[[File:John Howe - Mount Doom II.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Mount Doom'' by [[John Howe]] ]]
Learning of this, Sam rescued Frodo and on early [[March 15]] the Hobbits escaped and jumped into the ravine west of the [[Morgai]] and crossed the valley. The next day they attempted to climb the Morgai, but had to retrace their steps and reached the north end of the valley, and on [[March 18]] they set out on the road that ran to the [[Carach Angren|Isenmouthe]]. There they were overtaken by an Orc troop and had to follow their trot.

As Sauron's troops moved at night, the hobbits continued their journey in daytime towards Mount Doom. During the morning of [[March 25]] they reached the [[Cracks of Doom|Crack of Doom]] where, at the last moment, Frodo, under the influence of the Ring, claimed it as his own. However, at that moment he was attacked by [[Gollum]], who seized the Ring and then fell into the fire with it, thus destroying the Ring.

By then, this pressure of the ring reached its maximum, which was impossible, "especially after long possession, months of increasing torment, and when starved and exhausted." Frodo had done what he could, and by then he was simply incapable of making a conscious decision to destroy the Ring.<ref>{{L|246}}</ref>

===Return home===
Frodo and Sam were rescued by [[Gwaihir]], [[Landroval]] and [[Meneldor]] and taken to [[Ithilien]]. After being healed and having rested for a month, the Ring-bearers were honoured on the [[Field of Cormallen]]. The following months the Hobbits witnessed the coronation of their companion Aragorn as King Elessar, and were present at his marriage to [[Arwen]] that summer. Arwen renounced her [[immortality]] and gave to Frodo her place to sail into the [[Uttermost West|West]]. She also gave to Frodo a white gem on a silver necklace that she claims would aid him when he remembers the fear and darkness of the toll the ring took on him.<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>

Frodo and his company left Minas Tirith on [[July 19]] for [[Edoras]] and the funeral of King [[Théoden]], then set out for the [[Hornburg]] and eventually [[Isengard]]. They parted there from Legolas, Gimli, and Aragorn.

After overtaking Saruman and [[Gríma|Wormtongue]], they reached the [[Mountains of Moria]]; and when they approached [[Lothlórien]], [[Celeborn]] and Galadriel parted from their company. The hobbits, with Gandalf and other Elves, reached Rivendell on [[September 21]], where Frodo met Bilbo once again.

They stayed there until [[October 5]] and eventually visited the ''Prancing Pony'' in Bree before reaching the Shire. At the Buckland Gate Gandalf left them to go and have a talk with Tom Bombadil. Once in the Shire, they reached [[Frogmorton]] where they were arrested. The next day they reached [[Bywater]] where they defeated the [[ruffians]] who had overtaken their land. The leader of the ruffians was revealed to be Saruman, and Frodo decided to let him live, even after he had tried to stab him with a knife. But Saruman did not live much longer, for his servant, Wormtongue, killed him himself (before being killed by the hobbits), thus ending the [[War of the Ring]].

===Later years===
[[File:Francesco Amadio - Grey Havens.jpg|thumb|220px|''Grey Havens'' by [[:Category:Images by Francesco Amadio|Francesco Amadio]]]]
Over the next two years, the travellers reordered the Shire and their lives; but Frodo was still troubled by his wounds, falling ill every [[13 March]] and [[6 October]], clutching the white gem in a manner reminiscent of the One Ring. Frodo served as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] until [[Will Whitfoot]] was restored in {{SR|1420}}.<ref name=chief>{{App|Chief}}</ref> Having no family of his own, Frodo left his estate ([[Bag End]]) and passed on the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to Samwise Gamgee, who named [[Frodo Gardner|his son]] after Frodo.

On [[September 21]] of {{TA|3021}} Frodo set out for the [[Grey Havens]]. Going south to Woody End he met the [[Last Riding of the Keepers]], Elrond, Galadriel, and Bilbo. On [[September 29]] they came to the firth of [[Lhûn]] where Gandalf awaited them, and on the [[White Ship]]<ref name=chief/> they crossed the [[Straight Road]] into the West. Frodo would spend the rest of his days in "''a period of reflection and peace''" on [[Tol Eressëa]], giving him the opportunity to truly understand his position in [[Arda]] before passing beyond the [[Circles of the World]].<ref>{{L|246}}: "''a gaining of a truer understanding of his position...''"</ref>

==Legacy==
According to [[Elanor Gardner]], Sam followed Frodo across the sea on September 22nd, 1482 following the death of his wife [[Rose Cotton|Rose (née Cotton)]].<ref>{{App|B5}}: "''Among them the tradition is handed down from Elanor...''"</ref>

At some point well into the [[Fourth Age]], the words "''Frodos Dreme''" appeared scrawled at the head of a poem, [[The Sea-Bell]], within the Red Book, possibly derived from the nightmares that Frodo had before passing into the West.<ref>{{AB|Preface}}: "''It is the latest piece and belongs to the Fourth Age...''"</ref>

==Characteristics==
The only real description of Frodo's appearance was given only once by Gandalf in his letter to Barliman Butterbur, in which he was declared a "stout fellow with red cheeks, taller than some (hobbits), and fairer than most", with a cleft chin, a bright eye, and a perky personality.<ref name="Strider"/> Although Frodo was apparently fairly stout before his journey, he seemed to have lost a significant amount of weight on his trip from Hobbiton to Rivendell.<ref name="Meetings"/> Also, at a later point, Sam remarked that Frodo was "too thin and drawn" for a hobbit.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}</ref>

Frodo carried a small Elven sword called [[Sting]] and wore a coat of Dwarven mail made of ''[[mithril]]'' under his clothes, both given to him by Bilbo. In [[Lothlórien]], [[Galadriel]] gave him an [[Elven cloaks|Elven cloak]] that helped him blend in with his natural surroundings and a phial carrying the light of the [[Star of Eärendil]] to aid him on his quest.

Before Frodo returned to the Shire after the Quest of the Ring was completed, Arwen Evenstar, wife of Aragorn and daughter of Elrond, gave Frodo a white gem on a silver necklace to wear around his neck.

Frodo is said to have shown great "skill with foreign sounds" and probably could pronounce [[Elvish]] correctly, more than other Hobbits (who pronounced long Elvish vowels as diphthongs).<ref>{{App|Vowels}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Frodo Baggins'' is an English translation of his [[Westron]] name '''[[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]]'''. The name ''Maura'' has the element ''maur-'' (wise, experienced), which Tolkien equated to the Germanic element ''frod-'' of the same meaning. Frodo's name in [[Sindarin]] was '''''[[Iorhael]]''''' ("old-wise") although in some instance he is mentioned as '''Daur''' (probably [[lenition|lenited]] form of ''[[taur]]'').

In the German translation he is called ''Frodo Beutlin'', in Spanish, ''Frodo Bolsón'', in French, ''Frodon Sacquet'', or ''Frodo Bessac'' (in the latest translation of the books), in Norwegian, ''Frodo Lommelun'', in Danish, ''Frodo Sækker'', in Faroese, ''Fróði Pjøkin'', in Finnish, ''Frodo Reppuli'', in Swedish, ''Frodo Secker'', in Portuguese, ''Frodo Bolseiro'', in Czech, ''Frodo Pytlík,'' and in Dutch, ''Frodo Balings''. In one of three Polish translations he is called ''Frodo Bagosz'', but he keeps his original name in the other two.

===Other names===
* Frodo Baggins - ''fród'' means "wise by experience" in [[Old English]]. Baggins may have been a reference to [[Bag End]] or may come from "bagging" which means "eating between meals" in northern England.
* [[Maura]] [[Baggins Family|Labingi]] - the [[Hobbitish]] name for Frodo.
* [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] - he bore the [[One Ring]] to [[Mount Doom]].
* [[Elf-friends|Elf-friend]] - given to him by [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]].
* [[Mr. Underhill]] - used during his stay in [[The Prancing Pony]] to conceal his identity.
* [[The Halfling]] - a name used for him from [[Boromir]]'s dream.
* [[Master]] - given to Frodo by both [[Samwise Gamgee]] as Sam was his gardener, and [[Gollum]], as Frodo was the Master of the Precious.
* Nine-fingered Frodo\Frodo of the Nine Fingers - given to Frodo after Gollum bit off his finger.
* Deputy Mayor of [[Michel Delving]] - he was the Deputy from November {{TA|3019|n}} through Mid-Year's Day in {{TA|3020|n}}.
* [[Taur|Daur]] - which translates to "noble" and was given to Frodo at the [[Field of Cormallen]].
* [[Iorhael]] - the [[Sindarin]] name for Frodo which comes from ''[[iaur]]'' meaning "old" and ''[[sael]]'' meaning "wise".

* [[Bingo Baggins]] - Frodo's name in the early drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.
* ''Bronwe athan Harthad'' - name given to Frodo by Gandalf in an early version of the ''[[Many Partings]]'' chapter, meaning "Endurance beyond Hope".<ref>{{SD|VII}}: "''the bards and the minstrels should give them new names...''"</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | |BAL|y|BER| |BAL=[[Balbo Baggins]]|BER=[[Berylla Baggins|Berylla Boffin]]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree|MUN| | | |LAR|y|TAN|MUN=[[Mungo Baggins]] (grandfather of Bilbo)|LAR=[[Largo Baggins]]|TAN=[[Tanta Hornblower]]}}
{{familytree| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | |DOR| |DRO|y|PRI| |DUD|DOR=[[Dora Baggins]]|DRO=[[Drogo Baggins]]|PRI=[[Primula Brandybuck]]|DUD=[[Dudo Baggins]]}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |FRO| | | |DAI|~|GRI|FRO='''Frodo Baggins'''|DAI=[[Daisy Baggins]]|GRI=[[Griffo Boffin]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Portrayal in adaptations==
{{Gallery
|title=Frodo Baggins in adaptations
|width=170
|height=170
|lines=3
|File:Frodo.png|Frodo in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
|File:Frodo Rankin Bass.png|Frodo in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Frodo at the Grey Havens.png|Frodo in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Frodo Baggins and the One Ring.JPG|Frodo in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Frodo Baggins.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:Lego LOTR logo.png|Frodo as a ''[[Lego]]'' minifigure
}}
===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Christopher Guard]]. [[Sharon Baird]] was the model for Frodo in the live-action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:Frodo was voiced by [[Orson Bean]], who had previously played Bilbo in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]].

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Frodo is played by [[Elijah Wood]].

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Elijah Wood]] reprises his role as Frodo Baggins.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> He has a conversation with Bilbo on the day of his 111th Birthday, before setting off to the woods to wait for Gandalf.

===Television===
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''
:Frodo was played by Taneli Mäkelä.

===Radio series===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Oliver Burt]] provided the voice of Frodo.

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Frodo is provided by [[James Arrington]].

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Frodo is voiced by [[Ian Holm]].

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Frodo is played by Matthias Haase.

'''1992: [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]]:'''
:In two episodes telling of the meeting of Frodo and [[Tom Bombadil]], [[Nigel Planer]] provided the voice of Frodo.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:In the first of the three series (seasons), based on ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', the voice of Frodo is provided by Dušan Cinkota. Cinkota was unable to reprise his role after the first series, and the role of Frodo was recast with Ľuboš Kostelný for the second and third series (based on ''[[The Two Towers]]'' and ''[[The Return of the King]]'').

===Games===
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Frodo is one of the playable characters; his story doesn't significantly differ from the book. He is voiced by [[Steve Staley]].

'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''
:Frodo is present in all missions from Sam's perspective: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. Completing the game allows to replay those missions from Frodo's perspective.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''
:Frodo is a "Hero" unit of the Free People; his ability to use the Ring and turn invisible makes him ideal for scout missions.

'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:Frodo and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Frodo is first met in Rivendell, preparing for departure. Later, he is found on Cerin Amroth in Lothlorien, weary from the loss of [[Gandalf]]. From [[Amon Hen]] onwards, player experiences Frodo's journey in a series of Session Plays, alternatively playing as either Frodo, Sam or [[Gollum]]. The player meets Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]], he later gives a speech at [[Aragorn]] and [[Arwen]]. A Hobbit actor portrays Frodo Baggins in a Hobbit-made theater play "The Disappearance of Mad Baggins". Notably, the player is not told about Frodo's mission for a very long time, with [[Elrond]], [[Gandalf]], [[Aragorn]] and others only saying that it is "of great importance".

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Frodo is mentioned as '''"Frodo the Ringbearer"''', one of the much honored heroes of the [[War of the Ring]], in the introduction of the game. In [[The Prancing Pony]] [[Aragorn]] tells that he is waiting on a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] with [[The One Ring|an important burden]], this refers to Frodo and the One Ring.<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'', ''Prologue''</ref>
:Later in the game, Frodo appears in [[Rivendell]], but interactions with him do not affect the main plot.

==See also==
*[[Timeline of Frodo Baggins]]

{{References|Notes}}
{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
| race=hobbit
| house=[[Baggins Family]]
| born=[[22 September]], {{TA|2968}}
| died=Sailed west on [[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Bilbo Baggins]]
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
| dates=[[22 September]], {{TA|3001}} - [[13 March]], {{TA|3019|n}}
| next=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Samwise Gamgee]]
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
| dates=[[14 March|14]] - [[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}
| next=[[Gollum]]
}}
{{seq-end}}{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{ringbearers}}{{hobbitfilms}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Frodo Beutlin]]
[[fi:Frodo Reppuli]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:bessac:frodo_bessac]]

Andreas Möhn

2024-03-04T09:04:55Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* External links */

'''Andreas Möhn''' (born [[1964]]) is a German freelance writer and editor. He first used the pseudonym "Lalaith"<ref>{{webcite|author=Lalaith|articleurl=https://www.otherminds.net/downloads/other-hands/other-hands-issue-15-and-16-magazine.pdf/view|articlename=The indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor|dated=January 1997|website=otherminds.net|accessed=24 January 2021}}, p. 28 e-mail address on top</ref> and now uses the pseudonym "Codex Regius" together with his wife, Metka Klemenčič.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amazon.de/Codex-Regius/e/B00J8NAG2W?ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_3&qid=1611506881&sr=8-3|articlename=Entry for the author Codex Regius on www.amazon.de|dated=|website=amazon.de|accessed=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://blog.xinxii.de/10-fragen-an-codex-regius/|articlename=10 Fragen an ... Codex Regius|dated=2 December 2013|website=blog.xinxii.de|accessed=24 January 2021}}</ref>

He has an on-line presence concerning the study of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s [[Arda]] by participating on the [[Tolklang]] and [[Tolkien Mailing List]]s. His website, ''[http://lalaithmesp.blogspot.com Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages]'', is centred on more obscure aspects of the [[legendarium]] and scientific reasoning on several information Tolkien gives out. His essays concern [[Mannish]] tongues, calendaric calculations, and various geographical topics of [[Arda]].

In October [[2014]] some of the articles were removed from the site, and were updated and provided as purchasable books. By [[2016]] the Science Pages were moved to another site as blog articles. The content of the books about Middle-earth largely replicates the articles from Lalaith's Middle-earth Sciences page.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B01I8G6XAS/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0|articlename=Middle-earth seen by the barbarians: The complete collection including a previously unpublished essay|dated=|website=amazon.de|accessed=24 January 2021}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Middle-earth seen by the barbarians''
*''The Moon in ‘The Hobbit’''
*''Words of Westernesse: Tolkien's languages of Men and Hobbits''
*''Dynasties of Middle-earth: Kings, lords and other noblemen from the First to the Third Age''

==Articles==
*''The Indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor'', in [[Other Hands 15/16]], January 1997, pp. 28-32

==External links==
* '''[http://lalaithmesp.blogspot.com Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages]'''
* [https://www.amazon.fr/dp/B0C8BX25W4?binding=kindle_edition&ref_=ast_author_bsi ''Middle-earth Science Collection''<nowiki/>'s books] on amazon

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohn, Andreas}}
[[Category:German people]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Webmasters]]

Andreas Möhn

2024-03-04T09:02:20Z

Pengolodh Saelon: /* Bibliography */

'''Andreas Möhn''' (born [[1964]]) is a German freelance writer and editor. He first used the pseudonym "Lalaith"<ref>{{webcite|author=Lalaith|articleurl=https://www.otherminds.net/downloads/other-hands/other-hands-issue-15-and-16-magazine.pdf/view|articlename=The indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor|dated=January 1997|website=otherminds.net|accessed=24 January 2021}}, p. 28 e-mail address on top</ref> and now uses the pseudonym "Codex Regius" together with his wife, Metka Klemenčič.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amazon.de/Codex-Regius/e/B00J8NAG2W?ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_3&qid=1611506881&sr=8-3|articlename=Entry for the author Codex Regius on www.amazon.de|dated=|website=amazon.de|accessed=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://blog.xinxii.de/10-fragen-an-codex-regius/|articlename=10 Fragen an ... Codex Regius|dated=2 December 2013|website=blog.xinxii.de|accessed=24 January 2021}}</ref>

He has an on-line presence concerning the study of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s [[Arda]] by participating on the [[Tolklang]] and [[Tolkien Mailing List]]s. His website, ''[http://lalaithmesp.blogspot.com Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages]'', is centred on more obscure aspects of the [[legendarium]] and scientific reasoning on several information Tolkien gives out. His essays concern [[Mannish]] tongues, calendaric calculations, and various geographical topics of [[Arda]].

In October [[2014]] some of the articles were removed from the site, and were updated and provided as purchasable books. By [[2016]] the Science Pages were moved to another site as blog articles. The content of the books about Middle-earth largely replicates the articles from Lalaith's Middle-earth Sciences page.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B01I8G6XAS/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0|articlename=Middle-earth seen by the barbarians: The complete collection including a previously unpublished essay|dated=|website=amazon.de|accessed=24 January 2021}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Middle-earth seen by the barbarians''
*''The Moon in ‘The Hobbit’''
*''Words of Westernesse: Tolkien's languages of Men and Hobbits''
*''Dynasties of Middle-earth: Kings, lords and other noblemen from the First to the Third Age''

==Articles==
*''The Indigenous Population of Eriador and Gondor'', in [[Other Hands 15/16]], January 1997, pp. 28-32

==External links==
* '''[http://lalaithmesp.blogspot.com Lalaith's Middle-earth Science Pages]'''

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohn, Andreas}}
[[Category:German people]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]
[[Category:Webmasters]]

Thorsten Renk

2024-03-04T08:58:02Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

'''Thorsten Renk''' is a German linguist of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s invented [[languages]].<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/28076 Message 28076] ([https://tolklang.quettar.org/elfling-mirror/280nn/28076 Archive]) at [[Elfling]]</ref> He is the creator of the [http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html Parma Tyelpelassiva] website. Since 2013, he is a member of the Review Panel of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''.<ref>{{VT|50}}, p. 26</ref>

His vulgarized adûnaic, sindarin, and quenya courses teach a unified grammar and lexicon for each of these languages, introduced gradually through lessons/chapters, text-examples, and exercises. This handy learning approach gained some popularity among (neo-)elvish learners. However, they have been heavily criticized for their inaccuracies, questionable reconstructions and arbitrary choices to ignore or ackowledge some of Tolkien's writings over others<ref>David Giraudeau, [http://lambenore.free.fr/telechargements/AE.pdf ''Ambar Eldaron : Étude sur un site polémique''], 2011</ref>.

==Bibliography==

*[[2006]]: ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê'' (Adûnaic course)
*[[2008]]: ''Quetin i Lambë Eldaiva'' (Quenya course)
*[[2010]]: ''Pedin Edhellen: a Sindarin Course''

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renk, Thorsten}}
[[Category:German people]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]

Thorsten Renk

2024-03-04T08:55:43Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

'''Thorsten Renk''' is a German linguist of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s invented [[languages]].<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/28076 Message 28076] ([https://tolklang.quettar.org/elfling-mirror/280nn/28076 Archive]) at [[Elfling]]</ref> He is the creator of the [http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html Parma Tyelpelassiva] website. Since 2013, he is a member of the Review Panel of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''.<ref>{{VT|50}}, p. 26</ref>

His vulgarized adûnaic, sindarin, and quenya courses present unified grammars and lexicon for each of these languages, introduced gradually through lessons, text-examples, and exercises. This easy approach gained some popularity among (neo-)elvish learners. However, they have been heavily criticized for their inaccuracies, questionable reconstructions and arbitrary choices to ignore or ackowledge some of Tolkien's writings over others<ref>David Giraudeau, [http://lambenore.free.fr/telechargements/AE.pdf ''Ambar Eldaron : Étude sur un site polémique''], 2011</ref>.

==Bibliography==

*[[2006]]: ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê'' (Adûnaic course)
*[[2008]]: ''Quetin i Lambë Eldaiva'' (Quenya course)
*[[2010]]: ''Pedin Edhellen: a Sindarin Course''

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renk, Thorsten}}
[[Category:German people]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]

Thorsten Renk

2024-03-03T20:24:32Z

Pengolodh Saelon:

'''Thorsten Renk''' is a German linguist of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s invented [[languages]].<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/28076 Message 28076] ([https://tolklang.quettar.org/elfling-mirror/280nn/28076 Archive]) at [[Elfling]]</ref> He is the creator of the [http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html Parma Tyelpelassiva] website. Since 2013, he is a member of the Review Panel of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''.<ref>{{VT|50}}, p. 26</ref>

His adûnaic, sindarin, and quenya courses present unified grammars and lexicon for each of these languages, introduced gradually through lessons, text-examples, and exercises. This easy approach gained some popularity among (neo-)elvish learners. However, they have been heavily criticized for their inaccuracies, questionable reconstructions and arbitrary choices to ignore or ackowledge some of Tolkien's writings over others<ref>David Giraudeau, [http://lambenore.free.fr/telechargements/AE.pdf ''Ambar Eldaron : Étude sur un site polémique''], 2011</ref>.

==Bibliography==

*[[2006]]: ''Ni-bitha Adûnâyê'' (Adûnaic course)
*[[2008]]: ''Quetin i Lambë Eldaiva'' (Quenya course)
*[[2010]]: ''Pedin Edhellen: a Sindarin Course''

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renk, Thorsten}}
[[Category:German people]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:People by name]]