Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

User:Quilda

2019-11-19T03:40:30Z

Quilda:

{{user infobox
| name=Quilda
| position=Wanderer
| language=[[wikipedia:English|English]], [[wikipedia:Cantonese|Cantonese]], [[wikipedia:Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]
| location=[[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
| age=17
| gender=Male
| height=5'8<nowiki>''</nowiki>
| hair=Black
| eyes=Dark brown
| userboxes=
{{user en-4}}
{{user under3m}}
{{user lore-2}}
{{user chrome}}
{{User Elves}}
{{user elves noldor}}
{{user dagor-no}}
{{user balrogwings3}}
{{user entwives3}}
{{user feanor evil}}
| userboxheight=342px
}}

Tolkien Gateway talk:Chat

2019-05-27T07:40:53Z

Quilda: /* Turning to other platforms? */ new section

== Elendor.net ==

Consider linking via telnet to Mush.elendor.net port 1893 It is the oldest and largest 3rd age middle earth text based RPG based on the professors works. {{unsigned|70.181.205.118}}

:Thank you for your suggestion, however this article is for Tolkien chatrooms. ELendor is a text-based game which we already have an article for at [[Elendor]]. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 14:15, 10 August 2007 (EDT)

==Bersirc==

I'm trying to connect to the IRC with the client Bersirc, and get "Connection failed" - does it work with any other IRC client? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 16:17, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

:It has been down since yesterday. Me and Hyarion are in #TolkienGateway on '''irc://irc.freenode.net'''. Mibbit is blocked by freenode, but [http://webchat.freenode.net?channels=TolkienGateway click here to use their web based IRC client]. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 16:26, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

== TG IRC not connecting ==

Does anyone else have problems connecting to IRC? --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 20:56, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

:Yes. On Mibbit I got "Could not connect" and on ChatZilla I got "Connection refused". --{{User:Mith/sig}} 12:31, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

::Can't connect through Bersirc.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 17:18, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

:::Hmmm... --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 20:44, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

::::Doesn't work for me at Mibbit (like Mith pointed out earlier aswell). --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 14:45, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

:::::I've sent Hyarion an email. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 15:46, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

::::::Fixed. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:50, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

:::::::Works for me too. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 19:28, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

== Turning to other platforms? ==

The Tolkien Gateway IRC chat seems rather desolate and hard to join (I can't connect today), and there seems be ages since a meeting is held (no records of meetings in said page). Would it be wise to stick to this older platform, or should we switch to a newer platform other than IRC, like Discord or others?

--[[User:Quilda|Quilda]] 07:40, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Quenya/Grammar

2019-05-11T15:43:46Z

Quilda: Added Plural Form Table and added primary source to the Grammar Summary.

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}

''Note: these rules apply only to Ñoldorin Quenya, being the only dialect spoken in Middle-earth. Also this document will not teach you Neo-Quenya, but summarizes basic grammar. The symbol * marks an unattested form – one that fits the logic of Quenya, but Tolkien never wrote.''

''This is based on the Neo-Quenya Grammar Summary made by Shihali of the Vinye Lambengolmor Discord Group, of which [[User:Quilda|the current editor]] has gotten permission to post it here. The original source is [https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vT_yBlkJBGKDvAUgAhAlZQfaMtGiCuwHWm9vd1jEiIKz3tR4E4MqBzrnzOQbY0l8gs2VaTZ1-3yg1uY/pub#ftnt7 here].''

[[Quenya]] was an agglutinative SVO language. It had a relatively free word order since most information was expressed morphologically rather than syntactically. The different word classes of Quenya are explained below.

==Phonology==
Quenya was designed to have Latin-like phonology, with some of its phonological rules inspired by Finnish.

===Consonants===
{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="white" |  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Labial'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Coronal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Palatal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Velar'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Labiovelar'''
|-
| Voiceless Stops || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless palatal stop|c]] (ty) || {{IPA|k}} (c) || {{IPA|kʷ}} (qu)
|-
| Voiced Stops || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|-
| Voiceless Fricatives || {{IPA|f}} || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] (þ) || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] (hy) || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] (χ > h) || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless labialized velar approximant|ʍ]] (hw)
|-
| Voiced Fricatives & Glides || {{IPA|v}} || || [[Wikipedia:Palatal approximant|j]] (y) || || {{IPA|w}}
|-
| Nasals || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || [[Wikipedia:Palatal nasal|ɲ]] (ny) || [[Wikipedia:Velar nasal|ŋ]] (ñ) || {{IPA|ŋʷ}} (ñw)
|-
| Voiceless Liquids || || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]], [[Wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]] (hr, hl) || || ||
|-
| Liquids || || {{IPA|r}}, {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}, [[Wikipedia:Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] (ry, ly) || ||
|-
| Sibilants & Aspirates || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|h}} ||
|}

* '''ñ''', '''ñw''', '''hr''' and '''hl''' can only occur in the beginning of a word.
*'''p''', '''t''', '''ty''', '''c''', '''qu''', '''f''', '''þ''', '''hy''', '''v''', '''y''', '''w''', '''m''', '''n''', '''ny''', '''r''', '''l''', '''ry''', '''ly''', '''s''', '''h''', '''hw''', '''ps''', '''ts''' and '''x''' (cs) may occur at the beginning or in the middle of a word.
*'''b''', '''d''', '''g''' and '''gw''' can only occur in clusters.
*'''t''', '''n''', '''nt''', '''r''', '''l''' and '''s''' may occur at the end of a word.
*'''ñ''' '''þ''' are archaic and often replaced by '''n''' '''s'''.<ref> {{PE|19}} (''þ'' > ''s'') </ref> <ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref>

===Vowels===
*Quenya has five vowels: '''a''' ({{IPA|a}}), '''e''' ({{IPA|ɛ}}), '''i''' ({{IPA|i}}), '''o''' ({{IPA|ɔ}}), and '''u''' ({{IPA|u}}).
**'''Long vowels''' have an acute accent ('''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú'''). Hold them twice as long as short vowels.
**Quenya does not allow long vowels in diphthongs or before multiple consonants. If the vowel would be long, it is shortened.
*The '''diphthongs''' are '''ai''' ({{IPA|aj}}), '''au''' ({{IPA|au}}), '''eu''' ({{IPA|ɛu}}), '''iu''' ({{IPA|iu}}), '''oi''' ({{IPA|ɔj}}), and '''ui''' ({{IPA|uj}}).<ref>{{App|E1ii}}</ref>
*Other combinations of vowels are in '''hiatus'''. Vowels may form syllables on their own ('''loa''', {{IPA|lo.a}}). A vowel in hiatus and final -e may be written with a diaeresis ('''loëndë''').
*The '''stress accent''' always falls on the second-from-the-last syllable if it is heavy ('''Atalante''', '''Elentári'''), or the third-from-the-last otherwise ('''Fëanor''').<ref>{{App|E1iii}}</ref>

==Nouns==

===The Article===
Quenya has only one article, '''i''' “the”. It does not change for case, number, or initial sound, as in '''i ciryamo''' “the mariner” and '''i eleni''' “the stars”. Quenya has no indefinite article, so '''elen''' means “star” or “a star”.

===Noun Cases===
Nouns are declined for ten cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, and a tenth case sometimes called the respective or the s-case. Quenya case endings change depending on whether the word ends in a vowel other than
e, -e, or a consonant. For other classes of nouns, check a comprehensive grammar.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="white" |  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Vowel'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''E-vowel'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Consonant'''
|-
| Nominative || '''cirya''' || '''lasse''' || '''atar'''
|-
| Accusative || '''ciryá''' || '''lassé''' || '''atar'''
|-
| Genitive || '''ciryo''' || '''lasseo''' || '''ataro'''
|-
| Possessive || '''ciryava''' || '''lasseva''' || '''atarwa'''
|-
| Locative || '''ciryasse''' || '''lassesse''' || '''ataresse'''
|-
| Allative || '''ciryanna''' || '''lassenna''' || '''atarenna'''
|-
| Ablative || '''ciryallo''' || '''lassello''' || '''atarello'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ciryanen''' || '''lassenen''' || '''atarnen'''
|}

*After the vowels i and u, the genitive is suffixed -o like nouns ending in -e.
*After a consonant, an -e- is inserted if the result would be an impossible cluster. For other possibilities, such as assimilation, check a comprehensive grammar.

The nominative and accusative cases are almost identically analogous in Quenya. The nominative is used to mark the subject of a verb. In Middle Earth, the nominative took over the accusative case. The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in spoken Quenya (i.e. Tarquesta), but appears in writing. But even in writing (i.e. Parmaquesta), the only difference between the nominative and accusative is that the final vowel is lengthened, so in words ending in a consonant, the accusative is not distinguishable from the nominative.<ref> {{VT|6}} </ref>

In Quenya there are two cases that are used to express possession: the genitive and the possessive. To be more specific, the genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e.g. the best smiths ''of'' ''Tirion''), while the possessive is used to denote ownership (e.g. ''Fëanor’s'' Silmarils). The two cases are very similar and can be interchangeable in most cases.<ref> {{WJ|P4|C}} </ref>

The dative, ablative, allative, instrumental, and locative cases are the prepositional cases of Quenya.
* The dative marks the indirect object of the verb and is used to indicate beneficiary or purpose, which can often be translated as "to" and "for".
* The ablative expresses motion away from an object and can be translated as "from" or "out of".
* The allative case is used when indicating motion towards something, and is translated as "into", "onto", "against", "to", or "upon".
* The instrumental case denotes the means of the cause of why something happened, often translated as "by means of", "with" or "because".
* The locative case expresses the position of an object, translated as "in", ''at'' or "on".

There is a tenth case called the respective case or the s-case. The respective case is a mysterious case because it is not clear what it is used for. Many scholars in Quenya guess that this case is used as a more abstract locative case. Others think the case can be translated with the words "about" or "regarding". Fortunately, the respective case is very rarely used, so it does not pose such a large problem.

===Expressing Numbers===
There are four ways to express numbers in Quenya: the singular, dual, plural, and partitive plural<ref> {{WJ|P4|AB}} </ref>.

This table shows the plural for nouns ending in vowels, -e, and consonants, and the suffixes for dual and partitive plural.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="white" |  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''V Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''E Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''C Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[Quenya Grammar#Dual Form|Dual]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Partitive Plural'''
|-
| Nominative || '''ciryar''' || '''lassi''' || '''atari''' || '''-t''' || '''-li'''
|-
| Accusative || '''ciryai''' || '''lassí''' || '''atarí''' || '''-t''' || '''-lí'''
|-
| Genitive || '''ciryaron''' || '''lassion''' || '''atarion''' || '''-nt''' || '''-lin'''
|-
| Possessive || '''ciryaiva''' || '''lassíva''' || '''ataríva''' || '''-twa''' || '''-líva'''
|-
| Locative || '''ciryassen''' || '''lassessen''' || '''atarissen''' || '''-tse''' || '''-lisse(n)'''
|-
| Allative || '''ciryannar''' || '''lassennar''' || '''atarinnar''' || '''-nta''' || '''-linna(r)'''
|-
| Ablative || '''ciryallon''' || '''lassellon''' || '''atarillon''' || '''-lto''' || '''-lillo(n)'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ciryainen''' || '''lassínen''' || '''atarínen''' || '''-nten''' || '''línen'''
|}

====Plural Form====
The plural form is used to mark more than one specific thing. Nouns ending in ''-a'', ''-o'', ''-i'', ''-u'', ''-ië'' or a consonant forms a plural with the ending ''-r''. For example, the word ''Elda'' has the plural form Eldar; the word ''Ainu'' has the plural form ''Ainur'' etc.

Nouns ending in ''-ë'' forms the plural form by having the plural suffix ''-i'' replace the final vowel. For example, the word ''Quendë'' has the plural form ''Quendi''.<ref> {{WJ|P4|B}} </ref>

====Partitive Plural====
The partitive plural is used to express some of the things in question. It is formed by adding the suffix ''-li'' to the end of the noun. For example, ''Eldali'', the partitive plural of ''Elda'', means “some Elda”.<ref> {{VT|49}} </ref>

====Dual Form====
The dual form is used to mark two specific things. One type of dual form is called the ''u-form''. The “u-form” is originally used with nouns which describe things that form natural pairs; or put it simply, it is used on two things or people that naturally belonging together as a logical couple.<ref> {{L|427}} </ref> For example, the word for lip ''pé'' has the dual form ''peu'', which refers to one person’s pair of lips.<ref> {{VT|39}} </ref> The noun for tree ''alda'' occurs in dual form with reference to the [[Two Trees of Valinor]]: ''Aldu''. When the ending -u is added to a noun ending in a vowel, the vowel will be displaced, as can be seen with ''Aldu''.<ref> {{MR|P2|P2j}} </ref>

Another type of dual form is called the “t-form”. This form was originally used to only denote two things that are only causally related to each other. Yet it soon it became to only reference natural or logical pairs, which means that the functions of both the “u-form” and the “t-form” had merged.<ref> {{L|427}} </ref>

The choice of using either form is decided by euphony, or put it simply, by what sounded well. Though the “u-form” is preferred to the “t-form” when the word that is to receive a dual ending already contains a ''t'' or the similarly sounding ''d''.<ref> {{L|427}} </ref>

==Verbs==
There are two main types of verbs: basic verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as ''tirë'' (''tiri''-) "watch" from *TIR, and derivative verbs, which are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like ''tulta''- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like ''cúna''- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Derivative verbs''' || colspan=2 | '''Basic verbs'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || colspan=2 | tulta (tulta-) || colspan=2 | tirë (tir-) || colspan=2 | palo (palu-)
|-
| '''Aorist/Simple present''' || tulta || tultar || tirë (tiri-) || tirir || palo (palu-) || palur
|-
| '''Present continuative''' || tultëa || tultëar || tíra || tírar || pálua || páluar
|-
| '''Past''' || tultanë || tultaner || tirnë || tirner || pallë || paller
|-
| '''Future''' || tultuva || tultuvar || tiruva || tiruvar || palúva || palúvar
|-
| '''Perfect''' || utultië || utultier || itírië || itírier || apálië || apálier
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are seen as both independent words and enclitics; however the rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence sugests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic. The enclitics often come in two different forms, long and short. The following table outlines the different forms attested. Hypothetical or reconstructed forms are indicated by either question marks or asterisks. Those forms that cannot be determined are not included and their absence is indicated by an emdash.

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Independent''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic''' || colspan=2 | '''Independent Example''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic Example'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''First Person''' || '''Inclusive''' || rowspan=2 | ni, inyë || *elvë, *elwë || rowspan=2 | -n, -nyë || -lvë, -lwë || rowspan=2 | inyë tirë || elvë/elwë tirir || rowspan=2 | tirinyë, tirin || tirilvë, tirilwë
|-
| '''Exclusive''' || *elmë || -lmë || elmë tirir || tirilmë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Second Person''' || le, elyë || le, ellë || -l, -lyë || ?-llë || elyë tirë || ?ellë tirir, elyë tirir || tiril, tirilyë || ?tirillë, tirilyë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Third Person''' || se || te || -s, -ryë || -t, -ntë || se tirë || ?entë tirir || tiris, tiriryë || tirit, tirintë
|}

Aside from inclusive and exclusive modes in the first person plural, there is also a dual mode, denoted by ''emmë'', ''-mmë''. The pronouns can be declined much like the regular nouns; for instance, the dative form of ''emmë'' is ''emmen''. This appears to be mostly regular, except for ''te'', "they", which takes the dative form ''tien''.

{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya]]
[[de:Quenya#Grammatik]]
[[fi:Quenyan lyhyt kielioppi]]

Quenya

2019-04-20T15:55:31Z

Quilda: /* External links */

{{Pronounce|Quenya - Quenya.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''Quenya''' (Q, pron. [ˈkʷwɛɲa])<ref>[[John D. Rateliff]], [[Jason Fisher]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]], et al. (mailing list discussion), "a quick question" (#[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/24071 24071] and related messages; dated 29 January 2013), [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ Mytsoc mailing list] (accessed 30 January 2012)</ref> was one of the languages spoken by the [[Elves]]. It was the tongue that developed among those non-[[Teleri|Telerin]] [[Elves]] who reached [[Aman]] (the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]]) from an earlier language called [[Common Eldarin]]. Quenya was typically written with the [[Tengwar]] of [[Fëanor]]. An older script, [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]'s [[Sarati]], was used also.

==History==
Of the three clans of Elves in Aman, the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]] spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (''Noldorin Quenya'' and ''[[Vanyarin|Vanyarin Quenya]]'' respectively). The word Quenya, however, usually refers to Noldorin Quenya, since it was the only Quenya dialect spoken in [[Middle-earth]].

The language was also adopted by the [[Valar]] who also made some new introductions into it from their [[Valarin|own language]], though these loanwords are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. The third clan in Aman, the [[Teleri]], spoke a different, closely related language: [[Telerin]], although this was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya which was untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages did not share a common history but were very much alike.

The Noldor who fled to [[Middle-earth]] following the [[Darkening of Valinor]] spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu [[Thingol]] of Doriath, who was the king of the [[Sindar]] (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in [[Beleriand]] instead of journeying to Valinor) learnt about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in all his realm. The Sindar had been slow to learn Quenya anyway, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin.

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the [[Third Age]] (the time of the setting of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'') had come to be a scholarly pursuit; it was not typically used in conversation. It was preserved as a formal language and for writing; Sindarin was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly; for example, [[Gildor]] and his party appreciated [[Frodo Baggins]]'s greeting ''Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo''. ("A star shines on the hour of our meeting.") [[Galadriel]] was perhaps the only Elf in Middle-earth during the events of ''The Lord of the Rings'' who had learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue: she was born in Valinor, during the days of the Two Trees. Noldorin (Exilic) Quenya differed somewhat from Valinórean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile, and it underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

The poem [[Namárië]] is the longest piece of Quenya found in the ''Lord of the Rings''. It is also known as Galadriel's Lament.

==Grammar==

*[[Quenya Grammar]]

==Inspiration==
{{quote|The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out in a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|[[Parma Eldalamberon 17]], p. 135}}
Quenya's phonology and grammar are most strongly influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also comes from Latin and Greek. The phonology is also based on Finnish, and to a lesser extent Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending -nt), a word may not end in a non-dental consonant, and voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants. The first two of these phonotactic rules also exist in Finnish.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinating language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical function. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one could say "I have found it" in Quenya in a single verb, namely ''utúvienyes''.

Tolkien intended Quenya to be an archaic, ancient and august language for the peoples of Middle-earth of the Third Age, being the cultural analogue of Latin in Europe<ref>{{app|F1i}}</ref><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. For that reason, he decided to make Quenya look like Latin ocularly<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and substituted K for C and Q for QU.

Tolkien wrote much more material about Quenya and his other languages than he published in his lifetime. In fact, Tolkien, a professor of linguistics, originally invented Middle-earth and its inhabitants as a means of imposing upon his artificial languages a history of war, migration and suffering. The famous novels might be considered incidental to his further and more passionately developed linguistic hobby. The journals ''Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In early [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s writings (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''), this language was called '''[[Qenya]]''' (although pronounced the same as ''Quenya''), and it underwent countless revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. The term Qenya is now used to distinguish between old Qenya and the new Quenya. However, the fluid nature of Quenya (or Qenya, for that matter) makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

==See also==
*[[Languages]] of [[Middle-earth]]
*''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''
*[[Sindarin]]
*[[Tengwar]]
*[[Sarati]]
*[[Arktik|Arctic Quenya]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion: The Tongues of Arda, Lessons, etc.]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qcourse.htm Quenya Course]
***[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/lessons.rtf Beta Course]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/wordlists.htm Wordlists] ([http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm in html])
*[https://middangeard.org.uk/atanquesta/ Atanquesta — a new Quenya Course for beginners]
*[https://eldamo.org/index.html?neo Eldamo — a Tolkien language lexicon]
*[https://www.elfdict.com Parf Edhellen — a dictionary website for Tolkien’s languages]
*[https://bit.ly/2sglBcm Vinyë Lambengolmor — a Discord server about Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/~glaemscrafu/english/quenya.html Quenya sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finn_que.htm Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finnquelinks.htm Quenya's relation to Finnish]
{{languages}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya| ]]
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Quenya]]
[[fi:Quenya]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/quenya]]

Quenya/Grammar

2019-04-20T14:21:34Z

Quilda: Tidied up vowels and noun cases.

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}

''Note: these rules apply only to Ñoldorin Quenya, being the only dialect spoken in Middle-earth. Also this document will not teach you Neo-Quenya, but summarizes basic grammar. The symbol * marks an unattested form – one that fits the logic of Quenya, but Tolkien never wrote.''

[[Quenya]] was an agglutinative SVO language. It had a relatively free word order since most information was expressed morphologically rather than syntactically. The different word classes of Quenya are explained below.

==Phonology==
Quenya was designed to have Latin-like phonology, with some of its phonological rules inspired by Finnish.

===Consonants===
{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="white" |  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Labial'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Coronal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Palatal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Velar'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Labiovelar'''
|-
| Voiceless Stops || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless palatal stop|c]] (ty) || {{IPA|k}} (c) || {{IPA|kʷ}} (qu)
|-
| Voiced Stops || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|-
| Voiceless Fricatives || {{IPA|f}} || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] (þ) || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] (hy) || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] (χ > h) || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless labialized velar approximant|ʍ]] (hw)
|-
| Voiced Fricatives & Glides || {{IPA|v}} || || [[Wikipedia:Palatal approximant|j]] (y) || || {{IPA|w}}
|-
| Nasals || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || [[Wikipedia:Palatal nasal|ɲ]] (ny) || [[Wikipedia:Velar nasal|ŋ]] (ñ) || {{IPA|ŋʷ}} (ñw)
|-
| Voiceless Liquids || || [[Wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]], [[Wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]] (hr, hl) || || ||
|-
| Liquids || || {{IPA|r}}, {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}, [[Wikipedia:Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] (ry, ly) || ||
|-
| Sibilants & Aspirates || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|h}} ||
|}

* '''ñ''', '''ñw''', '''hr''' and '''hl''' can only occur in the beginning of a word.
*'''p''', '''t''', '''ty''', '''c''', '''qu''', '''f''', '''þ''', '''hy''', '''v''', '''y''', '''w''', '''m''', '''n''', '''ny''', '''r''', '''l''', '''ry''', '''ly''', '''s''', '''h''', '''hw''', '''ps''', '''ts''' and '''x''' (cs) may occur at the beginning or in the middle of a word.
*'''b''', '''d''', '''g''' and '''gw''' can only occur in clusters.
*'''t''', '''n''', '''nt''', '''r''', '''l''' and '''s''' may occur at the end of a word.
*'''ñ''' '''þ''' are archaic and often replaced by '''n''' '''s'''.<ref> {{PE|19}} (''þ'' > ''s'') </ref> <ref>{{App|E1i}}</ref>

===Vowels===
*Quenya has five vowels: '''a''' ({{IPA|a}}), '''e''' ({{IPA|ɛ}}), '''i''' ({{IPA|i}}), '''o''' ({{IPA|ɔ}}), and '''u''' ({{IPA|u}}).
**'''Long vowels''' have an acute accent ('''á''', '''é''', '''í''', '''ó''', '''ú'''). Hold them twice as long as short vowels.
**Quenya does not allow long vowels in diphthongs or before multiple consonants. If the vowel would be long, it is shortened.
*The '''diphthongs''' are '''ai''' ({{IPA|aj}}), '''au''' ({{IPA|au}}), '''eu''' ({{IPA|ɛu}}), '''iu''' ({{IPA|iu}}), '''oi''' ({{IPA|ɔj}}), and '''ui''' ({{IPA|uj}}).<ref>{{App|E1ii}}</ref>
*Other combinations of vowels are in '''hiatus'''. Vowels may form syllables on their own ('''loa''', {{IPA|lo.a}}). A vowel in hiatus and final -e may be written with a diaeresis ('''loëndë''').
*The '''stress accent''' always falls on the second-from-the-last syllable if it is heavy ('''Atalante''', '''Elentári'''), or the third-from-the-last otherwise ('''Fëanor''').<ref>{{App|E1iii}}</ref>

==Nouns==

===The Article===
Quenya has only one article, '''i''' “the”. It does not change for case, number, or initial sound, as in '''i ciryamo''' “the mariner” and '''i eleni''' “the stars”. Quenya has no indefinite article, so '''elen''' means “star” or “a star”.

===Noun Cases===
Nouns are declined for ten cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, and a tenth case sometimes called the respective or the s-case. Quenya case endings change depending on whether the word ends in a vowel other than
e, -e, or a consonant. For other classes of nouns, check a comprehensive grammar.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="white" |  
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Vowel'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''E-vowel'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Consonant'''
|-
| Nominative || '''cirya''' || '''lasse''' || '''atar'''
|-
| Accusative || '''ciryá''' || '''lassé''' || '''atar'''
|-
| Genitive || '''ciryo''' || '''lasseo''' || '''ataro'''
|-
| Possessive || '''ciryava''' || '''lasseva''' || '''atarwa'''
|-
| Locative || '''ciryasse''' || '''lassesse''' || '''ataresse'''
|-
| Allative || '''ciryanna''' || '''lassenna''' || '''atarenna'''
|-
| Ablative || '''ciryallo''' || '''lassello''' || '''atarello'''
|-
| Instrumental || '''ciryanen''' || '''lassenen''' || '''atarnen'''
|}

*After the vowels i and u, the genitive is suffixed -o like nouns ending in -e.
*After a consonant, an -e- is inserted if the result would be an impossible cluster. For other possibilities, such as assimilation, check a comprehensive grammar.

The nominative and accusative cases are almost identically analogous in Quenya. The nominative is used to mark the subject of a verb. In Middle Earth, the nominative took over the accusative case. The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in spoken Quenya (i.e. Tarquesta), but appears in writing. But even in writing (i.e. Parmaquesta), the only difference between the nominative and accusative is that the final vowel is lengthened, so in words ending in a consonant, the accusative is not distinguishable from the nominative.<ref> {{VT|6}} </ref>

In Quenya there are two cases that are used to express possession: the genitive and the possessive. To be more specific, the genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e.g. the best smiths ''of'' ''Tirion''), while the possessive is used to denote ownership (e.g. ''Fëanor’s'' Silmarils). The two cases are very similar and can be interchangeable in most cases.<ref> {{WJ|P4|C}} </ref>

The dative, ablative, allative, instrumental, and locative cases are the prepositional cases of Quenya.
* The dative marks the indirect object of the verb and is used to indicate beneficiary or purpose, which can often be translated as "to" and "for".
* The ablative expresses motion away from an object and can be translated as "from" or "out of".
* The allative case is used when indicating motion towards something, and is translated as "into", "onto", "against", "to", or "upon".
* The instrumental case denotes the means of the cause of why something happened, often translated as "by means of", "with" or "because".
* The locative case expresses the position of an object, translated as "in", ''at'' or "on".

There is a tenth case called the respective case or the s-case. The respective case is a mysterious case because it is not clear what it is used for. Many scholars in Quenya guess that this case is used as a more abstract locative case. Others think the case can be translated with the words "about" or "regarding". Fortunately, the respective case is very rarely used, so it does not pose such a large problem.

===Expressing Numbers===
There are four ways to express numbers in Quenya: the singular, dual, plural, and partitive plural<ref> {{WJ|P4|AB}} </ref>.

====Plural Form====
The plural form is used to mark more than one specific thing. Nouns ending in ''-a'', ''-o'', ''-i'', ''-u'', ''-ië'' or a consonant forms a plural with the ending ''-r''. For example, the word ''Elda'' has the plural form Eldar; the word ''Ainu'' has the plural form ''Ainur'' etc.

Nouns ending in ''-ë'' forms the plural form by having the plural suffix ''-i'' replace the final vowel. For example, the word ''Quendë'' has the plural form ''Quendi''.<ref> {{WJ|P4|B}} </ref>

====Partitive Plural====
The partitive plural is used to express some of the things in question. It is formed by adding the suffix ''-li'' to the end of the noun. For example, ''Eldali'', the partitive plural of ''Elda'', means “some Elda”.<ref> {{VT|49}} </ref>

====Dual Form====
The dual form is used to mark two specific things. One type of dual form is called the ''u-form''. The “u-form” is originally used with nouns which describe things that form natural pairs; or put it simply, it is used on two things or people that naturally belonging together as a logical couple.<ref> {{L|427}} </ref> For example, the word for lip ''pé'' has the dual form ''peu'', which refers to one person’s pair of lips.<ref> {{VT|39}} </ref> The noun for tree ''alda'' occurs in dual form with reference to the [[Two Trees of Valinor]]: ''Aldu''. When the ending -u is added to a noun ending in a vowel, the vowel will be displaced, as can be seen with ''Aldu''.<ref> {{MR|P2|P2j}} </ref>

Another type of dual form is called the “t-form”. This form was originally used to only denote two things that are only causally related to each other. Yet it soon it became to only reference natural or logical pairs, which means that the functions of both the “u-form” and the “t-form” had merged.<ref> {{L|427}} </ref>

The choice of using either form is decided by euphony, or put it simply, by what sounded well. Though the “u-form” is preferred to the “t-form” when the word that is to receive a dual ending already contains a ''t'' or the similarly sounding ''d''.<ref> {{L|427}} </ref>

==Verbs==
There are two main types of verbs: basic verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as ''tirë'' (''tiri''-) "watch" from *TIR, and derivative verbs, which are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like ''tulta''- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like ''cúna''- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Derivative verbs''' || colspan=2 | '''Basic verbs'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || colspan=2 | tulta (tulta-) || colspan=2 | tirë (tir-) || colspan=2 | palo (palu-)
|-
| '''Aorist/Simple present''' || tulta || tultar || tirë (tiri-) || tirir || palo (palu-) || palur
|-
| '''Present continuative''' || tultëa || tultëar || tíra || tírar || pálua || páluar
|-
| '''Past''' || tultanë || tultaner || tirnë || tirner || pallë || paller
|-
| '''Future''' || tultuva || tultuvar || tiruva || tiruvar || palúva || palúvar
|-
| '''Perfect''' || utultië || utultier || itírië || itírier || apálië || apálier
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are seen as both independent words and enclitics; however the rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence sugests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic. The enclitics often come in two different forms, long and short. The following table outlines the different forms attested. Hypothetical or reconstructed forms are indicated by either question marks or asterisks. Those forms that cannot be determined are not included and their absence is indicated by an emdash.

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Independent''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic''' || colspan=2 | '''Independent Example''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic Example'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''First Person''' || '''Inclusive''' || rowspan=2 | ni, inyë || *elvë, *elwë || rowspan=2 | -n, -nyë || -lvë, -lwë || rowspan=2 | inyë tirë || elvë/elwë tirir || rowspan=2 | tirinyë, tirin || tirilvë, tirilwë
|-
| '''Exclusive''' || *elmë || -lmë || elmë tirir || tirilmë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Second Person''' || le, elyë || le, ellë || -l, -lyë || ?-llë || elyë tirë || ?ellë tirir, elyë tirir || tiril, tirilyë || ?tirillë, tirilyë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Third Person''' || se || te || -s, -ryë || -t, -ntë || se tirë || ?entë tirir || tiris, tiriryë || tirit, tirintë
|}

Aside from inclusive and exclusive modes in the first person plural, there is also a dual mode, denoted by ''emmë'', ''-mmë''. The pronouns can be declined much like the regular nouns; for instance, the dative form of ''emmë'' is ''emmen''. This appears to be mostly regular, except for ''te'', "they", which takes the dative form ''tien''.

{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya]]
[[de:Quenya#Grammatik]]
[[fi:Quenyan lyhyt kielioppi]]

User:Quilda

2019-04-20T10:59:49Z

Quilda:

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Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-24T10:57:00Z

Quilda: Added citations

User:Quilda

2019-01-24T08:39:07Z

Quilda: Created page with "{{user infobox | name=Quilda | position=Wanderer | language=English, Cantonese, Mandarin | location=[..."

{{user infobox
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| location=[[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
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Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-24T08:07:47Z

Quilda:

Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-24T08:02:23Z

Quilda: /* Consonants */

Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-24T08:01:49Z

Quilda: /* Phonology */ Cleaned up article

Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-23T14:42:52Z

Quilda: /* Nouns */ Clearing up the article and putting more information in.

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}

''Note: these rules apply only to Noldorin Quenya, being the only dialect spoken in Middle-earth''.

[[Quenya]] was an agglutinative SVO language. It had a relatively free word order since most information was expressed morphologically rather than syntactically. The different word classes of Quenya are explained below.

==Phonology==
Quenya was designed to have a Latin-like phonology, with sone of its phonological rules inspired by Finnish.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| a || {{IPA|a}} || [[Atan|'''A'''t'''a'''n]] || Quenya ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Polish ''jajo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| á || {{IPA|ä}} || [[Fëanor|Fëan'''á'''ro]] || Quenya ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Quenya ''a'', but moved to the centre of the mouth cavity. As in English ''car'' or ''nyár'' in Hungarian.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|ai̯} || [[Ainur|'''Ai'''nu]] || Quenya ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''light''. Or Italian ''baita''.
|-
| au || {{IPA|au, aʊ̯}} || [[Aulë|'''Au'''lë]] || Quenya ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''our'' or like ''ow'' in English ''now''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause''.
|-
| c, k || {{IPA|k}} || [[Melkor|Mel'''k'''or]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Eä|'''E'''ä']] || Quenya ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''bed'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''bene''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey'', just like in Sindarin.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} || [[yén|y'''é'''n]] || Quenya ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', and mouthed with the mouth stretched wider. Like in French ''beaut'''é''''' or German ''J'''ä'''ger''.
|-
| eu || {{IPA|eu, eu̯}} || c'''eu'''lë || Quenya ''eu'' is most like ''eu'' in Finnish ''leuto'' or Czech ''euro''. It has no English equivalent.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanáro]] || Quenya ''f'' is pronounced very similar to English ''f'', as in ''fire''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Helcaraxë|'''H'''elcaraxë]] || Quenya ''h'' is pronounced very similarly to English ''h'', as in ''house''.
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} || '''hw'''esta || Quenya ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''w''.
|-
| hr || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[hroa|'''hr'''oa]] || Quenya ''hr'' is pronounced like ''hrafn'' in Icelandic or ''Rhagfyr'' in Welsh. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''r''.
|-
| hl || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[dragons|'''hlócë''']] || Quenya ''hl'' is pronounced as Welsh ''ll'' in words like ''Llandudno''. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''l''.
|-
| hy || {{IPA|ç}} || '''hy'''armen || Quenya ''hy'' is pronounced like ''hu'' in English ''hue'' or ''j'' in Danish ''pjaske''.
|-
| ht || {{IPA|ht}} || [[Mahtan|Ma'''ht'''an]] || Quenya ''ht'' is pronounced as the combination of sounds ''h'' and ''t''.
|-
| i || {{IPA|i}} || [[Tirion|T'''i'''r'''i'''ron]] || Quenya ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''.
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Írime|'''Í'''rimë]] || Quenya ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Quenya ''i'', and has a different quality. Quenya ''í'' is most like ''ee'' in English ''keen'' or like ''í'' in Spanish ''víz''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Laurelin|'''L'''aure'''l'''in]] || Quenya ''l'' is pronounced very similar to English ''l'', as in ''laugh''.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[Thingol|Singo'''ll'''o]] || Quenya ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ld || {{IPA|ld}} || [[Orome|A'''ld'''aron]] ||  
|-
| ln || {{IPA|ln}} ||   ||  
|-
| lp || {{IPA|lp}} || [[Telperion|Te'''lp'''erion]] ||  
|-
| ls || {{IPA|ls}} || 'ma''ls'''a ||  
|-
| lt || {{IPA|lt}} || [[Meneltarma|Mene'''lt'''arma]] ||  
|-
| lv || {{IPA|lv}} || [[Kelvar|ke'''lv'''a]] ||  
|-
| lw || {{IPA|lw}} || [[Elwe|E'''lw'''ë]] ||  
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Manwe|'''M'''anwe]] ||  
|-
| mb || {{IPA|mb}} || [[Ambar|A'''mb'''ar]] ||  
|-
| mn || {{IPA|mn}} || [[Utumno|Utu'''mn'''o]] ||  
|-
| mp || {{IPA|mp}} || a'''mp'''a ||  
|-
| ms || {{IPA|ms}} ||   ||  
|-
| mt || {{IPA|mt}} || ca'''mt'''a ||  
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Elemmírë|Ele'''mm'''írë]] || Quenya ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Námo|'''N'''ámo]] ||  
|-
| nd || {{IPA|nd}} || [[Ainulindalë|Ainuli'''nd'''alë]] ||  
|-
| ñ || {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Noldor|'''Ñ'''oldor]] || Pronounced as ''ng'' in English, as seen in ''king''
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋɡ}} || i'''ng'''olmo || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nk, nc || {{IPA|nk}} || [[Gandalf|I'''nc'''ánus]] ||  
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Annatar|A'''nn'''atar]] || Quenya ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| np || {{IPA|np}} ||   ||  
|-
| ns || {{IPA|ns}} || i'''ns'''a ||  
|-
| nt || {{IPA|nt}} || [[Atalantë|Atala'''n'’''ë]] ||  
|-
| nv || {{IPA|nv}} || [[Aragorn|E'''nv'''inyatar]] ||  
|-
| nw || {{IPA|nw}} || [[Finwë|Fi'''nw'''ë]] ||  
|-
| ny || {{IPA|ɲ}} || [[Quenya|Que'''ny'''a]] || As in Spanish ''ñ'', like in '’español''.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

==Nouns==

===Noun Cases===
Nouns are declined for ten cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, and a tenth case sometimes called the respective or the s-case.

The nominative and accusative cases are almost identically analogous in Quenya. The nominative is used to mark the subject of a verb. In Middle Earth, the nominative took over the accusative case. The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in spoken Quenya (i.e. Tarquesta), but appears in writing. But even in writing (i.e. Parmaquesta), the only difference between the nominative and accusative is that the final vowel is lengthened, so in words ending in a consonant, the accusative is not distinguishable from the nominative.

In Quenya there are two cases that are used to express possession: the genitive and the possessive. To be more specific, the genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e.g. the best smiths ''of'' ''Tirion''), while the possessive is used to denote ownership (e.g. ''Fëanor’s'' Silmarils). The two cases are very similar and can be interchangeable in most cases.

The dative, ablative, allative, instrumental, and locative cases are the prepositional cases of Quenya.
* The dative marks the indirect object of the verb and is used to indicate beneficiary or purpose, which can often be translated as "to" and "for".
* The ablative expresses motion away from an object and can be translated as "from" or "out of".
* The allative case is used when indicating motion towards something, and is translated as "into", "onto", "against", "to", or "upon".
* The instrumental case denotes the means of cause of why something happened, often translated as "by means of", "with" or "because".
* The locative case expresses the position of an object, translated as "in", ''at'' or "on".

There is a tenth case called the respective case or the s-case. The respective case is a mysterious case, because it is not clear what it is used for. Many scholars in Quenya guess that this case is used as a more abstract locative case. Others think the case can be translated with the words "about" or "regarding". Fortunately, the respective case is very rarely used, so it does not pose such a large problem.

===Expressing Numbers===
There are four ways to express numbers in Quenya: the singular, dual, plural, and partitive plural.

====Plural Form====
The plural form is used to mark more than one specific thing. Nouns ending in ''-a'', ''-o'', ''-i'', ''-u'', ''-ië'' or a consonant forms a plural with the ending ''-r''. For example, the word ''Elda'' has the plural form Eldar; the word ''Ainu'' has the plural form ''Ainur'' etc.

Nouns ending in ''-ë'' forms the plural form by having the plural suffix ''-i'' replace the final vowel. For example, the word ''Quendë'' has the plural form ''Quendi''.

====Partitive Plural====
The partitive plural is used to express some of the thing in question. It is formed by adding the suffix ''-li'' to the end of the noun. For example, ''Eldali'', the partitive plural of ''Elda'', means “some Elda”.

====Dual Form====
The dual form is used to mark two specific things. One type of dual form is called the ''u-form''. The “u-form” is originally used with nouns which describes things that forms natural pairs; or put it simply, it is used on two things or people that naturally belonging together as a logical couple. For example, the word for lip ''pé'' has the dual form ''peu'', which refers to one person’s pair of lips. The noun for tree ''alda'' occurs in dual form with reference to the [[Two Trees of Valinor]]: ''Aldu''. When the ending -u is added to a noun ending in a vowel, the vowel will be displaced, as can be seen with ''Aldu''.

Another type of dual form is called the “t-form”. This form was originally used to only denote two things that are only causally related to each other. Yet it soon it became to only reference natural or logical pairs, which means that the functions of both the “u-form” and the “t-form” had merged.

The choice of using either form is decided by euphony, or put it simply, by what sounded well. Though the “u-form” is preferred to the “t-form” when the word that is to receive a dual ending already contains a ''t'' or the similarly sounding ''d''.

===Vocalic Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 |
| colspan=4 | '''a-, i-, ie-, o-, and u-stems'''
| colspan=4 | '''e-stems'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || yulma || yulmat || yulmar || yulmali || aurë || auret || auri || aureli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || yulmá || yulmat || yulmai || yulmalí || auré || ?auret || aurí || aurelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || yulmo || yulmato || yulmaron || yulmalion || aurëo || aureto || aurion || aurelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || yulman || yulmant || yulmain || yulmalin || auren || aurent || aurín || aurelín
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || yulmanen || yulmanten || yulmainen || yulmalínen || aurenen || aurenten || aurínen || aurelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || yulmava || yulmatwa || yulmaiva || yulmalíva || aureva || auretwa || auríva || aurelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || yulmassë || yulmatsë || yulmassen || yulmalissë || auressë || auretsë || auressen || aurelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || yulmanna || yulmanta || yulmannar || yulmalinna || aurenna || aurenta || aurennar || aurelinna
|-
| '''Ablative''' || yulmallo || yulmalto || yulmallon || yulmalillo || aurello || aurelto || aurellon || aurelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || yulmas || yulmates || yulmais || yulmalis || aures || auretes || aurís || aurelís
|}

===Consonantal Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
|
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || nat || natu || nati || nateli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || nat || natú || natí || natelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || nato || natuo || nation || natelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || naten || natun || natin || natelin
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || natenen || natunen || natinen || natelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || natwa || natuva || nativa || natelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || natsë || natussë || natissen || natelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || natenna || natenta || natinnar || natelinnar
|-
| '''Ablative''' || natello || natelto || natillon || natelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || nates || natus || natis || natelis
|}

==Verbs==
There are two main types of verbs: basic verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as ''tirë'' (''tiri''-) "watch" from *TIR, and derivative verbs, which are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like ''tulta''- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like ''cúna''- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Derivative verbs''' || colspan=2 | '''Basic verbs'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || colspan=2 | tulta (tulta-) || colspan=2 | tirë (tir-) || colspan=2 | palo (palu-)
|-
| '''Aorist/Simple present''' || tulta || tultar || tirë (tiri-) || tirir || palo (palu-) || palur
|-
| '''Present continuative''' || tultëa || tultëar || tíra || tírar || pálua || páluar
|-
| '''Past''' || tultanë || tultaner || tirnë || tirner || pallë || paller
|-
| '''Future''' || tultuva || tultuvar || tiruva || tiruvar || palúva || palúvar
|-
| '''Perfect''' || utultië || utultier || itírië || itírier || apálië || apálier
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are seen as both independent words and enclitics; however the rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence sugests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic. The enclitics often come in two different forms, long and short. The following table outlines the different forms attested. Hypothetical or reconstructed forms are indicated by either question marks or asterisks. Those forms that cannot be determined are not included and their absence is indicated by an emdash.

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Independent''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic''' || colspan=2 | '''Independent Example''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic Example'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''First Person''' || '''Inclusive''' || rowspan=2 | ni, inyë || *elvë, *elwë || rowspan=2 | -n, -nyë || -lvë, -lwë || rowspan=2 | inyë tirë || elvë/elwë tirir || rowspan=2 | tirinyë, tirin || tirilvë, tirilwë
|-
| '''Exclusive''' || *elmë || -lmë || elmë tirir || tirilmë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Second Person''' || le, elyë || le, ellë || -l, -lyë || ?-llë || elyë tirë || ?ellë tirir, elyë tirir || tiril, tirilyë || ?tirillë, tirilyë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Third Person''' || se || te || -s, -ryë || -t, -ntë || se tirë || ?entë tirir || tiris, tiriryë || tirit, tirintë
|}

Aside from inclusive and exclusive modes in the first person plural, there is also a dual mode, denoted by ''emmë'', ''-mmë''. The pronouns can be declined much like the regular nouns; for instance, the dative form of ''emmë'' is ''emmen''. This appears to be mostly regular, except for ''te'', "they", which takes the dative form ''tien''.

[[Category:Quenya]]
[[de:Quenya#Grammatik]]
[[fi:Quenyan lyhyt kielioppi]]

Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-23T11:32:31Z

Quilda: /* Phonology */

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}

''Note: these rules apply only to Noldorin Quenya, being the only dialect spoken in Middle-earth''.

[[Quenya]] was an agglutinative SVO language. It had a relatively free word order since most information was expressed morphologically rather than syntactically. The different word classes of Quenya are explained below.

==Phonology==
Quenya was designed to have a Latin-like phonology, with sone of its phonological rules inspired by Finnish.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| a || {{IPA|a}} || [[Atan|'''A'''t'''a'''n]] || Quenya ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Polish ''jajo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| á || {{IPA|ä}} || [[Fëanor|Fëan'''á'''ro]] || Quenya ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Quenya ''a'', but moved to the centre of the mouth cavity. As in English ''car'' or ''nyár'' in Hungarian.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|ai̯} || [[Ainur|'''Ai'''nu]] || Quenya ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''light''. Or Italian ''baita''.
|-
| au || {{IPA|au, aʊ̯}} || [[Aulë|'''Au'''lë]] || Quenya ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''our'' or like ''ow'' in English ''now''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause''.
|-
| c, k || {{IPA|k}} || [[Melkor|Mel'''k'''or]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Eä|'''E'''ä']] || Quenya ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''bed'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''bene''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey'', just like in Sindarin.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} || [[yén|y'''é'''n]] || Quenya ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', and mouthed with the mouth stretched wider. Like in French ''beaut'''é''''' or German ''J'''ä'''ger''.
|-
| eu || {{IPA|eu, eu̯}} || c'''eu'''lë || Quenya ''eu'' is most like ''eu'' in Finnish ''leuto'' or Czech ''euro''. It has no English equivalent.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanáro]] || Quenya ''f'' is pronounced very similar to English ''f'', as in ''fire''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Helcaraxë|'''H'''elcaraxë]] || Quenya ''h'' is pronounced very similarly to English ''h'', as in ''house''.
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} || '''hw'''esta || Quenya ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''w''.
|-
| hr || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[hroa|'''hr'''oa]] || Quenya ''hr'' is pronounced like ''hrafn'' in Icelandic or ''Rhagfyr'' in Welsh. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''r''.
|-
| hl || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[dragons|'''hlócë''']] || Quenya ''hl'' is pronounced as Welsh ''ll'' in words like ''Llandudno''. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''l''.
|-
| hy || {{IPA|ç}} || '''hy'''armen || Quenya ''hy'' is pronounced like ''hu'' in English ''hue'' or ''j'' in Danish ''pjaske''.
|-
| ht || {{IPA|ht}} || [[Mahtan|Ma'''ht'''an]] || Quenya ''ht'' is pronounced as the combination of sounds ''h'' and ''t''.
|-
| i || {{IPA|i}} || [[Tirion|T'''i'''r'''i'''ron]] || Quenya ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''.
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Írime|'''Í'''rimë]] || Quenya ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Quenya ''i'', and has a different quality. Quenya ''í'' is most like ''ee'' in English ''keen'' or like ''í'' in Spanish ''víz''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Laurelin|'''L'''aure'''l'''in]] || Quenya ''l'' is pronounced very similar to English ''l'', as in ''laugh''.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[Thingol|Singo'''ll'''o]] || Quenya ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ld || {{IPA|ld}} || [[Orome|A'''ld'''aron]] ||  
|-
| ln || {{IPA|ln}} ||   ||  
|-
| lp || {{IPA|lp}} || [[Telperion|Te'''lp'''erion]] ||  
|-
| ls || {{IPA|ls}} || 'ma''ls'''a ||  
|-
| lt || {{IPA|lt}} || [[Meneltarma|Mene'''lt'''arma]] ||  
|-
| lv || {{IPA|lv}} || [[Kelvar|ke'''lv'''a]] ||  
|-
| lw || {{IPA|lw}} || [[Elwe|E'''lw'''ë]] ||  
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Manwe|'''M'''anwe]] ||  
|-
| mb || {{IPA|mb}} || [[Ambar|A'''mb'''ar]] ||  
|-
| mn || {{IPA|mn}} || [[Utumno|Utu'''mn'''o]] ||  
|-
| mp || {{IPA|mp}} || a'''mp'''a ||  
|-
| ms || {{IPA|ms}} ||   ||  
|-
| mt || {{IPA|mt}} || ca'''mt'''a ||  
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Elemmírë|Ele'''mm'''írë]] || Quenya ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Námo|'''N'''ámo]] ||  
|-
| nd || {{IPA|nd}} || [[Ainulindalë|Ainuli'''nd'''alë]] ||  
|-
| ñ || {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Noldor|'''Ñ'''oldor]] || Pronounced as ''ng'' in English, as seen in ''king''
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋɡ}} || i'''ng'''olmo || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nk, nc || {{IPA|nk}} || [[Gandalf|I'''nc'''ánus]] ||  
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Annatar|A'''nn'''atar]] || Quenya ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| np || {{IPA|np}} ||   ||  
|-
| ns || {{IPA|ns}} || i'''ns'''a ||  
|-
| nt || {{IPA|nt}} || [[Atalantë|Atala'''n'’''ë]] ||  
|-
| nv || {{IPA|nv}} || [[Aragorn|E'''nv'''inyatar]] ||  
|-
| nw || {{IPA|nw}} || [[Finwë|Fi'''nw'''ë]] ||  
|-
| ny || {{IPA|ɲ}} || [[Quenya|Que'''ny'''a]] || As in Spanish ''ñ'', like in '’español''.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

==Nouns==
Nouns are declined for ten cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, and a tenth case sometimes called the respective.

The nominative and accusative cases are almost identically analogous in Quenya. The nominative is used to mark the subject of a verb. In Middle Earth, the nominative took over the accusative case. The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in spoken Quenya, but appears in writing. But even in writing, the only difference between the nominative and accusative is the final vowel is lengthened, so in words ending in a consonant, the accusative is not distinguishable from the nominative.

In Quenya there are two cases that are used to express possession: the genitive and the possessive. To be more specific, the genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e. g. the best smiths ''of'' ''Tirion''), while the possessive is used to denote ownership. The two cases are very similar and very often overlap.

The dative, ablative, allative, instrumental, and locative cases are the prepositional cases of Quenya. The dative marks the indirect object of the verb, which can often be translated as "to" and "for". The ablative expresses motion away from an object and can be translated with "from" or "out of". The allative case is used when indicating motion towards something, and is translated with an "into", "onto", "against", "to", or "upon". The instrumental case denotes the means of cause of why something happened, often translated with the words "by", "with", "because", and in rare cases "in". The locative case expresses the position of an object, translated by using the words "in" or "on".

There is a tenth case called the respective. The respective case is a mysterious case, because it is not clear for what it is used. The most likely use for the respective is an alternate locative case. Others think the case can be translated with the words "about" or "regarding". Fortunately, the respective case is very rarely used, so it does not pose such a large problem.

There are four numbers in Quenya: the singular, dual, plural, and partitive plural.

In Quenya, there are two ways to denote one of something. The singular refers to one object, and is self-explanatory. The partitive plural is used to denote someone or something out of a larger group.

Quenya has more than one way of denoting more than one of something. The dual refers to two of something. The plural is a bit trickier. To refer to all the members of a specific type or race (so when talking about all of elves) you would use the plural ''without'' an article. But when you wish to denote more than one of something, you would use the plural in conjunction with an article.

===Vocalic Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 |
| colspan=4 | '''a-, i-, ie-, o-, and u-stems'''
| colspan=4 | '''e-stems'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || yulma || yulmat || yulmar || yulmali || aurë || auret || auri || aureli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || yulmá || yulmat || yulmai || yulmalí || auré || ?auret || aurí || aurelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || yulmo || yulmato || yulmaron || yulmalion || aurëo || aureto || aurion || aurelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || yulman || yulmant || yulmain || yulmalin || auren || aurent || aurín || aurelín
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || yulmanen || yulmanten || yulmainen || yulmalínen || aurenen || aurenten || aurínen || aurelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || yulmava || yulmatwa || yulmaiva || yulmalíva || aureva || auretwa || auríva || aurelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || yulmassë || yulmatsë || yulmassen || yulmalissë || auressë || auretsë || auressen || aurelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || yulmanna || yulmanta || yulmannar || yulmalinna || aurenna || aurenta || aurennar || aurelinna
|-
| '''Ablative''' || yulmallo || yulmalto || yulmallon || yulmalillo || aurello || aurelto || aurellon || aurelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || yulmas || yulmates || yulmais || yulmalis || aures || auretes || aurís || aurelís
|}

===Consonantal Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
|
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || nat || natu || nati || nateli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || nat || natú || natí || natelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || nato || natuo || nation || natelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || naten || natun || natin || natelin
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || natenen || natunen || natinen || natelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || natwa || natuva || nativa || natelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || natsë || natussë || natissen || natelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || natenna || natenta || natinnar || natelinnar
|-
| '''Ablative''' || natello || natelto || natillon || natelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || nates || natus || natis || natelis
|}

==Verbs==
There are two main types of verbs: basic verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as ''tirë'' (''tiri''-) "watch" from *TIR, and derivative verbs, which are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like ''tulta''- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like ''cúna''- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Derivative verbs''' || colspan=2 | '''Basic verbs'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || colspan=2 | tulta (tulta-) || colspan=2 | tirë (tir-) || colspan=2 | palo (palu-)
|-
| '''Aorist/Simple present''' || tulta || tultar || tirë (tiri-) || tirir || palo (palu-) || palur
|-
| '''Present continuative''' || tultëa || tultëar || tíra || tírar || pálua || páluar
|-
| '''Past''' || tultanë || tultaner || tirnë || tirner || pallë || paller
|-
| '''Future''' || tultuva || tultuvar || tiruva || tiruvar || palúva || palúvar
|-
| '''Perfect''' || utultië || utultier || itírië || itírier || apálië || apálier
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are seen as both independent words and enclitics; however the rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence sugests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic. The enclitics often come in two different forms, long and short. The following table outlines the different forms attested. Hypothetical or reconstructed forms are indicated by either question marks or asterisks. Those forms that cannot be determined are not included and their absence is indicated by an emdash.

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Independent''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic''' || colspan=2 | '''Independent Example''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic Example'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''First Person''' || '''Inclusive''' || rowspan=2 | ni, inyë || *elvë, *elwë || rowspan=2 | -n, -nyë || -lvë, -lwë || rowspan=2 | inyë tirë || elvë/elwë tirir || rowspan=2 | tirinyë, tirin || tirilvë, tirilwë
|-
| '''Exclusive''' || *elmë || -lmë || elmë tirir || tirilmë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Second Person''' || le, elyë || le, ellë || -l, -lyë || ?-llë || elyë tirë || ?ellë tirir, elyë tirir || tiril, tirilyë || ?tirillë, tirilyë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Third Person''' || se || te || -s, -ryë || -t, -ntë || se tirë || ?entë tirir || tiris, tiriryë || tirit, tirintë
|}

Aside from inclusive and exclusive modes in the first person plural, there is also a dual mode, denoted by ''emmë'', ''-mmë''. The pronouns can be declined much like the regular nouns; for instance, the dative form of ''emmë'' is ''emmen''. This appears to be mostly regular, except for ''te'', "they", which takes the dative form ''tien''.

[[Category:Quenya]]
[[de:Quenya#Grammatik]]
[[fi:Quenyan lyhyt kielioppi]]

Quenya/Grammar

2019-01-23T11:21:49Z

Quilda: Added phonology of Quenya from a to ny, other sounds and additional information will be added soon.

{{rewrite}}
{{sources}}

''Note: these rules apply only to Noldorin Quenya, being the only dialect spoken in Middle-earth''.

[[Quenya]] was an agglutinative SVO language. It had a relatively free word order since most information was expressed morphologically rather than syntactically. The different word classes of Quenya are explained below.

==Phonology==
Quenya was designed to have a Latin-like phonology, with sone of its phonological rules inspired by Finnish.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" | '''Notes'''
|-
| a || {{IPA|a}} || [[Atan|'''A'''t'''a'''n]] || Quenya ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Polish ''jajo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| á || {{IPA|ä}} || [[Fëanor|Fëan'''á'''ro]] || Quenya ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Quenya ''a'', but moved to the centre of the mouth cavity. As in English ''car'' or ''nyár'' in Hungarian.
|-
| ai || {{IPA|ai̯} || [[Ainur|'''Ai'''nu]] || Quenya ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''light''. Or Italian ''baita''.
|-
| au || {{IPA|au, aʊ̯}} || [[Aulë|'''Au'''lë]] || Quenya ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''our'' or like ''ow'' in English ''now''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause''.
|-
| c, k || {{IPA|k}} || [[Melkor|Mel'''k'''or]] || Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
| e, ë || {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[Eä|'''E'''ä']] || Quenya ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''bed'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''bene''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey'', just like in Sindarin.
|-
| é || {{IPA|eː}} || [[yén|y'''é'''n]] || Quenya ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', and mouthed with the mouth stretched wider. Like in French ''beaut'''é''''' or German ''J'''ä'''ger''.
|-
| eu || {{IPA|eu, eu̯}} || c'''eu'''lë || Quenya ''eu'' is most like ''eu'' in Finnish ''leuto'' or Czech ''euro''. It has no English equivalent.
|-
| f || {{IPA|f}} || [[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanáro]] || Quenya ''f'' is pronounced very similar to English ''f'', as in ''fire''.
|-
| h || {{IPA|h}} || [[Helcaraxë|'''H'''elcaraxë]] || Quenya ''h'' is pronounced very similarly to English ''h'', as in ''house''.
|-
| hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} || '''hw'''esta || Quenya ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''w''.
|-
| hr || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[hroa|'''hr'''oa]] || Quenya ''hr'' is pronounced like ''hrafn'' in Icelandic or ''Rhagfyr'' in Welsh. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''r''.
|-
| hl || {{IPA|ɬ}} || [[dragons|'''hlócë''']] || Quenya ''hl'' is pronounced as Welsh ''ll'' in words like ''Llandudno''. If you fail to pronounce the sound, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering, or just pronouncing it as the usual ''l''.
|-
| hy || {{IPA|ç}} || '''hy'''armen || Quenya ''hy'' is pronounced like ''hu'' in English ''hue'' or ''j'' in Danish ''pjaske''.
|-
| ht || {{IPA|ht}} || [[Mahtan|Ma'''ht'''an]] || Quenya ''ht'' is pronounced as the combination of sounds ''h'' and ''t''.
|-
| i || {{IPA|i}} || [[Tirion|T'''i'''r'''i'''ron]] || Quenya ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''.
|-
| í || {{IPA|iː}} || [[Írime|'''Í'''rimë]] || Quenya ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Quenya ''i'', and has a different quality. Quenya ''í'' is most like ''ee'' in English ''keen'' or like ''í'' in Spanish ''víz''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
| l || {{IPA|l}} || [[Laurelin|'''L'''aure'''l'''in]] || Quenya ''l'' is pronounced very similar to English ''l'', as in ''laugh''.
|-
| ll || {{IPA|lː}} || [[Thingol|Singo'''ll'''o]] || Quenya ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ld || {{IPA|ld}} || [[Orome|A'''ld'''aron]] ||  
|-
| ln || {{IPA|ln}} ||   ||  
|-
| lp || {{IPA|lp}} || [[Telperion|Te'''lp'''erion]] ||  
|-
| ls || {{IPA|ls}} || 'ma''ls'''a ||  
|-
| lt || {{IPA|lt}} || [[Meneltarma|Mene'''lt'''arma]] ||  
|-
| lv || {{IPA|lv}} || [[Kelvar|ke'''lv'''a]] ||  
|-
| lw || {{IPA|lw}} || [[Elwe|E'''lw'''ë]] ||  
|-
| m || {{IPA|m}} || [[Manwe|'''M'''anwe]] ||  
|-
| mb || {{IPA|mb}} || [[Ambar|A'''mb'''ar]] ||  
|-
| mn || {{IPA|mn}} || [[Utumno|Utu'''mn'''o]] ||  
|-
| mp || {{IPA|mp}} || a'''mp'''a ||  
|-
| ms || {{IPA|ms}} ||   ||  
|-
| mt || {{IPA|mt}} || ca'''mt'''a ||  
|-
| mm || {{IPA|mː}} || [[Elemmírë|Ele'''mm'''írë]] || Quenya ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| n || {{IPA|n}} || [[Námo|'''N'''ámo]] ||  
|-
| nd || {{IPA|nd}} || [[Ainulindalë|Ainuli'''nd'''alë]] ||  
|-
| ñ || {{IPA|ŋ}} || [[Noldor|'''Ñ’’’oldie]] || Pronounced as ''ng'' in English, as seen in ''king''
|-
| ng || {{IPA|ŋɡ}} || i'''ng'''olmo || Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
| nk, nc || {{IPA|nk}} || [[Gandalf|I'''nc'''ánus]] ||  
|-
| nn || {{IPA|nː}} || [[Annatar|A'''nn'''atar]] || Quenya ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Quenya ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| np || {{IPA|np}} ||   ||  
|-
| ns || {{IPA|ns}} || i'''ns'''a ||  
|-
| nt || {{IPA|nt}} || [[Atalantë|Atala'''nt’''ë]] ||  
|-
| nv || {{IPA|nv}} || [[Aragorn|E'''nv'''inyatar ||  
|-
| nw || {{IPA|nw}} || [[Finwë|Fi'''nw'''ë]] ||  
|-
| ny || {{IPA|ɲ}} || [[Quenya|Que'''ny'''a]] || As in Spanish ''ñ'', like in '’español''.
|-
| o, ö || {{IPA|ɔ}} || [[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]] || Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
| ó || {{IPA|ɔː}} || [[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]] || Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ô || {{IPA|ɔːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
| oe || {{IPA|o͡e}} ||   || Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
| œ || {{IPA|ø}} || [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]] || An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
| p || {{IPA|p}} || [[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]] ||  
|-
| ph || {{IPA|f, fː}} || [[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]] || Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
| r || {{IPA|r}} || [[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']] || Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
| rh || {{IPA|r̥}} || [[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]] || There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
| rr || {{IPA|rː}} ||   || Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
| s || {{IPA|s}} || [[Sirion|'''S'''irion]] || Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
| ss || {{IPA|sː}} || [[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]] || Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| t || {{IPA|t}} || [[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]] ||  
|-
| th || {{IPA|θ}} || [[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]] || Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
| u || {{IPA|ʊ}} || [[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]] || Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
| ú || {{IPA|uː}} || [[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]] || Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
| û || {{IPA|uːː}} || [[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]] || Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
| ui || {{IPA|u͡ɪ}} || [[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]] || Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
| v || {{IPA|v}} || [[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]] ||  
|-
| w || {{IPA|w}} || [[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]] ||  
|-
| y || {{IPA|y}} || [[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]] || Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
| ý || {{IPA|yː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
| ŷ || {{IPA|yːː}} ||   || Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

==Nouns==
Nouns are declined for ten cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, and a tenth case sometimes called the respective.

The nominative and accusative cases are almost identically analogous in Quenya. The nominative is used to mark the subject of a verb. In Middle Earth, the nominative took over the accusative case. The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in spoken Quenya, but appears in writing. But even in writing, the only difference between the nominative and accusative is the final vowel is lengthened, so in words ending in a consonant, the accusative is not distinguishable from the nominative.

In Quenya there are two cases that are used to express possession: the genitive and the possessive. To be more specific, the genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e. g. the best smiths ''of'' ''Tirion''), while the possessive is used to denote ownership. The two cases are very similar and very often overlap.

The dative, ablative, allative, instrumental, and locative cases are the prepositional cases of Quenya. The dative marks the indirect object of the verb, which can often be translated as "to" and "for". The ablative expresses motion away from an object and can be translated with "from" or "out of". The allative case is used when indicating motion towards something, and is translated with an "into", "onto", "against", "to", or "upon". The instrumental case denotes the means of cause of why something happened, often translated with the words "by", "with", "because", and in rare cases "in". The locative case expresses the position of an object, translated by using the words "in" or "on".

There is a tenth case called the respective. The respective case is a mysterious case, because it is not clear for what it is used. The most likely use for the respective is an alternate locative case. Others think the case can be translated with the words "about" or "regarding". Fortunately, the respective case is very rarely used, so it does not pose such a large problem.

There are four numbers in Quenya: the singular, dual, plural, and partitive plural.

In Quenya, there are two ways to denote one of something. The singular refers to one object, and is self-explanatory. The partitive plural is used to denote someone or something out of a larger group.

Quenya has more than one way of denoting more than one of something. The dual refers to two of something. The plural is a bit trickier. To refer to all the members of a specific type or race (so when talking about all of elves) you would use the plural ''without'' an article. But when you wish to denote more than one of something, you would use the plural in conjunction with an article.

===Vocalic Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 |
| colspan=4 | '''a-, i-, ie-, o-, and u-stems'''
| colspan=4 | '''e-stems'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || yulma || yulmat || yulmar || yulmali || aurë || auret || auri || aureli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || yulmá || yulmat || yulmai || yulmalí || auré || ?auret || aurí || aurelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || yulmo || yulmato || yulmaron || yulmalion || aurëo || aureto || aurion || aurelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || yulman || yulmant || yulmain || yulmalin || auren || aurent || aurín || aurelín
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || yulmanen || yulmanten || yulmainen || yulmalínen || aurenen || aurenten || aurínen || aurelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || yulmava || yulmatwa || yulmaiva || yulmalíva || aureva || auretwa || auríva || aurelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || yulmassë || yulmatsë || yulmassen || yulmalissë || auressë || auretsë || auressen || aurelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || yulmanna || yulmanta || yulmannar || yulmalinna || aurenna || aurenta || aurennar || aurelinna
|-
| '''Ablative''' || yulmallo || yulmalto || yulmallon || yulmalillo || aurello || aurelto || aurellon || aurelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || yulmas || yulmates || yulmais || yulmalis || aures || auretes || aurís || aurelís
|}

===Consonantal Declension===
{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
|
| '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Plural''' || '''Part. Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative''' || nat || natu || nati || nateli
|-
| '''Accusative''' || nat || natú || natí || natelí
|-
| '''Genitive''' || nato || natuo || nation || natelion
|-
| '''Dative''' || naten || natun || natin || natelin
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || natenen || natunen || natinen || natelínen
|-
| '''Possessive''' || natwa || natuva || nativa || natelíva
|-
| '''Locative''' || natsë || natussë || natissen || natelissë
|-
| '''Allative''' || natenna || natenta || natinnar || natelinnar
|-
| '''Ablative''' || natello || natelto || natillon || natelillo
|-
| '''Respective''' || nates || natus || natis || natelis
|}

==Verbs==
There are two main types of verbs: basic verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as ''tirë'' (''tiri''-) "watch" from *TIR, and derivative verbs, which are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like ''tulta''- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like ''cúna''- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Derivative verbs''' || colspan=2 | '''Basic verbs'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || colspan=2 | tulta (tulta-) || colspan=2 | tirë (tir-) || colspan=2 | palo (palu-)
|-
| '''Aorist/Simple present''' || tulta || tultar || tirë (tiri-) || tirir || palo (palu-) || palur
|-
| '''Present continuative''' || tultëa || tultëar || tíra || tírar || pálua || páluar
|-
| '''Past''' || tultanë || tultaner || tirnë || tirner || pallë || paller
|-
| '''Future''' || tultuva || tultuvar || tiruva || tiruvar || palúva || palúvar
|-
| '''Perfect''' || utultië || utultier || itírië || itírier || apálië || apálier
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are seen as both independent words and enclitics; however the rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence sugests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic. The enclitics often come in two different forms, long and short. The following table outlines the different forms attested. Hypothetical or reconstructed forms are indicated by either question marks or asterisks. Those forms that cannot be determined are not included and their absence is indicated by an emdash.

{| rules=all style="text-align: left; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | '''Independent''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic''' || colspan=2 | '''Independent Example''' || colspan=2 | '''Enclitic Example'''
|-
| '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural''' || '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''First Person''' || '''Inclusive''' || rowspan=2 | ni, inyë || *elvë, *elwë || rowspan=2 | -n, -nyë || -lvë, -lwë || rowspan=2 | inyë tirë || elvë/elwë tirir || rowspan=2 | tirinyë, tirin || tirilvë, tirilwë
|-
| '''Exclusive''' || *elmë || -lmë || elmë tirir || tirilmë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Second Person''' || le, elyë || le, ellë || -l, -lyë || ?-llë || elyë tirë || ?ellë tirir, elyë tirir || tiril, tirilyë || ?tirillë, tirilyë
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Third Person''' || se || te || -s, -ryë || -t, -ntë || se tirë || ?entë tirir || tiris, tiriryë || tirit, tirintë
|}

Aside from inclusive and exclusive modes in the first person plural, there is also a dual mode, denoted by ''emmë'', ''-mmë''. The pronouns can be declined much like the regular nouns; for instance, the dative form of ''emmë'' is ''emmen''. This appears to be mostly regular, except for ''te'', "they", which takes the dative form ''tien''.

[[Category:Quenya]]
[[de:Quenya#Grammatik]]
[[fi:Quenyan lyhyt kielioppi]]

Quenya

2019-01-22T15:48:19Z

Quilda: Edited IPA

{{Pronounce|Quenya - Quenya.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''Quenya''' (Q, pron. [ˈkʷwɛɲa])<ref>[[John D. Rateliff]], [[Jason Fisher]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]], et al. (mailing list discussion), "a quick question" (#[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/24071 24071] and related messages; dated 29 January 2013), [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ Mytsoc mailing list] (accessed 30 January 2012)</ref> was one of the languages spoken by the [[Elves]]. It was the tongue that developed among those non-[[Teleri|Telerin]] [[Elves]] who reached [[Aman]] (the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]]) from an earlier language called [[Common Eldarin]]. Quenya was typically written with the [[Tengwar]] of [[Fëanor]]. An older script, [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]'s [[Sarati]], was used also.

==History==
Of the three clans of Elves in Aman, the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]] spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (''Noldorin Quenya'' and ''[[Vanyarin|Vanyarin Quenya]]'' respectively). The word Quenya, however, usually refers to Noldorin Quenya, since it was the only Quenya dialect spoken in [[Middle-earth]].

The language was also adopted by the [[Valar]] who also made some new introductions into it from their [[Valarin|own language]], though these loanwords are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. The third clan in Aman, the [[Teleri]], spoke a different, closely related language: [[Telerin]], although this was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya which was untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages did not share a common history but were very much alike.

The Noldor who fled to [[Middle-earth]] following the [[Darkening of Valinor]] spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu [[Thingol]] of Doriath, who was the king of the [[Sindar]] (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in [[Beleriand]] instead of journeying to Valinor) learnt about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in all his realm. The Sindar had been slow to learn Quenya anyway, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin.

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the [[Third Age]] (the time of the setting of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'') had come to be a scholarly pursuit; it was not typically used in conversation. It was preserved as a formal language and for writing; Sindarin was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly; for example, [[Gildor]] and his party appreciated [[Frodo Baggins]]'s greeting ''Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo''. ("A star shines on the hour of our meeting.") [[Galadriel]] was perhaps the only Elf in Middle-earth during the events of ''The Lord of the Rings'' who had learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue: she was born in Valinor, during the days of the Two Trees. Noldorin (Exilic) Quenya differed somewhat from Valinórean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile, and it underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

The poem [[Namárië]] is the longest piece of Quenya found in the ''Lord of the Rings''. It is also known as Galadriel's Lament.

==Grammar==

*[[Quenya Grammar]]

==Inspiration==
{{quote|The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out in a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|[[Parma Eldalamberon 17]], p. 135}}
Quenya's phonology and grammar are most strongly influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also comes from Latin and Greek. The phonology is also based on Finnish, and to a lesser extent Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending -nt), a word may not end in a non-dental consonant, and voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants. The first two of these phonotactic rules also exist in Finnish.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinating language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical function. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one could say "I have found it" in Quenya in a single verb, namely ''utúvienyes''.

Tolkien intended Quenya to be an archaic, ancient and august language for the peoples of Middle-earth of the Third Age, being the cultural analogue of Latin in Europe<ref>{{app|F1i}}</ref><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. For that reason, he decided to make Quenya look like Latin ocularly<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and substituted K for C and Q for QU.

Tolkien wrote much more material about Quenya and his other languages than he published in his lifetime. In fact, Tolkien, a professor of linguistics, originally invented Middle-earth and its inhabitants as a means of imposing upon his artificial languages a history of war, migration and suffering. The famous novels might be considered incidental to his further and more passionately developed linguistic hobby. The journals ''Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In early [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s writings (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''), this language was called '''[[Qenya]]''' (although pronounced the same as ''Quenya''), and it underwent countless revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. The term Qenya is now used to distinguish between old Qenya and the new Quenya. However, the fluid nature of Quenya (or Qenya, for that matter) makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

==See also==
*[[Languages]] of [[Middle-earth]]
*''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''
*[[Sindarin]]
*[[Tengwar]]
*[[Sarati]]
*[[Arktik|Arctic Quenya]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion: The Tongues of Arda, Lessons, etc.]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qcourse.htm Quenya Course]
***[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/lessons.rtf Beta Course]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/wordlists.htm Wordlists] ([http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm in html])
*[http://middangard.org.uk/atanquesta/index.php/downloadables Atanquesta — a new Quenya Course for beginners]
*[https://eldamo.org/index.html?neo Eldamo — a Tolkien language lexicon]
*[https://www.elfdict.com Parf Edhellen — a dictionary website for Tolkien’s languages]
*[https://bit.ly/2sglBcm Vinyë Lambengolmor — a Discord server about Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/~glaemscrafu/english/quenya.html Quenya sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finn_que.htm Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finnquelinks.htm Quenya's relation to Finnish]

{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya| ]]
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Quenya]]
[[fi:Quenya]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/quenya]]

Quenya

2019-01-22T14:59:51Z

Quilda: /* External links */ Edited and added links about Quenya.

{{Pronounce|Quenya - Quenya.mp3|Gilgamesh}}
'''Quenya''' (Q, pron. [ˈkʷwɛnja])<ref>[[John D. Rateliff]], [[Jason Fisher]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]], et al. (mailing list discussion), "a quick question" (#[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/message/24071 24071] and related messages; dated 29 January 2013), [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mythsoc/ Mytsoc mailing list] (accessed 30 January 2012)</ref> was one of the languages spoken by the [[Elves]]. It was the tongue that developed among those non-[[Teleri|Telerin]] [[Elves]] who reached [[Aman]] (the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]]) from an earlier language called [[Common Eldarin]]. Quenya was typically written with the [[Tengwar]] of [[Fëanor]]. An older script, [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]'s [[Sarati]], was used also.

==History==
Of the three clans of Elves in Aman, the [[Noldor]] and the [[Vanyar]] spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (''Noldorin Quenya'' and ''[[Vanyarin|Vanyarin Quenya]]'' respectively). The word Quenya, however, usually refers to Noldorin Quenya, since it was the only Quenya dialect spoken in [[Middle-earth]].

The language was also adopted by the [[Valar]] who also made some new introductions into it from their [[Valarin|own language]], though these loanwords are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. The third clan in Aman, the [[Teleri]], spoke a different, closely related language: [[Telerin]], although this was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya which was untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages did not share a common history but were very much alike.

The Noldor who fled to [[Middle-earth]] following the [[Darkening of Valinor]] spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu [[Thingol]] of Doriath, who was the king of the [[Sindar]] (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in [[Beleriand]] instead of journeying to Valinor) learnt about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in all his realm. The Sindar had been slow to learn Quenya anyway, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin.

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the [[Third Age]] (the time of the setting of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'') had come to be a scholarly pursuit; it was not typically used in conversation. It was preserved as a formal language and for writing; Sindarin was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly; for example, [[Gildor]] and his party appreciated [[Frodo Baggins]]'s greeting ''Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo''. ("A star shines on the hour of our meeting.") [[Galadriel]] was perhaps the only Elf in Middle-earth during the events of ''The Lord of the Rings'' who had learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue: she was born in Valinor, during the days of the Two Trees. Noldorin (Exilic) Quenya differed somewhat from Valinórean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile, and it underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

The poem [[Namárië]] is the longest piece of Quenya found in the ''Lord of the Rings''. It is also known as Galadriel's Lament.

==Grammar==

*[[Quenya Grammar]]

==Inspiration==
{{quote|The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out in a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|[[Parma Eldalamberon 17]], p. 135}}
Quenya's phonology and grammar are most strongly influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also comes from Latin and Greek. The phonology is also based on Finnish, and to a lesser extent Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending -nt), a word may not end in a non-dental consonant, and voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants. The first two of these phonotactic rules also exist in Finnish.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinating language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical function. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one could say "I have found it" in Quenya in a single verb, namely ''utúvienyes''.

Tolkien intended Quenya to be an archaic, ancient and august language for the peoples of Middle-earth of the Third Age, being the cultural analogue of Latin in Europe<ref>{{app|F1i}}</ref><ref>{{L|347}}</ref>. For that reason, he decided to make Quenya look like Latin ocularly<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> and substituted K for C and Q for QU.

Tolkien wrote much more material about Quenya and his other languages than he published in his lifetime. In fact, Tolkien, a professor of linguistics, originally invented Middle-earth and its inhabitants as a means of imposing upon his artificial languages a history of war, migration and suffering. The famous novels might be considered incidental to his further and more passionately developed linguistic hobby. The journals ''Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In early [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s writings (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''), this language was called '''[[Qenya]]''' (although pronounced the same as ''Quenya''), and it underwent countless revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. The term Qenya is now used to distinguish between old Qenya and the new Quenya. However, the fluid nature of Quenya (or Qenya, for that matter) makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

==See also==
*[[Languages]] of [[Middle-earth]]
*''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]''
*[[Sindarin]]
*[[Tengwar]]
*[[Sarati]]
*[[Arktik|Arctic Quenya]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/ Ardalambion: The Tongues of Arda, Lessons, etc.]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/qcourse.htm Quenya Course]
***[http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/lessons.rtf Beta Course]
**[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/wordlists.htm Wordlists] ([http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quen-eng.htm in html])
*[http://middangard.org.uk/atanquesta/index.php/downloadables Atanquesta — a new Quenya Course for beginners]
*[https://eldamo.org/index.html?neo Eldamo — a Tolkien language lexicon]
*[https://www.elfdict.com Parf Edhellen — a dictionary website for Tolkien’s languages]
*[https://bit.ly/2sglBcm Vinyë Lambengolmor — a Discord server about Tolkien’s languages]
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/~glaemscrafu/english/quenya.html Quenya sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finn_que.htm Are High Elves Finno-Ugric?]
* [http://www.sci.fi/~alboin/finnquelinks.htm Quenya's relation to Finnish]

{{references}}
[[Category:Quenya| ]]
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Quenya]]
[[fi:Quenya]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/quenya]]