Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

East Sea

2025-01-03T00:03:21Z

Peyre: /* History */

{{location infobox
| name=East Sea
| image=Quentin Lowagie - Arda in the Second Age.png
| caption="Arda in the Second Age" by Quentin Lowagie
| pronun=
| othernames=Eastern Sea
| location=East of [[Middle-earth]], west of the [[Land of the Sun]]
| type=Ocean
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}

The '''East Sea''', also called the '''Eastern Sea''', was the sea between [[Middle-earth]] and the [[Land of the Sun]].<ref name="A4">{{SM|A4}}</ref><ref name="Fashion">{{SM|5b}}</ref>{{rp|293}}

==History==
Initially, the size and shape of the East Sea corresponded symmetrically with [[Belegaer]], the Western Sea separating Middle-earth from [[Aman]], but when Melkor cast down the [[Two Lamps]], this symmetry was lost; Middle-earth was thrust eastward, causing Belegaer to expand and the East Sea to narrow.<ref name="Fashion" />{{rp|292–3}}<ref>{{SM|5e}}, pp. 301-2</ref><ref group="note">Belegaer was also said to grow "wide and deep" during the [[Battle of the Powers]], presumably causing the East Sea to further shrink. See {{MR|P2e}}, p. 75</ref> At this time, the East Sea was narrowest in the extreme north and south of the world, where only small straits filled with ice separated Middle-earth and the Land of the Sun. These straits connected the East Sea to [[Ekkaia]], the Outer Sea.<ref name="A4" />

During the Battle of the Powers between the [[Valar]] and [[Melkor]], the East Sea became connected to Belegaer. The inland [[Sea of Ringil]], originally set in the mid-south of Middle-earth, grew in size and "became a great sea flowing north-eastward and joining by straights both the Western and Eastern Seas."<ref group="note">Confusingly, the former Sea of Ringil was also called the "East Sea" by Tolkien on one early map. See {{SM|A5}}.</ref><ref name="Fashion" />{{rp|293–4}}

After Melkor defiled the [[Two Trees of Valinor]], the Valar used the fruit of [[Laurelin]] to create the [[Sun]] and the flower of [[Telperion]] to create the [[Moon]].<ref name="S11">{{S|11}}</ref> In the evenings, the Sun set in the [[Outer Sea]] to the west of Aman, where it was pulled down by [[Ulmo]]'s servants and sent under the earth<ref name="S11" /> to the East Sea, where it rose at dawn.<ref>{{App|D2}} ("Later [the Númenóreans] also made their week one of 7 days, and they reckoned the day from sunrise (out of the eastern sea) to sunrise.")</ref> The Moon followed the Sun on this path.<ref name="S11" />

In the [[Second Age]], the [[Númenóreans]] sailed about Middle-earth to the [[uttermost east]]<ref>{{L|131}}("[The Númenóreans] sail[ed] to the uttermost north, and south, and east.")</ref> and could see the [[Gates of Morning]] from their ships,<ref name="S">{{S|IV}}</ref> suggesting that they sailed into the East Sea. It was also in this age that a final change was made to the earth that likely affected the East Sea: when [[Ilúvatar]] sank Númenor and made the world round, he "cast back ... the [[Empty Lands]] east of [Middle-earth], and new lands and seas were made".<ref name="S" /> How this impacted the geography of the East Sea is unknown.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', the Uttermost East ([[Oronto]]) was connected to the [[Middle-earth|Great Lands]], directly east of [[Palisor]], with no separating water. [[Oromë]] described the East to the [[Valar]], saying that "''there is a silent beach and dark empty seas''". It is also told that [[Aulë]] and [[Ulmo]] "''builded great havens'' [of the Sun and Moon] ''beside the soundless sea''".<ref>{{LT1|IX}}</ref><ref>{{SM|5e}}</ref>

In early texts, [[Hildórien]] - the site where the first [[Men]] awoke in the [[First Age]] - was placed in the central region of Middle-earth near the shore of the East Sea. Hildórien was surrounded by the [[Mountains of the Wind]], a semi-circular mountain chain that derived its named from the strong winds that blew into them from over the East Sea due to the rising of the Sun.<ref name="A4" /><ref name="Fashion" />{{rp|293}} In later texts, Hildórien is said to be "in the midmost parts of Middle-earth" with no mention of the East Sea or the Mountains of the Wind.<ref>{{WJ|9}}, p. 174</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sea of Rhûn]]
*[[Sea of Helcar]]
*[[Sea of Ringil]]
*[[Dark Land]]

{{references|notes}}
[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Seas and oceans]]

Barrow-wights

2024-12-30T17:12:00Z

Peyre: /* History and Characteristics */

{{race infobox
| name=Barrow-wights
| image = John Howe - Barrow-Wights.jpg
| caption="Barrow-Wights" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=The [[Barrow-downs]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]] [[Witch-king]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Westron]]
| people=
| members=
| lifespan=
| distinctions=Shadowy figures with a pale, icy light gleaming from their eyes; icy touch; deep, hollow and cold voice
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Magic
}}
The '''Barrow-wights''' were a kind of [[undead]]-like creatures, dead bones animated by [[evil spirits]].<ref name="LotR">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''passim''</ref>

==History and Characteristics==
[[File:Richard Svensson - The Adventures of Tom Bombadil part 4.jpg|thumb|''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil part 4'' by Richard Svensson]]
The Barrow-wights were evil spirits, although their true nature is unknown; it is not known if they were perverted [[Maiar]] ([[Úmaiar]]) or [[Fëa and hröa|spirits]] of [[Orcs]], fallen [[Avari]], or evil Men.

The [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] sent them to the [[Barrow-downs]], in order to prevent a resurrection of the destroyed [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Cardolan]]. Some of them occupied the cairn of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref name="Eriador" /><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> The spirits stirred the dead bones in the mounds and haunted them.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 194</ref><ref name="I7">{{FR|I7}}</ref>

The Barrow-wights appeared as shadowy figures with a pale, icy light gleaming from what would be their eyes. They could speak, with deep, hollow and cold voices, and likewise their touch was icy.<ref name="Barrow" /><ref name="AB1" /> They were furthermore infamous for carrying rattling gold rings on their bony fingers.<ref name="I7" /><ref name="AB2">{{AB|2}}</ref>

According to [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] verse, [[Tom Bombadil]] escaped a Barrow-wight on some occasion, using his enchanting incantations.<ref name="AB1" /> Perhaps his authority was sourced by the inherent power he had on this region of the world, not the spirits themselves.

During the [[War of the Ring]] ([[September]] {{TA|3018|n}}) the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

[[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the [[Barrow-downs]] by the [[magic|spells]] of the Barrow-wights, and were nearly slain by the creatures.<ref name="Barrow">{{FR|I8}}</ref> They were saved in the last minute by Tom, who seemed to have had complete authority over them.

==Other names==

According to [[Elrond]], the [[Elves]] knew the Barrow-wights by many names.<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref> While these names are not recorded (except for the general denomination "evil spirits"), the creatures were also called "'''Barrow-dwellers'''" in Hobbit lore.<ref name="AB1">{{AB|1}}</ref> Often, they were also referred to by the shortened form "'''Wights'''".<ref name="LotR" /><ref>The use of a capital "W" for the short form was noted by {{webcite|author=Jerome Colburn|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35dd6beb162366dc0f94|articlename=Re: tolkienian english (197.11)|dated=2002-11-24|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=2022-09-23}}; compare "''They are Elvish wights''", in {{RK|Company}}</ref>

*Etymology: ''[[Barrows|barrow]]'' + ''[[wights|wight]]''

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Due to his inspiration from ''Hrómundar saga Gripssonar'', during the writing of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'') Tolkien at first foresaw a link between the wights and the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]]s, initially describing the Black Riders as horsed Wights, but the suggestion that they were the same kind of creatures was dropped in the published work. In the final work there remained a link between them: the wights were now spirits sent by the Witch-king.

==Other writings==
The character Tídwald, appearing in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s poem "[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth|The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son]]", accuses Torhthelm of fancying "''barrow-wights and bogeys''".<ref>{{HB|II}}</ref>

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
===Barrow-wights in adaptations===
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="250px" heights="150px">
File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Barrow-wight Stalker.jpg|"Barrow-wight Stalker" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''
File:Mark Evans - Barrow-wight.jpg|''Barrow-wight'' in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]''
</gallery>
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Remnants haunting their own tombs, the Barrow Wights are a type of greater Undead Beings. They draw energy from living beings, sacrificing their victims.<ref>{{ICE|2012}}, p. 124</ref>

'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''
:Although the Barrow-wights did not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' films]], [[Decipher]] did produce a card depicting a Barrow-wight.

'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of the barrow-wight that temporarily imprisons Frodo and his three companions is provided by Vladimír Jedľovský.

'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
:Barrow-wights (not to be confused with the [[ghosts|ghost]]-type ''wights'' appearing in the same game) are corpses of Men animated by evil spirits.<ref>{{D|Fell}}, pp. 14-15</ref>

'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:[[Sambrog]] is a Wight-lord of the Barrow-downs. Barrow Wights are not just confined to the Barrow Downs, but have risen in many parts of Middle-earth mainly around the decaying ruins of Arnor. Wights can be found haunting the darkest corners of Mirkwood to even the Elven ruins which dot Ered Luin. A clan of warriors in Dunland has even gone as far as trying to raise their own undead army.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:[[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]], and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] encounter Barrow-wights during their trek through the Barrow-downs. The boss battle of the level is the Barrow-wight Lord.

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:It has been confirmed that Barrow-wights will appear in the series' second season.<ref>{{webcite|author=The Lord of the Rings on Prime|articleurl=https://x.com/TheRingsofPower/status/1811777561300537633|articlename=The Barrow-Wights await your visit.|dated=12 July 2024|website=[https://twitter.com Twitter]|accessed=12 July 2024}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Undead]]
[[de:Grabunholde]]
[[fi:Haudanhaamut]]

Old Forest Road

2024-12-27T16:16:09Z

Peyre: Undo revision 416247 by Akhorahil (talk) In this case it is, because both parts of the sentence, before and after the comma/semicolon could be complete sentences on their own: joining them with a comma would make a comma splice.

{{disambig-two|the Dwarf-road through Mirkwood|Dwarf-road of the First Age|[[Dwarf-road of Beleriand]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Old Forest Road
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Way of the Dwarves (translation), Men-i-Naugrim, Forest Road
| location=Running from the [[Misty Mountains]] through central [[Mirkwood]] to the [[River Running|Celduin]]
| type=
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Used by [[Dwarves]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Old Forest Road''', also called the '''Men-i-Naugrim''', or just the '''Forest Road''',<ref name="UT">{{UT|7a}}, Note 14</ref> was the main route through the great forest originally known as [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] and later as [[Mirkwood]].

==Route==
The road ran from the [[Great Gates|east gate]] of the underground dwarven city originally known as [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] and later as Moria north along the eastern side of the [[Misty Mountains]] over the upper course of the river [[Gladden]] to the lowest point where a bridge over the [[Anduin]] could be built and then straight east across the vale of the Anduin and through Mirkwood forest to a bridge across the [[River Running]] and then north-east over open land to the iron mines<ref name="NM">{{NM|P3xx}}</ref> in the [[Iron Hills]].<ref name="note">{{PM|XNotes}}, note 30</ref> This part of the road eventually fell into disrepair and the [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]] lost contact with [[Moria]]. A road that descended from the [[Pass of Imladris]] was also part of the Dwarf Road.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Roads'' (2) (v)</ref> The latitude of the eastern part of the road was halfway between the ancient Dwarven meeting-place at [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] to the north, and Moria to the south.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref>

==History==
The stone-bridge over the Anduin and the first miles of the road through Greenwood were built by the [[Longbeards|Longbeard]] [[dwarves of Moria]] and the bridge over the River Running was built by [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|their kin]] from the Iron Hills in the [[First Age]]. The road was completed during the early [[Second Age]] when [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains|many dwarves]] emigrated from the [[Blue Mountains]] to Moria and to the Iron Hills.<ref name="NM" />

The road enjoyed a large amount of traffic until the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]],<ref name="NM" /> which began in {{SA|1693}}.<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1693, p. 1083</ref>

Near the end of the [[Second Age]], probably between {{SA|3431}} and {{SA|3434|n}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, entries for the years 3431 and 3434, p. 1084</ref> the stone bridge across the Anduin was specially enlarged and strengthened to carry the armies of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men|Last Alliance]].<ref name="UT" />

By the time of the [[Quest of Erebor]] in {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2941, p. 1089</ref> the stone bridge over the Anduin had been lost and the river was crossed at the [[Old Ford]]. [[Thorin and Company]] intended to use the Old Forest Road to travel through Mirkwood, but [[Beorn]] warned them that the road from the Pass of Imladris to the entrance of the Old Forest Road at the western edge of Mirkwood was often used by [[Orcs|Goblins]] and that he had heard that the road was overgrown and disused at the eastern end and led to impassable marshes near the River Running where the paths had long been lost.<ref name="lodg">{{H|Queer}}</ref> He instead recommended they use the [[Elf-path]], a secret path made by the [[Elves of Mirkwood]].

It is possible that the Old Forest Road was repaired and used again after the [[War of the Ring]] in {{TA|3019}};<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 25, p. 1094</ref> because the host of [[Lórien]] destroyed [[Dol Guldur]], the forest was cleansed and all the wide forest between the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]] in the north and the [[Narrows of the Forest]] in the south was given to the [[Beornings]] and the [[Woodmen]] by [[Thranduil]] and [[Celeborn]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, p. 1094</ref>

==Etymology==
''Men-i-Naugrim'' is a [[Sindarin]] name.<ref name="Eldamo">{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-729506707.html|articlename=S. ''Men-i-Naugrim'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=09 March 2022}}</ref> It means "Way of the Dwarves" or "Dwarf Road".<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Men-i-Naugrim''</ref> It is a compound of ''[[men (Elvish)|men]]'' ("road, way"), ''[[i]]'' ("the") and ''[[Naugrim]]'' ("dwarves").<ref name="Eldamo" />

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/06/27/where-did-the-old-forest-road-in-mirkwood-lead-to/ Where Did the Old Forest Road in Mirkwood Lead To?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references}}

[[Category:Rhovanion]]
[[Category:Roads and streets]]

[[de:Alte Waldstraße]]
[[fi:Vanha Metsätie]]

Cardolan

2024-12-26T23:40:45Z

Peyre: /* War with Angmar */

{{kingdom
| image=Cardolanrotwk.jpg
| name=Cardolan
| caption=Cardolan in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]
| capital=
| towns=[[Tharbad]]
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]
| population=[[Dúnedain]] [[Hobbits]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=King of Cardolan
| govern2= [[last prince of Cardolan|Prince of Cardolan]] (vassal of [[Arthedain]])
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.

==Description==
The borders of Cardolan were the river [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] from the [[Brandywine Bridge]] down to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] in the west, the river [[Mitheithel|Hoarwell]] from the [[Last Bridge]] down to the river [[Gwathló]] and down to the Sea in the east, the [[East Road|Great East Road]] in the north and the coast of [[Minhiriath]] from the mouth of the Brandywine to the mouth of the Gwathló in the south. The possession of the [[Weather Hills]] and the land westwards towards Bree was disputed between Cardolan, [[Rhudaur]] and [[Arthedain]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1039</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], the [[Greenway]] and the deep dike with a steep wall on the further side at the northern boundary of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 148</ref> just to the south of the Great East Road.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, pp. 146</ref><ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. There was often strife among the three kingdoms, because Rhudaur and Cardolan desired to possess the Weather Hills and the land westwards towards Bree, especially [[Weathertop]], because the tower on it contained the most important ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' of the North and the other two palantíri of the North were also held by Arthedain.<ref name="Eriador" /> While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, it soon failed in Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name="Eriador" />

In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1050, p. 1085</ref> and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085</ref> It is possible that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.

===War with Angmar===
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1300, p. 1086</ref>

[[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor, because no descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made a secret league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador" /> It is possible that Cardolan accepted Arthedain’s claim and that the vassal ruler of Cardolan had the title prince of Cardolan.<ref group="note">In the entry for the year 1356 of manuscript T4 of {{PM|Third}} king Argeleb is slain in battle with Cardolan and Rhudaur and both realms resist his claim to overlordship, but the section ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'' in {{App|Eriador}} only mentions that his claim was resisted by Rhudaur and that he was slain in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar without mentioning that Cardolan resisted the claim or that he died in battle with Cardolan. In addition Cardolan later helps Arthedain in the wars with Rhudaur and Angmar. Furthermore, a [[Last prince of Cardolan|prince]] of Cardolan, rather than a king of Cardolan is mentioned later.</ref> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1356, p. 1086</ref> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador" />

However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan, took Weathertop and destroyed the tower of Amon Sûl. The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was interred in the Barrow-downs that year. Some say that he was interred in the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1041</ref> It is likely that [[Merry]] saw the last memories of the last prince of Cardolan in his dreams in the tomb,<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> because he mentioned an attack by the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]" and a spear in his heart.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, p. 143</ref> A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In {{TA|1636}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> most of the people of Cardolan died from the [[Great Plague]], especially in Minhiriath. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the Barrow-downs.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]] attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the [[Barrow-wights]] terrified anyone who attempted to dwell near the Barrow-downs.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}} manuscript C with corrections and expansions, The Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni, 23. Araval, pp. 195, 209-210</ref>

===Legacy===
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}.<ref>{{App|TA}} entry for the year 1974, p. 1086</ref>).

During the [[War of the Ring]] ({{TA|3018}}) the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

[[Tom Bombadil]] was seemingly involved (at least as a spectator) in the wars between Cardolan and Angmar, although it is unknown to what extent. After freeing the hobbits from the barrow, he took a brooch for Goldberry and showed grief discovering it belonged to a “fair” woman he met long ago, usually identified with the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Cardolan'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. Its meaning is not glossed, but several authors suggest it means "red hill country", "land of red hills" or "Red Hill Land" and is a compound of ''[[caran]]'' ("red"), ''[[dol]]'' ("hill") and ''[[-iand|-(i)an(d)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref>{{HM|GS}}, entry '''Cardolan''', p. 371</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2202489439.html|articlename=S. ''Cardolan'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=08 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Clewley">{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85c040|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (363.63)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref> It is possible that the reference to red hills in the name Cardolan is based on the presence of red rock similar to the red stone just west of the [[Ford of Bruinen|ford over the river Loundwater]]<ref>{{FR|Flight}}. p. 213</ref> in Rhudaur.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/c/cardolan.php|articlename=Cardolan|website=The Encyclopedia of Arda|accessed=03 March 2022}}</ref>

An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name="Clewley" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier versions of the story, Cardolan was an unnamed ancient kingdom that “fought against the evil foes” long ago. The cairn where the Hobbits were trapped was the barrow of a prince who died during the war (the identification with the [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince]] and the occurrence of Cardolan, Angmar and Carn Dûm are only subsequent).<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), [[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions of Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, he mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors, the children and the fair maidens of the disappeared kingdom, suggesting Bombadil had personally met the men of Cardolan.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Cardolan map.jpg|thumb|Map of Cardolan from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Cardolan, translated as "Land of Red Hills", is featured in its ruined and mostly-abandoned state at the end of the [[Third Age]].

:The northern boundary of the old realm is considered part of [[Bree-land]]; however, the main part of Cardolan lies within its own in-game region of that name. It encompasses the southern reaches of the [[Old Forest]], [[Andrath]], and [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]]; the [[South Downs]]; the wetlands of "Sedgemead" along the [[Gwathló]]; and "Ruddymore" in the south-west, along the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]].

:The [[Orcs|Orc]]-infested ruins of [[Tharbad]] are in the south-easternmost part of Cardolan, where the road runs into the [[Swanfleet]] region.

{{references|n}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Cardolan]]
[[fi:Cardolan]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]

Arnor

2024-12-26T23:16:59Z

Peyre: /* Geography */

{{kingdom
| image=Stephen_Raw_-_Middle-earth_map_(1_of_4).png
| name=Arnor
| pronun=
| othernames=Kingdom of the North, the Lost Realm, the North-kingdom, the Northern Kingdom, the North-realm
| location=Most of [[Eriador]]
| capital=[[Annúminas]], later [[Fornost Erain]]
| towns=[[Lond Daer]], [[Tharbad]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]
| regions=[[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]]
| population=[[Arnorians]] [[Middle Men]] [[Hobbits]] Few [[Elves]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]
| govern2=Council of Arnor
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Númenor]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|3320}}
| event2=Divided
| event2date={{TA|861}}
| event3=Abandoned
| event3date={{TA|1974}}
| event4=Re-formed
| event4date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]
}}

'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was the original seat of the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King of Arnor]] who ruled over both Arnor and [[Gondor]].
==Geography==
Arnor included most of [[Eriador]], extending from the gulf of [[Lune]] (west of which was [[Lindon]]) to the river [[Greyflood]] and its tributary, the river [[Loudwater]] (east of which was [[Rivendell]]).<ref name="eriador" />

The Dúnedain of Arnor dwelt in many places in Eriador, but most of the population centered around the region of [[Arthedain]]. The Dunedain mainly inhabited the cities of [[Fornost]] and the capital city of [[Annúminas]], as well as along the [[Baranduin]] and the gulf of [[Lune]]. By the later [[Third Age]], the settlements of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had decayed and become ruins and [[barrows]].<ref name="rings" />
===Regions===

*[[Arthedain]], the core of the north-kingdom bordering the Lune
*[[Cardolan]], the lands south of the [[East Road]], east of the Brandywine
*[[Rhudaur]], the region between the Weather Hills and the [[Misty Mountains]]

===Sites of civilization===

*[[Annúminas]], the old capital on the shore of Lake Evendim
*[[Fornost]], the new capital of the successor state of Arthedain
*[[Bree]], a trading centre located on the East Road
*[[Lond Daer]], an old harbour town founded by Númenóreans
*[[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], also called Weathertop, a watchtower on the highest of the Weather Hills
*[[Elostirion]], an elven watchtower in the [[Tower Hills]]
*[[Tharbad]], a fortified town and port on each side of the River Greyflood on the southern border of Arnor

===''[[Palantíri]]''===

The '''[[Palantíri]]''' or 'seeing stones' were spherical stones that could communicate with each other and give visual impressions to a skilled remote user. [[Elendil]] and his two sons originally divided these stones between themselves. They were usually heavily guarded and under the control of the kings. There were seven of these stones in total. The northern kingdom possessed three, and the southern kingdom held the other four.<ref name="rings" />{{rp|362}} They were:

*The [[Elostirion-stone]], kept in the tower of [[Elostirion]]. This was used to communicate with The Master Stone in [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle of the Elves, along the [[Straight Road]]. It could not contact the other Middle-Earth stones.
*The [[Amon Sûl-stone]], kept in the watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. The [[Amon Sûl-stone]] was a large stone, and the northern kings often used it to contact its corresponding large stone in Gondor, at the great dome of [[Osgiliath]].
*The [[Annúminas-stone]], kept in Arnor's capital city of [[Annúminas]]. Though one of the lesser stones, it was the stone most often used by the [[Kings of Arnor]].

==History==

===Early history===
Before the foundation of Arnor, [[Eriador]] was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock. As a result of the slow emigration that started under the [[Númenórean]] kings [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]], a sizable population formed. These early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population of Eriador. The [[Faithful]] favored Eriador over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves of Lindon]] under their high king [[Gil-galad]] lived very near across the river [[Lhûn]].<ref name="rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>{{rp|360}} Conversely, the [[King's Men]] settled more to the south in the later days. Thus, the area was populated by people who were mainly still Faithful and [[Elf-friends]], where much of the knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.

[[File:Steven White Jr. - Ann18.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Palace Complex at Annúminas'' by Steven White, Jr.]]
During the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his people sailed through the [[Gulf of Lune]] and up the [[Lune]] river, and befriended the [[High King of the Noldor]] Gil-galad.<ref name="rings" /> Both Elendil and his sons were welcomed by the Men who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood.<ref name="rings" /><ref name="languages">{{App|Men}}</ref> These [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name="rings" /> The [[Men of Bree]] also became subjects of Arnor.<ref name="languages" /> Gil-galad and [[Elves of Lindon|his people]] aided the fledgling realm; he even built the [[Emyn Beraid]] for Elendil.<ref name="rings" />

Elendil founded Arnor at the end of the [[Second Age]] ({{SA|3320}}), while his sons founded the southern realm of [[Gondor]]. Both kingdoms of the [[Númenóreans]] were known as the [[Realms in Exile]], and their history is intertwined.
Despite its precedence over it as the seat of the High King, Arnor was never as powerful and populous as Gondor.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

Elendil established the city of [[Annúminas]] as his capital. Besides the chief cities like Annúminas and [[Fornost]], the [[Men of Arnor]] concentrated around the courses of the Lhûn and the [[Baranduin]], the hills of [[Rhudaur]], and built towers on [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name="rings" />
===[[War of the Last Alliance]]===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Isildur'' in Peter Jackson's ''The Fellowship of the Ring'']]
In {{SA|3430}}, Arnor joined forces with [[Gil-galad]] in a great alliance opposing Sauron, the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. When Elendil led his people against [[Sauron]], the [[Dúnedain]] and the other Men of Eriador marched together to the South.<ref name="rings" /> In conjunction with southern forces from Gondor, they confronted Sauron's armies in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. This great war lasted several years, reaching [[Dagorlad]] and [[Mordor]] itself far in the south, culminating in the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. Both [[Elendil]] and his son [[Anárion]] were slain in this conflict, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger and prevailed.

Isildur (who was also King of Gondor) was the elder son of Elendil and would inherit the High Kingship and throne of Arnor. But he never reached his new realm: he was killed in {{TA|2}} in the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], as were his three eldest sons; the [[One Ring]] was also lost there.

Isildur's fourth and youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], who had remained at [[Rivendell]] due to his youth, became [[Heir of Isildur|his heir]] ({{TA|10}}). But the Men of Arnor suffered heavy casualties in the War and subsequent Disaster; there now remained too few people and the places that Elendil had built became partially depopulated. Arnor never fully recovered from the devastating losses.<ref name="rings" />

Because neither Valandil nor his subsequent heirs claimed the throne of Gondor (at least until [[Arvedui|Arvedui's]] attempt), the realms were split; but whilst Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]], in practice they were Kings of Arnor only, and had no power over the South kingdom. [[Anárion]] and his heirs made no claim over the Northern kingdom and styled themselves as simply as [[Kings of Gondor]].

===Breakup, decline, and war with Angmar===
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by {{TA|861}} [[Fornost Erain]] had taken its place. No longer a site of such importance, Annúminas became depopulated and was slowly abandoned.

After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], in {{TA|861}}, Arnor was divided up between his three sons. The eldest, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name="rings" /><ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}</ref> The three petty kingdoms often strove with each other, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[palantíri|palantír]] of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name="eriador" />

[[File:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''The Witch King'' by Eliot Gould]]

Seeing the disunion in Arnor, during the reign of Malvegil (c. {{TA|1300}}), the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] arose in the north, later identified as in fact the lord of [[Sauron]]'s [[Ringwraiths]]. This new threat began attacking Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name="eriador" />

Eventually the line of [[Isildur]] failed in Arthedain's sister kingdoms; the Dúnedain were always few in Rhudaur, where a lord of the [[Hill-men]], secretly supporting Angmar, seized power. Arnor was refounded ''de jure'' by the seventh [[King of Arthedain]], [[Argeleb I]], and Cardolan placed itself under its suzerainty, but Rhudaur resisted. Arthedain thus reasserted control over Cardolan and fortified a line along the [[Weather Hills]], but Rhudaur and Angmar attacked and killed the King in {{TA|1356}}. His son [[Arveleg I]], however, counterattacked in conjunction with Cardolan and [[Lindon]] and drove the enemy back.<ref name="eriador" />
[[File:BFME2 - Weathertop.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Weathertop'' from BFME2]]
Arveleg continued to hold the frontier along the Hills for the following years, until {{TA|1409}}, when Angmar crossed the [[Hoarwell]] and successfully captured [[Weathertop]], and Arveleg fell in battle, as did the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the [[Barrow-downs]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> Amon Sûl fell, and its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was taken to Fornost. With Amon Sûl lost, Angmar had free rein over the all the lands of Cardolan, which was ravaged, and the population was forced to hold out in the Barrow Downs, or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]]. Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the remaining Dúnedain were slain or fled west.<ref name="eriador" />

[[The Shire]], once the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]], was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, deserted during the waning days of Arthedain. The [[Hobbits]] (who had lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] to settle the lands. This was finally done in {{TA|1601}} by [[Bree-hobbits]] led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]]; almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found there 30 years later. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves subjects of the King of Arthedain: at least nominally, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless, their histories claim they sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against Angmar.<ref name="eriador" />

The Men of Arnor did not have the strength to drive away the forces of Angmar, so the [[Elves of Lindon]], forces of [[Rivendell]], and the [[Galadhrim]] would defeat the armies of Angmar much later.<ref name="eriador" />

===The [[Great Plague]]===
[[File:Amir Salehi - Servant of Death.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Amir Salehi - ''Servant of Death'']]
Another threat to the northern kingdoms appeared, the [[Great Plague]] that came from the [[East]]. The Men of Arnor were so much affected that the joint garrison at [[Tharbad]] that Arnor held with Gondor ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs. The Witch-king, exploiting the tragedy, sent evil spirits, the [[Barrow-wights]], to infest the area.

The [[Shire-folk]] were damaged by it, but not heavily. The plague lost its strength at this point however, so that most of [[Arthedain]] was unaffected.<ref name="eriador" />

The two Realms in Exile eventually suspected that these disasters might be being coordinated by a single power, and resumed communications. As a result, Prince Arvedui, heir to the Sceptre, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of [[Ondoher]] [[King of Gondor]] ({{TA|1940}}). That happened before Ondoher was slain in battle, and hoping to save his Kingdom, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The [[Council of Gondor]] refused the reunification and crowned King [[Eärnil II]], who maintained good relations with Arnor, promising aid against Angmar. But Arnor's strength was fast dwindling; in {{TA|1973}} Arvedui (who now was King) sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault, and Eärnil mustered a great armament bound for [[Lindon]], but it would arrive too late.<ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

===Fall of Arthedain===

In {{TA|1974}}, the final chapter in Arthedain's history began. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather. The capital of [[Fornost]] fell, and the remaining Arnorian forces were driven over the Lune river into Lindon.<ref name="eriador" /> Arvedui fled to [[Forochel]], while his son, [[Aranarth]], informed [[Círdan]] at the [[Grey Havens]] about the disaster. Círdan's sailors were eventually unable to rescue Arvedui, and [[Malbeth]] the Seer's prophecy at his birth, that he would be the 'Last king' of Arthedain, was fulfilled.

===Showdown with Angmar===
The Gondorian naval forces under [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]] eventually landed in the Grey Havens, from which debarked the most powerful army seen in the north of Middle-earth in centuries.

The remnants of Arnor would later join the great force, led by Cirdan and Eärnur, in the greatest joint Elf-Man army since the [[War of the Last Alliance]]; this great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched northward toward the Arnorian capital of Fornost, where the Witch-king had occupied.
He confidently marched his forces out to meet them in the open. The Host attacked him from the [[Hills of Evendim]], and a [[Battle of Fornost|large battle]] broke out. The cavalry under Eärnur pursued what remained of the Angmar forces, and were joined by an Elven force under [[Glorfindel]] from [[Rivendell]]. Angmar fell but the Witch-King fled.

Thus both Arthedain and Angmar were destroyed. the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], but Aranarth perceived that his people had become too few after the continuing wars to reestablish the realm. [[Men of Bree|Some Men]] survived in [[Bree]] and other villages, while the Hobbits survived in the Shire and Bree; in the Shire they chose a [[Thain]] from among themselves to replace the fallen King in {{TA|1979}}. The Shire remained a minor but independent political unit.<ref name="lotr1018">{{App|Arnor}}</ref>

==Legacy==
===[[Rangers of the North]]===
Aranarth, instead of calling himself a king or prince, assumed the title [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] and led his dwindling people, now secretive wanderers who traveled from place to place in Eriador. His son, [[Arahael]], grew up safely in Rivendell under the fosterhood of [[Elrond]], a tradition that was followed through the rest of the Third Age. Also brought to Elrond were the heirlooms of the [[House of Isildur]]: the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], and the [[Star of Elendil]].<ref name="eriador" /> Thus, through them the royal [[House of Isildur]] was maintained successfully from father to son for a millennium.

There were sixteen Chieftains in direct descent, under many perils in Eriador, and many of the Chieftains died premature deaths. One of these was [[Arathorn II]], who was slain by Orcs raiding the area. So the Dúnedain survived in the shadows, waiting for a better day when the kingdom would be reborn, which would come in the time of [[Aragorn]], on [[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}.

===[[War of the Ring]]===
The Kingdom of Arnor had been fallen for a thousand years by the time the [[War of the Ring]] broke out, but northern forces did participate in the War. [[Aragorn]] participated, the [[Heir of Isildur]], and there were several hundred of them operating during the conflict. The A company of this group accompanied Aragorn through the [[Paths of the Dead]] and during the attack on [[Umbar]] which captured the Corsair fleet. They participated at the last battle, fighting under his banner, at the [[Battle of the Morannon]], where [[Sauron]] was finally thrown down.

There was conflict in other areas of the North. There were three different invasions of [[Lothlórien]], which were thrown back by the Elven army under [[Celeborn]] and [[Thranduil]]. Finally, Celeborn led an attack resulting in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|capture of Dol Guldur]] and put an end to Sauron's northern threat.

There was also a battle fought in [[the Shire]], between Saruman's [[Ruffians]] and [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] militia forces. This was the last battle fought in the [[War of the Ring]], and resulted in the death of Saruman and the death or capture of his followers. This became known as the [[Battle of Bywater]], and represents the Hobbit contribution to the War.<ref name="lotr992-996">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[The Scouring of the Shire]], pp. 992-6</ref>

===Restoration and the [[Reunited Kingdom]]===
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Last Steward of Gondor.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''The Last Steward of Gondor'' by Rowena Morrill]]
Faramir, son of Denethor II the last Ruling Steward, presented his rod of office to the new king, and received it back from him. [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] then was crowned by [[Gandalf]] as [[Aragorn|King Elessar]], refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and made [[Annúminas]] his new capital city.<ref name="lotr1019">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], p. 1019.</ref> He was wed to the Elven princess Arwen, who became [[Arwen|Queen Evenstar]] of Arnor and Gondor. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for resettlement of Men, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south, in time Arnor became a more densely populated region again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of [[the Shire]]. The area encompassed by the Reunited Kingdom now included the territory of the [[Two Kingdoms]] at their greatest extent. In the North, this included all the land between the [[Lune|River Lune]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and in the South included all the land between Dunland in the west, to the [[Far Harad]] southwards, to [[Rhûn]] in the east. The reborn kingdom continued on into the Fourth Age, with [[Eldarion]] eventually succeeding his father to the throne of this now empire-sized state.

==Languages==
Many people in Arnor were of Númenórean stock. However, aside from the Exiles, most had long since mingled with non-Númenórean peoples; the predominant language spoken by them was [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref> At least some of the population, especially the upper classes, were fluent in [[Sindarin]], while [[Quenya]] was studied as a language of lore. Many early place names and the names of the [[House of Isildur|royal house]] were Quenya, but by the 8th century of the [[Third Age]], Quenya had given way to Sindarin.

==Etymology==
'''''Arnor''''' was the colloquial name for the '''North Kingdom'''. The North Kingdom, as the land was called at its conception, was also known as ''Turmen Follondiéva'' in [[Quenya]] and ''Arthor na Forlonnas'' in [[Sindarin]]. These names quickly fell out of use, in favour of ''Arnor'': the ''Land of the King'', so called for the kingship of [[Elendil]], and to seal its precedence over the [[Gondor|southern realm]]. In full, poetic Sindarin, it was called ''Arannor'', which mirrored its Quenya name, '''''Arandórë'''''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref> Though technically ''Arandórë'' would have a Sindarin form ''Ardor'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] chose ''Arnor'' because it sounded better. This linguistic change was ascribed to a later, Mannish development of Sindarin.<ref name="L347">{{L|347}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 17</ref> The form '''''Arnanórë''''' is also seen.<ref name="L347" />

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002: {{tttee}}:
:Peter Jackson's movies do not mention the long history of how Arnor and Gondor diverged, nor do they mention Arnor by name. The one passing reference to it is in a scene from the Extended Edition, when Aragorn reveals to Éowyn that he is actually eighty-seven years old. She realises that he must be one of the [[Dúnedain]], a descendant of Númenor blessed with long life, but says that she thought his race had passed into legend. Aragorn acknowledges that he is one of the Dúnedain, and explains that there are not many of his people left, because "the Northern kingdom was destroyed long ago".

'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]:'''
:The kingdom of Arnor is mentioned indirectly by [[Galadriel]] in the [[White Council]] scene, and so is the [[Angmar War|war with Angmar]] and its aftermath.

==See also==
*[[Kings of Arnor]]
*[[Kings of Gondor]]
*[[Gondor]]
*[[War of the Last Alliance]]
*[[War of the Ring]]

{{References}}

[[Category:Arnor| ]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Arnor]]
[[fi:Arnor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arnor]]

King of Arnor

2024-12-26T21:59:18Z

Peyre: /* History */

[[File:Rondador_-_Armor_Emblem.png|thumb|Emblem of Arnor]]The '''Kings of Arnor''' were the rulers of the Northern kingdom of [[Arnor]], located in [[Eriador]]. They were descended from [[Elendil]] and the [[Lords of Andúnië]]. The line would persist even after the fall of Arnor, and would eventually resurface at the end of the [[Third Age]] to retake the kingship of the North Kingdom.

The title is tied to that of the [[Heir of Isildur]] and the [[High King of the Dúnedain]].
==History==
Originally, Elendil was the High King of both [[Gondor]] and Arnor. After his death in {{SA|3441}}, he was followed by his son [[Isildur]], who retained the title of High King,<ref name="app">{{App|Exile}}</ref> but died along with three of his sons on his way to Arnor in {{TA|2}} after leaving Gondor in the care of [[Meneldil]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> [[Valandil]], Isildur's youngest and only surviving son, was too young to rule, leaving the kingship of Gondor to the [[House of Anárion]]. When he grew old enough to rule, Valandil claimed only the kingship of Arnor.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 192</ref>

After King [[Eärendur]], the realm of [[Arnor]] was split between his three sons, founding the realms of [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. The [[House of Isildur]] continued with the '''[[Kings of Arthedain]]'''.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> Though also Heirs of Isildur, the kings of Arthedain are listed distinctly from the kings of Arnor. The title of "King of Arnor" would fall into disuse.

By {{TA|1349}}, the House of Isildur had died out in Cardolan and Rhudaur. [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain again claimed the title '''King of Arnor'''.<ref name="North" /> However, much of the territory that once belonged to Arnor had fallen out of his hands, and Argeleb and his descendants were counted as kings of Arthedain in the lists of the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<ref name="North" />

After the death of the last king of Arthedain, [[Arvedui]], the Northern Kingdom was no more. The line of Kings continued in the [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]], ruling over the [[Rangers of the North]].<ref name="app" />

Though the kings of Arnor faded, some folk maintained the faint belief that the kings would return. These included the [[Hobbits]], who would retain the saying "until the king comes back" and also attributed their few rules and laws to the king as well. The memory of the northern kings would also not be forgotten in Gondor, where the line of kings had failed altogether.

In {{FoA|1}}, the kings of the North returned in the figure of [[Aragorn II Elessar]], who became king of Gondor and soon afterwards re-established the realm of Arnor, as well as the title of ''King of Arnor''. He and his descendants afterwards would reign over the [[Reunited Kingdom]], but after [[Eldarion]] Elessar's son, the Red Book records no more of the heirs of Elendil.

==Office and duties==
The king of Arnor had similar powers and duties to those of the king of Gondor. The king would have control over the military of Arnor. He also had the authority to grant lands to others as fiefs or vassals. For instance, the Shire was originally a grant from the king to the hobbits. King Elessar would renew this grant upon his own accession to the throne, naming several officials of the Shire such as the [[Thain]] as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]].<ref name="AppBLater">{{App|B5}}, p. 1441</ref>

The King would also have the legal right both to use a [[Palantíri|palantír]] and to appoint someone to do so in his stead.<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> In the days of the split realm, Arthedain controlled the palantíri of [[Elostirion]] and [[Annúminas]], while both Cardolan and Rhudaur contested the ownership of the palantír of [[Amon Sûl]] (later [[Weathertop]]).

There were several heirlooms the King would wear or use as signs of their authority. The most famous of these were the shards of [[Narsil]], the broken sword of Elendil. Another was the [[Ring of Barahir]], received from [[Finrod Felagund]] during the Elder Days by an [[Barahir|ancient ancestor]]. Additionally, the kings possessed the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], a silver rod from the days of [[Numenor]].<ref>{{App|North}}, p. 1365</ref>

There was one more artefact used by the Kings of Arnor: the [[Elendilmir]], a white gem set in a fillet (or crown) made of [[mithril]]. The original gem was an heirloom worn by Isildur, but it was lost in the river [[Anduin]] upon his death at the [[Battle of the Gladden Fields]]. However, it ended up in [[Orthanc]] after [[Saruman]] stole the body of Isildur from the [[Gladden Fields]]. It was rediscovered during the reign of Elessar, who would wear the fillet on his brow on certain high days.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}</ref> A copy of the Elendilmir was made for the Kings of Arnor by the smiths of Elrond, and this copy was used as an heirloom of the house of Isildur even after they lost the kingship. After the recovery of the original, it would continue to see use on occasions where the original Elendilmir was not worn.

==List of Kings==
{| rules="all" align="center" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| colspan="4" style="background:gray; color:white; text-align:center" |'''Kings of Arnor'''
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | 
| bgcolor="lightgrey" style="text-align: center;" |'''Name'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" style="text-align: center;" |'''Reign'''
| style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |'''Notes'''
|-
|1.||[[Elendil]], son of [[Amandil]]||{{SA|3320}} – {{SA|3441}}||Founded the realm
|-
|2.||[[Isildur]]||{{SA|3441}} – {{TA|2}}||Last High King of the [[Realms in Exile]]
|-
|3.||[[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]]||{{TA|2}} – {{TA|249}}||First independent King of Arnor
|-
|4.||[[Eldacar (King of Arnor)|Eldacar]]||{{TA|249}} – {{TA|339}}||
|-
|5.||[[Arantar]]||{{TA|339}} – {{TA|435|}}||
|-
|6.||[[Tarcil]]||{{TA|435}} – {{TA|515|}}||
|-
|7.||[[Tarondor (King of Arnor)|Tarondor]]||{{TA|515}} – {{TA|602|}}||
|-
|8.||[[Valandur]]||{{TA|602}} – {{TA|652}}†||Cause of premature death not recorded
|-
|9.||[[Elendur (King of Arnor)|Elendur]]||{{TA|652}} – {{TA|777}}||
|-
|10.||[[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]]||{{TA|777}} – {{TA|861}}||last King of Arnor before the nation split
|-
|11.||[[Aragorn|Elessar]]||{{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}}||first High King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
|-
|12.||[[Eldarion]]||{{FoA|120}} – c. {{FoA|220}}||Last king whose name appears in the [[Red Book]].
|}

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Mannish titles]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]

Arnor

2024-12-26T21:54:46Z

Peyre: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{kingdom
| image=Stephen_Raw_-_Middle-earth_map_(1_of_4).png
| name=Arnor
| pronun=
| othernames=Kingdom of the North, the Lost Realm, the North-kingdom, the Northern Kingdom, the North-realm
| location=Most of [[Eriador]]
| capital=[[Annúminas]], later [[Fornost Erain]]
| towns=[[Lond Daer]], [[Tharbad]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]
| regions=[[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]]
| population=[[Arnorians]] [[Middle Men]] [[Hobbits]] Few [[Elves]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]
| govern2=Council of Arnor
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Númenor]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|3320}}
| event2=Divided
| event2date={{TA|861}}
| event3=Abandoned
| event3date={{TA|1974}}
| event4=Re-formed
| event4date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]
}}

'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was the original seat of the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King of Arnor]] who ruled over both Arnor and [[Gondor]].
==Geography==
Arnor included most of [[Eriador]], extending from the gulf of [[Lune]] (west of which was [[Lindon]]) to the river [[Greyflood]] and its tributary, the river [[Loudwater]] (east of which was [[Rivendell]]).<ref name="eriador" />

The Dunedain of Arnor dwelt in many places in Eriador, but most of the population centered around the region of [[Arthedain]]. The Dunedain mainly inhabited the cities of [[Fornost]] and the capital city of [[Annúminas]], as well as along the [[Baranduin]] and the gulf of [[Lune]]. By the later [[Third Age]], the settlements of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had decayed and become ruins and [[barrows]].<ref name="rings" />
===Regions===

*[[Arthedain]], the core of the north-kingdom bordering the Lune
*[[Cardolan]], the lands south of the [[East Road]], east of the Brandywine
*[[Rhudaur]], the region between the Weather Hills and the [[Misty Mountains]]

===Sites of civilization===

*[[Annúminas]], the old capital on the shore of Lake Evendim
*[[Fornost]], the new capital of the successor state of Arthedain
*[[Bree]], a trading centre located on the East Road
*[[Lond Daer]], an old harbour town founded by Númenóreans
*[[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], also called Weathertop, a watchtower on the highest of the Weather Hills
*[[Elostirion]], an elven watchtower in the [[Tower Hills]]
*[[Tharbad]], a fortified town and port on each side of the River Greyflood on the southern border of Arnor

===''[[Palantíri]]''===

The '''[[Palantíri]]''' or 'seeing stones' were spherical stones that could communicate with each other and give visual impressions to a skilled remote user. [[Elendil]] and his two sons originally divided these stones between themselves. They were usually heavily guarded and under the control of the kings. There were seven of these stones in total. The northern kingdom possessed three, and the southern kingdom held the other four.<ref name="rings" />{{rp|362}} They were:

*The [[Elostirion-stone]], kept in the tower of [[Elostirion]]. This was used to communicate with The Master Stone in [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle of the Elves, along the [[Straight Road]]. It could not contact the other Middle-Earth stones.
*The [[Amon Sûl-stone]], kept in the watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. The [[Amon Sûl-stone]] was a large stone, and the northern kings often used it to contact its corresponding large stone in Gondor, at the great dome of [[Osgiliath]].
*The [[Annúminas-stone]], kept in Arnor's capital city of [[Annúminas]]. Though one of the lesser stones, it was the stone most often used by the [[Kings of Arnor]].

==History==

===Early history===
Before the foundation of Arnor, [[Eriador]] was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock. As a result of the slow emigration that started under the [[Númenórean]] kings [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]], a sizable population formed. These early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population of Eriador. The [[Faithful]] favored Eriador over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves of Lindon]] under their high king [[Gil-galad]] lived very near across the river [[Lhûn]].<ref name="rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>{{rp|360}} Conversely, the [[King's Men]] settled more to the south in the later days. Thus, the area was populated by people who were mainly still Faithful and [[Elf-friends]], where much of the knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.

[[File:Steven White Jr. - Ann18.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Palace Complex at Annúminas'' by Steven White, Jr.]]
During the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his people sailed through the [[Gulf of Lune]] and up the [[Lune]] river, and befriended the [[High King of the Noldor]] Gil-galad.<ref name="rings" /> Both Elendil and his sons were welcomed by the Men who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood.<ref name="rings" /><ref name="languages">{{App|Men}}</ref> These [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name="rings" /> The [[Men of Bree]] also became subjects of Arnor.<ref name="languages" /> Gil-galad and [[Elves of Lindon|his people]] aided the fledgling realm; he even built the [[Emyn Beraid]] for Elendil.<ref name="rings" />

Elendil founded Arnor at the end of the [[Second Age]] ({{SA|3320}}), while his sons founded the southern realm of [[Gondor]]. Both kingdoms of the [[Númenóreans]] were known as the [[Realms in Exile]], and their history is intertwined.
Despite its precedence over it as the seat of the High King, Arnor was never as powerful and populous as Gondor.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

Elendil established the city of [[Annúminas]] as his capital. Besides the chief cities like Annúminas and [[Fornost]], the [[Men of Arnor]] concentrated around the courses of the Lhûn and the [[Baranduin]], the hills of [[Rhudaur]], and built towers on [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name="rings" />
===[[War of the Last Alliance]]===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Isildur'' in Peter Jackson's ''The Fellowship of the Ring'']]
In {{SA|3430}}, Arnor joined forces with [[Gil-galad]] in a great alliance opposing Sauron, the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. When Elendil led his people against [[Sauron]], the [[Dúnedain]] and the other Men of Eriador marched together to the South.<ref name="rings" /> In conjunction with southern forces from Gondor, they confronted Sauron's armies in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. This great war lasted several years, reaching [[Dagorlad]] and [[Mordor]] itself far in the south, culminating in the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. Both [[Elendil]] and his son [[Anárion]] were slain in this conflict, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger and prevailed.

Isildur (who was also King of Gondor) was the elder son of Elendil and would inherit the High Kingship and throne of Arnor. But he never reached his new realm: he was killed in {{TA|2}} in the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], as were his three eldest sons; the [[One Ring]] was also lost there.

Isildur's fourth and youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], who had remained at [[Rivendell]] due to his youth, became [[Heir of Isildur|his heir]] ({{TA|10}}). But the Men of Arnor suffered heavy casualties in the War and subsequent Disaster; there now remained too few people and the places that Elendil had built became partially depopulated. Arnor never fully recovered from the devastating losses.<ref name="rings" />

Because neither Valandil nor his subsequent heirs claimed the throne of Gondor (at least until [[Arvedui|Arvedui's]] attempt), the realms were split; but whilst Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]], in practice they were Kings of Arnor only, and had no power over the South kingdom. [[Anárion]] and his heirs made no claim over the Northern kingdom and styled themselves as simply as [[Kings of Gondor]].

===Breakup, decline, and war with Angmar===
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by {{TA|861}} [[Fornost Erain]] had taken its place. No longer a site of such importance, Annúminas became depopulated and was slowly abandoned.

After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], in {{TA|861}}, Arnor was divided up between his three sons. The eldest, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name="rings" /><ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}</ref> The three petty kingdoms often strove with each other, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[palantíri|palantír]] of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name="eriador" />

[[File:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''The Witch King'' by Eliot Gould]]

Seeing the disunion in Arnor, during the reign of Malvegil (c. {{TA|1300}}), the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] arose in the north, later identified as in fact the lord of [[Sauron]]'s [[Ringwraiths]]. This new threat began attacking Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name="eriador" />

Eventually the line of [[Isildur]] failed in Arthedain's sister kingdoms; the Dúnedain were always few in Rhudaur, where a lord of the [[Hill-men]], secretly supporting Angmar, seized power. Arnor was refounded ''de jure'' by the seventh [[King of Arthedain]], [[Argeleb I]], and Cardolan placed itself under its suzerainty, but Rhudaur resisted. Arthedain thus reasserted control over Cardolan and fortified a line along the [[Weather Hills]], but Rhudaur and Angmar attacked and killed the King in {{TA|1356}}. His son [[Arveleg I]], however, counterattacked in conjunction with Cardolan and [[Lindon]] and drove the enemy back.<ref name="eriador" />
[[File:BFME2 - Weathertop.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Weathertop'' from BFME2]]
Arveleg continued to hold the frontier along the Hills for the following years, until {{TA|1409}}, when Angmar crossed the [[Hoarwell]] and successfully captured [[Weathertop]], and Arveleg fell in battle, as did the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the [[Barrow-downs]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> Amon Sûl fell, and its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was taken to Fornost. With Amon Sûl lost, Angmar had free rein over the all the lands of Cardolan, which was ravaged, and the population was forced to hold out in the Barrow Downs, or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]]. Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the remaining Dúnedain were slain or fled west.<ref name="eriador" />

[[The Shire]], once the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]], was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, deserted during the waning days of Arthedain. The [[Hobbits]] (who had lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] to settle the lands. This was finally done in {{TA|1601}} by [[Bree-hobbits]] led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]]; almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found there 30 years later. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves subjects of the King of Arthedain: at least nominally, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless, their histories claim they sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against Angmar.<ref name="eriador" />

The Men of Arnor did not have the strength to drive away the forces of Angmar, so the [[Elves of Lindon]], forces of [[Rivendell]], and the [[Galadhrim]] would defeat the armies of Angmar much later.<ref name="eriador" />

===The [[Great Plague]]===
[[File:Amir Salehi - Servant of Death.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Amir Salehi - ''Servant of Death'']]
Another threat to the northern kingdoms appeared, the [[Great Plague]] that came from the [[East]]. The Men of Arnor were so much affected that the joint garrison at [[Tharbad]] that Arnor held with Gondor ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs. The Witch-king, exploiting the tragedy, sent evil spirits, the [[Barrow-wights]], to infest the area.

The [[Shire-folk]] were damaged by it, but not heavily. The plague lost its strength at this point however, so that most of [[Arthedain]] was unaffected.<ref name="eriador" />

The two Realms in Exile eventually suspected that these disasters might be being coordinated by a single power, and resumed communications. As a result, Prince Arvedui, heir to the Sceptre, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of [[Ondoher]] [[King of Gondor]] ({{TA|1940}}). That happened before Ondoher was slain in battle, and hoping to save his Kingdom, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The [[Council of Gondor]] refused the reunification and crowned King [[Eärnil II]], who maintained good relations with Arnor, promising aid against Angmar. But Arnor's strength was fast dwindling; in {{TA|1973}} Arvedui (who now was King) sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault, and Eärnil mustered a great armament bound for [[Lindon]], but it would arrive too late.<ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

===Fall of Arthedain===

In {{TA|1974}}, the final chapter in Arthedain's history began. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather. The capital of [[Fornost]] fell, and the remaining Arnorian forces were driven over the Lune river into Lindon.<ref name="eriador" /> Arvedui fled to [[Forochel]], while his son, [[Aranarth]], informed [[Círdan]] at the [[Grey Havens]] about the disaster. Círdan's sailors were eventually unable to rescue Arvedui, and [[Malbeth]] the Seer's prophecy at his birth, that he would be the 'Last king' of Arthedain, was fulfilled.

===Showdown with Angmar===
The Gondorian naval forces under [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]] eventually landed in the Grey Havens, from which debarked the most powerful army seen in the north of Middle-earth in centuries.

The remnants of Arnor would later join the great force, led by Cirdan and Eärnur, in the greatest joint Elf-Man army since the [[War of the Last Alliance]]; this great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched northward toward the Arnorian capital of Fornost, where the Witch-king had occupied.
He confidently marched his forces out to meet them in the open. The Host attacked him from the [[Hills of Evendim]], and a [[Battle of Fornost|large battle]] broke out. The cavalry under Eärnur pursued what remained of the Angmar forces, and were joined by an Elven force under [[Glorfindel]] from [[Rivendell]]. Angmar fell but the Witch-King fled.

Thus both Arthedain and Angmar were destroyed. the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], but Aranarth perceived that his people had become too few after the continuing wars to reestablish the realm. [[Men of Bree|Some Men]] survived in [[Bree]] and other villages, while the Hobbits survived in the Shire and Bree; in the Shire they chose a [[Thain]] from among themselves to replace the fallen King in {{TA|1979}}. The Shire remained a minor but independent political unit.<ref name="lotr1018">{{App|Arnor}}</ref>

==Legacy==
===[[Rangers of the North]]===
Aranarth, instead of calling himself a king or prince, assumed the title [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] and led his dwindling people, now secretive wanderers who traveled from place to place in Eriador. His son, [[Arahael]], grew up safely in Rivendell under the fosterhood of [[Elrond]], a tradition that was followed through the rest of the Third Age. Also brought to Elrond were the heirlooms of the [[House of Isildur]]: the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], and the [[Star of Elendil]].<ref name="eriador" /> Thus, through them the royal [[House of Isildur]] was maintained successfully from father to son for a millennium.

There were sixteen Chieftains in direct descent, under many perils in Eriador, and many of the Chieftains died premature deaths. One of these was [[Arathorn II]], who was slain by Orcs raiding the area. So the Dúnedain survived in the shadows, waiting for a better day when the kingdom would be reborn, which would come in the time of [[Aragorn]], on [[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}.

===[[War of the Ring]]===
The Kingdom of Arnor had been fallen for a thousand years by the time the [[War of the Ring]] broke out, but northern forces did participate in the War. [[Aragorn]] participated, the [[Heir of Isildur]], and there were several hundred of them operating during the conflict. The A company of this group accompanied Aragorn through the [[Paths of the Dead]] and during the attack on [[Umbar]] which captured the Corsair fleet. They participated at the last battle, fighting under his banner, at the [[Battle of the Morannon]], where [[Sauron]] was finally thrown down.

There was conflict in other areas of the North. There were three different invasions of [[Lothlórien]], which were thrown back by the Elven army under [[Celeborn]] and [[Thranduil]]. Finally, Celeborn led an attack resulting in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|capture of Dol Guldur]] and put an end to Sauron's northern threat.

There was also a battle fought in [[the Shire]], between Saruman's [[Ruffians]] and [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] militia forces. This was the last battle fought in the [[War of the Ring]], and resulted in the death of Saruman and the death or capture of his followers. This became known as the [[Battle of Bywater]], and represents the Hobbit contribution to the War.<ref name="lotr992-996">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[The Scouring of the Shire]], pp. 992-6</ref>

===Restoration and the [[Reunited Kingdom]]===
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Last Steward of Gondor.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''The Last Steward of Gondor'' by Rowena Morrill]]
Faramir, son of Denethor II the last Ruling Steward, presented his rod of office to the new king, and received it back from him. [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] then was crowned by [[Gandalf]] as [[Aragorn|King Elessar]], refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and made [[Annúminas]] his new capital city.<ref name="lotr1019">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], p. 1019.</ref> He was wed to the Elven princess Arwen, who became [[Arwen|Queen Evenstar]] of Arnor and Gondor. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for resettlement of Men, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south, in time Arnor became a more densely populated region again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of [[the Shire]]. The area encompassed by the Reunited Kingdom now included the territory of the [[Two Kingdoms]] at their greatest extent. In the North, this included all the land between the [[Lune|River Lune]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and in the South included all the land between Dunland in the west, to the [[Far Harad]] southwards, to [[Rhûn]] in the east. The reborn kingdom continued on into the Fourth Age, with [[Eldarion]] eventually succeeding his father to the throne of this now empire-sized state.

==Languages==
Many people in Arnor were of Númenórean stock. However, aside from the Exiles, most had long since mingled with non-Númenórean peoples; the predominant language spoken by them was [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref> At least some of the population, especially the upper classes, were fluent in [[Sindarin]], while [[Quenya]] was studied as a language of lore. Many early place names and the names of the [[House of Isildur|royal house]] were Quenya, but by the 8th century of the [[Third Age]], Quenya had given way to Sindarin.

==Etymology==
'''''Arnor''''' was the colloquial name for the '''North Kingdom'''. The North Kingdom, as the land was called at its conception, was also known as ''Turmen Follondiéva'' in [[Quenya]] and ''Arthor na Forlonnas'' in [[Sindarin]]. These names quickly fell out of use, in favour of ''Arnor'': the ''Land of the King'', so called for the kingship of [[Elendil]], and to seal its precedence over the [[Gondor|southern realm]]. In full, poetic Sindarin, it was called ''Arannor'', which mirrored its Quenya name, '''''Arandórë'''''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref> Though technically ''Arandórë'' would have a Sindarin form ''Ardor'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] chose ''Arnor'' because it sounded better. This linguistic change was ascribed to a later, Mannish development of Sindarin.<ref name="L347">{{L|347}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 17</ref> The form '''''Arnanórë''''' is also seen.<ref name="L347" />

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002: {{tttee}}:
:Peter Jackson's movies do not mention the long history of how Arnor and Gondor diverged, nor do they mention Arnor by name. The one passing reference to it is in a scene from the Extended Edition, when Aragorn reveals to Éowyn that he is actually eighty-seven years old. She realises that he must be one of the [[Dúnedain]], a descendant of Númenor blessed with long life, but says that she thought his race had passed into legend. Aragorn acknowledges that he is one of the Dúnedain, and explains that there are not many of his people left, because "the Northern kingdom was destroyed long ago".

'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]:'''
:The kingdom of Arnor is mentioned indirectly by [[Galadriel]] in the [[White Council]] scene, and so is the [[Angmar War|war with Angmar]] and its aftermath.

==See also==
*[[Kings of Arnor]]
*[[Kings of Gondor]]
*[[Gondor]]
*[[War of the Last Alliance]]
*[[War of the Ring]]

{{References}}

[[Category:Arnor| ]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Arnor]]
[[fi:Arnor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arnor]]

Born of Hope

2024-12-26T21:33:14Z

Peyre: /* Plot */

{{disambig-more|Hope|[[Hope (disambiguation)]]}}
{{film infobox
| image = Born of Hope - poster.jpg
| caption =
| name=Born of Hope
| director=[[Kate Madison]]
| producer = Kate Madison '''Assistant producer:''' Aaron Greenwood
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' [[Paula DiSante]] (as Alex K. Aldridge) '''Novel:''' [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] '''Additional writing:''' Christopher Dane Kate Madison Matt Wood
| narrator =
| starring = Christopher Dane Beth Aynsley Danny George Kate Madison Andrew McDonald Philippa Hammond Iain Marshall Howard Corlett
| music = Tobias Bublat Adam Langston Jacob Shelby Kevin Webster Rob Westwood Peter Bateman Arjan Kiel Toby and Cody McClure Martin Westlake
| cinematography = Neill Phillips
| editing = Christopher Dane Kate Madison
| studio = Actors at Work Productions
| distributor = Daily Motion, Youtube
| released = 1 Dec 2009
| runtime = 71 minutes
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget=
| website=[http://www.bornofhope.com/ Official website]
| imdb_id=1301303
}}
'''''Born of Hope''''' is a [[:Category:Fan films|fan film]] directed by Kate Madison and written by Paula DiSante (as Alex K. Aldridge), produced by Actors at Work. It was released online on [[1 December|December 1]], [[2009]].

==Plot==
Set in the late [[Third Age]], [[Sauron|Sauron's]] power is increasing. His orcs are constantly seeking out the remnants of the bloodline of [[Elendil]], kept alive in the Dúnedain. [[Dírhael]], his wife [[Ivorwen]] and their daughter Gilraen are fleeing from an attack on their village when they are ambushed by orcs on a forest road, and saved by a group of rangers led by Arathorn. Not having any place safer to go, the refugees are taken by Arathorn to [[Taurdal]], the village led by his father and Chieftain of the Dúnedain, [[Arador]]. While there, Arathorn and Arador ponder over the orcs' motives after finding various pieces of jewelry on their bodies. During her stay in Taurdal, Gilraen falls in love with Arathorn.

In light of the attacks on surrounding settlements, Arador leads his forces on a campaign against the orcs in the area in an attempt to restore peace to the region. Meanwhile, he sends Arathorn separately in an attempt to determine the meaning behind the attacks. Both are successful, and Arathorn discovers the orcs are serving Sauron, who seeks the [[Ring of Barahir]]. Arathorn and Gilraen receive Arador's blessing to be wed, but Arathorn cannot summon the courage to ask Dírhael for his daughter's hand. Arador is summoned to Rivendell to seek Elrond's council, and the wedding is postponed until his return. Arathorn eventually confronts Dírhael, and the young couple marries.

A year later, Arador is killed by a hill troll in the [[Coldfells]], making Arathorn the chieftain of the Dúnedain. Gilraen becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son, [[Aragorn]]. Taurdal knows peace for a while, until [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] come with news from [[Rivendell]]. [[Elrond]] has sensed that danger is once again threatening the region, and they request that Gilraen and Aragorn be brought back to Rivendell for safekeeping, as is the tradition with all Dúnedain heirs to the [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|chiefdom]]. Before Arathorn and Gilraen can come to a decision, orcs attack the village. They are beaten off, and Arathorn leads the Rangers in pursuit of the stragglers. They are successful, but Arathorn is mortally wounded in the process. Without a chieftain capable of leading them, the Dúnedain disband Taurdal and go to hide in secret in the forests of [[Rhudaur]], while Aragorn is brought to Rivendell.

==Production Information==
''For the information booklet (pdf), see [http://www.bornofhope.com/BoH%20info%20booklet.pdf here]. Warning - the page may take a long time to load.''

This is quoted from the information booklet of the film:

"Born of Hope is a 60 minute ''[[The Lord of the Rings|Lord of the Rings]]'' inspired film being produced in the UK. A low budget production, the entire cast and crew are giving their services for no financial gain. The subject matter and quality has attracted people from around the world to join the team, even gaining support and interest from some of the original [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|New Line Trilogy]] cast and crew members including [[Richard Taylor]] and the Oscar winning team at [[Weta Workshop]], [[New Zealand]].

"Born of Hope is a non-commercial production being created for free internet download for film fans worldwide. It is being made purely for entertainment purposes and to keep the storytelling history of [[Middle-earth|Middle Earth]] ''(sic)'' alive.

"The trailer and video featurettes from the test shoot in April 2006 have been well received at many conventions and exhibitions around the world and we have a large following anxiously awaiting the release of the finished film.

"This project has been around for almost five years, with the original idea forming in 2003 when actor/filmmaker Kate Madison wanted to send a film to a Tolkien Fan Film Exhibition. However, from a small spark the idea grew into a hugely ambitious project and in April [[2006]] we embarked on a test shoot filming a collection of scenes from the
film. The final draft of the script has now been developed and we are in pre-production with principal photography scheduled to take place from July to December [[2008]] with an estimated release in [[2009]]."

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Role!!Actor
|-
|[[Arathorn II]]||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2297708/ Christopher Dane]
|-
|[[Gilraen]]||Beth Aynsley
|-
|[[Aragorn|Aragorn (aged 2)]]||Luke Johnston
|-
|[[Dírhael]]||Andrew McDonald
|-
|[[Ivorwen]]||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2391717/ Philippa Hammond]
|-
|Elgarain||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2411369/ Kate Madison]
|-
|Dirhaborn||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1861598/ Danny George]
|-
|[[Arador]]||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2099350/ Iain Marshall]
|-
|Halbaron||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2336383/ Howard Corlett]
|-
|Evonyn||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2565628/ Amani Johara]
|-
|Mallor||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1908687/ Raphael Edwards]
|-
|[[Halbarad]]||Ollie Goodchild (16 years old) Lars Mattes (11 years old)
|-
|[[Elrohir]]||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1404145/ Sam Kennard]
|-
|[[Elladan]]||[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0447849/ Matt Kennard]
|}

==Crew==
''This is a partial list. For the full credits, see [http://www.bornofhope.com/Team.htm#Filmmakers here].''
*Director: Kate Madison
*Writer: Paula DiSante (as Alex K. Aldridge)
*Concept art:
**[http://web.mac.com/emmanuel1971/Site/Welcome.html Emmanuel Martin]
**[[Henning Janssen]]
**[[Catherine Karina Chmiel]]
*Sindarin translators:
**[[Roman Rausch]]
**Anushka

==Reception==
The film has garnered the attention of various professionals who worked on [[Peter Jackson|Jackson's]] [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|trilogy]]:

{{blockquote|Amazing stuff. It's incredible to see what craftsmanship, sensitivity and attention to detail is being brought to bear on this ambitious project. Everything so far looks amazing and I can't wait to see the finished film.|[[Richard Taylor]], Director/Effects Supervisor, Weta Workshop}}

{{blockquote|I really admire what you are doing and would love to support your efforts in some way.|[[Daniel Falconer]], Designer at Weta Workshop}}

{{blockquote|It looks like you people are putting together an awesome project--I'm looking forward to seeing the film, myself. Best wishes on completion of the project.|Christian Fletcher, Sword Maker}}

==Trailer==
<youtube>3rOT4IgyGJI</youtube>

==External links==
*[http://www.bornofhope.com/ Official website]
*[http://youtube.com/user/ActorsatWork ActorsatWork] at Youtube, for the trailers and featurettes.

{{Fan films}}
{{title|italics}}
[[Category:Fan films]]

Rhudaur

2024-12-26T21:25:46Z

Peyre: /* Geography */

{{kingdom
| image=Ted Nasmith - View of Rhudaur.jpg
| name=Rhudaur
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Between the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=Primarily [[Men of Arnor|Men]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]
| govern1=
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Foundation
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Allied with [[Angmar]]
| event2date=By {{TA|1349}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}

'''Rhudaur''' was the hilly kingdom that originated from the break-up of [[Arnor]] in {{TA|861}}.

==Geography==
Rhudaur was a region in the north-east of [[Eriador]], lying between the [[Ettenmoors]], the [[Weather Hills]], and the [[Misty Mountains]]. The land between the rivers [[Mitheithel|Loudwater]] and [[Hoarwell]], forming [[Angle|the Angle]], where the [[Trollshaws]] were located,<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> was also a part of Rhudaur.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', pp. 1039-1040</ref><ref name="Flight">{{FR|Flight}}, pp. 201-202</ref>

Rhudaur was characterized by dreary and rising hills, dark trees with twisted roots hanging off of cliffs, and gloomy weather. Rhudaur was a sombre, threatening, and unfriendly country.<ref name="Flight" />

Upon many heights and ridges were ancient stone walls, ruined towers, and ominous, evil-looking castles.<ref name="Flight" />

==History==
When the [[Exiles of Númenor]] established [[Arnor]] in the [[Second Age]], they spread out throughout [[Eriador]] and many [[Númenóreans]] settled the hills of Rhudaur.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], Rhudaur and [[Cardolan]]. There was often strife among the three kingdoms, because Rhudaur and Cardolan desired to possess the Weather Hills and the land westwards towards Bree, especially [[Weathertop]]. This was due to the fact that the tower on Weathertop contained the most important ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' of the North and the other two palantíri of the North were also held by Arthedain. While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, it soon failed in Rhudaur and, later, Cardolan.<ref name="Eriador" />

The first [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] moved to the [[Angle]] in Rhudar around {{TA|1150}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1150, p. 1085</ref>

During the reign of King [[Argeleb I]] of [[Arthedain]], which started in {{TA|1349}},<ref>{{App|North}}, ''Arthedain'', date after Malvegil, p. 1038</ref> Argeleb claimed the lordship over all former Arnor, because no descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur, but Rhudaur resisted his claim. In Rhudaur an evil lord of the [[Hill-men]] who had a secret alliance with Angmar had seized power and there were only few Dúnedain in Rhudaur. As a consequence, Argeleb fortified the Weather Hills, which were on the border between Arthedain and Rhudaur.<ref name="Argeleb">{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', paragraph about King Argeleb son of Malvegil, p. 1040</ref> In {{TA|1356}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1356, p. 1086</ref> Argeleb was killed in a battle with Rhudaur and Angmar. Around this time the Stoors left the Angle and some of them returned to [[Rhovanion]].<ref name="Argeleb" />

In {{TA|1409}} Angmar attacked and ravaged [[Cardolan]] and surrounded and destroyed [[Weathertop]]. Angmar defeated the Dúnedain of Cardolan and Arthedain and the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the Barrow-downs)<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> and King Arveleg of Arthedain were killed. Rhudaur was occupied by evil men who were subject to Angmar. The Dúnedain that had remained in Rhudaur were killed or fled westwards.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', paragraph about King Arveleg, p. 1040</ref>

In the days of [[Argeleb II]], the [[Witch-king]] sent [[wights]] from [[Angmar]] and Rhudaur to inhabit the deserted mounds of the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', paragraph about King Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref>

When war brought the North-kingdom to an end, all the evil Men who inhabited Rhudaur were killed, but a shadow remained in the land. During the [[War of the Ring]], Rhudaur was completely uninhabited.<ref name="Flight" />

==Etymology==
''Rhudaur'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. According to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] it means "Troll shaw" and contains the element ''[[rhû]]'' ("evil, wicked"). [[Christopher Gilson]] suggests in his editorial annotation within brackets that the second element is ''[[taur]]'' ("forest").<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry "S '''Rhudaur''' and entry S ''rhû'', p. 115 and entry '''OKO''', p. 170</ref> Shaw is an archaic word meaning "thicket, small wood, copse, or grove".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. Ixiii</ref> The Trollshaws were located in Rhudaur.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, Commentary, manuscript B entry Earendur "Rhudaur north of the R. Bruinen (where later were the Trollshaws)"</ref>

J.R.R. Tolkien's translation was published in [[Parma Eldalamberon 17]] in 2007. [[David Salo]] suggested in 2004 and [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] suggested in 2005 that ''Rhudaur'' is a Sindarin name, which means "eastern wood" or "east forest", respectively, and that it is a compound of ''[[Rhûn|rhu-]]'' ("east") and ''[[taur]]'' ("forest").<ref>{{HM|GS}}, entry '''Rhudaur''' p. 390</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
An earlier manuscript version of what would later become the Annals of the Kings and Rulers mentions that an evil people who are workers of sorcery and subjects of Angmar kill the remnants of the Dúnedain in Rhudaur and build dark forts in the hills.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, the Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni, entry 18. Arveleg I</ref>

An earlier manuscript version of the the Tale of Years of the Third Age mentions that the Witch-king destroyed the remmants of the Dúnedain that lived in Rhudaur and that an evil people from the north that was much given to sorcery lived in Rhudaur for a long time.<ref>{{PM|Third}}, manuscript T4, entry for the year 1409</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Galadriel]] mentions the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] as the place where the [[Witch-king]] was buried following the fall of [[Angmar]], even though there is no such place in Tolkien's Middle Earth, and none of the Nazgûl were buried (they are ''undead,'' not dead).

'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] and [[Radagast]] travel to the High Fells to examine the whereabouts of [[Nazgûl]], only to discover that they have all escaped.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[de:Rhudaur]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/rhudaur]]
[[fi:Rhudaur]]

Arnor

2024-12-26T20:00:40Z

Peyre: /* War of the Last Alliance */

{{kingdom
| image=Stephen_Raw_-_Middle-earth_map_(1_of_4).png
| name=Arnor
| pronun=
| othernames=Kingdom of the North, the Lost Realm, the North-kingdom, the Northern Kingdom, the North-realm
| location=Most of [[Eriador]]
| capital=[[Annúminas]], later [[Fornost Erain]]
| towns=[[Lond Daer]], [[Tharbad]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]
| regions=[[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]]
| population=[[Arnorians]] [[Middle Men]] [[Hobbits]] Few [[Elves]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]
| govern2=Council of Arnor
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Númenor]]
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|3320}}
| event2=Divided
| event2date={{TA|861}}
| event3=Abandoned
| event3date={{TA|1974}}
| event4=Re-formed
| event4date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]
}}

'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was the original seat of the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King of Arnor]] who ruled over both Arnor and [[Gondor]].
==Geography==
Arnor included most of [[Eriador]], extending from the gulf of [[Lune]] (west of which was [[Lindon]]) to the river [[Greyflood]] and its tributary, the river [[Loudwater]] (east of which was [[Rivendell]]).<ref name="eriador" />

The Dunedain of Arnor dwelt in many places in Eriador, but most of the population centered around the region of [[Arthedain]]. The Dunedain mainly inhabited the cities of [[Fornost]] and the capital city of [[Annúminas]], as well as along the [[Baranduin]] and the gulf of [[Lune]]. By the later [[Third Age]], the settlements of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had decayed and become ruins and [[barrows]].<ref name="rings" />
===Regions===

*[[Arthedain]], the core of the north-kingdom bordering the Lune
*[[Cardolan]], the lands south of the [[East Road]], east of the Brandywine
*[[Rhudaur]], the region between the Weather Hills and the [[Misty Mountains]]

===Sites of civilization===

*[[Annúminas]], the old capital on the shore of Lake Evendim
*[[Fornost]], the new capital of the successor state of Arthedain
*[[Bree]], a trading centre located on the East Road
*[[Lond Daer]], an old harbour town founded by Númenóreans
*[[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], also called Weathertop, a watchtower on the highest of the Weather Hills
*[[Elostirion]], an elven watchtower in the [[Tower Hills]]
*[[Tharbad]], a fortified town and port on each side of the River Greyflood on the southern border of Arnor

===''[[Palantíri]]''===

The '''[[Palantíri]]''' or 'seeing stones' were spherical stones that could communicate with each other and give visual impressions to a skilled remote user. [[Elendil]] and his two sons originally divided these stones between themselves. They were usually heavily guarded and under the control of the kings. There were seven of these stones in total. The northern kingdom possessed three, and the southern kingdom held the other four.<ref name="rings" />{{rp|362}} They were:

*The [[Elostirion-stone]], kept in the tower of [[Elostirion]]. This was used to communicate with The Master Stone in [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle of the Elves, along the [[Straight Road]]. It could not contact the other Middle-Earth stones.
*The [[Amon Sûl-stone]], kept in the watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. The [[Amon Sûl-stone]] was a large stone, and the northern kings often used it to contact its corresponding large stone in Gondor, at the great dome of [[Osgiliath]].
*The [[Annúminas-stone]], kept in Arnor's capital city of [[Annúminas]]. Though one of the lesser stones, it was the stone most often used by the [[Kings of Arnor]].

==History==

===Early history===
Before the foundation of Arnor, [[Eriador]] was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock. As a result of the slow emigration that started under the [[Númenórean]] kings [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]], a sizable population formed. These early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population of Eriador. The [[Faithful]] favored Eriador over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves of Lindon]] under their high king [[Gil-galad]] lived very near across the river [[Lhûn]].<ref name="rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>{{rp|360}} Conversely, the [[King's Men]] settled more to the south in the later days. Thus, the area was populated by people who were mainly still Faithful and [[Elf-friends]], where much of the knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.

[[File:Steven White Jr. - Ann18.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Palace Complex at Annúminas'' by Steven White, Jr.]]
During the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his people sailed through the [[Gulf of Lune]] and up the [[Lune]] river, and befriended the [[High King of the Noldor]] Gil-galad.<ref name="rings" /> Both Elendil and his sons were welcomed by the Men who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood.<ref name="rings" /><ref name="languages">{{App|Men}}</ref> These [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name="rings" /> The [[Men of Bree]] also became subjects of Arnor.<ref name="languages" /> Gil-galad and [[Elves of Lindon|his people]] aided the fledgling realm; he even built the [[Emyn Beraid]] for Elendil.<ref name="rings" />

Elendil founded Arnor at the end of the [[Second Age]] ({{SA|3320}}), while his sons founded the southern realm of [[Gondor]]. Both kingdoms of the [[Númenóreans]] were known as the [[Realms in Exile]], and their history is intertwined.
Despite its precedence over it as the seat of the High King, Arnor was never as powerful and populous as Gondor.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

Elendil established the city of [[Annúminas]] as his capital. Besides the chief cities like Annúminas and [[Fornost]], the [[Men of Arnor]] concentrated around the courses of the Lhûn and the [[Baranduin]], the hills of [[Rhudaur]], and built towers on [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name="rings" />
===[[War of the Last Alliance]]===
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Isildur'' in Peter Jackson's ''The Fellowship of the Ring'']]
In {{SA|3430}}, Arnor joined forces with [[Gil-galad]] in a great alliance opposing Sauron, the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. When Elendil led his people against [[Sauron]], the [[Dúnedain]] and the other Men of Eriador marched together to the South.<ref name="rings" /> In conjunction with southern forces from Gondor, they confronted Sauron's armies in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. This great war lasted several years, reaching [[Dagorlad]] and [[Mordor]] itself far in the south, culminating in the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. Both [[Elendil]] and his son [[Anárion]] were slain in this conflict, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger and prevailed.

Isildur (who was also King of Gondor) was the elder son of Elendil and would inherit the High Kingship and throne of Arnor. But he never reached his new realm: he was killed in {{TA|2}} in the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], as were his three eldest sons; the [[One Ring]] was also lost there.

Isildur's fourth and youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], who had remained at [[Rivendell]] due to his youth, became [[Heir of Isildur|his heir]] ({{TA|10}}). But the Men of Arnor suffered heavy casualties in the War and subsequent Disaster; there now remained too few people and the places that Elendil had built became partially depopulated. Arnor never fully recovered from the devastating losses.<ref name="rings" />

Because neither Valandil nor his subsequent heirs claimed the throne of Gondor (at least until [[Arvedui|Arvedui's]] attempt), the realms were split; but whilst Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]], in practice they were Kings of Arnor only, and had no power over the South kingdom. [[Anárion]] and his heirs made no claim over the Northern kingdom and styled themselves as simply as [[Kings of Gondor]].

===Breakup, decline, and war with Angmar===
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by {{TA|861}} [[Fornost Erain]] had taken its place. No longer a site of such importance, Annúminas became depopulated and was slowly abandoned.

After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], in {{TA|861}}, Arnor was divided up between his three sons. The eldest, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<ref name="eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name="rings" /><ref name="ta">{{App|TA}}</ref> The three petty kingdoms often strove with each other, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[palantíri|palantír]] of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name="eriador" />

[[File:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''The Witch King'' by Eliot Gould]]

Seeing the disunion in Arnor, during the reign of Malvegil (c. {{TA|1300}}), the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] arose in the north, later identified as in fact the lord of [[Sauron]]'s [[Ringwraiths]]. This new threat began attacking Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name="eriador" />

Eventually the line of [[Isildur]] failed in Arthedain's sister kingdoms; the Dúnedain were always few in Rhudaur, where a lord of the [[Hill-men]], secretly supporting Angmar, seized power. Arnor was refounded ''de jure'' by the seventh [[King of Arthedain]], [[Argeleb I]], and Cardolan placed itself under its suzerainty, but Rhudaur resisted. Arthedain thus reasserted control over Cardolan and fortified a line along the [[Weather Hills]], but Rhudaur and Angmar attacked and killed the King in {{TA|1356}}. His son [[Arveleg I]], however, counterattacked in conjunction with Cardolan and [[Lindon]] and drove the enemy back.<ref name="eriador" />
[[File:BFME2 - Weathertop.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Weathertop'' from BFME2]]
Arveleg continued to hold the frontier along the Hills for the following years, until {{TA|1409}}, when Angmar crossed the [[Hoarwell]] and successfully captured [[Weathertop]], and Arveleg fell in battle, as did the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the [[Barrow-downs]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> Amon Sûl fell, and its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was taken to Fornost. With Amon Sûl lost, Angmar had free rein over the all the lands of Cardolan, which was ravaged, and the population was forced to hold out in the Barrow Downs, or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]]. Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the remaining Dúnedain were slain or fled west.<ref name="eriador" />

[[The Shire]], once the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]], was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, deserted during the waning days of Arthedain. The [[Hobbits]] (who had lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] to settle the lands. This was finally done in {{TA|1601}} by [[Bree-hobbits]] led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]]; almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found there 30 years later. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves subjects of the King of Arthedain: at least nominally, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless, their histories claim they sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against Angmar.<ref name="eriador" />

The Men of Arnor did not have the strength to drive away the forces of Angmar, so the [[Elves of Lindon]], forces of [[Rivendell]], and the [[Galadhrim]] would defeat the armies of Angmar much later.<ref name="eriador" />

===The [[Great Plague]]===
[[File:Amir Salehi - Servant of Death.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Amir Salehi - ''Servant of Death'']]
Another threat to the northern kingdoms appeared, the [[Great Plague]] that came from the [[East]]. The Men of Arnor were so much affected that the joint garrison at [[Tharbad]] that Arnor held with Gondor ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs. The Witch-king, exploiting the tragedy, sent evil spirits, the [[Barrow-wights]], to infest the area.

The [[Shire-folk]] were damaged by it, but not heavily. The plague lost its strength at this point however, so that most of [[Arthedain]] was unaffected.<ref name="eriador" />

The two Realms in Exile eventually suspected that these disasters might be being coordinated by a single power, and resumed communications. As a result, Prince Arvedui, heir to the Sceptre, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of [[Ondoher]] [[King of Gondor]] ({{TA|1940}}). That happened before Ondoher was slain in battle, and hoping to save his Kingdom, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The [[Council of Gondor]] refused the reunification and crowned King [[Eärnil II]], who maintained good relations with Arnor, promising aid against Angmar. But Arnor's strength was fast dwindling; in {{TA|1973}} Arvedui (who now was King) sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault, and Eärnil mustered a great armament bound for [[Lindon]], but it would arrive too late.<ref name="gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref>

===Fall of Arthedain===

In {{TA|1974}}, the final chapter in Arthedain's history began. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather. The capital of [[Fornost]] fell, and the remaining Arnorian forces were driven over the Lune river into Lindon.<ref name="eriador" /> Arvedui fled to [[Forochel]], while his son, [[Aranarth]], informed [[Círdan]] at the [[Grey Havens]] about the disaster. Círdan's sailors were eventually unable to rescue Arvedui, and [[Malbeth]] the Seer's prophecy at his birth, that he would be the 'Last king' of Arthedain, was fulfilled.

===Showdown with Angmar===
The Gondorian naval forces under [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]] eventually landed in the Grey Havens, from which debarked the most powerful army seen in the north of Middle-earth in centuries.

The remnants of Arnor would later join the great force, led by Cirdan and Eärnur, in the greatest joint Elf-Man army since the [[War of the Last Alliance]]; this great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched northward toward the Arnorian capital of Fornost, where the Witch-king had occupied.
He confidently marched his forces out to meet them in the open. The Host attacked him from the [[Hills of Evendim]], and a [[Battle of Fornost|large battle]] broke out. The cavalry under Eärnur pursued what remained of the Angmar forces, and were joined by an Elven force under [[Glorfindel]] from [[Rivendell]]. Angmar fell but the Witch-King fled.

Thus both Arthedain and Angmar were destroyed. the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], but Aranarth perceived that his people had become too few after the continuing wars to reestablish the realm. [[Men of Bree|Some Men]] survived in [[Bree]] and other villages, while the Hobbits survived in the Shire and Bree; in the Shire they chose a [[Thain]] from among themselves to replace the fallen King in {{TA|1979}}. The Shire remained a minor but independent political unit.<ref name="lotr1018">{{App|Arnor}}</ref>

==Legacy==
===[[Rangers of the North]]===
Aranarth, instead of calling himself a king or prince, assumed the title [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] and led his dwindling people, now secretive wanderers who traveled from place to place in Eriador. His son, [[Arahael]], grew up safely in Rivendell under the fosterhood of [[Elrond]], a tradition that was followed through the rest of the Third Age. Also brought to Elrond were the heirlooms of the [[House of Isildur]]: the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], and the [[Star of Elendil]].<ref name="eriador" /> Thus, through them the royal [[House of Isildur]] was maintained successfully from father to son for a millennium.

There were sixteen Chieftains in direct descent, under many perils in Eriador, and many of the Chieftains died premature deaths. One of these was [[Arathorn II]], who was slain by Orcs raiding the area. So the Dúnedain survived in the shadows, waiting for a better day when the kingdom would be reborn, which would come in the time of [[Aragorn]], on [[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}.

===[[War of the Ring]]===
The Kingdom of Arnor had been fallen for a thousand years by the time the [[War of the Ring]] broke out, but northern forces did participate in the War. [[Aragorn]] participated, the [[Heir of Isildur]], and there were several hundred of them operating during the conflict. The A company of this group accompanied Aragorn through the [[Paths of the Dead]] and during the attack on [[Umbar]] which captured the Corsair fleet. They participated at the last battle, fighting under his banner, at the [[Battle of the Morannon]], where [[Sauron]] was finally thrown down.

There was conflict in other areas of the North. There were three different invasions of [[Lothlórien]], which were thrown back by the Elven army under [[Celeborn]] and [[Thranduil]]. Finally, Celeborn led an attack resulting in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|capture of Dol Guldur]] and put an end to Sauron's northern threat.

There was also a battle fought in [[the Shire]], between Saruman's [[Ruffians]] and [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] militia forces. This was the last battle fought in the [[War of the Ring]], and resulted in the death of Saruman and the death or capture of his followers. This became known as the [[Battle of Bywater]], and represents the Hobbit contribution to the War.<ref name="lotr992-996">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[The Scouring of the Shire]], pp. 992-6</ref>

===Restoration and the [[Reunited Kingdom]]===
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Last Steward of Gondor.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''The Last Steward of Gondor'' by Rowena Morrill]]
Faramir, son of Denethor II the last Ruling Steward, presented his rod of office to the new king, and received it back from him. [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] then was crowned by [[Gandalf]] as [[Aragorn|King Elessar]], refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and made [[Annúminas]] his new capital city.<ref name="lotr1019">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], p. 1019.</ref> He was wed to the Elven princess Arwen, who became [[Arwen|Queen Evenstar]] of Arnor and Gondor. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for resettlement of Men, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south, in time Arnor became a more densely populated region again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of [[the Shire]]. The area encompassed by the Reunited Kingdom now included the territory of the [[Two Kingdoms]] at their greatest extent. In the North, this included all the land between the [[Lune|River Lune]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and in the South included all the land between Dunland in the west, to the [[Far Harad]] southwards, to [[Rhûn]] in the east. The reborn kingdom continued on into the Fourth Age, with [[Eldarion]] eventually succeeding his father to the throne of this now empire-sized state.

==Languages==
Many people in Arnor were of Númenórean stock. However, aside from the Exiles, most had long since mingled with non-Númenórean peoples; the predominant language spoken by them was [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref> At least some of the population, especially the upper classes, were fluent in [[Sindarin]], while [[Quenya]] was studied as a language of lore. Many early place names and the names of the [[House of Isildur|royal house]] were Quenya, but by the 8th century of the [[Third Age]], Quenya had given way to Sindarin.

==Etymology==
'''''Arnor''''' was the colloquial name for the '''North Kingdom'''. The North Kingdom, as the land was called at its conception, was also known as ''Turmen Follondiéva'' in [[Quenya]] and ''Arthor na Forlonnas'' in [[Sindarin]]. These names quickly fell out of use, in favour of ''Arnor'': the ''Land of the King'', so called for the kingship of [[Elendil]], and to seal its precedence over the [[Gondor|southern realm]]. In full, poetic Sindarin, it was called ''Arannor'', which mirrored its Quenya name, '''''Arandórë'''''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref> Though technically ''Arandórë'' would have a Sindarin form ''Ardor'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] chose ''Arnor'' because it sounded better. This linguistic change was ascribed to a later, Mannish development of Sindarin.<ref name="L347">{{L|347}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 17</ref> The form '''''Arnanórë''''' is also seen.<ref name="L347" />

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002: {{tttee}}:
:Peter Jackson's movies do not mention the long history of how Arnor and Gondor diverged, nor do they mention Arnor by name. The one passing reference to it is in a scene from the Extended Edition, when Aragorn reveals to Éowyn that he is actually eighty-seven years old. She realises that he must be one of the [[Dúnedain]], a descendant of Númenor blessed with long life, but says that she thought his race had passed into legend. Aragorn acknowledges that he is one of the Dúnedain, and explains that there are not many of his people left, because "the Northern kingdom was destroyed long ago".

'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]:'''
:The kingdom of Arnor is mentioned indirectly by [[Galadriel]] in the [[White Council]] scene, and so is the [[Angmar War|war with Angmar]] and it's aftermath.

==See also==
*[[Kings of Arnor]]
*[[Kings of Gondor]]
*[[Gondor]]
*[[War of the Last Alliance]]
*[[War of the Ring]]

{{References}}

[[Category:Arnor| ]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Arnor]]
[[fi:Arnor]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arnor]]

Khand

2024-12-26T19:36:05Z

Peyre: /* History */

{{location infobox
| name=Khand
| image=Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (4 of 4).png
| caption=Map of Khand and neighbouring regions
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=South-east of [[Mordor]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Variags]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Khand''' was the name of a land which lay to the south-east of [[Mordor]]<ref name="UI">{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Khand'', p. 566</ref> and to the east of [[Near Harad]]<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> that was inhabited by [[Variags]].<ref name="UI" /><ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}, p. 846</ref>

==History==
Little is known about Khand or its people, other than that they were allied to Mordor.

The people of Khand and of [[Rhûn]] seemed to have been enemies on and off throughout the ages. The [[Easterlings]] known as the [[Wainriders]] passed south of Mordor and made an alliance with the men of Khand and of [[Near Harad]]. In {{TA|1944}} they made a coordinated attack against [[Gondor]].<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}</ref><ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ondoher, p. 1049</ref>

Years later, Variags from Khand joined the forces of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="Pelennor" />

It is unknown if Khand was ever conquered by the [[Reunited Kingdom]] or if it remained independent. It is also unknown if Khand ever warred with the folk of the West after [[Sauron]]'s demise.

==Etymology==
The meaning of ''Khand'' is unknown; it is, along with ''[[Variag]]'', one of the few known words from the languages of the Men of the East and allies of Sauron.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, carbon copy of typescript F4, p. 79</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Eastern lands]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]
[[de:Khand]]
[[fi:Khand]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/khand]]

Old Forest Road

2024-12-26T19:21:54Z

Peyre: /* History */

Woodmen

2024-12-26T17:39:18Z

Peyre: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ Pointed out a difference from the book

{{people infobox
| name=Woodmen
| image = Angelo Montanini - Woodmen.jpg
| caption="[[:File:Angelo Montanini - Woodmen.jpg|Woodmen]]" by Angelo Montanini
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=[[Northmen]]
| location=[[Mirkwood]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=
| members=
| lifespan=shorter than Númenórean
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Woodmen''' were those [[Northmen]] who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] in the [[Third Age|Third]] and [[Fourth Age]]s.

Despite being troubled by evil creatures of [[Dol Guldur]] such as Orcs and [[Spiders]], they survived until the [[War of the Ring]] and the [[Fourth Age]].

==Origins==
{{seealso|Northmen}}
The Woodmen were descended from the [[Edain]] who migrated to the [[Westlands|West]] or from [[Men]] who were closely related to the Edain. As a consequence, their language was related to [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

At the end of the First Age some of those Men had settled in the northern and eastern borders of Greenwood.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, first paragraph</ref> Some migrated from the east of the Greenwood along its southern edge and up the vales of the river [[Anduin]] or between its northern edge and the [[Grey Mountains]]. During the [[First Age|First]] and [[Second Age]] the Northmen, such as the ancestors of the Woodmen, had been allies of the [[Longbeards]] and the [[Dwarves]] of the hills surrounding the Greenwood, and were enemies of the [[Orcs]] and [[Easterlings]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, third, fourth and seventh paragraph</ref> The Woodmen maintained friendly relations with the [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves of the Greenwood]].<ref name="UT">{{UT|Gladden}}, ''The sources of the legend of Isildur's death'', first paragraph</ref>

==History==
On [[4 October]]<ref>{{UT|7a}}, note 9, Isildur started his journey on 5 September and was killed on the thirtieth of his journey</ref><ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, sixth paragraph</ref> in {{TA|2}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2, p. 1085</ref> the Woodmen noticed the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields|disastrous battle]] between the [[Dúnedain]] and the [[Orcs]] at the [[Gladden Fields]]. They sent runners to [[Thranduil]] and assembled a force to ambush the Orcs in order to rescue the Dúnedain, but by the time they arrived at the site of the battle it was too late: [[Isildur]] and almost all his Guards had been killed. All the Woodmen could do was to drive away the surviving Orcs, before they could mutilate the bodies of the dead. It was probably those Woodmen who found the stunned [[Estelmo]] alive under his master [[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]]'s dead body.<ref name="UT" />

In {{TA|1636}} the [[Great Plague]] spread north from [[Gondor]],<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1634, p. 1086</ref> but it is not recorded how the Woodmen fared.

The [[Eagles]] used to feed on the Northmen's [[sheep]], who defended them with their [[bows]] of yew; thus they were afraid to fly anywhere near where men lived. The [[Wargs]] and the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] also usually did not dare to approach as they were brave and well-armed.<ref name="H6">{{H|6}}</ref>

At the time of the [[Quest of Erebor]] in {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2941, p. 1089</ref> the Woodmen settled in Mirkwood south of the [[Old Forest Road]] near the western edges of the forest.<ref>{{H|Wilderland}}</ref> Around this time some bold Woodmen and their families were attempting to make their way back to the north, cutting down trees, and building settlements among the woods in the valleys and along the river-shores. This time Orcs and Wargs started planning a joint raid against them to capture slaves. When the Orcs discovered [[Thorin and Company]], they thought they were spies of those Woodmen and hunted them down, fearing they would warn their people.<ref name="H6" />

Obviously the raid never took place, thanks to the subsequent events, including the [[Battle of Five Armies]] where Orcs and Wargs were devastated. After the Battle, Men could travel without fear and many came to [[Beorn]]'s home to celebrate [[Yule]], and some gathered under him as a chieftain.<ref>{{H|18}}</ref>

A couple of years later, [[Gollum]] traversed Mirkwood in search for [[One Ring|his Ring]] and [[Bilbo Baggins|its new bearer]]; this terrified the Woodmen who talked about "a [[ghosts|ghost]] that drank blood", that even crept into houses to steal babies.<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}, p. 58</ref>

It is possible that the Woodmen fought against forces of [[Sauron]] from [[Dol Guldur]] in Mirkwood during the [[War of the Ring]], because [[Frodo Baggins]] had a vision on the Seat of Seeing on [[Amon Hen]] of a fight of Elves and Men and fell beasts under the branches of Mirkwood<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}, p. 400</ref> and some of the Woodmen were living in the western edge of Mirkwood north of Dol Guldur and east of the Gladden Fields.

After the cleansing of the forest, the Woodmen and the [[Beornings]] were given the central portion of [[Eryn Lasgalen]], between the [[Narrows of the Forest]] and the [[Woodland Realm]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, p. 1094</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Messengers from the Woodmen of Mirkwood<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, p. 242</ref> came to [[Rohan]] after they had received a message that all who hate [[Mordor]] should come there<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, pp. 247, 249</ref> in three manuscript versions of what would later become the chapter ''[[The Muster of Rohan]]''.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions at the meeting of the [[White Council]] that [[Greenwood the Great]] is now called "[[Mirkwood]]" by the Woodmen. (It had been known as Mirkwood for over two millennia, but the movie pretends that this is news to the Wise.)

'''2019: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Woodmen.jpg|thumb|Woodmen in ''The Lord of the Rings Online'']]
:The Woodmen live in the Vales on both sides of the river [[Anduin]]. They are self-reliant and very isolated people, with even the nearby villages having very little contact with one another. Woodmen settlements include the larger town of Hultvís, the smaller villages of Blómgard and Arhaim, the recently-destroyed Waldfast and the long-abandoned Audaghaim. During the closing weeks of the [[War of the Ring]] the Woodmen were attacked by the [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] of the [[Misty Mountains]], but a united force of [[Beornings]] and Woodmen pushed back and eventually defeated them at the Battle of the [[Old Ford]].

:The Woodmen are deeply superstitious due to the long years of living under the darkness of [[Mirkwood]], but many of their folk tales bear a seed of truth in them. For example, the real events of [[Gollum]] stealing Woodmen babies have been attributed to "Úbil the Snatcher", who over the years have transformed into the hunger-crazed "Old Mad Ubb" used to scare the children.

{{references}}

[[Category:Woodmen| ]]
[[Category:Demonyms]]
[[Category:Northmen]]

Woodmen

2024-12-26T17:32:40Z

Peyre: /* History */

{{people infobox
| name=Woodmen
| image = Angelo Montanini - Woodmen.jpg
| caption="[[:File:Angelo Montanini - Woodmen.jpg|Woodmen]]" by Angelo Montanini
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=[[Northmen]]
| location=[[Mirkwood]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=
| members=
| lifespan=shorter than Númenórean
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Woodmen''' were those [[Northmen]] who dwelt in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] in the [[Third Age|Third]] and [[Fourth Age]]s.

Despite being troubled by evil creatures of [[Dol Guldur]] such as Orcs and [[Spiders]], they survived until the [[War of the Ring]] and the [[Fourth Age]].

==Origins==
{{seealso|Northmen}}
The Woodmen were descended from the [[Edain]] who migrated to the [[Westlands|West]] or from [[Men]] who were closely related to the Edain. As a consequence, their language was related to [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

At the end of the First Age some of those Men had settled in the northern and eastern borders of Greenwood.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, first paragraph</ref> Some migrated from the east of the Greenwood along its southern edge and up the vales of the river [[Anduin]] or between its northern edge and the [[Grey Mountains]]. During the [[First Age|First]] and [[Second Age]] the Northmen, such as the ancestors of the Woodmen, had been allies of the [[Longbeards]] and the [[Dwarves]] of the hills surrounding the Greenwood, and were enemies of the [[Orcs]] and [[Easterlings]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, third, fourth and seventh paragraph</ref> The Woodmen maintained friendly relations with the [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves of the Greenwood]].<ref name="UT">{{UT|Gladden}}, ''The sources of the legend of Isildur's death'', first paragraph</ref>

==History==
On [[4 October]]<ref>{{UT|7a}}, note 9, Isildur started his journey on 5 September and was killed on the thirtieth of his journey</ref><ref>{{UT|Gladden}}, sixth paragraph</ref> in {{TA|2}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2, p. 1085</ref> the Woodmen noticed the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields|disastrous battle]] between the [[Dúnedain]] and the [[Orcs]] at the [[Gladden Fields]]. They sent runners to [[Thranduil]] and assembled a force to ambush the Orcs in order to rescue the Dúnedain, but by the time they arrived at the site of the battle it was too late: [[Isildur]] and almost all his Guards had been killed. All the Woodmen could do was to drive away the surviving Orcs, before they could mutilate the bodies of the dead. It was probably those Woodmen who found the stunned [[Estelmo]] alive under his master [[Elendur (son of Isildur)|Elendur]]'s dead body.<ref name="UT" />

In {{TA|1636}} the [[Great Plague]] spread north from [[Gondor]],<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1634, p. 1086</ref> but it is not recorded how the Woodmen fared.

The [[Eagles]] used to feed on the Northmen's [[sheep]], who defended them with their [[bows]] of yew; thus they were afraid to fly anywhere near where men lived. The [[Wargs]] and the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] also usually did not dare to approach as they were brave and well-armed.<ref name="H6">{{H|6}}</ref>

At the time of the [[Quest of Erebor]] in {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2941, p. 1089</ref> the Woodmen settled in Mirkwood south of the [[Old Forest Road]] near the western edges of the forest.<ref>{{H|Wilderland}}</ref> Around this time some bold Woodmen and their families were attempting to make their way back to the north, cutting down trees, and building settlements among the woods in the valleys and along the river-shores. This time Orcs and Wargs started planning a joint raid against them to capture slaves. When the Orcs discovered [[Thorin and Company]], they thought they were spies of those Woodmen and hunted them down, fearing they would warn their people.<ref name="H6" />

Obviously the raid never took place, thanks to the subsequent events, including the [[Battle of Five Armies]] where Orcs and Wargs were devastated. After the Battle, Men could travel without fear and many came to [[Beorn]]'s home to celebrate [[Yule]], and some gathered under him as a chieftain.<ref>{{H|18}}</ref>

A couple of years later, [[Gollum]] traversed Mirkwood in search for [[One Ring|his Ring]] and [[Bilbo Baggins|its new bearer]]; this terrified the Woodmen who talked about "a [[ghosts|ghost]] that drank blood", that even crept into houses to steal babies.<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}, p. 58</ref>

It is possible that the Woodmen fought against forces of [[Sauron]] from [[Dol Guldur]] in Mirkwood during the [[War of the Ring]], because [[Frodo Baggins]] had a vision on the Seat of Seeing on [[Amon Hen]] of a fight of Elves and Men and fell beasts under the branches of Mirkwood<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}, p. 400</ref> and some of the Woodmen were living in the western edge of Mirkwood north of Dol Guldur and east of the Gladden Fields.

After the cleansing of the forest, the Woodmen and the [[Beornings]] were given the central portion of [[Eryn Lasgalen]], between the [[Narrows of the Forest]] and the [[Woodland Realm]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, p. 1094</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Messengers from the Woodmen of Mirkwood<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, p. 242</ref> came to [[Rohan]] after they had received a message that all who hate [[Mordor]] should come there<ref>{{WR|3|II}}, pp. 247, 249</ref> in three manuscript versions of what would later become the chapter ''[[The Muster of Rohan]]''.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
:[[Gandalf]] mentions at the meeting of the [[White Council]] that [[Greenwood the Great]] is now called "[[Mirkwood]]" by the Woodmen.

'''2019: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Woodmen.jpg|thumb|Woodmen in ''The Lord of the Rings Online'']]
:The Woodmen live in the Vales on both sides of the river [[Anduin]]. They are self-reliant and very isolated people, with even the nearby villages having very little contact with one another. Woodmen settlements include the larger town of Hultvís, the smaller villages of Blómgard and Arhaim, the recently-destroyed Waldfast and the long-abandoned Audaghaim. During the closing weeks of the [[War of the Ring]] the Woodmen were attacked by the [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] of the [[Misty Mountains]], but a united force of [[Beornings]] and Woodmen pushed back and eventually defeated them at the Battle of the [[Old Ford]].

:The Woodmen are deeply superstitious due to the long years of living under the darkness of [[Mirkwood]], but many of their folk tales bear a seed of truth in them. For example, the real events of [[Gollum]] stealing Woodmen babies have been attributed to "Úbil the Snatcher", who over the years have transformed into the hunger-crazed "Old Mad Ubb" used to scare the children.

{{references}}

[[Category:Woodmen| ]]
[[Category:Demonyms]]
[[Category:Northmen]]

Moriondor

2022-10-21T16:11:27Z

Peyre:

{{Adaptation}}

'''Moriondor''' were the first [[Orcs]]. This concept appears only within [[Amazon Studios|Amazon Studio's]] ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' adaptation.

When the [[Elves]] first [[Awakening of the Elves|awoke]], many of them were taken by [[Morgoth]], who tortured and twisted them, until they became the first [[Orcs]], a new and ruinous form of life. Despite being of a higher rank than an average Orc, Moriondor took orders from Morgoth and/or [[Sauron]], never operating independently of the [[Dark Lord|Dark Powers]].

== Etymology ==
''Moriondor'' is a [[Quenya]] word that translates to "Sons of the Dark" according to [[Galadriel]]. It is the plural form of ''[[Morion]]'' ("Dark One"), which in the context of the [[legendarium]] was an early name of Morgoth.

== See also ==
* [[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]]

[[Category:Concepts in adaptations]]

Halifirien: The Hallowed Mountain

2012-05-02T00:05:00Z

Peyre:

'''Halifirien: The Hallowed Mountain''' is a fan film, released online on [[8 September|September 8]], [[2009]].

==Production==
Production started in 2007. Early 2009, the script was rewritten, and filming in [[wikipedia:County Sligo|County Sligo]], Ireland finished in the early summer of 2009.

==Plot==
From the official website:
<blockquote>During the time of the [[War of the Ring]] a young boy will face his own quest, to light the last [[Warning beacons of Gondor|beacon]] and signal to [[Rohan]] that [[Gondor]] calls for aid.

High on the mountain of [[Halifirien]], overlooking the border between the two kingdoms, the wardens keep their watch for the ancient signal that will call the men of the west to unite against the threat of [[Mordor]].

As [[Sauron]]'s shadow grows over [[Middle-earth|Middle Earth]] ''(sic)'', [[Orcs|orc]] war bands maraud further into the free lands, and one night invade the hallowed mountain upon which the wardens keep their watch. As Eradur (James Robinson) and his brother (Dominic Downes) are on guard they hear the noise of battle from further down the mountain. Do they go and help their friends? Or stay and keep to their sworn duty?

Eradur will face the loss of those most dear to him as he is hunted down by bloodthirsty orcs and forced to confront his fears alone. </blockquote>

==Cast and crew==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Actor !! Role
|-
| James Robinson || Eradur
|-
| Dominic Downes || Eradan
|-
| Tim Clarke || Warden
|-
| Uilliam Downes || Warden
|-
| Luke Clarke || Orc
|-
| Michael Robinson || Orc
|-
| Jeremy Clarke || Orc
|}
All actors are children. The film is directed and produced by Tom Robinson and edited by Patrick Robinson. The music is composed by Peter Clarke.

==External links==
* '''[http://www.halifirienthemovie.com/main.htm Official website]'''
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/HalifirienTheMovie Halifirien] at YouTube

{{Fan films}}

[[Category:Fan films]]

Rhudaur

2012-04-19T23:54:59Z

Peyre: /* History */

{{kingdom
| image =[[Image:Ted Nasmith - View of Rhudaur.jpg|250px]]
| name = Rhudaur
| meaning =
| type = Monarchy
| hidep=yes
| headofstate = [[King of Rhudaur]]
| executive =
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital =
| language = [[Westron]]
| location = Northern Eriador
| populace= [[Men]], [[Hobbits]], unknown people from [[Angmar]]
| currency =
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed = Disolution of Arnor
| established = [[Third Age 861|T.A. 861]]
| reorganized =
| fragmented =
| dissolved = [[Third Age 1409|T.A. 1409]]
| restored =
}}

'''Rhudaur''' was the smallest of the kingdoms that originated from the break-up of [[Arnor]] ([[Third Age 861|T.A. 861]]). The other kingdoms were [[Arthedain]] and [[Cardolan]].

==Location==
Rhudaur formed the eastern part of Arnor, and stretched from the Weather Hills with [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]] to the river [[Bruinen]]. It shared a long border with Cardolan along the [[Great East Road]], and with Arthedain along the line of the Weather Hills.

The land between the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Bruinen was also considered part of Rhudaur. It was called ''the Angle'', and it is here that the first [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] came into [[Eriador]] around [[Third Age 1150|T.A. 1150]]. However, due to the increasing hostility of [[Angmar]] these Stoors fled the region around [[Third Age 1356|T.A. 1356]], with some of them moving west to [[the Shire]], and others moving back to [[Wilderland]].

==History==
From the start of its existence, Rhudaur was unfriendly towards the two other successor states, and took part in a bitter conflict with Cardolan over the tower of Amon Sûl and the [[Palantíri|Palantír]] associated with the tower.

The last Kings of Rhudaur were not of Númenórean blood, but were descended of [[Hillmen]] in service of Angmar. Under their rule the land became a vassal of Angmar, and thus enemies of Cardolan and Arthedain.

Angmar annexed and terminated the kingdom in [[Third Age 1409|T.A. 1409]]. By this time the Númenóreans were gone from the region, as well as most of the other inhabitants.

There is evidence that after the fall of Angmar at the [[Battle of Fornost]] the Angle became home to the remainder of the [[Dúnedain]], and the [[Rangers of the North]] established several villages there, where their people lived until the resurrection of the northern Kingdom under [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

==Etymology==
The name ''Rhudaur'' is translated by Tolkien as "Troll shaw" (''[[rhû]]'' "evil, wicked" and ''[[taur]]'', "forest").<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 115, 170</ref> It is unknown whether it is intended to be the same as [[Trollshaws]].

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Mannish Realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]

Rhudaur

2012-04-19T23:54:34Z

Peyre: /* Location */

{{kingdom
| image =[[Image:Ted Nasmith - View of Rhudaur.jpg|250px]]
| name = Rhudaur
| meaning =
| type = Monarchy
| hidep=yes
| headofstate = [[King of Rhudaur]]
| executive =
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital =
| language = [[Westron]]
| location = Northern Eriador
| populace= [[Men]], [[Hobbits]], unknown people from [[Angmar]]
| currency =
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed = Disolution of Arnor
| established = [[Third Age 861|T.A. 861]]
| reorganized =
| fragmented =
| dissolved = [[Third Age 1409|T.A. 1409]]
| restored =
}}

'''Rhudaur''' was the smallest of the kingdoms that originated from the break-up of [[Arnor]] ([[Third Age 861|T.A. 861]]). The other kingdoms were [[Arthedain]] and [[Cardolan]].

==Location==
Rhudaur formed the eastern part of Arnor, and stretched from the Weather Hills with [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]] to the river [[Bruinen]]. It shared a long border with Cardolan along the [[Great East Road]], and with Arthedain along the line of the Weather Hills.

The land between the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Bruinen was also considered part of Rhudaur. It was called ''the Angle'', and it is here that the first [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] came into [[Eriador]] around [[Third Age 1150|T.A. 1150]]. However, due to the increasing hostility of [[Angmar]] these Stoors fled the region around [[Third Age 1356|T.A. 1356]], with some of them moving west to [[the Shire]], and others moving back to [[Wilderland]].

==History==
From the start of its existence, Rhudaur was unfriendly towards the two other successor states, and took part in a bitter conflict with Cardolan over the tower of Amon Sûl and the [[Palantíri|Palantír]] associated with the tower.

The last Kings of Rhudaur were not of Númenórean blood, but were descended of Men in service of Angmar. Under their rule the land became a vassal of Angmar, and thus enemies of Cardolan and Arthedain.

Angmar annexed and terminated the kingdom in [[Third Age 1409|T.A. 1409]]. By this time the Númenóreans were gone from the region, as well as most of the other inhabitants.

There is evidence that after the fall of Angmar at the [[Battle of Fornost]] the Angle became home to the remainder of the [[Dúnedain]], and the [[Rangers of the North]] established several villages there, where their people lived until the resurrection of the northern Kingdom under [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] at the end of the third age.

==Etymology==
The name ''Rhudaur'' is translated by Tolkien as "Troll shaw" (''[[rhû]]'' "evil, wicked" and ''[[taur]]'', "forest").<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 115, 170</ref> It is unknown whether it is intended to be the same as [[Trollshaws]].

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Mannish Realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin Locations]]

Moria

2012-03-20T00:01:49Z

Peyre: /* Balin's expedition */ "amount" is for things you can't count; "number" is for things you can

{{sources}}
{{disambig-more|Moria|[[Moria (disambiguation)]]}}
{{kingdom
| image =[[Image:Peter Jackson's Moria.jpg|250px]]
| name =Moria
| meaning = "Dark Chasm"
| type = Monarchy
| headofstate = [[King of Khazad-dûm]] and for a short period the [[Lord of Moria]]
| executive =
| legislative =
| judicial =
| capital = Khazad-dûm
| language = [[Khuzdul]], [[Elvish]], [[Westron]]
| location = The centeral [[Misty Mountains]], a couple miles north of the [[Gladden River|Gladden]] river
| populace= House of the [[Longbeard]] Dwarves, and later also the [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]]
| currency =
| religious =
| holiday =
| anthem =
| formed = The eldest [[Fathers of the Dwarves|Father of the Dwarves]], [[Durin|Durin I]]
| established = Mid to later [[Years of the Trees]]
| reorganized =
| fragmented =
| dissolved = [[Third Age 1981]]
| restored = Sometime during the [[Fourth Age]]
}}
{{quote|After the end of the [[First Age]] the power and wealth of [[Khazad-dûm]] was much increased; for it was enriched by many people and much lore and craft. . .|[[Appendix A]]}}
'''Khazad-dûm''', latterly known as '''Moria''' (also known as ''The Black Chasm'', ''The Black Pit'', ''[[Khazad-dûm#Names|Dwarrowdelf]]'', ''[[Khazad-dûm#Names|Hadhodrond]]'', ''[[Khazad-dûm#Names|Casarrondo]]'' and ''[[Khazad-dûm#Names|Phurunargian]]''), was the grandest and most famous of the mansions of the [[Dwarves]]. There, for many thousands of years, a thriving [[Dwarf realms|Dwarvish community]] created the greatest city ever known.

It lay in the central parts of the [[Misty Mountains]], tunnelled and carved through the living rock of the mountains themselves. By the [[Second Age]] a traveler could pass through it from the west of the range to the east.
== History ==
===Foundation===
It was founded in very ancient days by [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]]. [[Durin]] awoke at [[Mount Gundabad]] in the [[Misty Mountains]], who came upon a shimmering lake beneath the mountain [[Celebdil]], with a crown of stars reflected in its waters. He named that lake in the [[Dwarvish]] tongue, [[Kheled-zâram]], the [[Mirrormere]] and it remained a revered place among Dwarves of all houses ever afterwards. There in the caves above started the building of Khazad-dûm and also ''Dwarrowdelf'' by [[Men]], ''Hadhodrond'' by the [[Sindar]], and ''[[Casarrondo]]'' by the [[Noldor|Ñoldor]].

===First Age===
Durin the Deathless thus became King Durin I of Khazad-dûm. Afterwards, other rulers of Khazad-dûm were sometimes named Durin, as they were considered to be his reincarnations, who the dwarves believed came to live again among [[Durin's folk|his people]].

As the millennia passed, the descendants of Durin sat upon the throne of Khazad-dûm, and their cavernous city became famous throughout the world. It even has a passing mention in [[Quenta Silmarillion]], the tale of the [[Elf-lords]] and their wars far to the west, though to them it was no more than a distant rumour they heard from the [[Dwarves]] of the [[Blue Mountains]] on their borders.

===Second Age===
[[Image:J.R.R. Tolkien - Doors of Durin.jpg|thumb|right|Doors of Durin]]

In c. 40 of the Second Age after Beleriand was destroyed by the [[War of Wrath]], most of the Dwarves of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] began leaving en masse from their now ruined cities for Khazad-dûm. The city was enriched not just in numbers, but in the western Houses' skills in smithing, crafting and masonry. All these factors created a renaissance for Khazad-dûm, and brought its prosperity to its zenith.

After the Sinking of Beleriand, the [[Noldor]], founded a country of their own by the western gate of Khazad-dûm, [[Eregion]]. A rare friendship sprang up between the Dwarves and the Elves of this new land. Eregion's ruler, [[Celebrimbor]], helped to construct the famous and magical gate that became known as the [[West-gate of Moria]], and indeed went so far as to present King [[Durin III]] with a [[Rings of Power|Ring of Power]]. The friendship of Khazad-dûm and Eregion came to a sudden end, however, in II 1697. [[Sauron]] [[Sack of Eregion|overran]] the country of the Elves, and despite the best efforts of the Dwarves to help them, he succeeded in destroying Eregion and driving away the survivors. With the Elves dead or fleeing far away, the doors of Khazad-dûm were sealed against Sauron's forces, and Khazad-dûm went into seclusion.
It was also during this time that the Orcs reinvaded the mountains and made war on the Dwarves. [[First Sacking of Gundabad|Taking]] [[Mount Gundabad]] from the Kingdom of Durin.

Their seclusion was broken for a time with the beginning of the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. The Dwarves, led by King [[Durin IV]], fought along side the Elves and Men in their campaign to destroy defeat Sauron for the last time. With the conclusion of the war the Dwarves went back to their country, and resumed their seclusion from the world.

===Third Age===

During this time Khazad-dûm further expanded its treasures, but despite this its numbers began to dwindle. Most of its great wealth was based on the [[Mithril]] that was found in its mines, and as the centuries passed, the Dwarves mined deeper and deeper for the precious metal. In the year III 1980, they dug too deep, and unleashed a nameless terror from the depths beneath the city. The creature wreaked dreadful destruction, and in slaying the then King, [[Durin VI]], became known as [[Durin's Bane]]. In the following year, Durin's son, [[Náin I]], was also lost, and the Dwarves fled their ancient home.

After millennia as one of the richest cities in [[Middle-earth]], Khazad-dûm stood dark and empty, but for the brooding menace the Dwarves had released. In that time it was given a new name, [[Moria]], the [[Black Pit]].

The monster - a Balrog of [[Morgoth]], as was later known - lurked alone in Moria for nearly five hundred years. After that time, the old city of Khazad-dûm began to be peopled again, but not by Dwarves. Orcs from the North began to enter the abandoned city to raid its treasuries, and occupy it. They also began to worship the Balrog as their deity. Soon afterwards, Sauron directed his creatures there, and Moria began to fill with Orcs and Trolls from [[Mordor]]. Though the orcs' numbers were greatly reduced in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar|Battle of Nanduhirion]], fought in the valley beneath Moria's [[East-gate]] in III 2799, the Balrog could not be bested, and Khazad-dûm remained a place of darkness.

At some point between 2841 and 2941 the Wizard [[Gandalf]] entered the city looking for King Thráin II who had disappeared on journey to Erebor.

====Balin's expedition====
In III 2989, there was an attempt by the Longbeards to reclaim their ancient home. The [[Balin's colony|expedition]] was led by [[Balin]], who had accompanied [[Bilbo Baggins]] on the [[Quest of Erebor]]. He led a [[Balin's Colony | colony]] of Dwarves there from [[Erebor]]. The Colony was successful at first, killing a considerable number of Orcs, taking many of the Eastern halls and finding many lost treasures such as [[Durin's Axe]]. They were however defeated and slain by the Orcs in 2994.

Possibly at some point after this [[Aragorn]] Chieftain of the Dúnedain entered Moria for some unknown purpose.

====The Fellowship's passage====
[[Image:Aleksandr Kortich - 03.jpg|thumb|right|The Company in Khazad-dûm]]
When [[Frodo Baggins]] set out from [[Rivendell]] with the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]], they at first planned to travel over the Misty Mountains. When they were stopped by heavy snow on [[Caradhras|Mount Caradhras]], they found themselves pursued by wolves and Orcs, and fled into Moria, so as to go under the mountains. There, they found Balin's journal in the [[Book of Mazarbul]] and learned the fate of his expedition. They were then set upon by a host of [[Trolls]] and Orcs, and they discovered that the terror was, in fact, a [[Balrogs|Balrog]] of [[Morgoth]]. Gandalf fought the Balrog on a narrow bridge and succeeded in destroying a section of bridge to make the Balrog fall. As it fell, the Balrog snagged Gandalf's leg with its whip of thongs and pulled him after it, sending them both plunging into the abyss spanned by the bridge. The rest of the Fellowship managed to escape Moria and reach [[Lothlórien|Lórien]] mostly unharmed.

Unknown to the Fellowship, both Gandalf and the Balrog survived the fall and fought a ferocious battle from the depths of Moria to the mountains above, demolishing the top of the legendary [[Endless Stair]] and a part of the surrounding mountain peak in the process. Gandalf cast down the Balrog upon the mountainside and lived just long enough to see it die, but his story was not yet ended. (See [[Gandalf]]'s entry for further details.)

While Gandalf had felled the Balrog, Moria remained a place of evil creatures until the Fourth Age.<ref>{{SD|XI2}}, p. 122</ref>

====Retaking and Reign of Durin VII====
Though little information is given, the retaking of Khazad-dûm by [[Durin VII]] seems to have occurred during the [[Fourth Age]]. He became [[King of Durin's Folk]], and led a final return to the city. He was successful, and long after the War of the Ring, the Dwarves of Durin's line reclaimed their inheritance, and the hammers rang again in their great halls beneath the Misty Mountains until the race of Dwarves ended.

==Layout==
Khazad-dûm was a huge array of chambers, passages, mines, halls, stores and pits. In general, areas were either classed as ''mines'' or ''city''. The mines were working sections of Khazad-dûm whilst the city was the area of habitation.

The city areas of Khazad-dûm were clustered primarily to the east; these were the oldest parts of the kingdom and had access to the [[Great Gates]]. They were structured into seven Levels and seven Deeps. The Levels stretched above the gate whilst the Deeps were set deeper within the mountain below the level of the East-gate. It is possible that the First Level (on which the Great Gates were set) and the First Deep were highly intertwined.

The eastern section of the city spaces had also been delved in such a manner as to have light shafts to illuminate their chambers. One example of this is the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] which was located on the eastern edge of the [[Seventh Level]].

The mine areas of Khazad-dûm were interlaced with the city spaces, but spread also westward toward the [[Doors of Durin]]. The mines ran deeper and further than any other tunnels within Khazad-dûm, and it is possible that more of the lower Deeps were given over to mining, although this is only conjecture.

The defined change between ''mines'' and ''city'' can be seen when the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] pass through Moria - there is a marked difference between the early passages and chambers and those of the city structures illuminated by Gandalf.

Far below Moria, there are abysses, spaces and tunnels not known even by the Dwarves, but known by the Balrog. [[World-gnawing nameless things|Unknown beings]] gnaw the earth and make them, far from the knowledge of any lore.

==Etymology==

The name ''Moria'' is composed of the [[Sindarin]] elements ''[[mor]]'' "black, dark" and ''[[iâ]]'' "void, abyss".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''mor'' and ''iâ''</ref><ref>{{L|297}}, pp. 382-3</ref> Khazad-dûm was so called in [[Sindarin]] by the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], as for them it was was but a "Dark Chasm". Although the Dwarves considered it a derogatory name, [[Celebrimbor]] went as far as to write the name "Moria" on the [[West-gate of Moria|West-gate]].{{fact}}

==Names==

The name ''Khazad-dûm'' in [[Khuzdul]] means "Dwarves' Mansion(s)". ''Khazâd'' being the plural of ''[[khuzd]]'' "Dwarves" while ''[[dûm]]'' (or possibly rather ''tûm'') a word for "excavation(s), hall(s), mansion(s)" (it is not clear if the second word is in singular or plural form).

The Elves translated it as '''''Casarrondo''''' ([[Quenya]], name given by the [[Noldor]])<ref>{{WJ|AB}}, p. 389,</ref> or '''''Hadhodrond''''' ([[Sindarin]]). The word ''Hadhodrond'' is composed of the elements ''[[hadhod]]'' (an attempt by the Elves to render ''[[Khazâd]]'', (the Dwarves' name for their own kind, into Elvish sounds) + ''[[rond]]'' ("cavern").{{fact}}

'''''Phurunargian''''' meaning "'''Dwarrowdelf'''" or "Dwarf-delving" was the [[Westron]] name for Khazad-dûm.<ref name=AppF2>{{App|F2}}</ref><ref name=PEPhurunargian/> The word derives from the [[Sundocarme|root]] PHUR ("to delve") and ''[[narak|narg-]]'' ("dwarf").<ref name=PEPhurunargian>{{PE|17}}, pp. 35, 137</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted that the form ''Phurunargian'' was "archaic" Westron although he did not mention the elements that make it archaic (over a possible vernacular form).<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 769</ref><ref name=AppF2/>

==Portrayal in Adaptations==
{{stub}}
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Khazad-dûm is a very large area found under the Misty Moutains and called Moria in the game. The player is able to access Moria after completing book 1, [[The Walls of Moria]].

== See Also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Moria|Images of Moria]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, Towns and Villages]]
[[Category:Khuzdul words]]
[[Category:Moria ]]

[[de:Khazad-dûm]]
[[fi:Moria]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/monts_brumeux/khazad-dum]]

Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul

2012-03-20T00:00:20Z

Peyre: /* The Battle */

{{unnamed}}
{{battle|
image=[[Image:Fotr1117.jpg|300px]] The Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul as depicted in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]|
name=Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul|
conflict=[[War of the Ring]]|
date=January 15, 3019 T.A.|
place=The [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] and the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]] in [[Moria]]|
result=The [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] escapes, [[Gandalf]] and the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]] continue to fight in the [[Battle of the Peak]]||
side1=The [[Fellowship of the Ring]]|
side2=The [[Orcs of Moria]] The [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]]|
commanders1=[[Gandalf]]|
commanders2=None|
forces1=[[Gandalf]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] [[Boromir]] [[Gimli|Gimli Elf-friend]] [[Legolas]] [[Frodo Baggins]] [[Samwise Gamgee]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] [[Peregrin Took]]|
forces2=Unknown number of [[orcs]]. At least one [[Cave-trolls|Cave-troll]]. One [[Balrogs|Balrog]]|
casual1=[[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] lightly wounded|
casual2=Many orcs killed|
}}

The '''Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul''' was a skirmish between the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and the [[Orcs of Moria]] which took place on [[15 January|January 15]] [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]. It was a significant event in the [[Quest of the Ring]], resulting in the separation of [[Gandalf]] and the rest of the Fellowship.

== Prelude ==

After being turned back by a snowstorm at the [[Redhorn Pass]] and unwilling to risk the [[Gap of Rohan]] for fear of capture by [[Isengard]], the Fellowship attempted to cross the [[Misty Mountains]] through the abandoned [[Dwarves|dwarven]] city of [[Moria]]. [[Gimli]] hoped to encounter, or at least discover the fate of, [[Balin|Balin's]] [[Khazad-dûm#Recovery|expedition]] to re-establish [[Khazad-dûm]] with which the Dwarves had lost contact. At the end of their third day in Moria the Fellowship took refuge in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]]—the site of [[Balin's tomb]]—and learnt of his failure from the [[Book of Mazarbul]]. Immediately afterwards they heard the sounds of drums and horn blasts. Gandalf was able to ascertain that a band of [[orcs]], including several black [[uruks]] of Mordor, and at least one [[cave-troll]] were approaching one of the chamber's two doors.

== The Battle ==

The Fellowship intended to make an escape through the east door, which was to their knowledge clear of enemies; however, since the other door opened inwards and could not be locked or barred they were forced to hold their ground until they could put off pursuit. [[Boromir]] attempted to wedge the door with broken swords before the orcs arrived; however, a large cave-troll was able to break through with its foot. [[Frodo Baggins]] managed to force the troll to withdraw temporarily by stabbing its foot with [[Sting]], but the orcs were able to breach what remained of the doors and flooded in.

In the ensuing melee [[Gimli]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] are recorded as killing one orc each, [[Legolas]] two with his bow, while [[Aragorn]] and [[Boromir]] are said to have slain "many". The orcs then retreated and Gandalf judged the time right to make an escape. However before the Fellowship could reach the door, a "huge orc chieftain" forced past Aragorn and Boromir and pinned Frodo to the wall with a spear. To the astonishment of his companions Frodo's [[mithril]] shirt saved him from injury and his attacker was quickly beheaded by Aragorn, finally routing the orcs.

Gandalf stayed behind to hold the door while the rest of the Fellowship fled down a dark and narrow stairway. As they reached its foot they saw a bright white light from the doorway and Gandalf swiftly descended the stairs to join them; he told them he had "met [[Durin's Bane|my match]], and nearly been destroyed" and then urged the company forward.

After a brief rest where Gandalf discusses his encounter with what the Fellowship will later discover to be a [[Balrogs|balrog]] they continued their retreat towards the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]], along the way being occasionally fired upon by orc archers. Upon reaching the bridge the Fellowship turn to see the balrog closing in on them and realise its nature. Legolas, Gimli and Gandalf are all described as becoming physically distraught at the realisation. Nevertheless Gandalf regained his composure and ordered the rest of the Fellowship to cross the bridge while he held the rear.

In order to secure the Fellowship's retreat Gandalf broke the bridge with his staff, sending the balrog falling into the chasm beneath. He too falls, however, as the balrog's whip catches his legs. The remaining members of the Fellowship assumed he perished in the fall and upon escaping Moria appointed Aragorn their new leader. In actuality both Gandalf and the Balrog survived the fall and continued their duel amongst the many caverns and tunnels underneath the mountain, eventually culminating in the [[Battle of the Peak]].

== Portrayal in adaptations ==

=== [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]] ===

* The Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul is expanded a great deal in the films, to aid the movie's dramatic flow and pacing, and to make the battle something more meaningful for the Fellowship on screen. The entire Fellowship takes part in the skirmish.
The battle begins when a large group of Moria orcs breaks through the chamber door, after Legolas and Aragorn have shot a few orcs outside the room through holes in the closed door. A furious, fairly prolonged battle ensues. The cave-troll enters the scene early on, breaking into the chamber and nearly killing Sam, who ducks under the troll's legs just in time. The fighting continues, with Legolas, Aragorn, Boromir and Gimli killing many orcs. Sam is able to kill (or at least knock out) a few with one of his iron pans and kills at least one with his sword, along with Merry, early on in the battle. Frodo and Pippin seem to be participating in the fight as well. Peter Jackson likely wanted to involve the entire Fellowship in the skirmish to make it something meaningful to each member, as well as to the group as a whole, it being the Fellowship's first real battle together (in the book, the Fellowship never fights together like this). At one point during the fight, Legolas climbs up onto the Cave-troll's shoulders and shoots its head with two arrows, but to no avail. While swinging madly around the chamber, the Cave-troll smashes [[Balin's Tomb]].
* It is source of debate as to whether or not the "black Uruks of Mordor" described by Tolkien are present in the film.
There are a few orcs that physically look slightly different from the rest, though they wear the same armor. Some have argued that perhaps the Mordor Uruks sent to Moria by Sauron had taken up the Moria orcs' way of life, adopting their armor and weaponry and, thus, have a similar appearance (see [[Moria orcs]]).
* In the film, it is the Cave-troll that chases after Frodo and hits him with a spear (despite Aragorn's brave stand against the troll in an attempt to protect the hobbit), rather than an orc-chieftain.
Jackson likely wanted to bring the Cave-troll into the center of the action, adding greater interest to the battle. It is Legolas who at last kills the Cave-troll by shooting it through the throat with an arrow.

Following a momentary victory, when most of the orcs have been killed or fled the chamber, the Fellowship hears the sound of more orcs approaching and flees through a break in the eastern wall of the chamber, running back through the [[Twenty-first Hall]] (see [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] for notes on geographical changes). The action is extended further in the film, as the Fellowship are soon surrounded by hundreds of Moria orcs, before the Balrog enters the hall.
* Gandalf never has his encounter with the Balrog in the Mazarbul chamber in the movie.
Jackson likely wanted to reserve the revelation of the Balrog for a more dramatic moment on film.

In the [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring Special Extended Edition|extended cut]] of the film, an important character moment is added to the fight, in which Aragorn saves Boromir from an attacking Moria orc. This further develops the relationship between the two men.
Another moment is also only found in the longer cut, in which the troll continues to chase Sam after nearly hitting him with its giant club, and almost steps on the hobbit before Aragorn pulls the troll away with its chain.

== Related articles ==
* [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]
* [[War of the Ring]]
* [[Khazad-dûm]]
* [[Chamber of Mazarbul]]
* [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]
* [[Balin's Tomb]]

== References ==

* [[The Lord of the Rings]]: [[The Fellowship of the Ring]] Book II: Chapter 5: [[The Bridge of Khazad-dûm]].

[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]

Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul

2012-03-19T23:58:57Z

Peyre: /* Prelude */

{{unnamed}}
{{battle|
image=[[Image:Fotr1117.jpg|300px]] The Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul as depicted in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]|
name=Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul|
conflict=[[War of the Ring]]|
date=January 15, 3019 T.A.|
place=The [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] and the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]] in [[Moria]]|
result=The [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] escapes, [[Gandalf]] and the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]] continue to fight in the [[Battle of the Peak]]||
side1=The [[Fellowship of the Ring]]|
side2=The [[Orcs of Moria]] The [[Durin's Bane|Balrog of Moria]]|
commanders1=[[Gandalf]]|
commanders2=None|
forces1=[[Gandalf]] [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] [[Boromir]] [[Gimli|Gimli Elf-friend]] [[Legolas]] [[Frodo Baggins]] [[Samwise Gamgee]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] [[Peregrin Took]]|
forces2=Unknown number of [[orcs]]. At least one [[Cave-trolls|Cave-troll]]. One [[Balrogs|Balrog]]|
casual1=[[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] lightly wounded|
casual2=Many orcs killed|
}}

The '''Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul''' was a skirmish between the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] and the [[Orcs of Moria]] which took place on [[15 January|January 15]] [[Third Age 3019|T.A. 3019]]. It was a significant event in the [[Quest of the Ring]], resulting in the separation of [[Gandalf]] and the rest of the Fellowship.

== Prelude ==

After being turned back by a snowstorm at the [[Redhorn Pass]] and unwilling to risk the [[Gap of Rohan]] for fear of capture by [[Isengard]], the Fellowship attempted to cross the [[Misty Mountains]] through the abandoned [[Dwarves|dwarven]] city of [[Moria]]. [[Gimli]] hoped to encounter, or at least discover the fate of, [[Balin|Balin's]] [[Khazad-dûm#Recovery|expedition]] to re-establish [[Khazad-dûm]] with which the Dwarves had lost contact. At the end of their third day in Moria the Fellowship took refuge in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]]—the site of [[Balin's tomb]]—and learnt of his failure from the [[Book of Mazarbul]]. Immediately afterwards they heard the sounds of drums and horn blasts. Gandalf was able to ascertain that a band of [[orcs]], including several black [[uruks]] of Mordor, and at least one [[cave-troll]] were approaching one of the chamber's two doors.

== The Battle ==

The Fellowship intended to make an escape through the east door which was to their knowledge clear of enemies, however since the other door opened inwards and could not be locked or barred they were forced to hold their ground until they could put off pursuit. [[Boromir]] attempted to wedge the door with broken swords before the orcs arrived however a large cave-troll was able to break through with its foot. [[Frodo Baggins]] managed to force the troll to withdraw temporarily by stabbing its foot with [[Sting]], but the orcs were able to breach what remained of the doors and flooded in.

In the ensuing melee [[Gimli]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] are each recorded as killing one orc each, [[Legolas]] two with his bow while [[Aragorn]] and [[Boromir]] are said to have slain "many" . The orcs then retreated and Gandalf judged the time right to make an escape. However before the Fellowship could reach the door a "huge orc chieftain" forced passed Aragorn and Boromir and pinned Frodo to the wall with a spear. To the astonishment of his companions Frodo's [[mithril]] shirt saved him from injury and his attacker was quickly beheaded by Aragorn, finally routing the orcs.

Gandalf stayed behind to hold the door while the rest of the Fellowship fled down a dark and narrow stairway. As they reached its foot they saw a bright white light from the doorway and Gandalf swiftly descended the stairs to join them, he told them he had "met [[Durin's Bane|my match]], and nearly been destroyed" and then urged the company forward.

After a brief rest where Gandalf discusses his encounter with what the Fellowship will later discover to be a [[Balrogs|balrog]] they continued their retreat towards the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]], along the way being occasionally fired upon by orc archers. Upon reaching the bridge the Fellowship turn to see the balrog closing in on them and realise its nature. Legolas, Gimli and Gandalf are all described as becoming physically distraught at the realisation. Nevertheless Gandalf regained his composure and ordered the rest of the Fellowship to cross the bridge while he held the rear.

In order to secure the Fellowship's retreat Gandalf broke the bridge with his staff, sending the balrog falling into the chasm beneath. He too falls, however, as the balrog's whip catches his legs. The remaining members of the Fellowship assumed he perished in the fall and upon escaping Moria appointed Aragorn their new leader. In actuality both Gandalf and the Balrog survived the fall and continued their duel amongst the many caverns and tunnels underneath the mountain, eventually culminating in the [[Battle of the Peak]].

== Portrayal in adaptations ==

=== [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]] ===

* The Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul is expanded a great deal in the films, to aid the movie's dramatic flow and pacing, and to make the battle something more meaningful for the Fellowship on screen. The entire Fellowship takes part in the skirmish.
The battle begins when a large group of Moria orcs breaks through the chamber door, after Legolas and Aragorn have shot a few orcs outside the room through holes in the closed door. A furious, fairly prolonged battle ensues. The cave-troll enters the scene early on, breaking into the chamber and nearly killing Sam, who ducks under the troll's legs just in time. The fighting continues, with Legolas, Aragorn, Boromir and Gimli killing many orcs. Sam is able to kill (or at least knock out) a few with one of his iron pans and kills at least one with his sword, along with Merry, early on in the battle. Frodo and Pippin seem to be participating in the fight as well. Peter Jackson likely wanted to involve the entire Fellowship in the skirmish to make it something meaningful to each member, as well as to the group as a whole, it being the Fellowship's first real battle together (in the book, the Fellowship never fights together like this). At one point during the fight, Legolas climbs up onto the Cave-troll's shoulders and shoots its head with two arrows, but to no avail. While swinging madly around the chamber, the Cave-troll smashes [[Balin's Tomb]].
* It is source of debate as to whether or not the "black Uruks of Mordor" described by Tolkien are present in the film.
There are a few orcs that physically look slightly different from the rest, though they wear the same armor. Some have argued that perhaps the Mordor Uruks sent to Moria by Sauron had taken up the Moria orcs' way of life, adopting their armor and weaponry and, thus, have a similar appearance (see [[Moria orcs]]).
* In the film, it is the Cave-troll that chases after Frodo and hits him with a spear (despite Aragorn's brave stand against the troll in an attempt to protect the hobbit), rather than an orc-chieftain.
Jackson likely wanted to bring the Cave-troll into the center of the action, adding greater interest to the battle. It is Legolas who at last kills the Cave-troll by shooting it through the throat with an arrow.

Following a momentary victory, when most of the orcs have been killed or fled the chamber, the Fellowship hears the sound of more orcs approaching and flees through a break in the eastern wall of the chamber, running back through the [[Twenty-first Hall]] (see [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] for notes on geographical changes). The action is extended further in the film, as the Fellowship are soon surrounded by hundreds of Moria orcs, before the Balrog enters the hall.
* Gandalf never has his encounter with the Balrog in the Mazarbul chamber in the movie.
Jackson likely wanted to reserve the revelation of the Balrog for a more dramatic moment on film.

In the [[Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring Special Extended Edition|extended cut]] of the film, an important character moment is added to the fight, in which Aragorn saves Boromir from an attacking Moria orc. This further develops the relationship between the two men.
Another moment is also only found in the longer cut, in which the troll continues to chase Sam after nearly hitting him with its giant club, and almost steps on the hobbit before Aragorn pulls the troll away with its chain.

== Related articles ==
* [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]
* [[War of the Ring]]
* [[Khazad-dûm]]
* [[Chamber of Mazarbul]]
* [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]
* [[Balin's Tomb]]

== References ==

* [[The Lord of the Rings]]: [[The Fellowship of the Ring]] Book II: Chapter 5: [[The Bridge of Khazad-dûm]].

[[Category:Conflicts of the War of the Ring]]