Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]

A Gateway to Sindarin

2026-06-12T01:55:30Z

Sage:

{{book|
title=A Gateway to Sindarin|
image=A Gateway to Sindarin.jpg|
author=[[David Salo]]|
isbn=0874808006|
publisher=University of Utah Press|
date=October [[2004]]|
format=Hardcover|
pages= 550|
amazon=http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0874808006/ref=sr_11_1/102-6025778-4717761?%5Fencoding=UTF8|
amazonprice=out of stock
}}
'''''A Gateway to Sindarin: A Grammar of an Elvish Language from J.R.R. Tolkien's''''' '''Lord of the Rings''' is a 2004 book by linguist [[David Salo]]. It reproduces all extant [[Sindarin]] fragments from published sources - both the easily available ones and the more obscure ones from linguistic journals such as ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'' and ''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''. It follows other linguistic books like [[Ruth S. Noel]]'s ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' and [[Jim Allan]]'s ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', although the book's initial popularity was largely due to Salo's involvement in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]].

==From the publisher==
{{blockquote| From the 1910s to the 1970s, author and linguist [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] worked at creating plausibly realistic languages to be used by the creatures and characters in his novels. Like his other languages, Sindarin was a new invention, not based on any existing or artificial language. By the time of his death, he had established fairly complete descriptions of two languages, the "elvish" tongues called [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]. He was able to compose poetic and prose texts in both, and he also constructed a lengthy sequence of changes for both from an ancestral "proto-language," comparable to the development of historical languages and capable of analysis with the techniques of historical linguistics.

In ''A Gateway to Sindarin'', David Salo has created a volume that is a serious look at an entertaining topic. Salo covers the grammar, morphology, and history of the language. Supplemental material includes a vocabulary, Sindarin names, a glossary of terms, and an annotated list of works relevant to Sindarin. What emerges is homage to Tolkien's scholarly philological efforts.}}

==Cover design==
The cover features a gateway, styled like the [[Doors of Durin]]. On the bow, Tengwar in [[Tengwar|Beleriandic mode]] read "Annon na Edhellen", which is a Neo-Sindarin translation of the book's title. On the bottom, an altered version of [[:File:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Elwë_heraldic_device.jpg|Elu Thingol's heraldic device]] is shown.

==Critical reception==
When released, [[Thorsten Renk]] described ''A Gateway to Sindarin'' as "''currently the best English book available on Sindarin''". However, he also noted that the work on the one hand might be inaccessible to learners of Sindarin (since Salo uses a very technical language), and on the other hand not very usable by linguists (because of Salo's "''lack of distinction between Tolkien-made and Salo-made historic forms'')".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Thorsten Renk]]|articleurl=http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/salo_discussion.html|articlename=David Salo: ''A Gateway to Sindarin''|dated=|website=[http://www.science-and-fiction.org/elvish/index.html Parma Tyelpelassiva]|accessed=29 July 2020}}</ref>

There has been some criticism that the language described is not Sindarin, but an arbitrary fabrication of "[[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Sindarin]]". (see [[#Reviews by other linguists|reviews]])

==Reviews by other linguists==
*[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3604acad32fd587a3920 Review] by [[Carl F. Hostetter]]
*[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3604acad32fd587a3925 Review] by [[Patrick H. Wynne]]
*[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3604acad32fd587a3934 Review] by [[Bertrand Bellet]]
{{references}}

==External links==
*[[Elfling]] [https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85c075 message] by David Salo about unattested words and corrigenda (archived)


{{title|italics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gateway to Sindarin, A}}
[[Category:Linguistic books]]
[[Category:Publications by title]]
[[fi:A Gateway to Sindarin]]

Onnalúmë

2026-06-07T19:29:18Z

Sage:

'''''Onnalúmë''''' is a [[Quenya]] word meaning "Time of the Children".<ref>{{NM|Glossary}}, p. 414</ref> and expressed the duration (often expressed in ''[[löa]]r'') occupied by having children in the life of the mother-[[Elves|elf]], from the first conception to the last birth.
==Etymology==
It is composed of ''onna''="child" and ''[[lúmë]]''="time, hour".

It is also seen as ''ontalúmë''<ref>{{NM|P1iv}}, p. 26</ref> and ''onnarië''.<ref>{{NM|P1iii}}, p. 16</ref>

{{References}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]

Last prince of Cardolan

2026-04-12T08:12:11Z

Sage: /* History */

{{unnamed}}

The '''last prince of Cardolan''' was a noble during the [[Fall of Cardolan|demise]] of [[Cardolan]].

==History==
Almost 500 years before his death, the Kingdom of [[Arnor]] had been divided after the death of King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]] in {{TA|861}} into the realms of [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]], because of disagreements among the sons of Eärendur.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1039</ref> Not long before the death of the last prince of Cardolan,<ref>{{App|North}}, ''Arthedain'', Malvegil, p. 1038</ref><ref>{{App|North}}, ''Arthedain'', Argeleb I, p. 1038</ref> King [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed to be the King of all of Arnor, and thus to also be the King of Cardolan, because there were no remaining [[Heir of Isildur|descendants]] of [[Isildur]] in Cardolan and Rhudaur.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, entry about king Argeleb I, p. 1040</ref>

It is possible that Cardolan had accepted this claim and that the ruler of Cardolan became a vassal ruler with the nominal title "prince". In any case, it appears that Cardolan was not actively opposing Arthedain, but rather assisting it in the fight against Angmar and the now corrupted Rhudaur.<ref group="note">In the entry for the year 1356 of manuscript T4 of {{PM|Third}} king Argeleb I is slain in battle with Cardolan and Rhudaur and both realms resist his claim to overlordship, but the entry about king Argeleb I in {{App|Eriador}} only mentions that his claim was resisted by Rhudaur and that he was slain in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar without mentioning that Cardolan resisted the claim or that he died in battle with Cardolan. In addition Cardolan later helped Arthedain in the wars with Rhudaur and Angmar during the rule of Arveleg I. Furthermore, a prince of Cardolan, rather than a king of Cardolan is mentioned later.</ref>

The last prince of Cardolan died in a [[Angmar conflict|war]] in {{TA|1409}} when a great army from [[Angmar]] attacked Cardolan. He was buried in a mound in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name="Mounds">{{App|Eriador}}, entry about the mounds of Tyrn Gorthad, p. 1041</ref>

In that tomb was a pile of treasures, including a blue-jewelled brooch belonging to a "fair" woman that [[Tom Bombadil]] seemingly knew long ago.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, p. 145</ref> Whether that lady was related to the last prince, no tale tells.

==Legacy==
The [[Witch-king]] of Angmar rose and empowered the [[Barrow-wights]] of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref> and slew the [[Rangers of the North]] in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> Indeed, on [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, September 28, p. 1091</ref>, [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight]] in a mound,<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, pp. 139-42</ref> which some say was the grave of the last prince of Cardolan<ref name="Mounds" /><ref name="RC">{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5</ref>.

While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by "the men of [[Carn Dûm]]" at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, p. 143</ref>, which probably was a memory of the last moments of the prince<ref name="RC" />.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrow where the Hobbits were trapped was said to belong to a prince of the men that "fought against the evil foes" long ago, and was slain during the war. The identification of the buried prince with the last prince of Cardolan, as well as the appearance of Angmar and the men of Carn Dûm, are subsequent.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>{{TI|Bree}}, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions Tom Bombadil's statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, was almost identical to the published version, except that he also mentioned that "they shall not forget" the kings, the warriors and the fair maidens of the past.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Last prince of Cardolan.jpg|thumb|200px|Ostir, last prince of Cardolan in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Last Prince of Cardolan is named Ostir, son of Ostecthel. Like his father and grandfather before him, he ruled in fealty to [[Argeleb I]] after the direct line of Isildur in Cardolan had died out. He fought bravely in the [[Fall of Amon Sûl]], only to return to find his home razed in his absence. His men fell into an ambush, and Ostir was the last to fall in battle. His mother, princess-regent Luilloth went to [[Tom Bombadil]] and Lady [[Goldberry]] to plead for aid against the evil raised by the [[Witch-king]] in the [[Barrow-downs]]. Though she did not come back, the evil had subsided for a time; the blue-jewelled brooch belonged to her.

{{References|n}}
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

Tyelpetéma

2026-04-10T17:01:02Z

Sage:

{{rewrite}}
'''Tyelpetéma''' was one of the five [[témar]] or sound-series of the [[Tengwar]] writing system.

The Tyelpetéma appears to have been unique; while each of the other four series consisted of a set of six individual 'letters', the palatal sounds of the Tyelpetéma were formed by adding a diacritic mark of two dots beneath another character. This is the equivalent of adding a 'y' after the letter in English to form a single distinct consonant sound.<ref>{{App|Letters}}</ref> As an example, the sound 'ty' here has the same sound as the initial consonant in the (British pronunciation of) the English word 'tune' - something close to, but distinct from, 'ch'.<ref>{{App|Writing}}, Consonants, TY</ref>

The names of the tengwar of that series were: [[Tyelpe]], [[ando|Indyo]], [[Thúle|Istyar]], [[anto|Intya]], [[Númen|Nyelle]] and [[Óre|Arya]].<ref>{{VT|46}}</ref>

In languages like the [[Westron]], which made much use of consonants such as our ''ch'', ''j'', ''sh'', Series III was usually applied to these; in which case Series IV was applied to the normal ''k''-series (''[[calmatéma]]''). In Quenya, which possessed besides the ''calmatéma'' both a palatal series (''tyelpetéma'') and a labialize series (''[[quessetema]]''), the palatals were represented by a Fëanorian diacritic denoting ‘following ''y''’ (usually two underposed dots), while Series IV was a ''kw''-series.

The representation of the sounds here is the same as that employed in transcription and described above, except that here ‘’ch’’ represents the ‘’ch’’ in English ‘’church’’; ‘’j’’ represents the sound of English ‘’j’’, and ‘’zh’’ the sound heard in ‘’azure’’ and ‘’occasion’’.<ref name="RotK">{{App|E2i}}</ref>
{{References}}

Livia Rusz

2026-04-04T16:38:33Z

Sage: replace dead link

{{artist infobox
| image=
| name=Livia Rusz
| born=[[28 September|September 28]], [[1930]]
| died=
| style=Comics
| images=
| location=
| website=
|}}

'''Livia Rusz''' (also, Livia Rusz) is a Romanian and Hungarian graphic artist, best known for her work in illustration, comic strip and comic book genres.

Livia Rusz became the first Romanian illustrator of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s work, when she contributed drawings for the first Romanian-language edition of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' ([[O poveste cu un hobbit (1975)|''O poveste cu un hobbit'']], 1975). While working on this project, she was reportedly unable to compare her renditions of [[Hobbits]], [[Elves]] or [[Orcs]] with any previous portrayals by other artists, owing to the scarcity of foreign literature sources in Romania — her work therefore owed much to imagination.<ref>(Romanian) György Györfi-Deák, "Cu ochii copiilor, pentru bucuria lor", in ''Caiete Silvane'', June 2009 [cited on Wikipedia], as of June 5, 2010.</ref>

==External links==

*{{WP|Livia Rusz}}
*[https://tolkien.com.pl/hobbit/collection/hobbit-romanian-1975-1st.php Rusz's illustrations for ''The Hobbit'']

{{references}}

[[Category:Artists|Rusz, Livia]]
[[Category:Romanian people|Rusz, Livia]]
[[Category:Hungarian people|Rusz, Livia]]
[[Category:People by name|Rusz, Livia]]

Hobbitus Ille

2026-04-04T14:49:01Z

Sage: Changed redirect target from The Hobbit to The Hobbit/Translations

#REDIRECT [[The Hobbit/Translations]]

[[Category:Greco-Roman names]]
[[Category:The Hobbit translations]]

Later Ages

2026-03-29T15:38:16Z

Sage:

{{unnamed}}
{{expansion}}
{{rewrite}} 
{{History of Arda}}
{{quote|For not we but those who come after will make the legends of our time.|[[Aragorn]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}
This article concerns the '''later Ages''', defined for the purposes of this article as the [[Ages]] that took place after the ending of the [[Fourth Age]].

According to one of the drafts of the ''[[Appendices]]'', it is said of the Fourth Age:

{{blockquote|Of [[Eldarion]] son of [[Aragorn|Elessar]] it was foretold that he should rule a great [[Reunited Kingdom|realm]], and '''that it should endure for a hundred generations of [[Men]] after him, that is until a new age brought in again new things'''; and from him should come the kings of many realms in long days after.|''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', "[[The Tale of Years of the Third Age]]"<ref>{{PM|Third}}, pp. 244-5</ref>}}

==Development==
===Letter to Rhona Beare (1958)===
In the ''[[Letter 211]]'' that [[Tolkien]] wrote on [[14 October]] [[1958]] to [[Rhona Beare]], he writes that the time gap between the fall of [[Barad-dûr]] (in {{TA|3019}}) and the present-day (as in 1958, at the time that Tolkien wrote the said letter) was c. 6,000 years.

Therefore, Tolkien concluded that in 1958, the world was nearer to the end of the '''Fifth Age''', if the subsequent Ages were of the same length as the [[Second Age|Second]] and the [[Third Age|Third]] Ages.

However, he ultimately concluded that the Ages have "quickened", and that the world was now (in 1958, that is) at the end of its '''Sixth Age''', or maybe even in the Seventh.<ref>{{L|211}}, ''footnote'', p. 283</ref>

===''The Awaking of the Quendi'' (1960)===
In a [[1960]] text called ''[[The Awaking of the Quendi]]'', Tolkien explicitly calls the year 1960 AD (the year in which he was writing the text) as the year 1960 of the '''Seventh Age'''.

In that text Tolkien connects the beginning of the Seventh Age (i.e. {{SeA|1}}) with the [[Old Hope|incarnation]] of [[Ilúvatar]] (that is, the birth of [[wikipedia:Jesus|Jesus Christ]] in [[wikipedia:AD 1|1 AD]] according to the real-world ''[[wikipedia:Anno Domini|Anno Domini]]'' reckoning of the [[Christianity|Catholic Church]]).<ref group="note">The previous year Tolkien wrote ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]'' introducing the concept of Eru entering His own creation.</ref>

Tolkien also goes on to say that the time-gap between the year 1960 of the Seventh Age (i.e. 1960 AD) and the [[Years of the Sun|Year of the Sun]] {{FA|310|n}} of the [[First Age]]<ref group="note">{{FA|310}} was the year in which the first [[Men]], the [[Edain]], entered [[Beleriand]].</ref> was 16,000 years.<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, p. 39</ref>

This makes it possible to calculate when some of the in-universe Ages happened in relation to the real-world chronology:

#The end of the First Age ({{FA|590}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:Timeline of prehistory#Upper Paleolithic|13,760 BC]]
#The end of the Second Age ({{SA|3441}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:Timeline of prehistory#Upper Paleolithic|10,319 BC]]
#The end of the Third Age ({{TA|3021}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:8th millennium BC|7,298 BC]]

Therefore, the average duration of the Fourth through Sixth Ages would be c. 2,430 years<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, ''Notes'', Note 30, p. 43</ref> justifying his previous letter to Beare that the Ages must have quickened. On the other hand, while the letter suggested that the Third Age ended in around 4,000 BC, this calculation pushes it further back.

=== 1964 BBC interview ===
In [[November 26]] [[1964]] Tolkien was interviewed by [[BBC]], and during the more informal part of the interview with [[Denys Gueroult]]<ref>''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Chronology'', p. 625</ref> he offhandedly mentioned that the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' happened around 7-8,000 years before present (1964 at the time), somehow consistent to ''The Awakening of the Quendi'' essay:

{{blockquote|The moons, I think, finally the moons and the suns have worked out according to what they were in this part of the world in 1942 actually. They must have something where they... I mean one... I couldn’t... I’m not good enough mathematician or astronomer to work out where they might have been '''seven thousand, eight thousand years ago'''. But as long as they correspond to some real configuration I thought it was good enough. Moons are much more tricky to deal with than suns of course, but in the whole, I don’t think the moon is full or rises in the wrong place...|''[[1964 BBC Interview]]'', ''24:42 to 25:05 video mark''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSRMpNrctRQ J R R Tolkien 1964 interview]</ref>}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
{{stub}}
Later in his life, Tolkien wrote about the possibility that during the [[Changing of the World]], the [[Valar]] and the [[Calaquendi]] left the world spiritually, while the landmass of [[Aman]] remained, and became the Americas.<ref>{{NM|P3xv}}</ref> (See: [[New lands]])

==Inspiration==
[[File:Peter Bird - Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|Composite geophysical map of Middle-earth and modern Europe by Peter Bird.]]
{{stub}}
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''[[2000]]: ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]'':'''
[[David Day]] displays some chronological evolution of [[Arda]], from the "Age of the Lamps" to the Third Age, while in the later Ages the illustrations show how Middle-earth changed geologically to resemble modern Europe, while and a continent resembling the Americas forming west of [[Belegaer]].
{{references|notes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Later Ages}}

[[Category:Ages|5]]
[[Category:Later Ages| ]]

The Chronicles of Narnia

2026-03-16T13:51:29Z

Sage: /* External links */

[[Image:Narnia books.jpg|thumb|The original ''Narnia'' books, with cover illustrations by [[Pauline Baynes]]]]
'''''The Chronicles of Narnia''''' is a series of fantasy novels for children by [[C.S. Lewis]], published during the 1950s. The seven books in the series are ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]'' ([[1950]]), ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Prince_Caspian Prince Caspian]'' ([[1951]]), ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]'' ([[1952]]), ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Silver_Chair The Silver Chair]'' ([[1953]]), ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Horse_and_His_Boy The Horse and His Boy]'' ([[1954]]), ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Magician's_Nephew The Magician's Nephew]'' ([[1955]]), and ''[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/The_Last_Battle The Last Battle]'' ([[1956]]).

[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] on at least two occasions expressed his dislike of the ''Narnia'' books,<ref>{{L|265}}</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Eileen Elgar (24 December 1971)]]" (letter)</ref> giving the reason that it depended on "''merely a difference in taste''".<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 758</ref> [[George Sayer]] has remarked that Tolkien's dislike of the novels derived from "''assembling figures from various mythologies''" and that the books "''were carelessly and superficially written''."<ref>[[George Sayer]], ''Jack: A Life of C.S. Lewis'' (2nd ed., 1994), p. 313)</ref> On the other hand, his granddaughter [[Joan Anne Tolkien]] remembers that her grandfather directed her to reading his copies of ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' before ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', suggesting that it was "''perhaps an indication of his humility''".<ref>[[Joan Anne Tolkien]], "Joanna Tolkien Speaks at the Tolkien Society Annual Dinner, Shrewsbury, April 16, 1994", in ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees]]'' (ed. [[Helen Armstrong]]), p. 34</ref><ref>{{CG|RG}}, p. 507</ref>

[[Pauline Baynes]], an artist Tolkien appreciated and frequently used,<ref>{{L|235}}</ref> made the original cover and interior illustrations for the books in the ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' series.

[[Daniel Reeve]], an artist who worked in the production of [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings|Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings'']], also worked for the ''Narnia'' movies.

''The Magician's Nephew'' shows Aslan creating Narnia while singing, like [[Arda]] and [[Eä]]. Lewis was perhaps inspired or influenced by the ''[[Ainulindalë]]''.<ref>[[Colin Duriez]], ''[[The Tolkien and Middle-earth Handbook]]''</ref>

==External links==
*{{WP|The Chronicles of Narnia}}
*[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page WikiNarnia - The Chronicles of Narnia Wiki]
**[http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Atlantis_(books) Atlantis] and [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Ettinsmoor Ettinsmoor], two names that exist both in Narnia and Arda.

==Further reading==

*Richard Abanes, ''[[Harry Potter, Narnia, and The Lord of the Rings]]''
*Rolland Heins, ''[[Christian Mythmakers|Christian Mythmakers: C.S. Lewis, Madeleine L'Engle, J.R.R. Tolkien, George MacDonald, G.K. Chesterton, & Others]]''
*Josh B. Long, "Disparaging Narnia: Reconsidering Tolkien's View of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''", in [[Mythlore 121/122|''Mythlore'' 121/122]]

{{references}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles of Narnia, The}}

[[Category:Books by C.S. Lewis]]
[[Category:Fiction books]]
[[Category:Mythology]]

The Professor's Bookshelf

2026-03-14T21:33:42Z

Sage: /* External links */

{{stub}}
'''''The Professor's Bookshelf''''' is a collection of publications by the ''Leaves of Gold Press'' company. Their aim is to publish classic literary titles known to be enjoyed by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], by authors who were the forefathers of modern fantasy fiction, and [[J.R.R. Tolkien's inspirations|inspired]] Tolkien's works. There is the aim to include original illustrations by Tolkien's contemporary artists whom he admired.

Fantasy author Cecilia Dart-Thornton signs the introduction of each book.
==See also==
*[[List of books in Tolkien's library]]
==External links==
*[https://www.professorsbookshelf.com The Professor's Bookshelf] (Official website)
[[Category:Publishers]]

Old English

2026-03-11T01:49:16Z

Sage: /* Rohanese */

{{quote|I cannot (of course) understand why Anglo-Saxon should seem difficult...|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref>{{L|250}}</ref>}}
'''Old English''' (also called '''Anglo-Saxon''', though [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] apparently avoided the term<ref>[[T.A. Shippey]] (2000), ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'', p. xii</ref>) was the ancestor language of modern English. It was also the mother language of characters [[Ælfwine]] and [[Eriol]].

Anglo-Saxon was typically written in a [[Runes|runic script]] before the introduction of the Latin alphabet.

==History==
{{quote|I have to teach or talk about Old English to such a lot of young persons who simply are not equipped by talent or character to grasp it or profit by it.|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>{{L|90}}</ref>}}
Tolkien was a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College from [[1925]] to [[1945]]. He favored especially the Mercian dialect and was strongly influenced by Old English literature such as ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''.

In earlier notes concerning ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', Tolkien commented that Old English was the only language the Elves of [[Eressëa]] could talk to Men, and that was how they talked to Ælfwine. The Elves learned Old English while living with Men in [[Luthany]].

The ''[[Gnomish Lexicon]]'', which belongs to that phase of the [[Legendarium]], mentions the [[Gnomish]] phrase ''[https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1427946497.html “Goldogrin” di Sacthoðrin]'' *"“Goldogrin” [translated] into English". [https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-411293273.html Sacthoðrin] or *"language of the Sactha" is the Gnomish name for the English language (in its Anglo-Saxon phase). Sactha (apparently referring to the Saxons) seems to be derived from the Gnomish root of "fight".<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1613887381.html|articlename=ÞṆKṆ|website=Eldamo|accessed=31 August 2025}}</ref>

Tolkien wrote in Old English several texts of his legendarium, which he (fictionally) attributed to [[Ælfwine]] such as the ''[[Earliest Annals of Valinor]]''; they were published more recently in ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' and are commented on and edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. These texts have been criticized because Christopher Tolkien did not provide a translation and they remain understandable only by Anglo-Saxon students.

In those works, Eriol gave several Old English names to several elements of the legendarium; in some of them, Tolkien attempted to imitate the Elvish sound and form, but with a new meaning. For example [[Angband]] is rendered as ''Engbend'' "cruel-bond", [[Balrog]] as ''Bealuwearg'' "baleful-monster" or [[Silmaril]] as ''Sigelmaerels'' (actually referring to the [[Nauglamír]]). At least one name, ''[[Mickleburg]]'', survived in the published ''[[Silmarillion]]''.

Anglo-Saxon runes were used on [[Thrór's Map]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' to display the [[Cirth]] as used by the [[Dwarves]].

Tolkien devised a [[Tengwar]] mode for Old English, for texts written by [[Edwin Lowdham]] in ''[[The Strange Case of Arundel Lowdham]]'', writings associated with ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]''. ([http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50 DTS50] and [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51 DTS51]).

==Rohanese==
For ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien used several Anglo-Saxon names and words, in [[Rohanese]], the language of the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> This simulated the archaic sense the [[Hobbits]] felt with the Rohirrim; Hobbits spoke [[Hobbitish]] [[Westron]], represented in the book by English.

However the relation of Old English and English is not the same as with Rohanese and Westron, since the latter descends from [[Adûnaic]], not Rohanese.

He stated that Anglo-Saxon (i.e. Old English) is not the source of names in any other language than the language of the Eorlingas except for a few names in Hobbit-dialect derived from the [[Vale of Anduin]], the names [[Déagol]] and [[Sméagol]]; and the names [[Gladden River]] and [[Gladden Fields]].<ref>{{L|297}}</ref>

Tolkien noted that the name [[Stoors|Stoor]] was based on the early English word ''stor'', ''stoor'' ("large", "strong"), which is now obsolete.<ref>{{HM|N}}, entry '''Stoors''', p. 763</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Old English names|Old English names]]
*[[English to Anglo-Saxon dictionary]] (unpublished Tolkien manuscript)

==External links==
*{{WP|Old English}}
*''[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Anglo-Saxon-Part-1.pdf Old English in Middle-earth Part One]'' and ''[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Anglo-Saxon-Part-2.pdf Part 2]'' at [http://www.tolkiensociety.org www.tolkiensociety.org]
*''[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/online/goth-saxon/bright-oe.html James W. Bright's Glossary of the Anglo-Saxon Language]'' at [http://www.jrrvf.com Jrrvf.com]
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/oldenglish.html Texts and sound samples] in [[Glǽmscrafu]]
**[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/oldenglishtolkien.html Texts and sound samples] of Old English verses by Tolkien in [[Glǽmscrafu]]
*[http://www.alarichall.org.uk/lotr/frontpage.htm ''The Lord of the Rings'' and its Old English Origins: The Bones in the Soup] by Alaric Hall
*[http://www.lotrplaza.com/showthread.php?22104-Tolkien's-Old-English&p=527134 Tolkien's Old English] (forum thread)

{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[de:Altenglische Sprache]]
[[fi:Muinaisenglanti]]
[[Category:Languages (real-world)]]

Language of Dale

2026-03-11T01:45:53Z

Sage: Remove sentences unrelated to Norse of Dalian. Move to Old English

{{Unnamed}}
The '''language of Dale'''<ref name="Translation">{{App|Translation}}, p. 1135</ref> was the tongue spoken by the [[Men of Dale|Men of]] [[Dale]] and as a [[Northern Mannish|Northern language]], it was related to [[Rohanese]] and, more distantly, to [[Westron]].

==History==
Most of the people of [[Dale]] like most of the ancestors of the people of [[Rohan]] were descended from the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]] or from a people closely related with them. As a consequence, their language was related to the [[Adûnaic]] of the Edain who had migrated to [[Númenor]] at the beginning of the [[Second Age]] and had preserved a likeness to the [[Common Speech]] who was descended from Adûnaic.<ref name="Men">{{App|Men}}, p. 1129</ref>

Many of the high-sounding names of old [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] families, such as the [[Tooks]] and the [[Bolgers]] closely resembled the names of [[Men of the Vales of Anduin|Men]] in the [[Vales of Anduin|Vale of Anduin]] where the [[Éothéod|ancestors]] of the Men of Rohan had lived, in Rohan or in Dale, because most of these seem to have been taken from legends of the past of Men and of Hobbits.<ref name="Translation"/><ref group="note">The relationship of the languages can be seen in [[Brand]], the name of a king of Dale, [[Ferdibrand Took|Ferdibrand]], the name of a Hobbit, and [[Erkenbrand]], the name of the lord of [[Westfold]] in Rohan.</ref>

The language of Dale was adopted by the [[Dwarves]] from that region, such as the [[Dwarves of Erebor]]. In fact they used names from the language of Dale as their "outer" names,<ref name="Translation" /> because it was a taboo to use their true, original names in their own language [[Khuzdul]] when talking with persons from other [[races]].<ref name="L144">{{L|144}}</ref>

The writing system used by the Men of Dale was an old and simple form of the [[Cirth]].<ref>{{App|Writing}}. p. 1118</ref>

==Translation==
In [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s stories names of Dwarves in the language of Dale were represented by names in [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]],<ref name="L144" /> a language related to [[Old English]] and modern English, because the language of Dale was related to [[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]].<ref name="Men" /> If the language of Dale and the [[Long Lake]] would have appeared in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', it would have been represented as "more or less Scandinavian in character".<ref name="L144" /> In a note on a page dated 9 February 1942 about the fictitious translation of the languages of the Shire, Dale, and Rohan, he specified that the language of Dale<ref group="note">In the note on the page dated 9 February 1942, Tolkien capitalized "Language of Dale", though this is most likely because the "L" is simply at the beginning of the second line.</ref> was represented by Norse and that it was used by the Dwarves of the region of Dale.<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, Commentary, §58, p. 70</ref><ref>{{TI|Notes}}, p. 424</ref>

==Name==
A suggested name for the language of Dale is '''Dalian'''.<ref>[[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of the Atani Languages]" (accessed 26 March 2011)</ref> Another "invented" name commonly used by [[Fandom|fans]] is '''Dalish'''.<ref>"[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35f9231bf7461a6c91af Breelendish, a Welsh-style Conlang]" (message 33106; 12 March 2006) at [[Elfling]] mailing list (accessed 27 March 2011)</ref><ref>"[https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b83ee6a6c41e986689 Scandinavians in Middle-earth?]" (message 1075; 15 July 1999) at [[Elfling]] mailing list (accessed 27 March 2011)</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
An earlier manuscript version of what would later become Appendix F states that the name Stoor seemed to have originally meant "big" and that this word was common in "the language of Dale".<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F 2, §24 </ref> This version also mentions that Scandinavian stor- means "big".<ref>{{PM|Languages}}, manuscript F 2, §56</ref>

An earlier manuscript version of what would later become the chapter "[[A Knife in the Dark]]" mentions that ''Cram'' was a word in the language of the men of Dale and the Long Lake.<ref>{{RS|Attack}}, p. 177</ref> In the final published version of the chapter "[[Farewell to Lórien]]", [[Gimli]] only says after trying ''[[lembas]]'' "I thought it was only a kind of ''cram'', such as the Dale-men make for journeys in the wild".<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}, p. 369</ref>

{{references|note}}

{{languages}}

[[Category:Mannish]]

Bardings

2026-03-11T01:41:29Z

Sage: /* History */

{{people infobox
| name=Bardings
| image = Barding.jpg
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=[[Men of Dale]] and possibly the [[Lake-men]]
| location=[[Dale]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[language of Dale]], [[Westron]]
| members=[[Bard]], [[Bain]], [[Brand]], [[Bard II]]
| lifespan=
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
'''Bardings''' were the [[Men of Dale|people]] of the kingdom of [[Dale]] during the later [[Third Age]].<ref name=meet>{{FR|II1}}</ref> They took their name from [[Bard]] the Bowman, the first [[King of Dale]], descendant of Lord [[Girion]].

==History==
The people of the Bardings belonged to that wide-ranging branch of [[Men]] known as the [[Northmen]], and were thus kin to both the [[Beornings]] and the [[Rohirrim]].<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref>

After [[Bard]]'s revenge on the [[dragon]] [[Smaug]] in {{TA|2941}}, he became [[King of Dale]] in his own right. He was succeeded as its ruler by his son [[Bain]], and so his line extended down to the time of the [[War of the Ring]] and beyond.

The Bardings occupied the area between the [[Long Lake]] and [[Erebor]],<ref>{{HM|AoL}}, Fig. 157 (p. 200). The name "Bardings" appears on a "later map of Middle-earth". The name is written in red ink, like "[[Beornings]]" or "[[wood-elves]]", between "Long Lake" and "Erebor The Lonely Mt.".</ref> and maintained the friendship with the [[Dwarves of Erebor]], like their ancestors. As time passed, so the lands under the power of the Bardings grew, and in the time of [[Bard]]'s grandson [[Brand]] their territories were said to extend far to the south and east of the [[Long Lake]].<ref name=meet/>

During the War of the Ring, the [[Easterlings]] [[Battle of Dale|attacked]] the town of Dale and forced the Men and the Dwarves into [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]; King Brand died alongside [[Dáin Ironfoot]] at the [[Front Gate]] of Erebor. After seven days of siege, news came of the defeat of [[Sauron]]. The new kings broke the siege and chased the Easterlings out of Dale. After the siege, the two peoples rebuilt Dale. The new King [[Bard II]] also sent an emissary to the coronation of King Elessar.<ref>{{App|B}}</ref>

==Etymology==
*''[[Bard#Etymology|bard]]'' + ''[[-ings]]''

{{references}}

[[Category:Bardings]]
[[Category:Demonyms]]
[[Category:Northmen]]
[[fi:Bardilaiset]]

File:Cor Blok - The Game of Riddles.jpg

2026-03-05T22:58:17Z

Sage:

== Summary ==
"[[Riddle-game|The Game of Riddles]]" by [[Cor Blok]].

== Licensing ==
{{Copyright-fairuse|[https://web.archive.org/web/20220117163428/http://www.corblok.com/sample-page/ Cor Blok]}}

[[Category:Images by Cor Blok]]
[[Category:Images of Bilbo Baggins]]
[[Category:Images of Gollum]]
[[Category:Images of Riddles in the Dark]]

Phial of Galadriel

2026-03-05T22:51:36Z

Sage: /* History */

[[File:John Howe - The Phial of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|''The Phial of Galadriel'' by [[John Howe]]]]
{{quote|And you, Ring-bearer,' she said, turning to Frodo. 'I come to you last who are not last in my thoughts. For you I have prepared this.' She held up a small crystal phial: it glittered as she moved it, and rays of white light sprang from her hand. 'In this phial,' she said, 'is caught the light of [[Eärendil's star]], set amid the waters of my fountain. It will shine still brighter when night is about you. May it be a light to you in dark places, when all other lights go out.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Farewell to Lórien]]"}}
The '''Phial of Galadriel''', or '''star-glass''' or '''Lady's glass''', was the [[Gifts of Galadriel|gift]] that [[Galadriel]] bestowed to [[Frodo Baggins]].

==History==
[[File:Tim Kirk - Galadriel.jpg|thumb|left|''Galadriel'' by [[Tim Kirk]]]]
Galadriel gave Frodo this gift upon the Fellowship's departure from [[Lothlórien]].<ref name="Farewell">{{FR|Farewell}}, p. 376</ref> It would stay among his possessions unused until reaching the edge of [[Mordor]].

Soon after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], the night fell upon the [[Three Hunters]], so [[Gimli]] wished that the Lady had given to them a light like Frodo's, but [[Aragorn]] remarked that Frodo would need it more.<ref>{{TT|Riders}}, p. 426</ref>

As Frodo, [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gollum]] approached the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], Frodo saw a great mass of cavalrymen led by the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]]. When the Witch-king stopped, Frodo feared they had been spotted; against his will, Frodo moves his hand towards the [[The One Ring|ring]]. Instead, he touched the phial - which he had forgotten - and the Witch-king continued on his way. The next morning, he made use of the phial again while leaving [[Minas Morgul]] behind.<ref name=Stairs>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref>{{rp|706–708}}
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]
Frodo used the phial to fend off the attacks of [[Shelob]], but he was eventually poisoned by her.<ref name=Lair>{{TT|Lair}}, p. 720-722, 725</ref> Sam could defeat the spider thanks to the Phial, and escaped her [[Shelob's Lair|lair]] after taking the star-glass with him, excusing himself to Frodo's body.<ref>{{TT|IV10}}, pp. 729-731</ref> Sam and Frodo later used it to overcome the will of the [[Two Watchers]] at the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]].<ref>{{RK|Tower}}, pp. 902, 915</ref> Sam also attempted to use the light in the [[Cracks of Doom|Crack of Doom]], but the light from the glass faded because they were in the heart of [[Sauron]]'s domain.<ref>{{RK|Doom}}, p. 945</ref>

Upon Frodo's departure from [[Middle-earth]], the light from the phial faded as it reached the shores of [[Eldamar]].<ref>{{RK|Havens}}, p. 1030</ref>

===Relation with Eärendil===
Galadriel explained that her phial contained the [[light]] of the [[Star of Eärendil]] as reflected in her [[Mirror of Galadriel|Mirror]].<ref name="Farewell"/> As Sam remembered to Frodo, the light of this star was the same [[Silmaril]] recovered by [[Beren]], now hold by [[Eärendil]]. This made them part of the great tales of the past.<ref name=Stairs/>{{rp|712}}

Thus, when [[Gollum]] led Frodo and Sam into Shelob's Lair, Frodo exclaimed in [[Quenya]], "''[[Aiya Eärendil elenion ancalima!]]''",<ref name=Lair/> translating as "Hail Eärendil, brightest of stars!".

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=300 heights=200>
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Frodo in Shelob's Lair 2.jpg|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] wielding the Phial in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Galadriel poster.jpg|Galadriel holding the Phial on a poster for ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
File:The Hobbit - The Battle of the Five Armies - Attack on Dol Guldur.jpg|Galadriel using the Phial against Sauron in ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]''
</gallery>
===Films===
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:The Phial is absent as Galadriel does not give any gifts to the Fellowship.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:The Phial is found by Sam in Frodo's cloak and is used to pass the Watchers' barrier in Cirith Ungol. Its origins are never touched on in the film, with Sam being unaware of it until finding it. Frodo identifies it as the Phial of Galadriel, but refuses to say anymore about it, claiming that doing so will destroy its powers.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Phial is given to Frodo by Galadriel in the first film. It reappears in ''Return of the King'', used by Frodo to ward off Shelob although he drops it in his escape. It is retrieved by Sam and wielded in his battle against Shelob.

'''2014: [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies|''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies'']]:'''
:When the [[White Council]] arrives to rescue [[Gandalf]], Galadriel use the phial to cast Sauron out of [[Dol Guldur]], rebuking him as a "servant of [[Melkor|Morgoth]]" without name, face, or form.

{{references}}
{{Giftsofgaladriel}}
[[Category:Gifts of Galadriel]]

[[de: Galadriels Phiole]]
[[fr: Fiole de Galadriel]]

Talk:Underhill (Hobbiton)

2026-03-05T22:48:27Z

Sage: Sage moved page Talk:Underhill (village) to Talk:Underhill (Hobbiton) without leaving a redirect: Obviously Underhill in Hobbiton was not a village as Hobbiton is already a village.

I can get the disambig, but should this be better at [[Underhill (village)]]? --[[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 00:58, 9 June 2008 (EDT)

:I agree: the village is called '''Underhill''' and not '''Underhill Village'''. ~ [[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 12:45, 9 June 2008 (EDT)

::Agreed and moved. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 13:26, 9 June 2008 (EDT)

Underhill (Hobbiton)

2026-03-05T22:48:27Z

Sage: Sage moved page Underhill (village) to Underhill (Hobbiton) without leaving a redirect: Obviously Underhill in Hobbiton was not a village as Hobbiton is already a village.

{{disambig-more|Underhill|[[Underhill (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Underhill''' was the part of [[Hobbiton]] that lay directly beneath [[Hobbiton Hill]]. Its most famous [[Hobbit-holes|smial]] was within the Hill itself; [[Bag End]].<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref> Obviously Underhill contained [[Bagshot Row]].

As [[Sauron]] had already learned of ''[[Baggins family|Baggins]]'' through [[Gollum]] and using the name outside of [[the Shire]] would prove dangerous, [[Gandalf]] told [[Frodo Baggins]] to use the name "[[Mr. Underhill]]" after leaving home.<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref>

==Other versions of the Legendarium==
In a draft, Underhill was a separate village. In such a draft, [[Bilbo's will]] mentions "Underhill near Hobbiton".<ref>{{RS|2XIVN}}, note 22</ref>
==See also==
*[[Bagshot Row]]
*[[Underhill Family]]
{{references}}
{{title}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages of the Shire]]

Underhill (Hobbiton)

2026-03-05T22:47:29Z

Sage:

Bree-hobbits

2026-03-05T22:44:03Z

Sage:

[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Nob.JPG|thumb|[[Nob]], a hobbit from Bree (from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' video game]])]]
'''Bree-hobbits''' were the [[Hobbits]] native to [[Bree]] and the [[Bree-land]] around; their interaction with [[Men]] (who also lived in the land), made them more open to the outside world than their parochial [[Shire-hobbits|cousins]] in [[The Shire|the Shire]].

==History==
Bree itself was a very ancient township of [[Men of Bree|Men]]. The first [[Hobbits]] (mostly [[Fallohides]] and [[Harfoots]]) came there from the east in about {{TA|1300}} fleeing [[Angmar]].<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref><ref name="hob">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> This made Bree the only place in the [[Arda|world]] where Hobbits and Men lived together side by side. Most of the Hobbits of the Bree-land lived in [[Staddle]], a village on the southeastern slopes of the [[Bree-hill]], but some also dwelt in Bree itself, living in [[Hobbit-holes]] burrowed in the hill above the houses of Men.

It was where and when the Hobbits (who by that time were speaking a language probably related to that of the [[Éothéod]]<ref>{{FR|Records}}</ref>) adopted the [[Westron]] tongue; they also learned literacy with the [[Tengwar]], in the fashion of the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]].<ref name="hob" /> The Hobbits of Bree claimed to have originated most Hobbit customs, and certainly it was thought that they were the ones who first discovered the [[smoking]] properties of [[pipe-weed]].<ref name=":0">{{FR|Pipeweed}}</ref>

In {{TA|1601}} two Fallohides, [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]] with permission from King [[Argeleb II]] of [[Arnor]] led a group of colonists from Bree westward across [[Baranduin]] and founded [[the Shire]].<ref name="TA" />,<ref name="hob" /> The Bree-hobbits, therefore, tended to look down somewhat on their cousins in the Shire, referring to them as 'Colonists'<ref name=":0" /> and 'Outsiders'.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, the [[Shire-hobbits]] considered Bree-hobbits as [[Outsiders]] and thought of them as dull and rustic.

At the end of the Third Age, the Bree-hobbits still occasionally travelled west to the Shire, but they rarely ventured further than [[Buckland]] or the [[Eastfarthing]], those parts of the Shire that were closest to their home.<ref name=":1" /> However ancient close relationships between Bree-land and the Shire were not completely forgotten. [[Brandybuck family|Brandybucks]] had Bree-blood in them<ref name=":1" />, and [[Briffo Boffin]] moved from the Shire to Bree-land in [[Third Age 2810|T.A. 2810.]]<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix C]], "Boffin of the Yale"</ref>

During the [[War of the Ring]] two hobbits, [[Bob]] and [[Nob]] worked at the ''[[Prancing Pony]]''. When the [[Travelers]] entered the common room of the inn, they associated with native hobbits and travelers.<ref name=":1">{{FR|I9}}</ref>

==Families==
The more prominent Hobbit families living in the Bree-land at the time of the [[War of the Ring]] were [[Banks Family|Banks]], [[Brockhouse Family|Brockhouse]], [[Longholes Family|Longholes]], [[Mugwort Family|Mugwort]], [[Sandheaver Family|Sandheaver]], [[Tunnelly Family|Tunnelly]] and [[Underhill Family|Underhill]].

There were also hobbits by the name of Banks living in the Shire, and [[Underhill (Hobbiton)|Underhill]] was a hamlet of Hobbiton, but we can do no more than speculate on the links between these families and regions.

{{references}}

[[Category:Hobbits]]

[[de:Bree-Hobbits]]
[[Category:Bree-land]]

Hobbiton

2026-03-05T22:43:36Z

Sage:

{{location infobox
| name=Hobbiton
| image=J.R.R. Tolkien - The Hill - Hobbiton-across-the-Water (Colored).jpg
| caption="The Hill - Hobbiton-across-the-Water" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Westfarthing]], [[The Shire]]
| type=Village
| description=A small village overlooked by [[The Hill]]
| regions=[[Underhill (Hobbiton)|Underhill]]
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Hobbits]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=[[Scouring of the Shire]]
}}

'''Hobbiton''' was a village in the central regions of [[The Shire]], within the borders of the [[Westfarthing]].

== Geography ==
Hobbiton was located on both sides of the [[The Water|Water]], approximately a mile north-west of the neighbouring village of [[Bywater]]. The [[Bywater Road]] passed through both villages and connected them to the [[East Road]] to the south.<ref>{{FR|Part}}</ref>

The dwellings were standard of [[Hobbits]], referred to as [[smials]] or [[Hobbit-holes]] but there were also buildings of wood, brick, or stone. One of the more prominent buildings in Hobbiton was the [[Old Mill]] which stood on the north side of the Water, near the bridge, which eventually was demolished. On the south of The Water there were several other dwellings. The [[Old Grange]] was on the west side of the lane which ran from the bridge to [[Hobbiton Hill]].

The Hill overlooked the village and the neighbourhood called [[Underhill (village)|Underhill]]. In it was [[Bag End]], the ancestral smial of the [[Baggins Family]] and the famous [[Ring-bearer]]s [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. On the southern side of the Hill were three (later more) smaller Hobbit-holes along [[Bagshot Row]].

The village also has their own Post Office.

== History ==
Hobbiton was built on the both sides of the Water. [[Bungo Baggins]] built Bag End in the Hill. In {{TA|2941}}, the Unexpected Party occurred there<ref name="third">{{App|TA}}</ref> When Bilbo returned the next year he had to deal with an auction of his belongings since he had been presumed dead.<ref>{{H|Stage}}</ref>

To celebrate his 111th and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo's]] 33rd birthdays as well as his departure from the Shire, in {{TA|3001}} Bilbo held a [[Farewell Party]].<ref name="third"/>

During the [[War of the Ring]], Hobbiton was devastated. [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] had named himself Chief and rough-looking [[Men]] had come to Hobbiton on Lotho's invitation. Frodo and his companions were stunned to see their homes, trees and hedges all torn up.<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref>

{{quote|It was one of the saddest hours in their lives. The great chimney rose up before them; and as they drew near the old village across the Water, through rows of new mean houses along each side of the road, they saw the new mill in all its frowning and dirty ugliness: a great brick building straddling the stream, which it fouled with a steaming and stinking overflow. All along the Bywater Road every tree had been felled.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Scouring of the Shire]]"}}

After the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Bag End was restored and new holes were dug along Bagshot Row. The new mill was removed. [[Samwise Gamgee]] spread [[Galadriel]]'s [[Sam's garden box|gift of earth]] from her orchard around the Shire, paying special attention to Hobbiton and Bywater. He planted the [[mallorn]] [[Golden Tree|seed]] in the [[Party Field]] by the Hill where the [[Party Tree]] had once stood. Soon Hobbiton was a peaceful and beautiful village once again.<ref>{{RK|VI9}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The ending ''-ton'', frequent in English place-names means "town, village".

[[David Salo]] has suggested it represents a speculative [[Old English|Old Hobbitish]] *''[[Holbytla]]tun'' "town of hobbits". He also notes that the name suggests two things: It was probably the first or more distinctive settlement of the area (making "town of hobbits" a distinctive name); and that it was given to it by the [[Big Folk]] (perhaps the [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Dúnedain of the North]]).<ref>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b63ee6a6c41e9862d6|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 March 2013}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Hobbiton.jpg|thumb|Hobbiton in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Hobbiton lies near the center of the in-game Shire region and is a major meeting point for travellers on the road.

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages of the Shire]]
[[de:Hobbingen]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes tours et forteresses/comte/hobbitebourg]]
[[fi:Hobittila]]

Underhill (disambiguation)

2026-03-05T22:43:12Z

Sage:

'''Underhill''' may refer to:
* [[Mr. Underhill]], the alias [[Frodo Baggins]] took whilst travelling to [[Bree]].
* [[Underhill Family]], a family of [[Bree-hobbits]] who lived in [[Staddle]].
* [[Underhill (house)]], the house of [[Tom Bombadil]].
* [[Underhill (Hobbiton)]], a neighborhood in [[Hobbiton]].

{{disambig}}
[[de:Unterberg]]
[[fi:Alismäki]]

Underhill (disambiguation)

2026-03-05T22:42:57Z

Sage:

'''Underhill''' may refer to:
* [[Mr. Underhill]], the alias [[Frodo Baggins]] took whilst travelling to [[Bree]].
* [[Underhill Family]], a family of [[Bree-hobbits]] who lived in [[Staddle]].
* [[Underhill (house)]], the house of [[Tom Bombadil]].
* [[Underhill (Hobbiton)]], a village in [[Hobbiton]].

{{disambig}}
[[de:Unterberg]]
[[fi:Alismäki]]

Mr. Underhill

2026-03-05T22:42:40Z

Sage:

{{disambig-more|Underhill|[[Underhill (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Mr. Underhill''' was the name [[Gandalf]] gave to [[Frodo Baggins]] before he set off on his quest during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref> [[Sauron]] had already learned of ''[[Baggins family|Baggins]]'' through [[Gollum]] and using the name outside of [[the Shire]] would prove dangerous, thus a secret identity was formed.

The name was perhaps chosen from the [[Underhill (Hobbiton)|neighborhood of Underhill]] where [[Bag End]], Frodo's home, belonged.

This was perhaps not the best choice, for when "Mr. Underhill" arrived in Bree, there were several [[Underhill Family|Underhills]] in the common-room at [[the Prancing Pony]] and they thought it likely that Frodo was some long-lost cousin of theirs. One of the [[Bree-landers]], who seemed familiar with the Shire, asked where the Underhills lived and who were their relations.<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref>
{{references}}

[[Category:Aliases]]
[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Underhill]]

Mr. Underhill

2026-03-05T22:39:47Z

Sage:

{{disambig-more|Underhill|[[Underhill (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Mr. Underhill''' was the name [[Gandalf]] gave to [[Frodo Baggins]] before he set off on his quest during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref> [[Sauron]] had already learned of ''Baggins'' through [[Gollum]] and using the name outside of [[the Shire]] would prove dangerous, thus a secret identity was formed.

The name was perhaps chosen from the [[Underhill (Hobbiton)|neighborhood of Underhill]] where [[Bag End]], Frodo's home, belonged.

This was perhaps not the best choice, for when "Mr. Underhill" arrived in Bree, there were several [[Underhill Family|Underhills]] in the common-room at [[the Prancing Pony]] and they thought it likely that Frodo was some long-lost cousin of theirs. One of the [[Bree-landers]], who seemed familiar with the Shire, asked where the Underhills lived and who were their relations.<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref>
{{references}}

[[Category:Aliases]]
[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Underhill]]

Under-hill

2026-03-05T22:39:32Z

Sage: Changed redirect target from Underhill (village) to Underhill (Hobbiton)

#REDIRECT[[Underhill (Hobbiton)]]

Bilbo's will

2026-03-05T22:39:15Z

Sage:

{{unnamed}}
{{object infobox
| name=Bilbo's will
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Bag End]]
| owner=[[Frodo Baggins]]
| type=Manuscript
| appearance="Very clear and correct"
| creator=[[Bilbo Baggins]]
| created=
| createdlocation=
| destroyer=
| destroyed=
| destroyedlocation=
| notablefor=
}}

'''Bilbo's will''' was the legal document whereby [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo's]] heir, came into possession of [[Bag End]] instead of the [[Sackville-Baggins Family]] after Bilbo's disappearance. It was legally sound and included the signatures of seven witnesses in red ink, in accordance with [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] customs.<ref name="Party">{{FR|I1}}</ref>

==History==
By the time of [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]] in the year {{TA|3001}}, the Sackville-Baggins, especially [[Otho Sackville-Baggins|Otho]] and [[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins|Lobelia]], had been coveting Bag End for sixty years. Bilbo forestalled them by creating a will that would transfer ownership of the valuable property to his cousin [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].<ref name="Party"/> On [[23 September|September 23]],<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> the day after the party, Otho and Lobelia came to Bag End and demanded to see the will. Otho read the will but could find no fault, and stumped off in disgust.<ref name="Party"/>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
When he wrote the fifth version of the first chapter of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] included the information that Otho was a lawyer and that Bingo<ref group="note">Bingo Bolger-Baggins later became Frodo Baggins.</ref> would legally enter into ownership at midnight on [[23 September]].<ref>{{RS|Return}}</ref>

In a note, [[Christopher Tolkien]] gave the full text of Bilbo's will:<ref>{{RS|2XIVN}}, note 22</ref>
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;">
Bilbo (son of [[Bungo Baggins|Bungo]] son of [[Mungo Baggins|Mungo]] son of Inigo<ref group="note">Bilbo's great-grandfather would later be named [[Balbo Baggins]].</ref>) Baggins hereinafter called the testator, now departing being the rightful owner of all properties and goods hereinafter named hereby devises, makes over, and bequeathes the property and [[Wikipedia:Messuage|messuage]] or dwelling-hole know as Bag-End [[Underhill (Hobbiton)|Underhill]] near [[Hobbiton]] with all lands thereto belonging and annexed to his cousin and adopted heir Bingo (son of [[Drogo Baggins|Drogo]] son of Togo<ref group="note">The name 'Togo' would later be given to one of the [[Goodbody Family|Goodbodies]] and replaced by [[Fosco Baggins]].</ref> son of Inigo<ref group="note">Inigo as Bingo's great-grandfather would be replaced by [[Largo Baggins]].</ref>) Baggins hereinafter called the heir, for him to have hold possess occupy let on lease sell or otherwise dispose of at his pleasure as from midnight of the twenty-second day of September in the one hundred and eleventh or eleventy-first year of the aforesaid Bilbo Baggins. Moreover the aforesaid testator devises and bequeathes to the aforesaid heir all monies in gold silver copper brass or tin and all trinkets, armours, weapons, uncoined metals, gems, jewels, or precious stones and all furniture appurtenances goods perishable or imperishable and chattels movable and immovable belonging to the testator and after his departure found housed kept stored or secreted in any part of said hole and residence of Bag-end or of the lands thereto annexed, save only such goods or movable chattels as are contained in the subjoined schedule which are selected and directed as parting gifts to the friends of the testator and which the heir shall dispatch deliver or hand over according to his convenience. The testator hereby relinquishes all rights or claims to all these properties lands monies goods or chattels and wishes all his friends farewell. Signed Bilbo Baggins.</poem>

{{references|note}}

[[Category:Books and documents within the legendarium]]

Index:Locations

2026-03-05T22:36:58Z

Sage:

==A==
{| class="tg-timeline citizen-overflow"
|-
!
!
!
|-
|
*[[Abyss]]
*[[Tarlang's Neck|Achad Tarlang]] (Tarlang's Neck)
*[[Adorn]]
*[[Adurant]]
*[[Aelin-uial]]
*[[Tarn Aeluin|Aeluin]]
*[[Afros]]
*[[Agar]]
*[[Gwathló|Agathurush]] (River Greyflood)
*[[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]]
*[[Pass of Aglon|Aglon]], Pass of
*[[Ailin (lake in Valinor)]]
*[[Aiwenórë]]
*[[Akallabêth]] (Atlantë)
*[[Alalminórë]]
*[[Alcarinquë]]
*[[Aldalómë]]
*[[Aldburg]]
*[[Alley of Roses]]
*[[Almaida]]
*[[Almaren]]
*[[Alqualondë]]
*[[Aman]]
*[[Fangorn Forest|Ambaróna]] (Fangorn)
*[[Mount Doom|Amon Amarth]] (Mount Doom)
*[[Amon Anwar]] (Halifirien)
*[[Amon Darthir]]
*[[Amon Dîn]]
*[[Amon Ereb]]
*[[Amon Ethir]]
*[[Amon Gwareth]]
*[[Amon Hen]]
*[[Amon Lanc]] (Dol Guldur)
|
*[[Amon Lhaw]]
*[[Amon Obel]]
*[[Amon Rûdh]]
*[[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]] (Weathertop)
*[[Taniquetil|Amon Uilos]] (Taniquentil)
*[[Anach]]
*[[Númenor|Anadûnê]] (Númenor)
*[[Sun|Anar]]
*[[Anarríma]]
*[[Aman|Ancient West]] (Aman)
*[[Anfalas|Andafalassë]] (Langstrand or Anfalas)
*[[Númenor|Andor]] (Númenor)
*[[Andram]]
*[[Andrast]]
*[[Andrath]]
*[[Androth]]
*[[Anduin]]
*[[Andúnië]]
*[[Andustar]]
*[[Anfalas]]
*[[Anfauglith]]
*[[Angband|Angamando]] (Angband)
*[[Angband]]
*[[Anghabar]]
*[[Angle]]
*[[Angmar]], Realm of
*[[Isen|Angren]] (River Isen)
*[[Isengard|Angrenost]]
*[[Gate of the Noldor|Annon-in-Gelydh]]
|
*[[Annúminas]]
*[[Anórien]]
*[[Antaro]]
*[[Araman]]
*[[Arandor]] (Kingsland)
*[[Archet]]
*[[Arch of Inwë]]
*[[Arda]]
*[[Ard-galen]]
*[[Argonath]]
*[[Armenelos]]
*[[Arnach]] (Lossarnach)
*[[Arnor]]
*[[Aros]], River of
*[[Arossiach]]
*[[Arthedain]]
*[[Gondor|Arthor na Challonnas]] (Gondor)
*[[Arnor|Arthor na Forlonnas]] (Arnor)
*[[Arthórien]]
*[[Arvernien]]
*[[Ascar]], River of
*[[Ered Lithui|Ash Mountains]] (Ered Lithui)
*[[Astulat]]
*[[Númenor|Atalantë]] (Númenor)
*[[Fords of Isen|Athrad Angren]] (Fords of Isen)
*[[Atyamar]]
*[[Avallónë]]
*[[Tower of Avallónë|Avallónë]], Tower of
*[[Avathar]]
*[[Dimrill Dale|Azanulbizar]] (Dimrill Dale)
|}{{Timeline page styles}}

==B==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Bag End]]
*[[Bagshot Row]]
*[[Isle of Balar|Balar]]
*[[Balin's Tomb]]
*[[Bamfurlong]] (Maggot's Farm)
*[[House of Ransom|Bar-en-Danwedh]] (House of Ransom)
*[[House of Ransom|Bar-en-Nibin-noeg]] (House of Ransom)
*[[Ras Mewrim|Bar-in-Mŷl‎]]
*[[Bar-erib]]
*[[Barad-dûr]]
*[[Barad Eithel]]
*[[Barad Nimras]]
*[[Baranduin]] (Brandywine River)
*[[Caradhras|Barazinbar]] (Caradhras or Redhorn)
*[[Barrow-downs]]
*[[Barrowfield]]
*[[Battle Pit]]
*[[Dagorlad|Battle Plain]]
*[[Bay of Balar]]
*[[Bay of Belfalas]]
*[[Bay of Andúnië]]
*[[Bay of Eldamar]]
*[[Bay of Eldanna]]
*[[Bay of Rómenna]]
*[[Belegaer]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Belegost]]
*[[Beleriand]]
*[[Belfalas]]
*[[Bent Seas]]
*[[Beorn's Hall|Beorn's House]]
*[[Bindbole Wood|Bindbale Wood]]
*[[Nimbrethil|Birchwoods of Nimbrethil]]
*[[Black Gate]] (Morannon)
*[[Mordor|Black Land]] (Mordor)
*[[Moria|Black Pit]] (Moria)
*[[Black Pits]]
*[[Morthond|Blackroot]] (Morthond River)
*[[Aman|Blessed Realm]] (Aman)
*[[Blue Mountains]]
*[[Underhill (house)|Bombadil's House]]
*[[Bonfire Glade]]
*[[Astulat|Bony ridge]] (Astulat)
*[[Borgil]]
*[[Branda-nîn]] (Brandywine River)
*[[Brandywine Bridge]] (Bridge of Stonebows)
*[[Bree]]
*[[Bree-hill|Bree Hill]]
*[[Bree-land]]
*[[Breredon]]
*[[Brethil]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Bridge of Esgalduin]]
*[[Last Bridge|Bridge of Mitheithel]] (Last Bridge)
*[[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]]
*[[Bridge of Nargothrond]]
*[[Brandywine Bridge|Bridge of Stonebows]] (Brandywine Bridge)
*[[Bridgefields]]
*[[Brilthor]] (River)
*[[Ford of Brithiach|Brithiach]]
*[[Brithombar]]
*[[Brithon]] (River)
*[[Brockenbores]]
*[[Brodda's hall]]
*[[Brook of Glass]]
*[[Brown Lands]]
*[[Bruinen]] (River Loudwater)
*[[Buck Hill]]
*[[Buckland]]
*[[Buckland Gate]]
*[[Bucklebury]]
*[[Bucklebury Ferry]]
*[[Budgeford]] (Village)
*[[Fanuidhol|Bundushathûr]] (Cloudyhead or Fanuidhol)
*[[Bywater]]
*[[Bywater Pool]]
*[[Bywater Road]]
|}

==C==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Cabed-en-Aras]] ([[Cabed Naeramarth]])
*[[Cair Andros]]
*[[Calacirya]]
*[[Calacirian]]
*[[Calembel]]
*[[Calenardhon]]
*[[Calenhad]]
*[[Calmindon]]
*[[Cape Andras]]
*[[Cape Balar]]
*[[Cape of Andrast]]
*[[Cape of Forochel]]
*[[Carach Angren]] (Isenmouthe)
*[[Caradhras]] (Redhorn)
*[[Caragdûr]]
*[[Caras Galadhon]]
*[[Carchost]]
*[[Cardolan]]
*[[Carn Dûm]]
*[[Carnil]]
*[[Carnen]] (River Redwater)
*[[Carrock]]
*[[Causeway Forts]]
*[[Causeway (Gondor)]]
*[[Glittering Caves|Caverns of Helm's Deep]] (Aglarond or the Glittering Caves)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Nargothrond|Caverns of Narog]] (Nargothrond)
*[[Caves of the Forgotten]]
*[[River Running|Celduin]] (River Running)
*[[Celbaros]]
*[[Celebdil]] (Silvertine)
*[[Celebrant]] (River Silverlode)
*[[Celebros]] (River)
*[[Celon]] (River)
*[[Celos]] (River)
*[[Cerin Amroth]]
*[[Chamber of Mazarbul]] (Chamber of Records)
*[[Cracks of Doom|Chambers of Fire]] (Sammath Naur or the Cracks of Doom)
*[[Chasm of Ilmen]]
*[[Chetwood]]
*[[Qerkaringa|Chill Gulf]]
*[[Circles of the World]]
*[[Ciril]] (River)
*[[Cirith Dúath]]
*[[High Pass|Cirith Forn en Andrath]] (High Pass)
*[[Cirith Gorgor]]
*[[Cirith Ninniach]] (Rainbow Cleft)
*[[Cirith Thoronath]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Cirith Ungol]]
*[[Citadel of Gondor]]
*[[Osgiliath|Citadel of Stars]] (Osgiliath)
*[[Umbar|City of the Corsairs]]
*[[City Wall]] (Minas Tirith)
*[[Ruamórë|Cleft of the mountains]] (Ungoliant's lair)
*[[Fanuidhol|Cloudyhead]] (Fanuidhol)
*[[Cobas Haven]]
*[[Bay of Belfalas#Other names|Côf Belfalas]] (Bay of Belfalas)
*[[Coldfells]]
*[[Combe]]
*[[Field of Cormallen|Cormallen]] (Field)
*[[Ezellohar|Corollairë]] (Ezellohar)
*[[Ezellohar|Coron Oiolairë]] (Ezellohar)
*[[Cottage of Lost Play]]
*[[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|Court of the Fountain]]
*[[Cracks of Doom]]
*[[Crickhollow]]
*[[Crissaegrim]]
*[[Cirith Thoronath|Cristhorn]]
*[[Crossings of Erui]]
*[[Crossings of Poros]]
*[[Crossings of the Taeglin|Crossings of Teiglin]] (Crossings of the Taeglin)
*[[Cross-roads]] (Cross Roads of the Fallen King)
*[[Crown of the Hidden Kingdom]]
*[[Cuiviénen]]
*[[Cûl Bîn]]
*[[Cûl Veleg]]
*[[Cûm-nan-Arasaith]] (Mound of Avarice)
*[[Cú nan Eilch]]
|}

==D==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Dagorlad]]
* [[Dáin's hall]]
* [[Dale]]
* [[Dale (Kingdom)]]
* [[Dark Door]]
* [[Gate of Wood|Dark Gate]]
* [[Dark Land]] (South Land)
* [[Middle-earth#Names|Dark Lands]] (Middle-earth)
* [[Dark Mountains]] (Mountains of Mirkwood)
* [[Dark Tower]] (Barad-dûr)
* [[Dead Marshes]]
* [[Fornost Erain|Deadmen's Dike]] (Fornost)
* [[Death Down]]
* [[Aman|Deathless Lands]] (Aman, Eressëa)
* [[Helm's Deep|Deeping]] (Helms Deep)
* [[Deephallow]]
* [[Deeping-coomb|Deeping Coomb]]
* [[Deeping-road]]
* [[Deeping-stream|Deeping Stream]]
* [[Deeping Wall]]
* [[Cabed-en-Aras|Deer's Leap]] (Cabed-en-Aras)
* [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Deldúwath]] (Taur-nu-Fuin)
* [[Derndingle]]
* [[Desert of Lostladen]]
* [[Desolation of the Dragon|Desolation of Smaug]] (Desolation of the Dragon)
* [[Desolation of the Morannon]]
* [[Dimbar]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Dimholt]]
* [[Dimrill Dale]]
* [[Great Gates|Dimrill Gate]] (Great Gates)
* [[Dimrill Stair]]
* [[Dimrost]]
* [[Dol Amroth]]
* [[Dol Baran]]
* [[Dol Guldur]]
* [[Dol Tarlang]]
* [[Dome of Stars]] (Tower of the Stone)
* [[Dome of Varda]]
* [[Door of Night]]
* [[Doors of Durin]] (Hollin Gate)
* [[Dor Caranthir]] (Thargelion)
* [[Dor-Cúarthol]]
* [[Dor Daedeloth]]
* [[Dor Dínen]]
* [[Dor-en-Ernil]]
* [[Dor Firn-i-Guinar]] (Land of the Dead that Live)
* [[Dor-lómin]]
* [[Anfauglith|Dor-Nu-Fauglith]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Doriath]]
* [[Dorthonion]]
* [[Dorwinion]]
* [[Barrow-downs|Downlands]] (Barrow-downs)
* [[Drengist]]
* [[Drúadan Forest]]
* [[Drûn]]
* [[Drúwaith Iaur]]
* [[Dry River]]
* [[Duilwen]]
* [[Nan Dungortheb|Dungortheb]] (Nan Dungortheb)
* [[Dunharrow]]
* [[Dúnharg]]
* [[Dunland]]
* [[Durin's Bridge]]
* [[Durin's Crown]]
* [[Durin's Tower]]
* [[Durthang]]
* [[Dwaling]]
* [[Dwarf-road of Beleriand]]
* [[Dwarrowdelf]] (Khazad-dûm)
* [[Dwimorberg]]
* [[Dwimorberg glen]]
* [[Dwimordene]] (Lórien)
|}

==E==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Eä]]
* [[Eagle's Eyrie]]
*[[Eärendil]], Star of
* [[East Beleriand]]
* [[East Bight]]
* [[Eastemnet]]
* [[Eastemnet Downs]]
* [[Eastern Eriador]]
* [[Eastfarthing|East Farthing]]
* [[Eastfold]]
* [[Great Gates|East-gate]] (Great Gates)
* [[East Lórien]]
* [[Buckland|East March]] (Buckland)
* [[East-mark]]
* [[East Road]]
* [[East Sea]]
* [[East Wall of Rohan]]
* [[Fangorn Forest|Eastwood]] (Fangorn)
* [[Echad i Sedryn]] (Bar-en-Dunwedh)
* [[Ered Lómin|Echoing Hills]] (Ered Lómin)
* [[Echoriad]]
* [[Edge of the Wild]]
* [[Edhellond]]
* [[Edoras]]
* [[Egladil]]
* [[Eglador]] (Doriath)
* [[Eglamar (Falas)]]
* [[Eglarest]]
* [[Eilenach]]
* [[Eilenaer]] (Halifirien)
* [[Eithel Ivrin]]
* [[Eithel Nínui]]
* [[Eithel Sirion]]
* [[Ekkaia]]
* [[Eldalondë|Eldalondë the Green]]
* [[Eldamar]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Elemmírë]]
* [[Elendë]]
* [[Elenna]]
* [[Númenor|Elennanórê]] (Númenor)
* [[Elerrína]] (Taniquetil)
* [[Elf-path]]
* [[Ellor Eshúrizel]]
* [[Elostirion]]
* [[Elvenhome]] (Calacirian, Eressêa)
* [[Elvenking's Halls]]
* [[Elvet-isle]]
* [[Elwing's tower]]
* [[Emerië]]
* [[Empty Lands]]
* [[Emyn Arnen]]
* [[Emyn Beraid]] (Tower Hills)
* [[Emyn Duir]] (Mountains of Mirkwood)
* [[Emyn Eglain]]
* [[Emyn Muil]]
* [[Emyn-nu-Fuin]] (Mountains of Mirkwood)
* [[Emyn Uial]] (Hills of Evendim)
* [[Enchanted Isles]]
* [[Enchanted River]]
* [[Encircling Mountains]] (Echoriath)
* [[Ekkaia|Encircling Sea]] (Ekkaia)
* [[Endless Stair]]
* [[Endor]] (Middle-earth)
* [[Ened]]
* [[Enedwaith]]
* [[Entwade]]
* [[Entwash]] (river)
* [[Entwash Vale]]
* [[Entwood]] (Fangorn)
* [[Ephel Brandir]]
* [[Ephel Dúath]]
* [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] (Lonely Mountain)
* [[Erech]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Iron Mountains|Ered Engrin]] (Iron Mountains)
* [[Ered Gorgoroth]]
* [[Ered Lindon]] (Ered Luin)
* [[Ered Lithui]]
* [[Ered Lómin]]
* [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]] (Grey Mountains)
* [[White Mountains|Ered Nimrais]] (White Mountains)
* [[Ered Wethrin]]
* [[Eregion]]
* [[Erelas]]
* [[White House of Erendis|Erendis]] (White House of Erendis)
* [[Tol Eressëa|Eressëa]], Tol
* [[Eriador]]
* [[Erui]]
* [[Firienholt|Eryn Fuir]]
* [[Mirkwood|Eryn Galen]] (Greenwood the Great)
* [[Mirkwood|Eryn Vorn]] (Greenwood the Great)
* [[Esgalduin]]
* [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] (Lake-town)
* [[Estirin]]
* [[Estolad]]
* [[Ethir Anduin]]
* [[Ethraid Engrin]] (Fords of Isen)
* [[Ethring]]
* [[Ettendales]]
* [[Ettenmoors]]
* [[Evadrien]]
* [[Evereven]] (Valinor)
* [[Everholt]] (Firien Wood)
* [[Evernight]] (Shadowy Seas)
* [[Ezellohar]]
|}

==F==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Faerie]]
* [[Falas]]
* [[Falassë Númëa]]
* [[Falls of Esgalduin]]
* [[Falls of Gelion]]
* [[Eithel Ivrin|Falls of Irvin]] (Eithel Ivrin)
* [[Rauros|Falls of Rauros]]
* [[Falls of Sirion]]
* [[Fangorn Forest]]
* [[Fanuidhol]] (Cloudyhead)
* [[Fanyamar]]
* [[Far Downs]]
* [[Far Harad]]
* [[Haerast|Far Shore]] (Haerast)
* [[Aman|Far West]] (Aman)
* [[Fôs' Almir|Faskalan]] (Fôs' Almir)
* [[Fôs' Almir|Faskala-númen]] (Fôs' Almir)
* [[Fen Hollen]]
* [[Fen of Serech]]
* [[Fenmarch]]
* [[Fens of Sirion]] (Aeluin-uial)
* [[Ferry Lane]]
* [[Field of Celebrant]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Field of Cormallen]]
* [[Fingolfin's Cairn]]
* [[Firienfeld]]
* [[Firienholt]]
* [[Firienholt|Firien Wood]]
* [[Firmament]]
* [[First Deep]]
* [[First Hall]]
* [[Firth of Drengist]]
* [[Firth of Rómenna]]
* [[Fladweth Amrod]]
* [[Foen]]
* [[Folde]]
* [[Folkmoot for Judgement]]
* [[Forannest]]
* [[Forbidden Pool]]
* [[Ford of Brithiach]] (Brithiach)
* [[Ford of Bruinen]]
* [[Sarn Athrad|Ford of Stones]] (Sarn Athrad)
* [[Fords of Isen]]
* [[Forest Gate]]
* [[Brethil|Forest of Brethil]]
* [[Forest of Neldoreth]]
* [[Forest of Region]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Forest River]]
* [[Forest Road]]
* [[Forfalas]]
* [[Forgotten Villages]]
* [[Forlindon]]
* [[Forlond]]
* [[Formenos]]
* [[Amon Anwar|Fornarthan]]
* [[Fornost Erain]]
* [[Forochel]]
* [[Forodwaith (lands)|Forodwaith]]
* [[Forostar]]
* [[The Forsaken Inn|Forsaken Inn]]
* [[Fôs' Almir]]
* [[Eithel Nínui|Fountain of Tinúviel]]
* [[Fox Downs]]
* [[Framsburg]]
* [[Frogmorton]]
* [[Front Gate]]
* [[Front Porch]]
|}

==G==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Belegost|Gabilgathod]] (Belegost)
* [[Gamwich]]
* [[Gap of Calenardhon]]
* [[Gap of Rohan]]
* [[Gardens of Lórien]]
* [[Garth of the Graves]]
* [[Gate of Gold]]
* [[Gate of Isengard]]
* [[Dark Door|Gate of the Dead]]
* [[Gate of the Noldor]] (Annon-In-Gadydh)
* [[Gate Stream]] (Sirannon)
* [[Gates of Morning]]
* [[Gates of Sirion]]
* [[Gateway]]
* [[Gelion]]
* [[Gelion-Ascar Stockade]]
* [[Gilrain]]
* [[Ginglith]]
* [[Girdle of Arda]]
* [[Girdle of Melian]]
* [[Girdley Island]]
* [[Gladden Fields]]
* [[Gladden River]]
* [[Glanduin]]
* [[Mering Stream|Glanhír]] (Mering Stream)
* [[Gliding Water]]
* [[Glithui]]
* [[Glittering Caves]] (Aglarond)
* [[Goblin-gate]] (Back-door)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Goblin-town]]
* [[Golden gates of Valmar]]
* [[Golden Hill]]
* [[Golden Wood]] (Lórien)
* [[Gollum's lake]]
* [[Gondolin]]
* [[Gondor]]
* [[Swans of Gorbelgod|Gorbelgod]]
* [[Pass of Aglon|Gorge of Aglon]]
* [[Ered Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]], Ered
* [[Plateau of Gorgoroth|Gorgoroth]], Plateau of
* great [[East Road]]
* [[Great Chamber of Thrór]]
* [[Swanfleet|Great Fens]] (Swanfleet)
* [[Great Gates]]
* [[Great Gulf]]
* [[Great Hall of Feasts]]
* [[Great Hall of Osgiliath]]
* [[Hall of the Chieftains]]
* [[Great Hall of Thráin]]
* [[Great House]]
* [[Great Lake]]
* [[Great Lands]] (Middle-earth)
* [[Great Market]]
* [[Great Mound]] (Haudh-en-Ndengin)
* [[Great Plains]]
* [[Great rift]]
* [[Anduin|Great River]] (Anduin)
* [[Great Shelf]] (Eagles' Eyrie)
* [[Great Smials]]
* [[Great Southern Forests]]
* [[Great Square]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Great West Road]]
* [[Old Man Willow|Great Willow]]
* [[Greater Gelion]]
* [[Green Dragon]]
* [[Green Emberü]]
* [[Green Hill Country]]
* [[Green Hills]]
* [[Pinnath Gelin|Green Hills]] (Pinnath Gelin)
* [[Greenfields]]
* [[Greenholm]]
* [[Greenway]]
* [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]]
* [[Grey Havens]] (Mithlond)
* [[Grey Mountains]]
* [[Grey Mountains (ancient)]]
* [[Grey Wood]]
* [[Greyflood]] (River Gwathlo)
* [[Greylin]]
* [[Grimslade]]
* [[Grinding Ice]] (Helcaraxë)
* [[Grindwall]]
* [[Gruir]]
* [[Talath Dirnen|Guarded Plain]] (Talath Dirnen)
* [[Gulf of Lune|Gulf of Lhûn]]
* [[Gundabad]]
* [[Gwathló]], River (Gwathir, Greywood)
|}

==H==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Hadhodrond]]
*[[Haeren]]
*[[Haerast]]
*[[Amon Anwar|Halifirien]] (Amon Anwar)
*[[Brodda's hall|Hall of Brodda]]
*[[Hall of Fire]]
*[[Hallows]]
*[[Mansions of Aulë|Halls of Aulë]]
*[[Khazad-dûm|Halls of Durin]] (Khazad-dûm)
*[[Halls of Mandos]]
*[[Halls of Nienna]]
*[[Hanstovánen]]
*[[Harad]]
*[[Harad Road]]
*[[Hardbottle]]
*[[Harfalas]]
*[[Harlindon]]
*[[Harlond (Gondor)]], Gondor
*[[Harlond (Lindon)]], Gondor
*[[Harnen]], River
*[[South Gondor|Harondor]] (South Gondor)
*[[Harrowdale]]
*[[Haudh-en-Elleth]]
*[[Hill of the Slain|Haudh-en-Ndengin]] (Hill of the Slain)
*[[Hill of the Slain|Haudh-en-Nirnaeth]] (Hill of the Slain)
*[[Haudh in Gwanûr]]
*[[Dwimorberg|Haunted Mountain]] (Dwimorberg)
*[[Cirith Gorgor|Haunted Pass]] (Cirith Gorgor)
*[[Avallónë|Haven of the Eldar]] (Avallónë)
*[[Haven of the Swans]] (Alqualondë)
*[[Grey Havens|Havens of Mithlond]] (Grey Havens)
*[[Mouths of Sirion|Havens of Sirion]]
*[[Havens of the Falas]]
*[[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]]
*[[Buckland Gate|Hay Gate]] (Buckland Gate)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Haysend]]
*[[Heath of the Sky-roof]]
*[[High Hay|Hedge]], the
*[[Sea of Helcar|Helcar]], Sea of
*[[Helcaraxë]]
*[[Helevorn]]
*[[Helluin]]
*[[Helm's Deep]]
*[[Helm's Dike]]
*[[Helm's Gate]]
*[[Henneth Annûn]]
*[[Hidden ferries]]
*[[Hidden Way]]
*[[Court of the Fountain (Minas Tirith)|High Court]] (Court of the Fountain)
*[[Taur-en-Faroth|High Faroth]] (Taur-en-Faroth)
*[[High Hay]] (The Hedge)
*[[High Pass]]
*[[Hildórien]]
*[[Amon Anwar|Hill of Awe]] (Halifirien, Amon Anwar)
*[[Hill of Erech]]
*[[Hill of Guard]]
*[[Amon Lhaw|Hill of Hearing]] (Amon Lhaw)
*[[Hill of Himring]]
*[[Taniquetil|Hill of Ilmarin]] (Taniquetil)
*[[Hill of Oromet]]
*[[Amon Hen|Hill of Seeing]] (Amon Hen)
*[[Amon Ethir|Hill of Spies]] (Amon Ethir)
*[[Amon Lhaw|Hill of the Ear]] (Amon Lhaw)
*[[Amon Hen|Hill of the Eye]] (Amon Hen)
*[[The Hill|Hill]], the
*[[Hills of Agar]] (Pinnath Gelin)
*[[Emyn Eglain|Hills of Eglamar]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Hills of Evendim]] (Emyn Uial)
*[[Hills of Scary]]
*[[Hill of the Slain]]
*[[Himlad]]
*[[Himring]]
*[[Hírilorn]]
*[[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] (Misty Mountains)
*[[Hither Lands]]
*[[Hither Shore]] (Nevrast)
*[[Hithlum]]
*[[Hoarwell]] (River Mitheithel)
*[[Hobbiton]]
*[[Hobbiton Hill]] (The Hill)
*[[Hobbiton Road]]
*[[Hollin]] (Eregion)
*[[Doors of Durin|Hollin Gate]] (Doors of Durin, West-door)
*[[Hollin ridge]]
*[[Hornburg]]
*[[Hornrock]]
*[[House of Oromë]]
*[[House of the Hundred Chimneys]]
*[[House of the Kings]]
*[[House of the Mírdain]]
*[[House of the Stewards]]
*[[House of Ransom]]
*[[House of Tulkas]]
*[[Houses of Healing]]
*[[Halls of Mandos|House of the Dead]] (Halls of Mandos)
*[[Houses of the Dead]]
*[[Huts of the raft-elves]]
*[[Hyarastorni]]
*[[Hyarmentir]]
*[[Hyarnustar]]
*[[Hyarrostar]]
|}

==I==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Iant Iaur]]
* [[Icebay of Forochel]]
* [[Ice of the North]] (Helcaraxë)
* [[Idril's secret way]]
* [[Trann|i Drann]] (the Shire)
* [[Illuin]]
* [[Ilmarin]]
* [[Ilmen]], Chasm of
* [[Ilmen]]
* [[Ilu]]
* [[Ilurambar]]
* [[Imlad Morgul]] (Morgul Vale)
* [[Rivendell|Imladris]] (Rivendell)
* [[Imloth Melui]]
* [[Imrath Gondraith]] (Stonewain Valley)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Inner Seas]]
* [[Sea of Rhûn|Inland Sea]] (Sea of Rhûn)
* [[Sea of Helcar|Inland Sea of Helcar]]
* [[Írensaga]]
* [[Angband|Iron Fortress]] (Angband)
* [[Iron Hills]]
* [[Iron Mountains]]
* [[Irtinsa]]
* [[Isen]]
* [[Isengard]]
* [[Isenmouthe]]
* [[Ishmalog]]
* [[Almaren|Isle of Almaren]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Isle of Balar]]
* [[Isle of Elenna]]
* [[Tol Eressëa|Isle of Eressëa]] (Tol Eressëa)
* [[Meneltarma|Isle of Meneltarma]]
* [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth|Isle of Werewolves]] (Tol-in-Gaurhoth)
* [[Isles of the West]] (Aman)
* [[Ithilien]]
* [[Pools of Ivrin|Ivrin]] (Eithel Irvin)
* [[Ivrin's Well]]
* [[Ivy Bush]]
|}

==J==
*N/A

==K==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Kalormë]]
* [[Kapalinda]]
* [[Rivendell#Etymology|Karningul]] (Rivendell)
* [[Celos|Kelos]]
* [[Kelusindi]]
* [[Khand]]
* [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]
* [[Kheled-zâram]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Kibil-nâla]] (Spring of Silverlode)
* [[Kingdom of the South]] (Gondor)
* [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] (Erebor)
* [[King's Court]]
* [[King's House]] (in [[Gondor]])
* [[King's house]] (in [[Númenor]])
* [[King's house|King's palace]] (in [[Númenor]])
* [[Kingsland]] (Arandor [in Númenor])
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Arnor#Etymology|Kingsland]] (Arnor)
* [[Fornost Erain|Kings' Norbury]] (Fornost Erain)
* [[Ciril|Kiril]]
* [[Cirith Ungol|Kirith Ungol]]
* [[Kôr]]
* [[Kortirion]]
|}

==L==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Ladros]]
*[[Helevorn|Lake Helevorn]]
*[[Lake Mithrim]]
*[[Lake Evendim|Lake Nenuial]]
*[[Lake-town]] (Esgaroth)
*[[Lamedon]]
*[[Lammoth]]
*[[Lampwrights' Street]] (Rath Celerdain)
*[[Dor-Cúarthol|Land of Bow and Helm]]
*[[Númenor|Land of Gift]]
*[[Dor Firn-i-Guinar|Land of the Dead that Live]] (Dor Firn-i-Guinar)
*[[Land of the Sun]]
*[[Middle-earth#Names|Lands Without]] (Middle-earth)
*[[Anduin|Langflood]] (River Anduin)
*[[Langstrand]] (Anfalas)
*[[Langwell]], River
*[[Lanthir Lamath]]
*[[Last Bridge]] (Bridge of Mitheithel)
*[[last Desert]]
*[[Rivendell|Last Homely House]]
*[[Methedras|Last Mountain]] (Methedras)
*[[Last Shore]] (Eressëa, Calacirian)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Laurelin]]
*[[Lothlórien|Laurelindórenan]] (Lórien)
*[[Lebennin]]
*[[Lefnui]], River
*[[Legolin]], River
*[[Lesser Market]]
*[[Lhûn]] (River Lune)
*[[Limlight]]
*[[Linaewen]]
*[[Lindon]]
*[[Lothlórien|Lindórinan]] (Lórien)
*[[Linhir]]
*[[Lisgardh]]
*[[Lithir]], River
*[[Lithlad]]
*[[Little Delving]]
*[[Little Gelion]], River
*[[Little Lune]]
*[[Lockholes]] (at Michael Delving)
*[[Loeg Ningloron]] (Gladden Fields)
*[[Lond Daer|Lond Daer Enedh]] (Lond Daer)
*[[Lone-lands]]
*[[Tol Eressëa|Lonely Isle]] (Tol Eressëa)
*[[Lonely Mountain]] (Erebor)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Longbottom]]
*[[Long Cleeve]]
*[[Long Lake]]
*[[Long Marshes]]
*[[Andram|Long Wall]], the (Andram)
*[[Lórellin]]
*[[Lothlórien|Lórien]]
*[[Lórinand]] (Lórien)
*[[Losgar]]
*[[Lossarnach]]
*[[Eressêa|Lost Isle]] (Eressêa)
*[[Desert of Lostladen|Lostladen, Desert of]]
*[[Lothlann]]
*[[Lothlórien]]
*[[Loudwater]] (River Bruinen)
*[[Lower Halls]]
*[[Barad-dûr|Lugbúrz]] (Barad-dûr)
*[[Lhûn|Lune]] (River Lhûn)
*[[Luinil]]
*[[Lumbar]]
*[[Luthany]]
*[[Luvailin]] (Shadowmere)
|}

==M==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Bamfurlong|Maggot's Farm]] (Bamfurlong)
*[[Maggot's Lane]]
*[[Maglor's Gap]]
*[[Máhanaxar]] (Ring of Doom)
*[[Malduin]], River
*[[Halls of Mandos|Mandos]], Halls of
*[[Mansions of Aulë]]
*[[March of Maedhros]]
*[[Marish]], The
*[[Riddermark|Mark]], The (Riddermark)
*[[Mar-nu-Falmar]] (Atalantë)
*[[Marshes in the south]]
*[[Marshes of Nevrast]]
*[[Meduseld]]
*[[Men-i-Naugrim]] (Forest Road)
*[[Menegroth]]
*[[Menelrond]]
*[[Menelmacar]]
*[[Menelmakil]]
*[[Meneltarma]]
*[[Menelvagor]]
*[[Mere of Dead Faces]]
*[[Meres of Twilight]] (Aelin-uial)
*[[Great Hall of Feasts|Merethrond]] (Hall of Feasts)
*[[Mering Stream]]
*[[Methed-en-glad]]
*[[Methedras]]
*[[Methiriad]]
*[[Michel Delving]]
*[[Middle-earth]]
*[[Midgewater Marshes]]
*[[Old Mill|Mill]], Sandyman's (Old Mill)
*[[Minas Anor]]
*[[Minas Morgul|Minas Ithil]]
*[[Minas Morgul]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Minas Tirith]] (Gondor)
*[[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] (Tol Sirion)
*[[Mindeb]], River
*[[Mindolluin]], Mount
*[[Mindon Eldaliéva]]
*[[Minhiriath]]
*[[Min-Rimmon]]
*[[Mirkwood]]
*[[Mirrormere]]
*[[Misty Mountains]] (Hithaeglir)
*[[Mithe]]
*[[Mithe Steps]]
*[[Mitheithel]] (River Hoarwell)
*[[Grey Havens|Mithlond]] (Grey Havens)
*[[Mithrim]]
*[[Mittalmar]]
*[[Moors of the Nibin-noeg|Moors of the Neweglu]]
*[[Moors of the Nibin-noeg]]
*[[Folkmoot for Judgement|Moot of Brethil]]
*[[Moot-ring]]
*[[Black Gate|Morannon]]
*[[Mordor]]
*[[Morgai]]
*[[Morgul Pass]]
*[[Morgul-road]]
*[[Morgulduin]], River
*[[Moria]] (Khazad-dûm)
*[[Moria]], Mountains of
*[[Moriondë]]
*[[Mornan]]
*[[Morthond]], River
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Mound of the Riders]]
*[[Mounds of Mundburg]]
*[[Mountains of Moria]]
*[[Dolmed|Mount Dolmed]]
*[[Mount Doom]]
*[[Taniquetil|Mount Everwhite]] (Taniquentil)
*[[Mount Fang]] (Orthanc)
*[[Mount Gram]]
*[[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]]
*[[Mindolluin|Mount Mindolluin]]
*[[Orod-na-Thôn|Mount of the Pine Tree(s)]] (Orod-na-Thôn)
*[[Rerir|Mount Rerir]]
*[[Taras|Mount Taras]]
*[[Mountain of Fire]]
*[[Pelóri|Mountains of Aman]] (The Pelóri)
*[[Mountains of Angmar]]
*[[Blue Mountains|Mountains of Lune]] (Ered Luin, Blue Mountains)
*[[Mountains of Mirkwood]]
*[[Mountains of Mithrim]]
*[[Ered Wethrin|Mountains of Shadow]] (Ered Wethrin)
*[[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] (Ephel Dúath)
*[[Mountains of Terror]] (Ered Gorgoroth)
*[[Ered Gorgoroth|Mountains of the East]] (Orocarni)
*[[Mountain Wall]]
*[[Ethir Anduin|Mouths of Anduin]]
*[[Mouths of Entwash]]
*[[Mouths of Sirion]]
*[[Mundburg]] (Minas Tirith of Gondor)
|}

==N==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Naith]], the
*[[Mordor|Nameless Land]] (Mordor)
*[[Nan Curunír]]
*[[Nan Dungortheb]]
*[[Nan Elmoth]]
*[[Nan-tathren]] (Tasarinan)
*[[Nanduhirion]]
*[[Narchost]]
*[[Nardol]]
*[[Nargil Pass]]
*[[Nargothrond]]
*[[Narog]], River
*[[Narrows of the Forest]]
*[[Near Harad]]
*[[Needlehole]]
*[[Forest of Neldoreth|Neldoreth]], Forest of
*[[Neldoreth (Rhûn)]]
*[[Nen (river in Valinor)|Nen]]
*[[Nénar]]
*[[Cuiviénen|Nen Echui]] (Cuiviénen)
*[[Nen Girith]] (Dimrost)
*[[Nen Hithoel]]
*[[Nen Lalaith]]
*[[Nenning]], River
*[[Nenuial]] (Lake Evendim)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Nether Darkness]]
*[[Nevrast]] (Hither Shore)
*[[Nevrast]]
*[[Lond Daer Enedh|New Haven]] (Lond Daer Enedh)
*[[New lands]]
*[[Newbury]]
*[[Nimbrethil]]
*[[Nimrodel]], River
*[[Nindalf]]
*[[Nindamos]]
*[[Gladden River|Ninglor]] (River Gladden)
*[[Nîn-in-Eilph]] (Swanfleet)
*[[Nísimaldar]]
*[[Nísinen]], Lake
*[[Nivrim]]
*[[Nobottle]]
*[[Nogrod]]
*[[Noirinan]]
*[[Noman-lands]]
*[[Fornost|Norbury]] (Fornost)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Nornhabar]]
*[[North Cape]]
*[[North Downs]]
*[[North End]] (Moria)
*[[North Farthing]]
*[[Buckland Gate|North Gate]] (Buckland Gate)
*[[North Ithilien]]
*[[Arnor|North Kingdom]] (Arnor)
*[[Northlands]]
*[[North March]] (Gondor)
*[[North Marches of Beleriand]]
*[[North-march]] (Brethil)
*[[North Moors]]
*[[North Road]]
*[[North Road of Ithilien]] (Southward Road)
*[[North-South Road]]
*[[North Stair]]
*[[North Undeep]]
*[[North-way]]
*[[Eriador|Northerland]] (Eriador)
*[[darkness of the North|Northern dark]]
*[[Northern Waste]]
*[[Novrod]] (Nogrod)
*[[Woods of Núath|Núath]] , Woods of
*[[Númenor|Númendor]] (Númenor)
*[[Númenor]]
*[[Nunduinë]]
*[[Nurn]]
|}

==O==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Oatbarton]]
* [[Obel Halad]]
* [[Ocean]]
* [[Taniquetil|Oiolossë]] (Taniquetil)
* [[Oiomúrë]]
* [[Iant Iaur|Old Bridge]] (Iant Iaur)
* [[Old Ford]]
* [[Old Forest]]
* [[Old Forest Road]]
* [[Old Grange]]
* [[Old Guesthouse]] (Sennas Iaur)
* [[Old Mill]]
* [[Drúwaith Iaur|Old Púkel land]] (Drúwaith Iaur)
* [[Old Road]]
* [[Old South Road (Beleriand)]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Old South Road]] (Middle-earth)
* [[Old Winyards]]
* [[Old World]]
* [[Ondolindë]] (Gondolin)
* [[Ondoluncanando]] (Stonewain Valley)
* [[Gondor|Ondonórë]] (Gondor)
* [[Ondosto]]
* [[Onodló]] (Entwash)
* [[Orc-holds]]
* [[Orfalch Echor]]
* [[Ormal]]
* [[Orocarni]] (Red Mountains)
* [[Orod-na-Thôn]] (Pine-mountain)
* [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]] (Mount Doom)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Oromet]]
* [[Orrostar]]
* [[Orthanc]]
* [[Osgiliath]]
* [[Ossiriand]]
* [[Ost-in-Edhil]]
* [[Valinor|Otherworld]] (Valinor, in the ''[[Eärendillinwë]]'')
* [[Void|Outer Dark]] or [[Void|Outer Darkness]]
* [[Outer Lands]]
* [[Outer Sea]]
* [[Outlands]]
* [[Overbourn]]
* [[Overbourn Marshes]]
* [[Overhill]]
|}

==P==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Palisor]]
*[[Field of Celebrant|Parth Celebrant]] (Field of Celebrant)
*[[Parth Galen]]
*[[Party Field]]
*[[Pass of Aglon]]
*[[Anach|Pass of Anach]]
*[[Pastures of Yavanna]]
*[[Paths of the Dead]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Pelargir]]
*[[Pelennor Fields]]
*[[Pelóri]]
*[[Pen-arduin]]
*[[Phûrunargian]] (Khazad-dûm)
*[[Argonath|Pillars of the King]] (Argonath)
*[[Pincup]]
*[[Orod-na-Thôn|Pine-mountain]] (Orod-na-Thôn)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Pine of Tavrobel]]
*[[Pinnath Gelin]]
*[[Place of the Fountain]]
*[[Place of the Well]]
*[[Pool of Bywater]]
*[[Pool-side]]
*[[Pools of Ivrin]] (Eithel Ivrin)
*[[Poros]], River
*[[The Prancing Pony|Prancing Pony]], the
|}

==Q==
*[[Qerkaringa]]
*[[Quarry]]

==R==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Radhrim]]
*[[Rainbow Cleft]] (Cirith Ninniach)
*[[Ramdal]]
*[[Rammas Echor]]
*[[Ras Mewrim]]
*[[Ras Morthil]] (Andrast)
*[[Rath Celerdain]]
*[[Rath Dínen]]
*[[Rathlóriel]]
*[[Rauros]]
*[[Ravenhill]]
*[[Ravines of Taeglin|Ravines of Teiglin]] (Cabed-en-Aras)
*[[Caradhras|Redhorn]] (Caradhras)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Caradhras|Redhorn Gate]], Pass
*[[Redwater]] (River Carnen)
*[[Forest of Region|Region]]
*[[Region of Everlasting Cold]]
*[[Remmirath]]
*[[Reunited Kingdom]]
*[[Rhimdath]]
*[[Rhosgobel]]
*[[Rhovanion]]
*[[Rhudaur]]
*[[Rhûn]]
*[[Min-Rimmon]] (Min-Rimmon)
*[[Máhanaxar|Ring of Doom]] (Máhanaxar)
*[[Ring of Isengard]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Ringil (tower)|Ringil]] (tower)
*[[Sea of Ringil|Ringil, Sea of]]
*[[Ringló]], River
*[[Ringló Vale]]
*[[Ringwil]], River
*[[Rivendell]] (Imladris)
*[[River Running]]
*[[Rivil]]
*[[Rivil's Well]]
*[[Road of Arches]]
*[[Road of Pomps]]
*[[Rohan|Rochand]] (Rohan)
*[[Rómenna]]
*[[Rôs]]
*[[Ruamórë]]
*[[Rhûn#Other versions of the Legendarium|Rûnaer]]
*[[Rushdown]]
*[[Rushock Bog]]
*[[Rushey|Rushy]] (Rushey)
|}

==S==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Sammath Naur]]
*[[Old Mill|Sandyman's Mill]] (Old Mill)
*[[Sarn Athrad]]
*[[Sarn Ford]] (Sarn Athrad of Eriador)
*[[Sarn Gebir]]
*[[Sauron's Isle]] (Tol Sirion)
*[[Sauron's Road]]
*[[Sauron's Temple]]
*[[Scary]]
*[[The Sea|Sea]], the
*[[Sea of Helcar]]
*[[Sea of Núrnen]]
*[[Sea of Rhûn]]
*[[Sea of Ringil]]
*[[Seat of Hearing]]
*[[Seat of Seeing]]
*[[Sea-ward Tower]]
*[[Second Hall]]
*[[Serni]] (River Sernui)
*[[Seven Gates of Gondolin]]
*[[Seventh Level]]
*[[Seven Stars]]
*[[Luvailin|Shadowmere]] (Luvailin)
*[[Enchanted Isles|Shadowy Isles]] (Enchanted Isles)
*[[Ered Wethrin|Shadowy Mountains]] (Ered Wethrin)
*[[Ephel Dúath|Shadowy Mountains]] (Ephel Dúath)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Shadowy Seas]]
*[[Shadowy Spring]]
*[[Amon Rûdh|Sharabhund]] (Amon Rûdh)
*[[Shathûr]] (Cloudyhead)
*[[Shelob's Lair]]
*[[The Shire|Shire]], the
*[[Shirebourn]], River
*[[Back Door|Side-door]]
*[[Celebrant|Silverlode]], River (Celebrant)
*[[Celebdil|Silvertine]] (Celebdil)
*[[Sindanórie]]
*[[Sirannon]]
*[[Siril]], River
*[[Sirion]], River
*[[Sirith]], River
*[[Sirnúmen]]
*[[Gladden River|Sîr Ninglor]]
*[[Slag-hills]]
*[[Snowbourn]], River
*[[Snowmane's Howe]]
*[[Sorontil]]
*[[Soronúmë]]
*[[South Downs]]
*[[Southern Fiefs]]
*[[Southfarthing|South Farthing]]
*[[South Gondor]]
*[[South Ithilien]]
*[[Gondor|South Kingdom]] (Gondor)
*[[South Lane]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Old South Road|South Road]], Eriador
*[[South Road]], Gondor
*[[South Undeep]]
*[[Southward Road]]
*[[Spider-colony]]
*[[Staddle]]
*[[Stair Falls]]
*[[Stair of the Hold]]
*[[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]]
*[[Standelf]]
*[[Starkhorn]]
*[[Star of Eärendil]]
*[[Fen Hollen|Steward's Door]] (Fen Hollen)
*[[Stock]]
*[[Stock Road]]
*[[Stock-brook|Stockbrook]]
*[[Stone-city]]
*[[Stone-houses]]
*[[Stonewain Valley]]
*[[Gondor|Stoningland]] (Gondor)
*[[Straight Road]]
*[[Straight Stair]]
*[[Straits of the World]]
*[[Sun]]
*[[Sundering Seas]] (Belegaer)
*[[Sunlands]] (Harad and beyond)
*[[Sunlendings]] (Anórien)
*[[Hornburg|Sûthburg]] (Hornburg)
*[[Sûza]] (The Shire)
*[[Swanfleet]]
|}

==T==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Taeglin]], River
*[[Talath Dirnen]]
*[[Taruithorn]]
*[[Thargelion|Talath Rhûnen]] (Thargelion)
*[[Taniquetil]]
*[[Fôs' Almir|Tanyasalpë]] (Fôs' Almir)
*[[Taras]]
*[[Taras-ness]]
*[[Tar-Minastir]]
*[[Tarlang's Neck]]
*[[Tarmasundar]]
*[[Tarn Aeluin]]
*[[Tarnost]]
*[[Tasarinan]] (Nan-tathren)
*[[Tauremorna]] (Fangorn)
*[[Fangorn Forest|Tauremornalómë]] (Fangorn)
*[[Mirkwood|Taur e-Ndaedelos]] (Mirkwood)
*[[Taur-en-Faroth]]
*[[Taur-im-Duinath]]
*[[Dorthonion#Etymology|Taur-na-Foen]] (Dorthonion)
*[[Forest of Neldoreth|Taur-Na-Neldor]] (Forest of Neldoreth)
*[[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]] (Dorthonion)
*[[Mirkwood|Taur-nu-Fuin]] (Mirkwood)
*[[Tavrobel]]
*[[Teeth of Mordor]]
*[[Tekel-Mirim]]
*[[Telperion]]
*[[Telumendil]]
*[[Temple of Sauron]]
*[[Thalos]], River
*[[Thangorodrim]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Tharbad]]
*[[Thargelion]]
*[[The Wild]]
*[[Third Deep]] (Moria)
*[[Thistle Brook]]
*[[Thorin's Halls]]
*[[Thorn Sir]]
*[[Menegroth|Thousand Caves]] (Menegroth)
*[[Three-Farthing Stone]]
*[[Thrihyrne]]
*[[Tighfield]]
*[[Til (star)]]
*[[Timeless Halls]]
*[[Tindrock]] (Tol Brandir)
*[[Tirion]]
*[[Tirin na Gilweth]]
*[[Tirith Aear]]
*[[Tol Brandir]]
*[[Tol Eressëa]] (Eressëa)
*[[Tolfalas]]
*[[Tol Fuin]]
*[[Tol Galen]]
*[[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] (Tol Sirion)
*[[Tol Morwen]]
*[[Tol Sirion]]
*[[Tol Uinen]]
*[[Tol Withernon]]
*[[Tomb of Elendil]]
*[[Tombs of the Kings]]
*[[Tongue]]
*[[Tookbank]]
*[[Tookland]]
*[[Tompollë]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Shelob's Lair|Torech Ungol]] (Shelob's Lair)
*[[Tower Hall]]
*[[Tower Hills]]
*[[Tower of Avallónë]]
*[[Tower of Cirith Ungol]]
*[[Tower of Ecthelion]] (White Tower)
*[[Mindon Eldaliéva|Tower of Ingwë]] (Mindon Eldaliéva)
*[[Tower of the King]]
*[[Tower of Pearl]]
*[[Tower of the Stone]]
*[[Towers of the Teeth]] (Narchost, Carchost)
*[[Town Hole]]
*[[Tram Nybol]]
*[[Treebeard's Hill]]
*[[Treegarth of Orthanc]]
*[[Trolls' lair]]
*[[Trollshaws]]
*[[Troll Ridge]]
*[[Tuckborough]]
*[[Tumhalad]]
*[[Tumladen|Tumladen of Gondolin]]
*[[Tumladen (Gondor)|Tumladen of Gondor]]
*[[Tumunzahar]] (Nozgrod)
*[[Túna]]
*[[Twenty-First Hall]]
*[[Aelin-uial|Twilight Meres]] (Aelin-uial)
*[[Two Trees of Valinor]]
*[[Two Watchers]]
*[[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]] (Barrow-downs)
|}

==U==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Udul]]
*[[Udûn (stronghold)|Udûn]] (Utumno)
*[[Udûn (valley)|Udûn of Mordor]]
*[[Umbar]]
*[[Aelin-uial|Umboth-muilin]] (Aelin-uial, Twilight Meres)
*[[Undeeps]] (North and South)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Undergate]]
*[[Underhill (house)|Underhill]] (house of Tom Bombadil)
*[[Underhill (Hobbiton)|Underhill]]
*[[Under-way]]
*[[Underharrow]]
*[[Undertowers]]
*[[Undying Lands]] (Aman and Eressëa)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Ulmonan]]
*[[Upbourn]]
*[[Uttermost West]] (Aman and Eressëa)
*[[Utumno]]
|}

==V==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
*[[Vaiya]]
*[[Valacirca]]
*[[Vale of Sirion]]
*[[Vales of Anduin]]
*[[Valinor|Valandor]] (Valinor)
*[[Valimar]]
*[[Valmar]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Valinor]]
*[[Veil of Arda]]
*[[Verna]]
*[[Vinyalondë]] (Lond Daer Enedh)
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
*[[Vinyamar]]
*[[Vista]]
*[[Void]]
|}

==W==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[Waking Water]] (Cuiviénen)
* [[Wall's End]] (Ramdal)
* [[Walls of Moria]]
* [[Walls of the Night]]
* [[Walls of the Sun]]
* [[Walls of the World]]
* [[Waste]]
* [[Treegarth of Orthanc|Watchwood]] (Treegarth of Orthanc)
* [[Water-valley]]
* [[Water of Awakening]] (Cuiviénen)
* [[Way of Escape]]
* [[Way of Running Waters]]
* [[Waymeet]]
* [[Weather Hills]]
* [[Weathertop]]
* [[Wellinghall]]
* [[Wells of Ivrin]] (Eithil Ivrin)
* [[Wells of Varda]]
* [[Doors of Durin|West-door]] (Hollin Gate)
* [[West-gate of Bree]]
* [[Doors of Durin|West-gate of Moria]] (Doors of Durin)
* [[West-march]]
* [[West-mark]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[West Beleriand]]
* [[Uttermost West|West of the World]]
* [[West Pass]] (Pass of Sirion)
* [[West Road]]
* [[Westemnet]]
* [[Annúminas|Westermanton]] (Annúminas)
* [[Western Sea]] (Belegaer)
* [[Western Shore]] (Falas)
* [[Westernesse]] (Númenor)
* [[Westfarthing]]
* [[Westfold]]
* [[Westfold Vale]]
* [[Westlands]]
* [[Westmarch]]
* [[Wetwang]] (Nindalf)
* [[Whispering Wood]] (Firien Wood)
* [[White Downs]]
* [[White House of Erendis]]
* [[White Mountain]] (Taniquetil)
* [[White Mountains]] (Ered Nimrais)
* [[White pillar]]
* [[Tower of Ecthelion|White Tower]] (Minas Tirith)
* [[White Towers]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Whitfurrows]]
* [[Whitwell]]
* [[Wild Wood]]
* [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]]
* [[Willowbottom]]
* [[Wilwarin]]
* [[Windle-reach]]
* [[Winding Stair]]
* [[Window-curtain]] (Falls)
* [[Window of the Eye]]
* [[Window of the West]] (Henneth Annûn)
* [[Withered Heath]]
* [[Brown Lands|Withered Wold]]
* [[Withywindle|Withywindle River]]
* [[Withy-weir]]
* [[Wizard's Isle]] (Tol-in-Gaurhoth)
* [[Nan Curunír|Wizard's Vale]] (Nan Curunír)
* [[Wold]]
* [[Wood of Anwar]] (Firien Wood)
* [[Woods of Oromë]]
* [[Woodhall]]
* [[Woodland Realm]]
* [[Woody End]]
|}

==X==
*N/A

==Y==
{| width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=33.33% |
* [[The Yale]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Yellow Mountains]]
| width=33.33% style="border-left: 1px solid #9999FF; padding-left:1em;"|
* [[Yôzâyan]] (Númenor)
|}
==Z==
* [[Celebdil|Zirakzigil]] (Celebdil or Silvertine)

{{DEFAULTSORT:{{PAGENAME}}}}
[[Category:Index]]
[[Category:Locations| ]]

Ambarmenië

2026-03-05T22:09:46Z

Sage: more relevant to that concept

'''''Ambarmenië''''' is [[Quenya]] for "the way of the world", which is, the conditions in which the creatures lived within [[ambar#Ambar|Ambar]], the world. These conditions, being created by [[Ilúvatar]] himself, were fixed and could not be altered by the creatures themselves.<ref>{{NM|P2xi}}, p. 226</ref>

==Etymology==
The term is clearly a combination of ''[[ambar#Ambar|Ambar]]'' ("the World") + gerund of ''[[men-]]'' ("to go, proceed, move").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2691113183.html|articlename=Q. ''Ambarmenië'' pn.|website=Eldamo|accessed=19 January 2023}}</ref>
==See also==
*''[[únat]]''
{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
[[Category:Metaphysics]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]

Únat

2026-03-05T22:07:13Z

Sage: /* Etymology */

'''''únat''''' (pl. '''''únati''''') is a [[Quenya]] noun meaning "a thing impossible to be or to be done". The term refers to physical laws established by [[Ilúvatar]] that are impossible to break. The ''únati'' contrast with the ''[[axan]]i'', which are laws established by Ilúvatar that lesser beings should not, but can, disobey. [[Melkor]] refused to accept any ''axani'' as binding upon him, but he was unable to violate the ''únati'' much to his frustration. Since the ''únati'' remained, they were a perpetual reminder of the existence of Eru and His invincibility, which fed Melkor's unceasing and unappeasable rage.<ref>{{NM|P2ix}}, pp. 205-218</ref>

==Etymology==
The word consists of the prefix ''ú-'', meaning "not, un-, in- (usually with bad sense)", and ''nat'', meaning "thing".<ref>{{VT|39b}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[ambarmenie]]
{{references}}
{{title|lowercase}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Unat}}
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]

Axantur

2026-03-05T22:04:33Z

Sage: /* Etymology */

{{infobox character
| people=[[Númenóreans|Númenórean]]
| name=Axantur
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[akˈsantur]}}
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=
| language=[[Adûnaic]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth={{SA|395}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=unknown (aged 180+)
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Nolondil]]
| siblings=[[Yávien]] and [[Oromendil]]
| spouse=
| children=[[Lindissë]], [[Ardamir (son of Axantur)|Ardamir]] and [[Cemendur (son of Axantur)|Cemendur]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Axantur''' was the third child of [[Nolondil]], a member of the royal line of [[Númenor]]. His cousin was [[Tar-Elendil]], the fourth [[King of Númenor]]. We know almost nothing of Axantur's life, but his descendants would return to the royal family: his great-grandson [[Hallacar]] married [[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Ruling Queen]].<ref>{{UT|earlier}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Axantur'' is a [[Quenya]] name. Its meaning is not glossed, but it is evidently a combination of ''[[axan]]'' ("law, rule, commandment") + ''[[tur]]'' ("master, lord"); an apparent meaning is "Master of Law".<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-874515811.html|articlename=Q. ''Axantur'' m. |website=Eldamo|accessed=29 October 2021}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | VAR | | | | | | | | | | | | |VAR=[[Vardamir|Vardamir Nólimon]] ''{{SA|61}} - {{SA|471|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | AMA | | VAR | | AUL | | NOL | | |AMA=[[Tar-Amandil]] ''{{SA|192|n}} - {{SA|603|n}}''|VAR=[[Vardilmë]] ''b. {{SA|203|n}}''|AUL=[[Aulendil (son of Vardamir)|Aulendil]] ''b. {{SA|213|n}}''|NOL=[[Nolondil]] ''b. {{SA|222|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | ELE | | | | YAV | | ORO | | AXA |ELE=[[Tar-Elendil]] ''{{SA|350|n}} - {{SA|751|n}}''|YAV=[[Yávien]] ''b. {{SA|371|n}}''|ORO=[[Oromendil]] ''b. {{SA|382|n}}''|AXA='''AXANTUR''' ''b. {{SA|395|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| |}}
{{familytree | MEN | | | | LIN | | ARD | | CEM |MEN=[[Tar-Meneldur]] ''{{SA|543|n}} - {{SA|942|n}}''|LIN=[[Lindissë]] ''b. {{SA|551|n}}''|ARD=[[Ardamir (son of Axantur)|Ardamir]] ''b. {{SA|562|n}}''|CEM=[[Cemendur (son of Axantur)|Cemendur]] ''b. {{SA|575|n}}''}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| |}}
{{familytree | ALD | | | | | | | | IRI | | HAL |ALD=[[Tar-Aldarion]] ''{{SA|700|n}} - {{SA|1098|n}}''|IRI=[[Írildë]] ''b. {{SA|700|n}}''|HAL=[[Hallatan]] ''b. {{SA|711|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

{{references}}
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[de:Axantur]]
[[fi:Axantur]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/axantur]]

Bilbo Baggins

2026-02-26T08:23:02Z

Sage: /* Years between */

{{short description|Finder of the One Ring and Ring-bearer}}{{header image|shire}}
{{disambig-two|Bilbo Baggins|tenth child and fifth son of [[Samwise Gamgee]]|[[Bilbo Gardner]]}}
{{infobox character
| name=Bilbo Baggins
| people=[[Hobbits|Hobbit]]
| image=Mike Szabados - Bilbo Baggins.jpg
| caption="Bilbo Baggins" by Mike Szabados.
| pronun=
| othernames=''See [[#Other names|below]]''
| titles=
| position=Burglar, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
| location=[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]] [[Rivendell]] [[Tol Eressëa]]
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Westron]] and [[Sindarin]]
| birth=[[22 September]], {{TA|2890}}<ref name="TA">{{App|B2}}</ref>
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| sailedwest=[[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]
| age=131
| notablefor= [[Quest of Erebor|The Quest of Erebor]] Recovering the [[One Ring]]
| family=[[Baggins Family|Baggins]]
| parentage=[[Bungo Baggins]] and [[Belladonna Took]]<ref name="TA"/>
| siblings=
| spouse=Never married
| children=None
| gender=Male
| height=Between 3' and 3'6<nowiki>''</nowiki>
| hair=Brown, later White
| eyes=
| clothing=Green velvet breeches, red or yellow waistcoat (with brass/gold buttons), brown or green jacket, dark green hood and cloak, [[mithril coat]], boots<ref name="Letter27">{{L|27}}</ref>
| weapons=[[Sting]]
| steed=
}}
<center>{{Quote|Bilbo was very rich and very peculiar, and had been the wonder of the Shire for sixty years, ever since his remarkable disappearance and unexpected return.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[A Long-expected Party]]"}}</center>
'''Bilbo Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] who lived in [[The Shire]] during the final years of the [[Third Age]]. His adventure with the dwarves [[Thorin]] and [[Thorin and Company|Company]] earned him a fortune, and brought the [[One Ring]] of [[Sauron]] back into knowledge.

==Personality==
Before his adventures, Bilbo was considered a very prim and respectable Hobbit for his polite disposition and aversion to anything out of the ordinary. He had strict culinary and hygienic principles, being often less than thrilled with the rough conditions of travel at first. But, being the son of [[Bungo Baggins]] and [[Belladonna Took]], Bilbo had blood from two important Hobbit families, the [[Baggins Family|Bagginses]] and the [[Took Family|Tooks]]. Because of his adventurous "Tookish side" (which sometimes conflicted with his stay-at-home "Baggins side"), Baggins was rather restless and "strange" for a Hobbit. After his return from Erebor, he was regarded much less fondly than before by his fellow Hobbits, but paid them no mind. Though considering himself happily retired from adventures, he often left his home for many days to meet with old friends and strangers, including [[Dwarves]].

Bilbo was noteworthy as the first [[Ring-bearers|ring-bearer]] in the history of [[Middle-earth]] to give up [[the One Ring]] voluntarily; he surrendered the ring to [[Frodo Baggins]] at [[Gandalf]]'s request.

==History==
===Early life===
[[File:Miriam Ellis - The Old Took’s Fireworks, Midsummer’s Eve, 1301.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Bilbo and [[Drogo Baggins]] frolic at one of [[Gandalf]]'s fireworks shows - Art by [[Miriam Ellis]]]]
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Sketch of Bilbo Baggins.png|thumb|120px|Sketch of Bilbo Baggins by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
Bilbo Baggins was born on [[September 22]] by [[Shire Reckoning]],<ref group="note">How the date of Bilbo's (and Frodo's) birthday corresponds with our calendar is a matter of debate. [[Appendix D]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' says that our New Year's Day (January 1) corresponds "more or less" to the Shire's "January 9", and in standard years our September 14 and the Shire's "September 22" both fall 256 days after that date. However, Appendix D also says that the Shire calendar's "[[Midyear's Day]]" is "intended to correspond as nearly as possible to the summer solstice." In the Shire calendar, "September" ([[Halimath]]) 22 is 83 days after Midyear's Day. If we take the summer solstice to be our June 21, then Bilbo's and Frodo's birthday must be 83 days later, which is our September 12.</ref> in the year {{TA|2890|n}} of the [[Third Age]], the son of [[Bungo Baggins]] and [[Belladonna Took]]. He was a grandson of the [[Gerontius Took|Old Took]].<ref name="TA" />

During his youth, Bilbo attended several parties during which he loved to listen to [[Gandalf]]'s stories<ref name="Erebor">{{UT|9}}</ref> about [[Dragons]], [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]] and princesses and was impressed by the Wizard's fireworks. Bilbo also saw the [[Fell Winter]], and was the last hobbit by the End of the Third Age to remember it. His role in the Winter is unknown. After the death of his parents, respectively in {{TA|2926}} and {{TA|2934}}, he inherited [[Bag End]]. In the eyes of his neighbours, he originally seemed just like his father, a solid, sensible, unadventurous and respectable hobbit.<ref name="Party">{{H|1}}</ref> But when becoming older he started to become "strange" and often left his home for many days to meet with strangers, including [[Dwarves]].

Eventually, Gandalf came to believe that Bilbo was the ideal person for an important task he had at hand, for Bilbo was both small-sized and adventurous. Gandalf came to the Shire to visit him in {{TA|2941}} but he had disappeared again because of [[Yestarë|Elven new year]].<ref name="Erebor" />

===Quest of Erebor===
[[File:The Brothers Hildebrandt - An Unexpected Party.jpg|thumb|left|"An Unexpected Party" by [[The Brothers Hildebrandt]]]]
Gandalf managed to address him on a morning, while he sat outside his hobbit-hole. He reluctantly asked Gandalf for [[tea]] next day. Indeed Gandalf came back, bringing [[Thorin and Company|thirteen Dwarves]] with him. First came [[Dwalin]], followed by [[Balin]], next were [[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]], then [[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]], [[Óin]] and [[Glóin]], and at last [[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], [[Bombur]], [[Thorin]] and Gandalf. The Dwarves remained in Bag End for supper and afterwards [[Far over the misty mountains cold|sang a song]] about the [[Sack of Erebor]] and explained the reasons for their unannounced coming: the Dwarves were planning [[Quest of Erebor|a quest]] to reclaim the [[Lonely Mountain]] (and its sizable hoard) from the Dragon [[Smaug]]; or, failing this, to at least recover a sizable amount of treasure from the dragon. Gandalf had volunteered Bilbo to be the company's burglar in order to accomplish these goals. Even with the Dwarves' protests and Bilbo's feeble objections, Gandalf convinced [[Thorin]] that Bilbo was the right person. Thus the Hobbit became the fourteenth member of [[Thorin and Company|the Company]] which left the Shire in {{TA|2941}}.<ref name="Party" /> Bilbo's initial task was to steal as much treasure from Smaug's hoard as possible, as well as recover lost family heirlooms. However, Gandalf's foreboding shows that he instinctively knew that Bilbo's presence would be essential in bringing about Smaug's death and restoring the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]].<ref name="Erebor" />
====Across Eriador====
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Trolls (Colored by H.E. Riddett).jpg|right|thumb|''The Trolls'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
The next day, after assembling at the [[Green Dragon]], the company's journey to the Lonely Mountain began. Thorin and company travelled through the [[Lone-lands]] along high hills and beside castles. After approximately one month, Gandalf disappeared. Oín and Gloín failed to make a fire during a rainy night, and Balin spotted a fire in the distance, which was rare in those regions, and sent Bilbo to investigate.

Bilbo saw three [[Trolls]] when he approached the campfire. He tried to steal one of the Trolls' money purses but was discovered and captured by [[William]], one of the trolls. He escaped the trolls but was helpless to prevent all the dwarves from being captured when they came looking for him. Gandalf, however, came in the nick of time and saved them all by imitating the Trolls' voices. This led to an argument between the Trolls, who argued until dawn, when the sun turned the Trolls to stone. Upon discovery of a troll cave, Gandalf and Thorin took two fine elvish swords from the Trolls' treasure. Bilbo discovered a small elvish blade, no longer than a small knife in size.<ref>{{H|2}}</ref> He kept it with him for the rest of his adventure, wearing it inside his breeches.<ref name="Riddles" />

In June they came to [[Rivendell]]. During their visit Bilbo met [[Elrond]], and became enchanted with the [[Elves]]. On midsummer eve Elrond inspected the swords of Thorin and Gandalf, and looked at [[Thrór's Map]]. Elrond explained that the swords were forged in [[Gondolin]] and were named [[Orcrist]] and [[Glamdring]]. When inspecting the map Elrond found Moon letters that spoke of the [[Back Door|back door of Erebor]], which read:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{H|3}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks, and the setting sun with the last light of Durin's Day will shine upon the keyhole.|{{H|3}}}}

====Over the Misty Mountains====
[[File:Donato Giancola - The Hobbit - Expulsion.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Expulsion'' by [[Donato Giancola]]]]
The next day the company left Rivendell<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and found, with Elrond's advice, the correct way over the [[Misty Mountains]], the [[High Pass]]. During a stormy night, the company took shelter in a dry cave. When everybody was sleeping, [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]] appeared and took their ponies to [[Goblin-town]]. At this moment Bilbo woke up and after seeing that the ponies had disappeared, yelled. Goblins swarmed the cave and captured Bilbo and the dwarves. But thanks to Bilbo's yell, Gandalf awakened in time and avoided capture. Bilbo and the dwarves were brought before the [[Great Goblin]]. When he saw Thorin's sword, Orcrist, he was enraged and wanted to kill Thorin and his companions. But Gandalf came in time to save them and killed the Great Goblin. While escaping, Bilbo was carried by Dori. But when a goblin attacked Dori, he dropped Bilbo.<ref>{{H|4}}</ref>
[[File:Daniel Govar - Riddles in the Dark.jpg|thumb|150px|left|"Riddles in the Dark" by [[Daniel Govar]]]]
When Bilbo's consciousness returned he picked up a strange [[The One Ring|golden ring]]. After wandering through the dark passages he came to the lake of [[Gollum]]. Gollum, desiring to eat the hobbit but not willing to face his blade, engaged in a riddle contest. If Bilbo won, according to the predetermined rules, Gollum would lead him to safety. If Gollum won, Bilbo would allow himself to be eaten. As Bilbo saw no other way to escape, he agreed with Gollum's proposal.<ref name="Riddles">{{H|5}}</ref>
[[File:Cor Blok - The Game of Riddles.jpg|thumb|"[[Riddle-game|The Game of Riddles]]" by [[Cor Blok]]]]
Bilbo won the contest by accident, wondering out loud as he fingered the ring he had picked up, "What have I got in my pocket?" Gollum mistook this for a question, and Bilbo decided to stick to it. Gollum lost, but went back to his little island to take the ring Bilbo had picked up (as it was a magic ring) to turn himself invisible and kill the hobbit anyway. But of course the ring was not there, and Gollum, enraged, suddenly guessed that Bilbo had it. He chased Bilbo, but Bilbo unwittingly used the ring and escaped his notice. Gollum led Bilbo to the eastern door of the goblin-tunnels, through which Bilbo departed in safety.<ref name="Riddles" /> Soon after leaving the caves Bilbo found his companions and used the Ring to slip past Balin, the look-out. [[Balin]] was very impressed that he hadn't noticed Bilbo and his reputation among the dwarves increased. Bilbo told Gandalf and the dwarves about his encounter with Gollum and his escape, but he said nothing of the ring. Thus he rejoined his fellow adventurers.<ref name="Pan">{{H|6}}</ref>

The company had not journeyed long when they heard the howl of a [[Wargs|Warg]]. On Gandalf's order they climbed in a group of trees. Bilbo, however, was not able to climb in one of the trees:<ref name="Pan" />
{{blockquote|He could not get into any tree, and was scuttling about from trunk to trunk, like a rabbit that has lost its hole and has a dog after it.|{{H|6}}}}
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Bilbo woke with the early sun in his eyes.jpg|thumb|"Bilbo woke with the early sun in his eyes" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
With the help of Dori, Bilbo managed to climb in one of the trees. Immediately thereafter, hundreds of Wargs arrived. Gandalf kept them at bay with pyrotechnical pinecones, but eventually goblins came and set the trees on fire. Even Gandalf had begun to despair when the [[Eagles]] of [[Gwaihir]] came to rescue them, taking Bilbo last. The Eagles brought them first to [[Eagle's Eyrie|a wide shelf of rock on the mountain-side]], where they spent the night,<ref name="Pan" /> and then to the [[Carrock]].<ref name="Queer">{{H|7}}</ref> Bilbo did not enjoy his experience being carried by his rescuers, apparently suffering from a fear of heights.<ref name="Pan" />

====Across Wilderland====
From the Carrock they came to [[Beorn]]'s [[Beorn's Hall|Hall]]. Gandalf took only Bilbo at first, but with a story introduced the dwarves in pairs of two, convincing Beorn to invite them for dinner. Bilbo slept uneasily, fearing to be killed by Beorn, while the company spent the night in Beorn's hall. They remained in Beorn's hall, while Beorn had disappeared, for the next two days. On the third day of their stay Beorn returned and gave them mounts, bows, and stocks. He also provided them with council for their coming journey. They departed Beorn's house and travelled three days before they arrived at the edge of [[Mirkwood]]. Bilbo alone (and perhaps Gandalf) noticed that a bear still followed them. At the edge of Mirkwood they returned the ponies, and Gandalf said farewell to Bilbo and the Dwarves. Bilbo was saddened by Gandalf's parting.<ref name="Queer" />

After many days' journey the company came to the [[Enchanted River]]. Bilbo noted that there was a boat at the other shore. Fíli threw an iron hook to grapple the boat and pulled it across the river toward them. The company crossed the river in pairs. While crossing the river, Bombur fell in. They rescued him, but he was asleep because of the river's magic and had to be carried on a litter. Eventually, the dwarves started to give up hope and sent Bilbo to climb a tree midway through the wood. Bilbo declared he could see only trees, not realising they were at the bottom of a bowl formation. Giving up hope, the company noticed campfires of the feasting [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] and, despite the warnings of Beorn and Gandalf, they left the [[Old Forest Road|road]] to contact the elves. However, whenever the company tried to contact them, they extinguished the fires, leaving a complete darkness in the forest, and disappeared suddenly. Thrice the dwarves tried to contact the Elves but all of their attempts failed. After their third attempt Bilbo lost his companions.<ref name="Flies">{{H|8}}</ref>
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Butterflies Above Mirkwood.jpg|thumb|"[[Butterflies]] above [[Mirkwood]]" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Later, a [[Spiders|spider]] attacked Bilbo, who had fallen asleep. Bilbo woke up in time to defend himself with his little blade. He named his blade ''[[Sting]]'' after his first kill. Bilbo discovered that his companions had been captured by the spiders and stowed in their webs. Calling the spiders' names, he lured them away (with [[The One Ring|his ring]]) and came back to rescue the Dwarves. When the spiders returned, the dwarves fought them in a long battle. Eventually, the company won with no serious injuries, but found out that Thorin was missing. Unknown to Bilbo and the other Dwarves, he had been captured by the Wood-elves whose feasts they had interrupted.<ref name="Flies" /> Shortly after the fight with the spiders the remaining members of the company were also captured and brought before [[Thranduil]], king of Mirkwood. Bilbo, with his ring, escaped notice and thus capture. He followed the elves into the [[Elvenking's Halls]], where the dwarves refused to tell their errand to Thranduil and were locked up.<ref name="Barrels">{{H|9}}</ref>

[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Bilbo comes to the Huts of the Raft-elves (II).jpg|200px|thumb|"Bilbo comes to the Huts of the Raft-elves" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
Later, exploring the elven halls with the aid of his magic ring, Bilbo discovered that Thorin was also captured by Thranduil and devised a plan for the dwarves to escape. One day, [[Galion]] (Thranduil's butler) and the head of the guard, were drunk, and Bilbo was able to steal the keys. He freed the Dwarves from their cells and packed them in barrels. His plan worked, with the dwarves being packed and launched into the [[Forest River]]. Poor Bilbo was forced to cling to the barrels, invisible, and grew cold and wet.<ref name="Barrels" />

{{blockquote|He came up again spluttering and clinging to the wood like a rat, but for all his efforts he could not scramble on top. Every time he tried, the barrel rolled round and ducked him under again. It was really empty, and floated light as a cork. Though his ears were full of water, he could hear the elves still singing in the cellar above.|{{H|9}}}}

Upon reaching the [[Long Lake]], Bilbo, with the aid of Thorin, Fili and Kili, searched for the barrels with Dwarves and freed them. They then went to [[Lake-town]], where they received a warm welcome. The [[Master of Lake-town]] invited Thorin and his companions to the feast he'd organised. Despite the feigned hospitality of the [[Master of Lake-town]] and his people Bilbo had an awful cold and could hardly say anything during the banquet. The company stayed two weeks in Lake-town. They were given new ponies and provisions for many days, and they were brought, by boat, to the northern tip of the Long Lake.<ref>{{H|10}}</ref>

====Encounter with the Dragon====
On their way again, the party came to the [[Lonely Mountain]] when autumn waned. Thorin sent Balin, Fíli, Kíli and Bilbo to spy the [[Front Gate]]. Bilbo saw smoke coming out of the front gate, which made the party assume that Smaug was still alive. They returned to their camp and at Bilbo's suggestion they started to search for the [[Back Door]] at the western slopes of the Lonely Mountain. Eventually, the company discovered the back door. But none of them were able to open it, and Bilbo sat for days on the doorstep, thinking. Soon the dwarves began to grumble about the hobbit, but Bilbo finally solved the riddle of the thrush knocking at the last light of Durin's Day:<ref name="Doorstep">{{H|11}}</ref>

{{blockquote|At the very moment he heard a sharp crack behind him. There on the grey stone in the grass was an enormous thrush, nearly coal black, its pale yellow breast freckled with dark spots. Crack! It had caught a snail and was knocking it on the stone. Crack! Crack! Suddenly Bilbo understood. Forgetting all danger he stood on the ledge and hailed the dwarves, shouting and waving.|{{H|11}}}}
[[File:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Smaug the Mighty.jpg|thumb|left|''Smaug the Mighty'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]]]]
The dwarves found that he was right, and with the key managed to open the passage.<ref name="Doorstep" /> Bilbo was, of course, elected to enter the passage first, taking only [[Balin]] with him. Soon Balin halted, but Bilbo went on, finding Smaug's lair and stealing a single jewelled cup before returning. While the Dwarves passed the retrieved treasure to each other and praised Bilbo for his deed, they heard the mountain rumbling. Bilbo had done ill in this, Smaug had awoken and was raged when he missed his cup. Smaug ravaged the mountain and the dwarves were forced to hide in the tunnel, though they lost their ponies. Despite their grumbling, the dwarves had begun to rely on Bilbo's advice for their course of action, and agreed to wait. Bilbo soon decided, however, to return and try and find a weakness in Smaug. Slipping on his ring, he approached the dragon's hoard.<ref name="Inside">{{H|12}}</ref>

Gandalf had indeed done well in choosing Bilbo, for the old worm did not recognise Bilbo's scent, neither could see him, and was puzzled. Nevertheless he sensed the hobbit's presence, and challenged him. Knowing that it would be unwise to reveal his true name or stay quiet, Bilbo replied with a series of riddles, which no dragon can resist puzzling out. Bilbo gave himself a series of names such as "[[Ringwinner]]" and "[[Luck]]wearer", referring to his adventures on the way to the Mountain. Becoming pleased with his riddling, one of the names Bilbo conferred upon himself was "Barrel-rider", and flattered the dragon:<ref name="Inside" />

{{Blockquote|"Well, thief! I smell you and I feel your air. I hear you breathe. Come along! Help yourself again, there is plenty and to spare!" But Bilbo was not quite so unlearned in dragon-lore as all that, and if Smaug hoped to get him to come nearer so easily he was disappointed. "No thank you, O Smaug the Tremendous!" he replied. "I did not come for presents. I only wished to have a look at you and see if you were truly as great as tales say. I did not believe them." "Do you now?" said the dragon somewhat flattered, even though he did not believe a word of it. "Truly songs and tales fall utterly short of the reality, O Smaug the Chiefest and Greatest of Calamities," replied Bilbo. "You have nice manners for a thief and a liar," said the dragon.|{{H|12}}}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Scouring the Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Scouring the Mountain'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
This confrontation did not last especially long, for Bilbo tricked Smaug into showing his underside. Bilbo then saw the gap in the dragon's hard scales, an unprotected place. Bilbo, upon seeing this, cracked a joke and hastily departed, and for this was nearly burned to death. All the same, he escaped and recovered, and told the dwarves what he had learned. This indirectly aided the company, for a [[Thrushes|thrush]] overheard, and this would prove beneficial in the end.<ref name="Inside" />

====Death of Smaug====
As darkness fell, Bilbo urged the dwarves to close the door for fear of Smaug's vengeance. Reluctantly, but at last, they gave in. Just as the door closed, Smaug ravaged the side of the mountain, blocking up the door and destroying the doorstep. However, by mentioning the word "Barrel-rider", Bilbo had led Smaug to believe that the company had been aided by the people of Laketown.<ref name="Inside" /> Thus, Smaug wreaked his vengeance on Laketown. Smaug destroyed the town, but one company of archers, led by [[Bard]], resisted the dragon. When his last arrow, the [[black arrow]], remained, a thrush, who had overheard Bilbo talking about the unprotected patch of Smaug's skin, fluttered around Bard's shoulder. The Thrush passed his knowledge on to Bard who, armed with the knowledge, shot Smaug dead. Smaug fell onto the town, which was devastated by the dragon's attack, but Bard survived and swam to the shores of the lake. There, Bard, an heir of [[Girion]] of [[Dale]], was proclaimed by the people to be king of restored Dale. Bard summoned [[Thranduil]] to help rebuild Laketown and Dale in return for part of the treasure. The armies of Mirkwood and Lake-town joined together and marched to the Lonely Mountain to take their share of the treasure.<ref>{{H|14}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in the Lonely Mountain, Bilbo and the dwarves decided to inspect the hoard while Smaug was away. During this time Bilbo stumbled across a gigantic and beautiful gem. Recalling an earlier conversation, Bilbo realised that it was the famous [[Arkenstone]], but felt strangely reluctant to give it up. Instead, he put it in his pocket and continued on. After a song and gathering of treasure, Thorin gave Bilbo a beautiful [[Mithril-coat|coat]] of ''[[mithril]]'' as the first reward for his services. Thorin led the party to the front gate, and then Balin led them to the [[guardroom]], where they sheltered.<ref>{{H|13}}</ref>

After Bilbo and his companions awoke the next morning they found that many birds, including the aforementioned Trush, assembled at the Lonely Mountain. Although the Thrush tried to say something to the company, none of them could understand him. Therefore the Thrush summoned the [[Ravens|raven]] [[Roäc]], who was able to speak [[Westron]]. Roäc told Bilbo and the dwarves about the events in Lake-town and told Thorin about the approaching armies. He counselled them to make peace with Bard and Thranduil, though it cost them dearly in gold. Thorin rejected this advice and announced that he would not share the treasure with anyone. Then, Thorin sent Roäc as a messenger to his cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]], lord of the [[Iron Hills]], to request aid. The next days they made preparations and blocked the gate with a wall, while they received news from the ravens.<ref name="Gathering">{{H|15}}</ref>

====The Battle of Five Armies and return journey====
{{Blockquote|There is more in you of good than you know, child of the kindly West. Some courage and some wisdom, blended in measure. If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world.|[[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]], ''[[The Return Journey]]''}}
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Arkenstone.jpg|thumb|"[[Arkenstone|The Arkenstone]]" by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
When Bard and Thranduil came to the Front gate, Thorin harshly responded in polite words to Bard. Bard's reasoning did little for the stubborn King under the Mountain and Thorin rejected Bard's proposal to share the treasure.<ref name="Gathering" /> Bilbo feared war, and to prevent this gave the Arkenstone into the hands of [[Bard]] for negotiation. With the praise of Bard, Thranduil, and Gandalf he returned, only to be rejected and cast away for his deed by Thorin. But Bilbo was successful in that Thorin was willing to negotiate, and war was prevented temporarily.

And yet war did come. [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]], at the summons of Thorin, came from the [[Iron Hills]] with an army of Dwarves. Bard refused to let the dwarves enter the mountain, which would mean a long and almost certainly unsuccessful siege. But just as battle was about to be joined, Gandalf called them all to be wary of the new coming danger - the alliance of [[Wargs]] and [[Orcs|Goblins]] against them. Dáin, Bard, and Thranduil took council together, and decided upon a strategy of defending the slopes of the Lonely Mountain. Then the enemy came. Thus was the [[Battle of Five Armies]] fought.
[[File:Darrell Sweet - The Death of Thorin Oakenshield.jpg|thumb|right|''The Death of Thorin Oakenshield'' by [[Darrell Sweet]]]]
During the battle Bilbo stood with Thranduil and Gandalf on [[Ravenhill]]. As the battle went against the Men, Dwarves, and Elves, Bilbo reflected gloomily on the ingloriousness of war and the bitterness of the end. But then the [[Eagles]] of [[Gwaihir]] came, and [[Beorn]] too, and the battle was won. But Bilbo did not see this result, for a falling stone knocked him out. Invisible as he was, his bruised body was not discovered until the next day. Bilbo then bade farewell to the mortally wounded Thorin and his other friends.
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Hall at Bag-End, Residence of B. Baggins Esquire (Colored by H.E. Riddett).jpg|thumb|right|''The Hall at Bag-End, Residence of B. Baggins Esquire'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
The victors divided the treasure and Bard took Bilbo's fourteenth share of the gold and silver in return for the Arkenstone. Bilbo, despite having forfeited his share, was offered a rich reward but refused to take more than two small chests of gold and silver. When Bilbo and Gandalf bid farewell to Thranduil Bilbo gave him a necklace of silver and pearls. Thranduil gave the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] the title "[[Elf-friends|Elf-friend]]" and then he returned with Gandalf to [[the Shire]]. There he discovered that he was believed dead, and an auction was going on of his house and possessions. He bought back his own things, and settled once more peacefully into [[Bag End]].

===Years between===
[[File:Michele Mantoani - Bilbo Baggins.jpg|thumb|"Bilbo Baggins" by [[:Category:Images by Michele Mantoani|Michele Mantoani]]]]
Bilbo lived on in health and comfort. He was considered somewhat of an oddity, because of his unexplained wealth and his travelling nature and also because he stopped growing old at 50, these of course having their explanation in his previous adventure.<ref name="party">{{FR|Party}}</ref>

Occasionally he received strange visitors; dwarves or Gandalf, or he often left the Shire for journeys from time to time. Other hobbits looked at him with amazement and suspicion, but his generous and kind nature put him high in the regard of those who knew him best especially the poorest and less significant hobbits.<ref name="party" />

Although he had no close friends, he maintained visiting relations with his relatives (except the [[Sackville-Bagginses]]) and especially favored young [[Frodo Baggins]], his cousin from both the side of his father and mother; and with whom they shared same birthday. Frodo was an orphan living in [[Brandy Hall]], crowded with "queer" [[Bucklanders|Bucklander]] [[Brandybuck Family|relatives]], until {{TA|2989}} when Bilbo adopted Frodo as his heir, and raised him in Bag End. Together they celebrated lively their common birthdays and Bilbo was notorious for his (inevitable) after-dinner speeches, reciting boring poetry and, after drinking, allusions to his absurd adventures.<ref name="party" /> The two went often out for long walks along the lanes of the [[Water-valley]] and talked about adventure; they were often seen by [[Wandering Companies]] of [[Elves]] (although the hobbits did not see them). When they returned home Bilbo often told Frodo that the Road is like a big dangerous river and all porches are its "springs" and all paths are its "tributaries".<ref name="three" />

Most of his time was spent reading, writing [[There and Back Again|his memoirs]], which only Frodo was allowed to read, writing poetry, translating [[Elvish]] and avoiding his nasty relatives. Young [[Sam Gamgee]] started helping [[Hamfast Gamgee|his father]] tending the garden, whom Bilbo taught reading and writing and also some poetry and lore,<ref name="party" /> such as ''[[The Fall of Gil-galad]]'' (which Sam wrongly believed Bilbo composed himself).<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref>

Around {{SR|1400}}, Bilbo was outside one day when he saw the Sackville-Bagginses; in order to avoid the meeting, he became invisible until he entered his field. He never knew that this was witnessed by young [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], who in his curiosity also entered the field and saw Bilbo reappearing and putting the Ring in his pocket. At some point he even peeked into Bilbo's diary but never shared this knowledge.<ref name="Conspiracy">{{FR|I5}}</ref>

Despite his health and youthfulness, Bilbo himself began to feel ''stretched'' and thin. As time passed and he used his magic ring (and perhaps because of [[Sauron]]'s growing power), his mind was preoccupied with it, often worrying if it is safe and checking on it; once he tried locking it somewhere but he couldn't relax if it wasn't in his pocket, and wanted to use it more often. Sometimes he felt it like "an eye" watching on him.<ref name="party" />

===Bilbo's Farewell Party===
[[File:Livia Prima - Bilbo's Party.jpg|thumb|"[[Bilbo's Farewell Party|Bilbo's Party]]" by [[:Category:Images by Livia Prima|Livia Prime]]]]
At last, in September of {{TA|3001}}, Bilbo threw a [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|grand party]] for his 111th birthday (which happened to be shared with Frodo) that was long prepared and Bilbo became the favourite matter of gossip for the region. During this party he gave [[Bilbo’s Birthday Speech|a speech]], did a vanishing act with his ring and sneaked to Bag End. He only took with him a [[There and Back Again|book]] that he was composing, his sword [[Sting]], his [[mithril coat]], and a dark green hood and cloak which had been given to him by [[Thorin]] years before. He attempted to leave the Ring for Frodo, along with [[Bag End]] and the rest of his possessions, but had an internal struggle; he left it only thanks to the urging of Gandalf, and Bilbo was the first ringbearer to give up the One Ring in this way. [[Nar (companion of Bilbo)|Three]] [[Anar (dwarf)|Dwarven]] [[Hannar|companions]] were working on his farewell gifts, and left for the east with them.<ref name="party" />

On his way to the east he passed through [[Woody End]] and said farewell to [[Gildor]] and other [[Elves]] at their encampment above [[Woodhall]].<ref name="three">{{FR|Three}}</ref> The [[Third Age 3002|next year]] he visited Rivendell and became a guest of Elrond<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> and apparently he met Gildor once more again around there.<ref name="three" /><ref group="note">Gildor says he met Bilbo a second time far from the Shire, and as Gildor presumably is one of the [[Elves of Rivendell]], it's possible they met at or near Rivendell.</ref>

===End of the Third Age===
[[File:Andrea Piparo - Bilbo in Rivendell.jpg|thumb|''Bilbo in Rivendell'' by [[:Category:Images by Andrea Piparo|Andrea Piparo]]]]
He lived a very pleasant life of retirement in Rivendell: eating, sleeping, writing poetry, and working on his memoir, ''[[There and Back Again]]'' and wrote a book called ''[[Translations from the Elvish]]''.

When Frodo came to Rivendell seventeen years later, they reunited in the [[Hall of Fire]]. While alone, Bilbo mentioned his old ring to Frodo, wishing to see it, but Frodo refused and a shadow fell upon the two. Bilbo briefly turned into a fleshy figure, though he quickly apologized. Shortly afterwards Bilbo finishes composing (with [[Aragorn]]; whom he calls the ''[[Dúnadan]]'') the ''[[Eärendillinwë]]''.<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref>

Bilbo attended the [[Council of Elrond]], offering to take the Ring to [[Mount Doom]]. Nevertheless, this task fell to the younger Frodo, and in farewell Bilbo gave him [[Sting]] and his old ''mithril'' coat, both of which served Frodo well in the struggles to come.

The [[War of the Ring]] was fought far from where Bilbo dwelt, but successfully, and in the end Frodo returned home. Because of the Ring's destruction, that prolonged his life, Bilbo started ageing again; as [[Arwen]] told to Frodo later, Bilbo started looking ancient according to his kind.<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref>

===Passage west===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Departure at the Grey Havens.jpg|thumb|''Departure at the Grey Havens'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
Two years later, however, Bilbo as a former ringbearer accompanied Frodo Baggins, Gandalf, and certain Elves to the [[Grey Havens]], there to take ship for the West, on [[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}. He had already celebrated his 131st birthday, becoming the oldest Hobbit in the history of Middle-earth. As a mortal, he died in the West.

While sailing west, Bilbo composed [[Bilbo's Last Song|a last poem]] looking back on Middle-earth in farewell.

==Legacy==
Already an eccentric during his life in Hobbiton, the disappearance of the "Mad Baggins" was a long-lasting discussion around the Shire. Many speculated that he got mad and seeking adventures he found his death in a river or pool, with Gandalf being responsible for not letting him settle down. Meanwhile Frodo, knowing that he is alive and well somewhere, continued to honor Bilbo's birthday along with his, every year.<ref name="shadow" /> Bilbo thus was one of the many legendary hobbits that were incited by Gandalf to seek adventures; and other hobbit figures of traditions (such as his uncles [[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]] and [[Isengar Took|Isengar]]<ref>{{App|Took}}</ref> or [[Basso Boffin]]) that were taken by the 'wandering-madness', either lost for ever, or returning to remain eccentric and uncommunicable.<ref>{{AB|Foreword}}</ref>

Many years after his second "disappearance" he became a fireside-story for hobbit-children, a legendary figure who used to vanish magically and reappear with bags of treasure.<ref name="shadow">{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

Sam Gamgee named his tenth child [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]] after his hero.<ref>{{App|Samwise}}</ref>

The keepers of the Red Book who copied and translated it were unwilling to make alterations to Bilbo's own text, out of respect for the hero of old, and stuck close to it and its faults. But other later copiers of the Book, based on other notes, wrote the [[Riddles in the Dark|true account]] on the finding of the Ring, resulting to the two differing versions of the story.<ref>{{FR|Finding}}</ref>

===Literary work===
{{Quote|Bilbo was not assiduous, nor an orderly narrator, and his account is involved and discursive, and sometimes confused: faults that still appear in the Red Book, since the copiers were pious and careful, and altered very little.|{{HM|FR}}, "Foreword" (first edition only)}}
*A [[A Walking Song|walking-song]] (poem set on an old tune)
*[[Bilbo's will]]
*''[[There and Back Again]]''
*[[Translations from the Elvish]]
**''[[The Fall of Gil-galad]]''
*''[[Errantry]]''
*[[The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late]]
*''[[Eärendillinwë]]'' (with [[Aragorn]])

==Etymology==
Within the legendarium, "Bilbo" represents a translation of the original [[Hobbitish]] ''Bilba''.<ref name="PM" />

[[John D. Rateliff]] has suggested that the name ''Bilbo'' is very likely a name invented by Tolkien, a "short, simple, made-up name appropriate for a hero of a children's book or light-hearted fantasy story".<ref>{{HM|HHO}}, pp. 47-8</ref>

It has also been noted by [[Paula Marmor]] that [[Wikipedia:Bilbo (sword)|bilbo]] is a kind of Spanish sword deriving its name from Bilbao. The element ''bil'' ("sword") is found in some [[Germanic]] names (such as ''Bilihar'').<ref>{{HM|IE}}, "Etymological Excursion", p. 184</ref>

According to the ''[http://www.bosworthtoller.com/ Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]'', a dictionary of Old English, the element ''bil'' refers to either a farming or military blade, significant in that it must have two edges.<ref>{{webcite|website=BT|articleurl=http://www.bosworthtoller.com/004331|articlename=BIL|accessed=25 August 2015}}</ref> The element ''bó'', equivalent to ''bá'', means both.<ref>{{webcite|website=BT|articleurl=http://www.bosworthtoller.com/0047561|articlename=bó|accessed=25 August 2015}}</ref>

==Other names==
*'''Barrel-rider''', given by himself during his conversation with Smaug, used also by the dragon.<ref name="Inside" />
*'''''Bilba Labingi''''', the original [[Hobbitish]] name for "Bilbo Baggins".<ref name="PM">{{PM|Languages}}, pp. 48-50</ref>
*'''Burglar''', given by [[Gandalf]], which he wrote in Bilbo's door.<ref name="Party" />
*'''Child of the Kindly West''', given by [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]].<ref name="HReturn">{{H|Return}}</ref>
*'''Clue-finder''', given by himself during his conversation with Smaug.<ref name="Inside" />
*'''[[Elf-friend]]''', given by [[Thranduil]].<ref name="HReturn" />
*'''Luckwearer''', given by himself during his conversation with Smaug.<ref name="Inside" />
*'''Mad Baggins''', first given by [[Rorimac Brandybuck]] after Bilbo disappeared suddenly from his Birthday Party.<ref>{{FR|I1}}</ref> It later became the name of a favourite character of legend who would vanish with a bang and a flash, only to reappear with bags of jewels and gold.<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref>
*'''Mr. Lucky Number''', given by Smaug.<ref name="Inside" />
*Bilbo '''the Magnificent''', given by [[Thranduil]].<ref name="HReturn" />
*'''[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]''', for his bearing of the [[One Ring]].
*'''Ringwinner''', given by himself during his conversation with Smaug.<ref name="Inside" />
*'''Stinging Fly''', given by himself during his conversation with Smaug.<ref name="Inside" />
*'''Thief''', from [[Gollum]] after Bilbo stole the [[One Ring]]. [[Smaug]] also used it after he stole a cup.<ref name="Riddles" />
*'''Web-cutter''', given by himself during his conversation with Smaug.<ref name="Inside" />

==Genealogy==
{{Baggins}}
==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The Hobbit (1967 film) - Bilbo Baggins.png|Bilbo in [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 film)]]
File:Sagan om Ringen - Bilbo Baggins.png|Bilbo in [[Sagan om Ringen (1971 film)|''Sagan om Ringen'']]
File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Bilbo Baggins.jpg|Bilbo in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Bilbo.jpg|Bilbo in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Bilbo.jpg|Bilbo in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]
File:David T. Wenzel - Bilbo finds the One Ring.jpg|Bilbo in [[The Hobbit (comic book)|''The Hobbit'' (comic book)]]
File:LOTR 1990-2--1-.png|Bilbo in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Ring, Vol. I]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Bilbo Baggins.jpg|Bilbo in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Bilbo Baggins.JPG|Bilbo in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]
File:The Hobbit (2003) One Ring.JPG|Bilbo in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]
File:Aragorn's Quest - Bilbo.png|Bilbo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]''
File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Bilbo Baggins.jpg|Bilbo in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
File:The Hobbit (film series) - Bilbo.jpg|Bilbo in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Young Bilbo.jpg|Young Bilbo in ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''
</gallery>
===Films===
'''1967: [[The Hobbit (1967 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1967 film)]]:'''
:Many characters are omitted, and Bilbo takes over the roles of several. He causes the "Groans" (substitutes for the trolls) to quarrel, and he kills the dragon [[Smaug|Slag]] with the Arkenstone. At the end, he marries the [[Mika Milovana|princess]] of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1971: [[Sagan om Ringen (1971 film)|''Sagan om Ringen'' (1971 film)]]:'''
:Bilbo hosts [[Bilbo's Farewell Party|an 111th birthday party]] at [[The Shire]]. He dines with [[Gandalf]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry.]] During the party, he dissapears, using [[The One Ring]]. The Narrator then recounts that Bilbo gifted Frodo the Ring as a birthday present. Later, in [[Rivendell]], Bilbo tells of [[Quest of Erebor|his journey]] and discovery of the One Ring. Bilbo tells that he discovered the curious properties of the Ring and begun to understand that it was The One. On the morning following the [[Council of Elrond]], Bilbo gifts Frodo his sword, [[Sting]], and his [[Mithril-coat]], noting that it is strong enough even to deflect the knives of [[Nazgûl|The Black Riders]], despite its light weight. After Frodo puts it on, Bilbo remarks that he looks like a true [[Hobbit]]. Before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] departed, Frodo and Bilbo huddle in a cloak on the stairs to conserve heat. As the Fellowship departs, Bilbo wishes them good luck.

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:[[Orson Bean]] was the voice of Bilbo.

'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''
:[[Norman Bird]] was the voice of Bilbo, and [[Billy Barty]] the body double. Although Bilbo returned to physical aging after giving up the ring, when we see Bilbo again in Rivendell, he has not physically aged.

'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''
:Orson Bean reprised his role as Bilbo. He lives in [[Rivendell]], and listens to the tale of Frodo of the Nine Fingers. Some archive footage from Rankin/Bass' ''The Hobbit'' is also shown at the start of the film.

'''1985: [[The Hobbit (1985 television film)|''The Fairytale Adventures of Mr. Baggins, the Hobbit'' (1985 film)]]:'''
:Mikhail Danilov played Bilbo.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Bilbo is played by [[Ian Holm]], who also played [[Frodo Baggins]] in the radio series 20 years earlier. Although the book states that he didn't visibly age after finding the Ring, Holm portrays Bilbo as older than he should look. In his brief appearance in the [[Prologue: One Ring to Rule Them All...|Prologue]] showing the finding of the Ring, he is disguised to look younger.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:[[Ian Holm]] reprised his role as an older Bilbo,<ref name="PJCasting1">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10150232032911558&id=141884481557|articlename=One comment that...|dated=22-April-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> whilst the younger Bilbo was portrayed by [[Martin Freeman]].<ref name="PJCasting2">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Bilbo in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio:

:{{Blockquote|Like all Hobbits, Bilbo Baggins is fond of his comfortable existence; all he needs to be happy is a full pantry and a good book. When the Wizard Gandalf and 13 Dwarves unexpectedly appear on Bilbo’s doorstep and invite him to join them on a dangerous adventure, Bilbo’s life changes forever. Initially sceptical of the invitation, Bilbo’s spirit of adventure leads him to join the Company of Thorin Oakenshield and become the “burglar” required to complete their quest to outwit a ferocious dragon and reclaim the Dwarves’ stolen treasure. To everyone’s surprise, including his own, Bilbo’s wit and courage prove that there is indeed more to this Hobbit than meets the eye.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}

===Radio series===
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Bilbo is provided by [[Felix Felton]].

'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:Bilbo is portrayed by [[Paul Daneman]], and several times, when he introduces himself, he spells out his last name ("B-A-GG-I-N-S").

'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Bilbo is provided by [[Ray Reinhardt]].

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Bilbo is provided by [[Ray Reinhardt]].

'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''
:Bilbo is played by Horst Bollman.

'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:Bilbo is portrayed by [[John Le Mesurier]].

'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Bilbo Baggins is provided by Peter Bzdúch.

'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''
:Bilbo is played by Klaus Herm.

'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voice of Bilbo Baggins is provided by Marián Labuda. Though Bilbo appears as a character in the same scenes he does in the novel's narrative, his primary role is that of an omniscient, overarching narrator of the entire series. This is portrayed as Bilbo reading from and commenting on the War of the Ring while writing new chapters in the [[Red Book of Westmarch]]. There is a slightly metafictional or postmodern tone to Bilbo's narration, as he occasionally breaks the fourth wall and addresses his nephew Frodo (and sometimes other characters from the Fellowship) directly, with Frodo or the other characters sometimes equally breaking the fourth wall and briefly responding to Bilbo. Until his journey to the Grey Havens at the end of the story, Bilbo spends almost its entirety in Rivendell (from where he narrates and writes the Red Book and notes for it). The prologue about hobbits and the events of his 111th birthday are briefly summarized by Bilbo at the start of the first episode and then the action shifts towards Frodo and Gandalf, and then to Frodo and his three hobbit companions.

===Video games===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Bilbo Baggins is the main character of the game. Together with his companion, [[Thorin]], he travels to [[Lonely Mountain|the Lonely Mountain]]. There they plunder Smaug's lair.<ref name="Newspaper">{{webcite|author=Phil Garratt|articleurl=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg|articlename=Software Review: The Hobbit|website=[http://www.worldofspectrum.org WorldOfSpectrum.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref>

'''1990: [[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|''J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I'' (1990 video game)]]:'''
:Bilbo Baggins first appear in the introduction of the game, in which [[Bilbo's Farewell Party]] appears.

:Bilbo makes a second appeareance in [[Rivendell]], where he can be found in the bedrooms. He asks the player about the Ring and gives him Sting and a Mithril mail.<ref>{{webcite|author=Chris Wallner|articleurl=http://www.thecomputershow.com/computershow/walkthroughs/lordoftheringsvol1walk.htm#rivendell|articlename=Lord Of The Rings: Volume 1 - Walkthrough|dated=|website=thecomputershow.com|accessed=2 March 2012}}</ref>

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:The first time that the game references to Bilbo is during the introduction, when Gandalf mentions that Bilbo won the Ring from Gollum.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]], Introduction</ref> He also makes an appearance in Rivendell, after the [[Council of Elrond]]. When Frodo comes to say goodbye he gives him Sting and his mithril shirt.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)]], Rivendell</ref> He is voiced by [[Jim Piddock]].

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Bilbo is the main protagonist and the titular playable character of the game. The story of ''The Hobbit'' is adapted rather faithfully, but many additional side-adventures for Bilbo are present, involving him killing multiple enemies. He performs several quests in the Shire before reaching Green Dragon, saves an elf named [[Lianna]] in Troll cave, rescues a Dwarf named [[Balfor]] from Goblin-Town, uncovers a treachery among men of Lake-Town and helps Dwarves restore ancient working of Erebor, among other things. He is portrayed with red hair and is voiced by [[Michael Beattie]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Bilbo is a non-playable character, who resides at the [[Rivendell|Last Homely House]] in [[Rivendell]]. The player can find him at the [[Hall of Fire]], chatting with [[Lindir]]. Among other things, he sends the players to Goblin-town with a task to verify several directions and turns in the place, which he had forgotten, but requires for the book he is writing.

'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''
:Bilbo appears in Rivendell.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Bilbo is present in Rivendell, where players can discuss with him various topics at different stages of the story.

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
|race=hobbit
|house=[[Baggins Family]]
|born=[[22 September]], {{TA|2890}}
|died=Sailed west on [[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}
}}
{{seq
|prev=[[Gollum]]
|list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]
|dates=[[19 July]],<ref name=Atlas>{{HM|AME}}, Section 5, p. 98</ref> {{TA|2941}} - [[22 September]], {{TA|3001|n}}
|next=[[Frodo Baggins]]
}}
{{seq-end}}
{{references|note}}
{{Thorin and Company}}{{companyroute}}
{{ringbearers}}
{{councilofelrond}}
{{hobbitfilms}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}
[[Category:Baggins]]
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Bilbo Beutlin]]
[[fi:Bilbo Reppuli]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:bessac:bilbo bessac]]

Goodenough family

2026-02-19T18:10:22Z

Sage:

The '''Goodenough family''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] family. Little is known about the Goodenough family.

The only known member of the Goodenough family is [[Ivy Goodenough]] who married [[Buffo Boffin]].<ref>{{App|Boffin}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Like many hobbit family names, the meaning behind Goodenough is easy to discern, formed by the expression "[[wiktionary:good_enough#English|good enough]]".
{{references}}
[[Category:Goodenough| ]]
[[Category:Hobbit families]]
[[de:Guttgnug]]

Stephen Raw

2026-02-18T20:06:04Z

Sage:

'''Stephen Raw''' (born [[1952]]) is a British artist who drew the seven maps for the revised version of ''The Lord of the Rings'' published in [[1994]], and used in all subsequent English editions. Raw was commissioned by the publishers [[HarperCollins]] and worked under the tutelage of [[Christopher Tolkien]] (who had drawn the originals for his father, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]).

Christopher Tolkien wrote "A Note on the Maps" (page 1140 of the one-volume edition) in which he gave an explanation of the background to the maps.<ref>''[http://www.tolkienmaps.com/index.html Tolkienmaps.com]'', as of June 21, 2010. (external link)</ref> Raw kept an extensive archive of letters and faxes from Christopher from the time they worked on the maps for ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref>[http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2010/06/20/37152-british-artist-who-drew-the-maps-for-j-r-r-tolkiens-the-lord-of-the-rings-visits-usa/#more-37152 British artist, who drew the maps for J R R Tolkien's 'The Lord of the Rings' visits USA] at Theonering.net as of June 21, 2010. (external link)</ref>
==See also==
*[[:Category:Images by Stephen Raw|Images by Stephen Raw]]
==External links==

*[http://www.tolkienmaps.com/index.html Tolkienmaps.com] (official site for the maps)
*[http://www.stephenraw.com/ Stephenraw.com] (official homepage)
*[http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2010/09/11/38485-why-are-there-no-%E2%80%98towers-of-a-distant-city%E2%80%99-on-the-map-of-middle-earth/ Why are there no ‘towers of a distant city’ on the map of Middle-earth?]
*[http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2011/10/17/49124-the-lord-of-the-rings-maps-the-real-history/ The Lord of the Rings Maps: The Real History]

{{references}}

[[Category:Cartographers|Raw, Stephen]]
[[Category:British people|Raw, Stephen]]
[[Category:People by name|Raw, Stephen]]

Finrod

2026-02-13T17:55:51Z

Sage:

{{short description|King of Nargothrond}}
{{infobox character
| people=[[Noldor|Noldo]]
| name=Finrod Felagund
| image=Elena Kukanova - Finrod - First Encounter with Edain.jpg
| caption="Finrod - First Encounter with Edain" by [[Elena Kukanova]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Findaráto'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]) ''[[Ingoldo]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]]) ''[[Nóm]]'' or ''Nómin'' ([[Taliska|T]]) ''Felakgundu'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])
| titles=[[King of Nargothrond]]
| position=
| location=[[Eldamar]] [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] [[Nargothrond]]
| affiliation=[[Nargothrond]] [[Quest for the Silmaril]]
| language=[[Quenya]] [[Telerin]] [[Sindarin]] [[Taliska]]
| birth={{YT|1300}}
| birthlocation=[[Eldamar]]
| rule={{FA|102}} - {{FA|465|n}}
| death={{FA|465}}
| deathlocation=[[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]]
| age=c. 2,381 years<ref group="note">[[Coranar|Amount in solar years]]. Each [[Years of the Trees|Year of the Trees]] is equal to 9.582 Years of the Sun, and the Years of the Trees ended in the [[Year of the Trees 1500|year 1500]].</ref>
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] & [[Eärwen]]
| siblings=[[Angrod]] [[Aegnor]] [[Galadriel]]
| spouse=Lover of [[Amarië]]
| children=None
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Golden
| eyes=
| clothing=[[Ring of Barahir]]
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
{{Quote|Finrod was like his father in his fair face and golden hair, and also in noble and generous heart, though he had the high courage of the Ñoldor and in his youth their eagerness and unrest; and he had also from his Telerin mother a love of the sea and dreams of far lands that he had never seen.|''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', "[[Shibboleth of Fëanor]]"}}

'''Finrod''' was an [[Elves|Elven]] king of the [[Noldor]], eldest son of [[Finarfin]] and older brother to [[Angrod]], [[Aegnor]] and [[Galadriel]]. Finrod was like his father in his fair face and golden hair, and also in his noble and generous heart.

In [[Beleriand]], Finrod became the ruler of [[Nargothrond]], taking the [[Epessë|after-name]] of '''Felagund'''. He was a wise, just and powerful Elf, and a great traveller.<ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', p. 144</ref>

==History==
Finrod was born in [[Eldamar]] in the [[Year of the Trees 1300]] within the [[First Age]], the same as his cousin [[Turgon]].<ref>{{AA|85|note}}</ref> They were friends, and his beloved was [[Amarië]] of the [[Vanyar]].

Finrod was like his father in his fair face and golden hair, and also in noble and generous heart, though he had the high courage of the Noldor and in his youth their eagerness and unrest; and he had also from his Telerin mother a love of the sea and dreams of far lands that he had never seen.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

Finrod was among those who opposed [[Fëanor]] and the [[Exile of the Noldor]]. However, when the Noldor were set to depart from [[Aman]], he joined them, for he would not be sundered from his friends and his people who were eager to go. Also, he had no wish to abandon his people to Fëanor's rule.<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref>

===Return of the Noldor===
Finrod, along with his father, led the rear of the host along with many of the noblest and wisest of the Noldor; and often they looked behind them to see their fair city, especially Finrod, for he had to leave Amarië behind. With him, he brought along many treasures from [[Tirion]],<ref name="return">{{S|Return}}</ref> including [[Ring of Barahir|his Ring]].<ref name="beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref>

Finrod and his people did not participate in the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]. While they were travelling up the coast of [[Araman]], the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Mandos]] appeared and pronounced the [[Doom of the Noldor]], and in that hour, Finarfin forsook the march and returned to [[Valinor]] with many of his people. However, Finrod and his siblings went forward still and led their people on the long and perilous march to [[Middle-earth]].

===Life in Beleriand===
After their victory in the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]], the Noldor started building their numerous realms. Finrod established the tower of [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] on the island of [[Tol Sirion]]. Once, while journeying southward along the river [[Sirion]], Finrod and his friend [[Turgon]] encamped upon its banks. [[Ulmo]], coming up the river, laid a deep sleep upon them and heavy dreams; and it seemed to each that he was bidden to prepare for a day of evil, and to establish a retreat, lest [[Morgoth]] should burst from [[Angband]] and overthrow the armies of the North.

[[File:Mysilvergreen - Finrod Felagund.jpg|left|thumb|''Finrod Felagund'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]
Now on a time Finrod and his sister [[Galadriel]] were guests of King [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]], their kinsman in [[Doriath]]. There, Finrod told Thingol of his admiration for the halls of [[Menegroth]]; and Thingol spoke to him of the deep gorge of the river [[Narog]] and told him about the caves under the [[High Faroth]] in its deep western shore. Thus Finrod came to the [[Caverns of Narog]] and established there deep halls and armouries; and that stronghold was called [[Nargothrond]]. In this he was aided by the [[Dwarves]] of the [[Blue Mountains]], and Finrod rewarded them with many jewels from Valinor. In that time, the [[Nauglamír]] was made for him, the Necklace of the Dwarves. After Nargothrond was made, Finrod committed Minas Tirith to the keeping of [[Orodreth]], his nephew, and was referred to by the additional name of ''Felagund'', an honorific title given him by the Dwarves, meaning a "Maker of Caves".

The realm of Nargothrond extended to the sea, excluding the [[Falas]]. Finrod was a friend and ally of [[Círdan]], and had also built the tower [[Barad Nimras]] upon the cape.<ref>{{S|14}}</ref>

===Encounter with Men===
[[File:Steamey - Finrod, Beor and the Green-elves of Ossiriand.jpg|thumb|''Finrod, Beor and the Green-elves of Ossiriand'' by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamy]]]]
When over three hundred years had passed since the Noldor came to Beleriand, Finrod journeyed east of Sirion and went hunting with [[Maglor]] and [[Maedhros]], two of the [[sons of Fëanor]]. But he wearied of the hunt and passed on alone towards the mountains of [[Ered Lindon]]. There, in the lands of [[Thargelion]], in [[East Beleriand]], Finrod was the first of the Noldor to come across [[Men]]. These were the kindred and followers of [[Bëor]] [[The Old]]. He went among them while they were sleeping and, picking up a harp which Bëor had laid aside, played music upon it such as the ears of men had not heard. When the men awoke and listened to his song, each thought that he was in some fair dream. He long stayed with them, learning [[Taliska|their language]] and teaching them [[Sindarin]]. He also intervened on behalf of the [[Laiquendi]] of [[Ossiriand]], who feared Men would destroy their home, and he got permission of [[Thingol]], who held rule over all [[Beleriand]], to guide the Men to [[Estolad]].<ref name="West">{{S|West}}</ref>

Finrod had a close friendship with [[Andreth]] of the [[House of Bëor]], whom he often visited during the [[Siege of Angband]] to converse with her on the matters of Elves and Men. One such conversation was written down and later known as ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]''.

Finrod participated in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], fighting in the [[Fen of Serech]], when he was surrounded by [[Orcs]]. It was [[Barahir]] of the [[House of Bëor]] who saved his life, and Finrod swore an oath of abiding friendship and aid in every need to Barahir and all his kin. As a token he gave Barahir his ring, which became known as the [[Ring of Barahir]].<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref>

===Quest for the Silmaril===
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Finrod is reminded of his oath.jpeg|thumb|''Finrod is reminded of his oath'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
When, ten years later, Barahir's son [[Beren]] came to Nargothrond seeking help, Finrod went with him on the [[Quest for the Silmaril]] to repay his debt. [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], who were living in Nargothrond at the time, persuaded (using barely veiled threats related to their [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]]) most of Nargothrond to stay behind. Only ten warriors, headed by one [[Edrahil]], were faithful and came with them. Beneath the [[Shadowy Mountains]] they came upon a company of [[Orcs]], and slew them all in their camp. They took their gear and weapons, and by the magic of Finrod, their own forms and faces were changed to the likeness of Orcs. Thus disguised, they came far upon their northward road between [[Ered Wethrin]] and the highlands of [[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)|Taur-nu-Fuin]]. However, the twelve were captured and imprisoned by [[Sauron]] on [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] ("Isle of Werewolves").<ref name="beren" />

Thus befell the contest of Finrod and Sauron. Finrod strove with Sauron in [[He chanted a song of wizardry,|songs of power]], and the power of the Elven King was very great. But in the end, Sauron had the mastery.

[[File:Anke Eißmann - Death of Finrod Felagund.jpeg|thumb|''Death of Finrod Felagund'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
Then Sauron stripped from them their disguise, but though their kinds were revealed, he could not discover their names or their purposes.

Sauron imprisoned them and one by one they were killed by werewolves until only Beren and Felagund were left, but none of the companions betrayed them. When the werewolf came to kill Beren, Felagund put forth all his power and burst his bonds. He wrestled with the werewolf, and slew it with his hands and teeth. Yet he himself was mortally wounded, and he died in the dark, in Tol-in-Gaurhoth, whose great tower he himself had built. Thus King Finrod Felagund, the fairest and most beloved of the house of [[Finwë]], redeemed his oath.

===Reincarnation===
[[File:Donato Giancola - Lore.jpeg|thumb|An Elf loremaster ponders at a mural of Finrod leading his House in battle. Art by [[Donato Giancola]]]]
Before the First Age ended after the [[War of Wrath]], the exiled Noldor were all under a ban imposed by [[Manwë]] and could not return in bodily form to the Blessed Realm.<ref>{{PM|Last}}, Glorfindel II, p. 380</ref> However, as a reward for his noble and selfless actions in life, as well as his reluctance to depart the [[Undying Lands]] for Middle-earth during the Flight of the Noldor hundreds of years earlier, Finrod was allowed to be released from the [[Halls of Mandos]] and to [[Elven life cycle#Death and reincarnation|re-embody]] in Valinor after only a short time. According to the [[Lay of Leithian]], Finrod still dwells beneath the trees in [[Eldamar]], reuniting with both his father Finarfin and his beloved Amarië.<ref name="beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref><ref name="GA-2">{{GA|180}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{seealso|#Other versions of the legendarium}}
{{Pronounce|Finrod Felagund.mp3|Ardamir}}
The name ''Finrod'' is the [[Sindarin]] form of his [[father-name]] '''''Findaráto''''' ("[Golden-]Haired Champion"). It is possible he and his brother [[Angrod]] were first called ''[[Aráto]]'', and later differentiated adding ''find-'', referred to the golden hair derived from [[Indis]]. This name was [[Telerin]] in form where the adjectival element ("aráto" in this case) was typically placed second while in [[Quenya]] it would have preceded. Thus, the more natural Quenya form would have been '''''Artafindë'''''.<ref name="Finwe">{{PM|Finwe}}</ref>{{rp|346–347}}

===Felagund===
'''''Felagund''''' was an [[epessë]] given to him by the [[Dwarves]] that expanded the caves of Nargothrond, and meant "Hewer of Caves". It is not Sindarin, but rather [[Sindarinized]] [[Khuzdul]], from '''''Felakgundu'''''. The name was Eldarized by other as '''''Felagon''''' (in relation with Fin''gon'', Tur''gon'').<ref>{{PM|Felagund}}, p. 352</ref>

While revising his [[Elvish]] languages in later years, [[Tolkien]] reinterpreted ''Felagund'' as "den-dweller, brock, badger", from [[Sindarin]] ''fela'', which was used for dens made by wild animals or temporary dwellings of wandering folks, unrelated to big carved caves. The west bank of Narog had many dens of badgers, some of them occupied by [[Petty-dwarves]]. It was thus probable that ''Felagund'' was actually given by the [[Sons of Fëanor]] as a mockery to Finrod, and transmitted by the Dwarves.<ref>{{NM|P3vii}}, p. 304</ref>

An early etymology for ''Felagund'' was "Lord of Caves" in [[Noldorin]], from ''[[fela]]'' ("caverns") + ''[[cunn]]'' ("prince").<ref>{{LR|P3}}, entries "KUNDU", "PHELEG"</ref>

==Other names==
His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was '''''[[Ingoldo]]''''', which was also the mother-name of his father Finarfin. It meant "''the'' Ñoldo", 'one-eminent of the kindred' which is in simpler words 'the wise'. It was a name used by his brothers and sister, who loved him.<ref name="Finwe">{{PM|Finwe}}</ref>{{rp|346, 360}}

Finrod was also called '''''[[Nóm]]''''' ("Wisdom") by [[Bëor]] and his [[House of Bëor|people]].<ref name="West">{{S|West}}</ref> His other titles include "the Faithful", "the Friend of Men", "[[King of Nargothrond]]", "[[Lord of Nargothrond]]".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Finrod"</ref><ref name=":0">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]] "The Tale of Years".</ref>

He was often called by the Eldar '''''Edennil''''' or '''''Atandil''''', which means "Friend of Men" in [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]] respectively.<ref>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 349 (cf. p. 306)</ref> A variant for ''Atandil'' was ''Firindil''.<ref>{{VT|41c}}, p. 14</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| MIR |y|~|~|~|~|~|~| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | OLW | | | | | | | |MIR=[[Míriel]] ''d. {{YT|1170}}''|FIN=[[Finwë]] ''d. {{YT|1495}}''|IND=[[Indis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|OLW=[[Olwë]] ''b. {{YT}}''}}
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF |y| EAW | | SON | | | | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]] ''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''|FDS=[[Findis]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FNG=[[Fingolfin]] ''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''|IRM=[[Írimë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|FRF=[[Finarfin]] ''b. {{YT|1230}}''|EAW=[[Eärwen]] ''b. {{YT}}''|SON=''unknown sons''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL | |FRD='''FINROD''' ''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|465}}''|ANG=[[Angrod]] ''d. {{FA|455}}''|AEG=[[Aegnor]] ''d. {{FA|455}}''|GAL=[[Galadriel]] ''b. {{YT|1362}}''|ELD=[[Eldalótë]] ''b. {{YT}}''|CEL=[[Celeborn]] ''b. {{FA}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |y| CLB | | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]] ''d. {{FA|495}}''|CLB=[[Celebrían]] ''b. {{SA}}''|ELR=[[Elrond]] ''b. {{FA|532}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FIL | | GIL | | ELL | | ELO | | ARW | |GIL=[[Gil-galad]] ''d. {{SA|3441}}''|FIL=[[Finduilas]][[Finduilas#Notes|NB]] ''{{FA|272}} - {{FA|495|n}}''|ELL=[[Elladan]] ''b. {{TA|130}}''|ELO=[[Elrohir]] ''b. {{TA|130}}''|ARW=[[Arwen]] ''{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In earlier versions of the Middle-earth myths, and when ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' was published, the name '''Finrod''' was given to the character later known as [[Finarfin]]. Finrod Felagund was then named '''[[Inglor Felagund]]'''. However, that changed in later drafts, and the character who had the name [[Gildor Inglorion]], in ''The Lord of the Rings'', was unrelated to Finrod despite having a name that means Gildor son of Inglor. Finrod was childless and unmarried during the events of ''The Silmarillion'' because his lover, Amarië, remained in Valinor.<ref>{{S|15}}</ref>

In one note, while defining the term ''[[vanwa]]'', [[Tolkien]] considered that Felagund, like [[Míriel]], chose ''not'' to return to life because of a special will of their own.<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}</ref>{{rp|143}}

In the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', Orodreth is Finrod's brother: this was an editorial decision by [[Christopher Tolkien]] and an admitted mistake. Orodreth was actually the son of Angrod and thus Finrod's nephew.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Finrod.jpg|thumb|[[Will Fletcher]] as Finrod in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'']]

===Television===
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', Season One:'''
:'''Episode 1: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':''' [[Galadriel]] recalls a memory of her brother during her childhood at the time of the [[Years of the Trees]]. In the memory, after some Elf children bully her and sink her paper swan ship, she attempts to attack one of them. However, Finrod (portrayed by [[Will Fletcher]]) shows up just in time to prevent her from doing any harm.
:Not long after, Finrod is seen talking to Galadriel beneath a tree, where it is revealed that Galadriel had made the ship just as Finrod had taught her. Finrod then asks her if she knows why ships float while stones cannot, and tells her, after a moment of silence, that stones look downwards towards the irresistible darkness of water while ships look upwards towards the light, fighting against the darkness of water, whispering on things it would not know. Galadriel questions Finrod, saying that "light in the sky" is sometimes reflected brightly on the surface of water and that it is hard to know which light to follow. Upon thinking, Finrod whispers to her: "''Sometimes we cannot know until we have touched the darkness''". To this, Galadriel ponders that it sounds simple and Finrod tells her that many things are, but she must decide them for herself as he will not always be there to help.
:Not elaborating on this further, Finrod stands up and tells her that their parents are waiting for them, before walking over a hill to reveal the [[Two Trees]]. This exchange, as well as the philosophy which Finrod imparts to Galadriel in it were created for the series because none of this dialogue nor the attitudes it attributes to Finrod are found within any Tolkien's writings. Later in Galadriel's recollections, Finrod is seen in a battle shouting phrases in [[Quenya]]: "''Valaron kalanen''" ("By the [[Light of Valinor|light]] of the [[Valar]]!") and "''Firuvantë''" ("[[Orcs|They]] will die!"). Galadriel mentions that he vowed to destroy [[Sauron]], [[Morgoth|Morgoth's]] sorcerer and lieutenant. Yet Sauron found and defeated Finrod first, marking his corpse with a red symbol, which not even the wisest [[Elves]] could decipher, causing Galadriel to take up her brother's vow and dagger for herself.
:None of Galadriel's other brothers are mentioned in the series, and although no specific date is given, the timing and manner of Finrod's death are changed from what is recorded in Tolkien's writings. Finrod is said to have not died until after Morgoth's defeat, meaning that, in Amazon's continuity, Finrod survives the entirety of the First Age into the Second instead of having died in approximately year 465 of the First Age saving Beren.
:The series does allude to Finrod being killed by wolves with the claw marks on his body, though Galadriel's monologue establishes that it was Sauron who slew him with no mention of werewolves or Beren. This would have been at a a time long after Beren's quest for a Silmaril led him to Nargothrond, seeking Finrod's aid.
:'''Episode 8: ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''
:This Episode features a bizarre scene in which [[Halbrand]] enters [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] mind beside the [[Glanduin]] in Eregion to try to prove to her that he truly desired to redeem himself and heal [[Middle-earth]] of evil, by appearing in the guise of Finrod as she remembered him. Nevertheless, Galadriel refuses to believe that he is redeemable and Halbrand is thrust from her mind and flees [[Eregion]] to the [[Mordor|Southlands]]
:[[Amazon Studios]]'s rights to Finrod's character were limited to his mention in the ''[[Appendices]]'', so the series made significant changes and additions to his story, including showing him taking [[Oath of Fëanor|an oath against Morgoth]] before he left Valinor, and his death at the hands of Sauron, which inspires Galadriel's revenge. It is worth noting that Finrod's death saving Beren is mentioned in ''Appendix B: The Tale of Years'', and so Amazon could have used that material, but still opted to change it to have him dying in pursuit of Sauron.<ref name=":0" /> Finrod's original personality was particularly wise, very respectful and reverent towards the Valar, rather than as a rebel who advises people to "touch the darkness".

{{references|notes}}

{{seq-start}}
{{seq-head
|race=noldor
|house=[[House of Finarfin]] Cadet branch of the [[House of Finwë]]
|born={{YT|1300}}
|died={{FA|465}}
}}
{{seq
|pvac=None
|prev=Title established
|list=1st [[King of Nargothrond]]
|dates={{FA|102}} – {{FA|465|n}}
|next=[[Orodreth]]
}}
{{seq-end}}

[[Category:Calaquendi]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Noldorin names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]
[[Category:Sindarin names]]
[[de:Finrod]]
[[fi:Finrod]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/finrod]]

Template:Numenor

2026-02-12T14:07:10Z

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{| style="margin:0 auto;" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed toccolours" width="100%" align=center
|-
! align=center style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5);" colspan="3" | '''[[Númenor]]'''
|-
| align="center" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); font-size: 90%;" colspan="3" | ''Andor · Atalantë · [[Elenna]] · Mar-nu-Falmar · Númenórë · Westernesse''
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Regions
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Andustar]] · [[Arandor]] · [[Emerië]] · [[Forostar]] · [[Hyarastorni]] · [[Hyarnustar]] · [[Hyarrostar]] · [[Mittalmar]] · [[Nísimaldar]] · [[Orrostar]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Towns and cities
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Almaida]] · [[Andúnië]] · [[Armenelos]] · [[Eldalondë]] · [[Moriondë]] · [[Nindamos]] · [[Ondosto]] · [[Rómenna]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Buildings
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Calmindon]] · [[Eämbar]] · [[King's Court]] · [[Temple]] · [[White House of Erendis]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Natural features
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Bay of Eldanna]] · [[Bay of Rómenna]] · [[Firth of Rómenna]] · [[Hallow of Eru]] · [[Meneltarma]] (mountain) · [[Nísinen]] (lake) · [[North Cape]] · [[Nunduinë]] (river) · [[Oromet]] (mountain) · [[Siril]] (river) · [[Sorontil]] (mountain) · [[Tarmasundar]] (ridges) · [[Tompollë]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Plants and trees
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Fragrant Trees]] · [[Lairelossë]] · [[Laurinquë]] · [[Lavaralda]] · [[Nessamelda]] · [[Nimloth (tree)|Nimloth]] · [[Oiolairë]] · [[Taniquelassë]] · [[Vardarianna]] · [[Yavannamírë]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Heirlooms
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Aranrúth]] · [[Bow of Bregor]] · [[Dramborleg]] · [[Elendilmir]] · [[Narsil]] · "[[Númenórean helmet]]" · [[Palantíri]] · [[Ring of Barahir]] · [[Sceptre of Annúminas]] · [[Sceptre of Númenor]] · ''[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean carpet I.jpg|Carpets]] [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean carpet II.jpg|and]] [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean Tile.jpg|tile]]''
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Concepts
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Adûnaic]] · [[Ban of the Valar]] · [[Council of the Sceptre]] · [[Downfall of Númenor]] · [[Great Bear-dance]] · [[King's Heir|Heirship]] · [[Númenórean Sindarin]] · [[Three Prayers]] ''([[Eruhantalë]] · [[Erukyermë]] · [[Erulaitalë]])''
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px;" | Key people
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] · [[Amandil]] · [[Anárion]] · [[Captain of the King's Ships]] · [[Elendil]] · [[Elros]] ([[House of Elros]]) · [[Erendis]] · [[Faithful]] · [[Great Armament]] · [[Guild of Venturers]] · [[Guild of Weaponsmiths]] · [[Isildur]] · [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queens]] of Númenor · [[King's Archers]] · [[King's Men]] · [[Lords of Andúnië]] · [[Tar-Meneldur|Meneldur]] · [[Tar-Míriel|Miriel]] · [[Tar-Palantir|Palantir]] · [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] · [[Sauron]] · [[Silmariën]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px;" | Main texts
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' ("[[Akallabêth]]") · ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' ("[[A Description of the Island of Númenor]]" · "[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]" · "[[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]") · ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' ("[[Appendix A]]" · "[[Appendix B]]") · ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'' ("Lives of the Númenóreans" · "Of the land and beasts of Númenor")
|}<noinclude>
==Usage==
<pre>{{numenor}}</pre>[[Category:Locations templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Template:Numenor

2026-02-12T14:00:35Z

Sage:

{| style="margin:0 auto;" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed toccolours" width="100%" align=center
|-
! align=center style="background:var(--tg-color-surface-5);" colspan="3" | '''[[Númenor]]'''
|-
| align="center" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); font-size: 90%;" colspan="3" | ''Andor · Atalantë · [[Elenna]] · Mar-nu-Falmar · Númenórë · Westernesse''
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Regions
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Andustar]] · [[Arandor]] · [[Emerië]] · [[Forostar]] · [[Hyarastorni]] · [[Hyarnustar]] · [[Hyarrostar]] · [[Mittalmar]] · [[Nísimaldar]] · [[Orrostar]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Towns and cities
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Almaida]] · [[Andúnië]] · [[Armenelos]] · [[Eldalondë]] · [[Moriondë]] · [[Nindamos]] · [[Ondosto]] · [[Rómenna]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Buildings
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Calmindon]] · [[Eämbar]] · [[King's Court]] · [[Temple]] · [[White House of Erendis]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Natural features
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Bay of Eldanna]] · [[Bay of Rómenna]] · [[Firth of Rómenna]] · [[Hallow of Eru]] · [[Meneltarma]] (mountain) · [[Nísinen]] (lake) · [[North Cape]] · [[Nunduinë]] (river) · [[Oromet]] (mountain) · [[Siril]] (river) · [[Sorontil]] (mountain) · [[Tarmasundar]] (ridges) · [[Tompollë]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Plants and trees
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Fragrant Trees]] · [[Lairelossë]] · [[Laurinquë]] · [[Lavaralda]] · [[Nessamelda]] · [[Nimloth (tree)|Nimloth]] · [[Oiolairë]] · [[Taniquelassë]] · [[Vardarianna]] · [[Yavannamírë]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Heirlooms
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Aranrúth]] · [[Bow of Bregor]] · [[Dramborleg]] · [[Elendilmir]] · [[Narsil]] · [[Palantíri]] · [[Ring of Barahir]] · [[Sceptre of Annúminas]] · [[Sceptre of Númenor]] · ''[[Númenórean helmet]] · ''[[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean carpet I.jpg|Carpets]] [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean carpet II.jpg|and]] [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean Tile.jpg|tile]]''
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px;" | Concepts
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Adûnaic]] · [[Ban of the Valar]] · [[Council of the Sceptre]] · [[Downfall of Númenor]] · [[Great Bear-dance]] · [[King's Heir|Heirship]] · [[Númenórean Sindarin]] · [[Three Prayers]] ''([[Eruhantalë]] · [[Erukyermë]] · [[Erulaitalë]])''
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px;" | Key people
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| [[Tar-Aldarion|Aldarion]] · [[Amandil]] · [[Anárion]] · [[Captain of the King's Ships]] · [[Elendil]] · [[Elros]] ([[House of Elros]]) · [[Erendis]] · [[Faithful]] · [[Great Armament]] · [[Guild of Venturers]] · [[Guild of Weaponsmiths]] · [[Isildur]] · [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queens]] of Númenor · [[King's Archers]] · [[King's Men]] · [[Lords of Andúnië]] · [[Tar-Meneldur|Meneldur]] · [[Tar-Míriel|Miriel]] · [[Tar-Palantir|Palantir]] · [[Ar-Pharazôn|Pharazôn]] · [[Sauron]] · [[Silmariën]]
|-
! align="right" style="background: var(--tg-color-surface-3); padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px;" | Main texts
| style="font-size: 90%; padding-left: 4px;" colspan="2"| ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' ("[[Akallabêth]]") · ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' ("[[A Description of the Island of Númenor]]" · "[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]" · "[[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]") · ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' ("[[Appendix A]]" · "[[Appendix B]]") · ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'' ("Lives of the Númenóreans" · "Of the land and beasts of Númenor")
|}<noinclude>
==Usage==
<pre>{{numenor}}</pre>[[Category:Locations templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Zimrahin

2026-02-07T08:05:36Z

Sage:

{{infobox character
| people=[[Edain|Adan]]
| name=Zimrahin
| image=Juliana Pinho - Adanel the Wise.png
| caption=Zimrahin (left) in "Adanel the Wise" by [[:Category:Images by Juliana Pinho|Juliana Pinho]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Meldis
| titles=
| position=
| location=
| affiliation=
| language=[[Mannish]] dialect
| birth=
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death=
| deathlocation=
| age=
| notablefor=
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=[[Malach]] Aradan
| children=[[Adanel]], [[Magor]]
| gender=Female
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Zimrahin''' was a woman from the [[Folk of Marach]].

She wedded [[Malach|Malach Aradan]] in {{FA|337}}, after his return from fourteen years in [[Hithlum]]. After marriage she took the Elvish name of ''Meldis'' and became the mother of [[Adanel]] and [[Magor]].<ref name="WJwest">{{WJ|West}}, p. 234</ref>

==Etymology==
''Zimrahin'' is obviously a [[Mannish]] name of the Folk of Marach. The name seems to contain the later [[Adûnaic]] element ''[[zimra]]'' "jewel", and possibly means "jewel child". Adûnaic would emerge as a descendant of the language Zimhrahin was speaking.<ref>{{Cite web|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1915957007.html|author=Paul Strack|articlename=Zimhrahin|accessed=7-2-2026|website=Elda}}</ref>

''Meldis'' is the [[Sindarin]] name of Zimrahin. The meaning of the name is "friend".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, s. v. MEL-, 372</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | MAR | | |MAR=[[Marach]] ''{{FA|282}} - {{FA|376|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | ZIM |y| MAL | | IML |ZIM='''ZIMRAHIN''' ''unknown''|MAL=[[Malach]] ''{{FA|307|n}} - {{FA|398|n}}''|IML=[[Imlach]] ''b. {{FA|310|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| BEL |y| ADA | | MAG | | AML |BEL=[[Belemir]] ''b. {{FA|339|n}}''|ADA=[[Adanel]] ''b. {{FA|339|n}}''|MAG=[[Magor]] ''b. {{FA|341|n}}''|AML=[[Amlach]] ''b. {{FA|337|n}}''}}
{{familytree| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree| | | BEN | | | | HAT | | | | |BEN=[[Beren (son of Belemir)|Beren]] b. ''{{FA|374|n}}''|HAT=[[Hathol]] ''b. {{FA|365|n}}''}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The character only appears in ''The 'Folk of Marach''' family tree, publichsed in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]''.

In the first conception of the table, there was a note for multiple children that said, "Others not concerned in these Chronicles". In version two of the table, this became one name, a third child caled "Sael..th" that was changed to "[[Saelon (daughter of Malach)|Saelon]]"; finally the name and birth-date were struck out.<ref name="WJwest"/>
{{references}}
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:House of Hador]]

[[de:Zimrahin]]
[[fi:Zimrahin]]

Blotmath

2026-01-31T10:58:42Z

Sage:

{{shiremonths}}
'''Blotmath''' (pronounced Blodmath or Blommath) was the eleventh month of the [[Shire Calendar]], approximately corresponding to modern [[22 October]] through [[20 November]]. It was called [[Blooting]] in [[Bree]].

Occurring after the harvest, Blotmath was the first month of the Hobbit year in older times. However after the Hobbits adopted the [[King's Reckoning]], Blotmath became the eleventh month.
<ref>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name represents a [[Hobbitish|modernisation]] of the [[Old English]] name for November, ''[[wiktionary:blotmonaþ|blotmonaþ]]'', meaning "month of sacrifice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=November|articlename=Origin and meaning of november by Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|website=[https://www.etymonline.com/ Online Etymology Dictionary]}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]
[[de:Blotmath]]
[[fi:Blotmath]]
[[fr:langues/langues humaines/hobbitique/noms mois comte]]

Winterfilth

2026-01-31T10:56:51Z

Sage:

{{shiremonths}}
'''Winterfilth''' was the tenth month of the [[Shire Calendar]], approximately corresponding to modern [[22 September]] through [[21 October]].

In older times, Winterfilth was the last month of the Hobbit year, and the harvest occurred during it. However after the Hobbits adopted the [[King's Reckoning]], Winterfilth became the tenth month.

This month was called [[Wintring]] in [[Bree]]. It was a jest in Bree to speak of "Winterfilth in the (muddy) Shire"<ref name=cal>{{App|Calendars}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name referred to the completion of the year ("filling") before Winter in their old calendar (before they adopted the [[King's Reckoning]]) when their new year began after harvest.<ref name=cal/>

The name actually represents a [[Hobbitish|modernization]] of the [[Old English]] name for October, ''[[wiktionary:winterfylleþ|Winterfylleþ]]'', meaning "Winter-filling" or "Winter-full moon".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/md_smn.html|articlename=The Shire month-names|author=[[Arden R. Smith]]|website=[http://www.forodrim.org/daeron Mellonath Daeron - The Language Guild of the Forodrim]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Summerfilth]] - a fictitious month used proverbially

{{references}}
[[Category:Hobbit Calendar]]
[[de:Winterfilth]]
[[fi:Talvenfilth]]
[[fr:langues/langues_humaines/hobbitique/noms_mois_comte]]

Sindarin

2026-01-24T07:57:28Z

Sage:

{{sources}}
{{rewrite}}
'''Sindarin''' was the [[Elvish]] language most commonly spoken in [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]].

==History==
Sindarin was the language of the [[Sindar]], those [[Teleri]] which had been left behind on the [[Great Journey]] of the [[Elves]]. It was derived from an earlier language called [[Common Telerin]]. When the [[Noldor]] came back to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native [[Quenya]] more beautiful.

The king of the Teleri in [[Doriath]][[Thingol|, Elu Thingol]], upon learning of the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]], declared that [[Quenya]], the language of the Noldor, should be prohibited in his lands. Since Noldor were dwelling in a Sindarin-speaking land, and because of the ban placed upon their native tongue ( although it did not directly affect them), they gradually switched entirely to Sindarin. This change between languages also affected their names, such as ''Finwë-Ñolofinwë'' to [[Fingolfin]], and ''Turukáno'' to [[Turgon]].

When the [[Elves of Beleriand]] first encountered the dwarves, they could not understand a word of the [[Khuzdul|tongue of the Dwarves]]. Dwarves were swift to learn and indeed were more willing to learn Sindarin than to teach their own to those of alien race.<ref>{{S|10}}</ref>

===Dialects===
During the [[First Age]] there were several dialects of Sindarin:
*''[[Doriathrin]]'' or the language of [[Doriath]], a form of the language which preserved many archaic forms;
*''[[Falathrin]]'' or the language of the [[Falas]], later also spoken in [[Nargothrond]];
*''[[North Sindarin]]'', the dialects originally spoken in [[Dorthonion]] and [[Hithlum]] by the Sindar, these dialects contained many unique words and were not fully intelligible with the Sindarin of [[Beleriand]] proper.

With the exception of Doriathrin, the dialects were changed under Noldorin influence, and adopted many [[Quenya]] features, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Noldor (who loved changing languages). The distinct dialects disappeared after the Noldor and Sindar were dispersed during the later [[Battles of Beleriand]]. In the refuges on the [[Isle of Balar]] and the [[Mouths of Sirion]] a new dialect arose under the refugees, which mainly took after Falathrin.
===Later history===
During the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]] Sindarin was a ''lingua franca'' for all Elves and the [[Elf-friends]], until it was displaced as the [[Westron|Common Tongue]] by [[Westron]], a descendant of [[Adûnaic]] which was heavily influenced by Sindarin.

Before the downfall, most of the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]] knew Sindarin, along with the common language Adûnaic. Knowledge of it was kept in the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] realms-in-exile [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], especially amongst the learned. While [[Westron]] (descended from Adûnaic) became the most common language in the west of Middle-earth during the [[Third Age]], Sindarin remained the everyday language of Elves. At the end of the Third Age there were probably more Men who spoke Sindarin or knew Quenya than there were Elves who either spoke the former or knew the latter. [[Gondor Sindarin]] was an acquired polite language and used by people of more pure Númenórean descent if they wanted to be polite.<ref name="Letter347">{{L|347}}</ref> All Men of high lineage and all who learned how to read and write of the [[Faithful]] of the [[Dúnedain]] in Middle-earth used Sindarin, even as a daily language. It is said that Sindarin even became the native language in some families.<ref name="Atani">{{PM|Atani}}</ref> They used Sindarin to give names to places in Middle-earth<ref name="Atani" /> and usually changed the names that they adopted from those given by older inhabitants to fit the style of Sindarin<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 73</ref>.
==Writing==
{{stub}}
[[Daeron]] invented the '''[[Cirth]]''' to write his language.

With the arrival of the Noldoer, '''[[Tengwar]]''', such as the [[Mode of Beleriand]], became a common way to write the language.

==Grammar==
Sindarin is mainly analytic, though traits of its highly inflected progenitor can still be seen.

===Phonology===
Sindarin was designed to have a [[Welsh]]-like phonology. It has most of the same sounds and similar phonotactics.

{| rules="all" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Letter'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''[[wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Example'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Notes'''
|-
|a, ä||{{IPA|a}}||[[Aragorn|'''A'''r'''a'''gorn]]||Sindarin ''a'' is most like ''a'' in English ''father'' or ''a'' in Spanish ''mambo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
|á||{{IPA|aː}}|| ||Sindarin ''á'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''a'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|â||{{IPA|aːː}}|| ||Sindarin ''â'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''á'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''á''.
|-
|ae||{{IPA|a͡ɛ}}||[[Maedhros|M'''ae'''dhros]]||Similar to ''ai'', but ends at a ''more'' open vowel height.
|-
|ai||{{IPA|a͡ɪ}}||[[Edain|Ed'''ai'''n]]||Sindarin ''ai'' is most like ''i'' in English ''time''. ''ae'' is similar to ''ai'', but ''ai'' ends at a ''less'' open vowel height. J.R.R. Tolkien said that ''ae'' and ''ai'' can be pronounced the same if a person cannot tell the difference between them.
|-
|au, aw||{{IPA|a͡ʊ}}||[[Glaurung|Gl'''au'''rung]]; [[Oromë#Etymology|Ar'''aw''']]||Sindarin ''au'' is most like ''ou'' in English ''thousand'' or like ''ow'' in English ''cow''. It is never pronounced like ''au'' in English ''cause'' or like ''aw'' in English ''law''. The spellings ''au'' and ''aw'' are the same sound, but ''aw'' is preferred at the ends of words, as in ''[[Oromë#Etymology|Araw]]''.
|-
|b||{{IPA|b}}||[[Beleriand|'''B'''eleriand]]|| 
|-
|c||{{IPA|k}}||[[Celeborn|'''C'''eleborn]]||Always hard ''c'' like in English ''cake''. Never soft ''c'' like in English ''cell''.
|-
|ch||{{IPA|x}}||[[orch|or'''ch''']]||Always like ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''. Never like ''ch'' in English ''chair''.
|-
|d||{{IPA|d}}||[[Dúnedain|'''D'''úne'''d'''ain]]|| 
|-
|dh||{{IPA|ð}}||[[Caradhras|Cara'''dh'''ras]]||Sindarin ''dh'' is most like ''th'' in English ''the''. It is not pronounced like normal ''d''.
|-
|e, ë||{{IPA|ɛ}}||[[Beren|B'''e'''r'''e'''n]]||Sindarin ''e'' is most like ''e'' in English ''get'' or ''e'' in Spanish ''comprende''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''y'' off-glide like in English ''grey''.
|-
|é||{{IPA|eː}}|| ||Sindarin ''é'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''e'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|ê||{{IPA|eːː}}|| ||Sindarin ''ê'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''é'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''é''.
|-
|ei||{{IPA|ɛ͡ɪ}}||[[Gil-galad|Er'''ei'''nion]]||Sindarin ''ei'' is most like ''ey'' in English ''grey'', always with the ''y'' off-glide.
|-
|f||{{IPA|f, v}}||[[Fëanor|'''F'''ëanor]]||Represents {{IPA|[v]}} when final or before ''n'', and {{IPA|[f]}} everywhere else.
|-
|g||{{IPA|ɡ}}||[[Galadriel|'''G'''aladriel]]||Always hard ''g'' like in English ''gasp''. Never soft ''g'' like in English ''gem''.
|-
|h||{{IPA|h}}||[[Húrin|'''H'''úrin]]|| 
|-
|hw||{{IPA|ʍ}}|| ||Sindarin ''hw'' is most like the traditional pronunciation of ''wh'' in English ''whale'', as it is still heard in Scotland, Ireland and parts of the southern United States. It is also similar to ''ju'' in Mexican Spanish ''Juan''. It is never pronounced like ordinary ''w'' in English ''wail''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''w'' while whispering.
|-
|i||{{IPA|ɪ, j}}||[[Minas Tirith|M'''i'''nas T'''i'''r'''i'''th]]||Sindarin ''i'' is usually pronounced as the ''i'' in ''sick''. But sometimes Sindarin ''i'' is more like ''y'' in English ''young''—it is this way at the beginning of a word before a vowel, and in certain unstressed syllables before vowels. (For instance, ''[[Doriath]]'' is a compound of ''[[dôr]]+[[iath]]'', where ''[[iath]]'' is just one syllable.)
|-
|í||{{IPA|iː}}||[[Círdan|C'''í'''rdan]]||Sindarin ''í'' is pronounced noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''i'', and has a different quality. Sindarin ''í'' is most like ''i'' in English ''ink'' or like ''i'' in Spanish ''gringo''. Either pronunciation is suitable.
|-
|î||{{IPA|iːː}}||[[Gwîr|Gw'''î'''r]]||Sindarin ''î'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''í'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''í''.
|-
|l||{{IPA|l}}||[[Legolas|'''L'''ego'''l'''as]]|| 
|-
|lh||{{IPA|ɬ}}||[[Lhûn|Lh'''û'''n]]||There is no parallel for Sindarin ''lh'' in English. But it is like ''ll'' in [[Welsh]] or ''ł'' in Navajo, or [[Quenya]] ''hl''. More specifically, it is a ''voiceless alveolar lateral'', like ''s'' when spoken in a lateral lisp. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''l'' while whispering.
|-
|ll||{{IPA|lː}}||[[mellon|me'''ll'''on]]||Sindarin ''ll'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''l'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|m||{{IPA|m}}||[[Mordor|'''M'''ordor]]|| 
|-
|mh||{{IPA|ṽ}}|| ||An Archaic Sindarin sound, a "spirant" ''m'', just like Gaelic ''mh''. This sound became the same as ''v'' since at least the First Age, and ''mh'' as a spirant ''m'' does not appear even in [[The Silmarillion]]-style Sindarin spellings, so that spellings like ''[[Tinúviel]]'' are preferred over ''*Tinúmhiel''. Suffice it to say that this spelling of ''mh'' is not used in [[The Lord of the Rings]]-style [[Third Age]] Sindarin either.
|-
|mm||{{IPA|mː}}||[[Rammas Echor|Ra'''mm'''as]]||Sindarin ''mm'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''m'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|n||{{IPA|n}}||[[Nevrast|'''N'''evrast]]|| 
|-
|nc||{{IPA|ŋk}}||[[Orthanc|Ortha'''nc''']]||Like ''nk'' in English ''think''.
|-
|ng||{{IPA|ŋ(ɡ)}}||[[Fingolfin|Fi'''ng'''olfin]]; [[Glamdring|Glamdri'''ng''']]||Represents {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} between two vowels (like ''ng'' in English ''finger''), and {{IPA|[ŋ]}} everywhere else (like ''ng'' in English ''singer''). It is never pronounced like ''ng'' in English ''ginger''.
|-
|nn||{{IPA|nː}}||[[Pelennor|Pele'''nn'''or]]||Sindarin ''nn'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''n'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|o, ö||{{IPA|ɔ}}||[[Gorgoroth|G'''o'''rg'''o'''r'''o'''th]]||Sindarin ''o'' is most like ''o'' in English ''hot'', but with rounder lips. It can also be pronounced like the ''o'' in the Italian word ''notte''. Either pronunciation is suitable, but it ''never'' has a ''w'' off-glide like ''ow'' in English ''show''.
|-
|ó||{{IPA|ɔː}}||[[Dor-lómin|Dor-l'''ó'''min]]||Sindarin ''ó'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''o'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|ô||{{IPA|ɔːː}}|| ||Sindarin ''ô'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ó'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ó''.
|-
|oe||{{IPA|o͡e}}|| ||Sindarin ''oe'' is somewhat like ''oi'' in English ''join''. Though this is not ''completely'' accurate because ''oe'' ends with an off-glide that sounds like Sindarin ''e'', it is a suitable pronunciation because there is no Sindarin ''oi'' to contrast with. Alternately, ''oe'' is like ''oe'' in Hawaiian ''Aloha ʻOe''.
|-
|œ||{{IPA|ø}}||[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arn'''œ'''diad]]||An Archaic Sindarin sound, at one time pronounced like French ''eu'', ''oe'' or ''oeu'' or like German/Swedish ''ö'' or like Danish/Norwegian ''ø''. In the [[Third Age]] it is pronounced just like Sindarin ''e'', so it is suitable to pronounce it like ''e''. Mostly found in [[First Age]] Sindarin words, and most famously in ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad|Nírnaeth Arnœdiad]]''. [[The Lord of the Rings]]-style Third Age Sindarin spellings do not use ''œ'' at all, only ''e'', such as ''[[Ered Luin]]'' instead of ''*Œrœd Luin''.
|-
|p||{{IPA|p}}||[[Pengolodh|'''P'''engolodh]]|| 
|-
|ph||{{IPA|f, fː}}||[[Ephel Dúath|E'''ph'''el Dúath]]||Represents {{IPA|[f]}} when final, {{IPA|[fː]}} everywhere else.
|-
|r||{{IPA|r}}||[[Boromir|Bo'''r'''omi'''r''']]||Sindarin ''r'' is always trilled or at least flapped wherever possible, like in Scottish English. It is not pronounced like General English ''r'', but this is still often a suitable pronunciation because Sindarin has no other rhotic consonant besides ''rh''.
|-
|rh||{{IPA|r̥}}||[[Rhovanion|'''Rh'''ovanion]]||There is no parallel for Sindarin ''rh'' in English. But it is like Welsh ''rh'', or [[Quenya]] ''hr''. If nothing else works, try pronouncing ''r'' while whispering.
|-
|rr||{{IPA|rː}}|| ||Sindarin ''rr'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''r'', but otherwise is pronounced the same. For this reason, ''rr'' is always trilled, because a flap ''r'' cannot be pronounced long.
|-
|s||{{IPA|s}}||[[Sirion|'''S'''irion]]||Sindarin ''s'' is always pronounced like ''s'' in English ''safe'', and never like ''s'' in English ''ease''. There is no ''z'' in Sindarin.
|-
|ss||{{IPA|sː}}||[[Ossiriand|O'''ss'''iriand]]||Sindarin ''ss'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''s'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|t||{{IPA|t}}||[[Túrin|'''T'''úrin]]|| 
|-
|th||{{IPA|θ}}||[[Ecthelion|Ec'''th'''elion]]||Sindarin ''th'' is always pronounced ''th'' in English ''think'', and never like ''th'' in English ''these''—the latter sound is used for the separate Sindarin consonant ''dh''.
|-
|u||{{IPA|ʊ}}||[[Curufin|C'''u'''r'''u'''fin]]||Sindarin ''u'' is most like ''u'' in English ''put'' or the vowel sound in the word ''good''. It is never pronounced like ''u'' in English ''gut'', or like ''u'' in English ''rude''.
|-
|ú||{{IPA|uː}}||[[Lúthien|L'''ú'''thien]]||Sindarin ''ú'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''u'', and has a different quality. It is pronounced like ''u'' in the English word ''dude'' or like ''u'' in Spanish ''mundo''.
|-
|û||{{IPA|uːː}}||[[Barad-dûr|Barad-d'''û'''r]]||Sindarin ''û'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ú'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ú''.
|-
|ui||{{IPA|u͡ɪ}}||[[Orodruin|Orodr'''ui'''n]]||Sindarin ''ui'' is most like ''oo y'' in English ''too young'', pronounced all in one syllable. ''ui'' is always counted as one syllable, and never split into two syllables ''u i''.
|-
|v||{{IPA|v}}||[[Tinúviel|Tinú'''v'''iel]]|| 
|-
|w||{{IPA|w}}||[[Gwaihir|G'''w'''aihir]]|| 
|-
|y||{{IPA|y}}||[[Emyn Muil|Em'''y'''n Muil]]||Pronounced like the French ''u'' or the German ''ü''. It is also permissible to pronounce it like Sindarin ''i'', if at least because Sindarin ''i'' and ''y'' become pronounced the same during the [[Third Age]].
|-
|ý||{{IPA|yː}}|| ||Sindarin ''ý'' is pronounced just noticeably longer in duration than Sindarin ''y'', but otherwise is pronounced the same.
|-
|ŷ||{{IPA|yːː}}|| ||Sindarin ''ŷ'' is pronounced for an even longer duration than Sindarin ''ý'', usually in single-syllable words. But it is permissible to pronounce it the same as ''ý''.
|}

===Nouns===
:''See: [[:Category:Sindarin words|Sindarin words]]''
====Pluralization====
Sindarin plurals are characterised by ''[[i-affection]]'', or ''umlaut'' (see also ''[[prestanneth]]'' "affection of vowels").<ref name="Letter347" /> Almost all Sindarin words form their plurals like English man/men and goose/geese — by changing the vowels in the word. The most usual plural patterns are:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgray; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''In Non-final Syllables'''
|-
|a > e||galadh > gelaidh
|-
|e > e||bereth > berith
|-
|i > i||fireb > firib
|-
|o > e||golodh > gelydh
|-
|ó > ó||Ódhel > Ódhil
|-
|u > y||tulus > tylys
|-
|ú > ú||''(no example available)''
|-
|y > y||''(no example available)''
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''In Final Syllables'''
|-
|a > ai, e||adan > edain, parf > perf<ref group="note">''a'' becomes ''e'' in consonant clusters.</ref>
|-
|â > ai||tâl > tail
|-
|e > i||edhel > edhil
|-
|ê > î||hên > [[hîn]]
|-
|i > i||brennil > brennil
|-
|î > î||hîr > hîr
|-
|o > y||annon > ennyn
|-
|ô > ui||thôn > thuin
|-
|u > y||urug > yryg
|-
|û > ui||dûr > duir
|-
|y > y||ylf > ylf
|-
|ŷ > ŷ||mŷl > mŷl
|-
|au, o > oe||aur > oer, nibinnog > nibinnoeg<ref group="note">Final ''o'' from ancient ''ā'' or ''au'' becomes ''oe''.</ref>
|}

Note that ''ai'' can sometimes become ''î''.

The reason for this is that the primitive plural ending ''-ī'' (still present in Quenya as ''-i'' after consonants and -e) affected the vowels in the word by making them higher and fronter. After this sound change occurred, the suffix ''-ī'' disappeared when all final vowels were lost:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgray; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''In -jā Words'''
|-
|ai > î||cair > cîr (from k'''i'''rjā)
|-
|ai > î||fair > fîr (from ph'''e'''rjā)
|-
|ai > ai||bain > bain (from b'''a'''njā)
|-
|ui > ui||fuir > fuir (from ph'''o'''rjā)
|-
|ui > ui||ruin > ruin (from r'''u'''njā
|}

====Class Plural====
Sindarin also has several suffixes which denote a so-called class plural. For example, ''-ath'' indicates a group of something, e.g. ''elenath'' from ''[[elen]]'' (an archaic form of ''êl''), meaning "star" and ''-ath''. It means "a group of stars" or "all the stars in the sky". Another ending, ''-rim'', is used to indicate a race, e.g. ''nogothrim'' from ''nogoth'' — "dwarf" and ''-rim'', meaning "the race of dwarves". The ending ''-hoth'' is generally used in an unfriendly sense, e.g. ''gaurhoth'' from ''gaur'' — "werewolf" and ''-hoth'', meaning "werewolf-host".

===Mutation===
Sindarin has a complex series of mutations. There are three main different types of mutations: ''soft mutation'' (or lenition), ''nasal mutation'' and ''stop'' (occlusive) ''mutation''. Additionally, a ''mixed mutation'' and a ''sibilant mutation'' are also observed after certain particles or prepositions. Finally, it is presumed that Sindarin also once had what we could call an ''archaic spirantal mutation'' (also sometimes called ''liquid mutation'' by scholars). It is still uncertain whether this mutation is still productive or if it only occurs in ancient constructs.

Initial mutations must not be confused with assimilations that may occur in compound words (such as, for instance, in the names ''[[Araphor]]'', ''[[Arassuil]]'', and ''[[Caradhras]]'').

The following table outlines how different consonants are affected by the different mutations:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Basic'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Soft'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Nasal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Mixed'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Stop'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Liquid'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Sibilant'''
|-
|p...||b...||ph...||b...||ph...||ph...||ph...
|-
|t...||d...||th...||d...||th...||th...||th...
|-
|c...||g...||ch...||g...||ch...||ch...||ch...
|-
|b...||v...||m...||b...||b...||v...||b...
|-
|d...||dh...||n...||d...||d...||dh...||d...
|-
|g...||'...||ñ...||g...||g...||'...||g...
|-
|b(x)...||v(x)...||b(x)...||b(x)...||b(x)...||v(x)...||b(x)...
|-
|d(x)...||dh(x)...||d(x)...||d(x)...||d(x)...||dh(x)...||d(x)...
|-
|g(x)...||'(x)...||g(x)...||g(x)...||g(x)...||'(x)...||g(x)...
|-
|m...||v...||m...||m...||m...||v...||m...
|-
|h...||ch...||ch...||ch...||ch...||ch...||ch...
|-
|s...||h...||s...||h...||s...||s...||s...
|-
|r...||r...||r...||r...||r...||r...||rh...
|-
|l...||l...||l...||l...||l...||l...||lh...
|-
|i...||i...||i...||i...||i...||i...||ch...
|-
|rh...||thr...||thr...||'r...||thr...||'r...||rh...
|-
|lh...||thl...||thl...||'l...||thl...||'l...||lh...
|-
|hw...||chw...||chw...||'w...||thw...||'w...||hw...
|}

Here the apostrophe indicates elision.

Words beginning in ''b-'', ''d-'', or ''g-'' which descend from older ''mb-'', ''nd-'', or ''ng-'' are affected differently by the mutations:

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Basic'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Soft'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Nasal'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Mixed'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Stop'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Liquid'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Sibilant'''
|-
|b...||m...||mb...||mb...||mb...||b...||b...
|-
|d...||n...||nd...||nd...||nd...||d...||d...
|-
|g...||ñ...||ng...||ng...||ng...||g...||g...
|}

Take, for example, the deictic article ''i'', which triggers soft mutation. When added to a word like ''[[tâl]]'', it becomes ''i dâl''. In Sindarin's phonological history, ''t'' became ''d'' in the middle of a word. Because ''i tâl'' at the time was considered one word, the ''t'' became ''d'', and thus ''i dâl''. However, without the article the word is still ''tâl''.

Mutation is triggered in various ways:
*Soft mutation, the most widely occurring mutation, is triggered by the singular article ''i'', the prefixes ''athra-, ath-, [[go-]], [[go-|gwa-]],'' and ''ú-'', as well as the prepositions ''ab, am, be, di, na,'' and ''nu,'' and after ''avo''. It also affects an adjective following a noun and the object of a verb.
*Nasal mutation is triggered by the plural article ''in'', and the prepositions ''an'' and ''dan''.
*Mixed mutation is triggered by the genitive article ''en'', and the prepositions ''ben, erin, nan, 'nin,'' and ''uin''.
*Stop mutation is triggered by the prepositions ''ed, ned,'' and ''o(d)''.
*Liquid mutation is presumably triggered by the preposition ''or''.
*Sibilant mutation is triggered by the conjunction ''ah'' and preposition ''oh''.

===Pronouns===
Sindarin pronouns, like those in English, still maintain some case distinction, having nominative, accusative, possessive, and dative forms. They are one of the poorly attested features of Sindarin. While recent publications offer a clearer picture, the whole system is yet to be attested. Thus the following table will list only the personal pronouns, marking the non-attested forms with asterisks.

{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
| rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="gray" |'''First Person'''
| bgcolor="gray" |
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="gray" |'''Second Person'''
| bgcolor="gray" |
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="gray" |'''Third Person'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Plural'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Singular'''
| align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Plural'''
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Nominative'''
|ni*||me* / pe* (incl.)
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|'''''ci''''' / '''''le''''' (form.)||'''''de'''''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|te*||'''''ti'''''
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Accusative'''
|'''''nin'''''||'''''ven''''' / ben*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|gin* / len*||dhen*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|'''''den'''''||din*
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Possessive'''
|'''''nîn'''''||'''''vîn''''' / bîn*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|gîn* / '''''lîn'''''||dhîn*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|'''''dîn'''''||dîn*
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Dative'''
|'''''annin'''''||'''''ammen''''' / aphen*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|echin* / allen*||annen*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|athen*||ethin*
|-
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Enclitic'''
|'''''-(o)n'''''||'''''-(o)f''''' / '''''-(a)b'''''
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|'''''-(o)g''''' / '''''-(o)l'''''||-(o)dh*
| bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|◌̂ & '''''-(a)'''''||'''''-(a)r'''''
|}

===Verbs===
Sindarin verbs are also quite complex. The number of attested verbs in Sindarin is small, although recent publications clarify most details of conjugation. There are two main types of verbs: ''basic'' and ''derived''. Basic verbs have stems which end in a consonant, and derived verbs have stems which incorporate some sort derivational morpheme (such as a causative ending) which ends in ''-a''.

====Basic Verbs====
Basic verbs, though smaller in number than derived verbs, have a very complex conjugation which arises from Sindarin's phonological history.

Basic verbs form infinitives by adding ''-i'' to the stem: ''firi'' from ''fir-''. For this reason, basic verbs are also known as "I-verbs". This ending causes an ''a'' or ''o'' in the stem to umlaut to ''e'': ''ceri'' from ''car-''. But Sindarin does not have much use for infinitive forms, it rather uses the gerund to achieve the same meaning by suffixing ''-ed'': ''fired'', ''cared''.

For all persons except the third person singular, the aorist/present tense is formed by the insertion of ''-i'' between the stem and the pronominal suffixes: ''firin'', ''firir''. As with the infinitive, ''-i'' causes an ''a'' or ''o'' in the stem to umlaut to ''e'': ''cerin'', ''cerir'', from ''car-''. The third person singular, because it has a zero-ending, does not require the insertion of ''-i''. This leaves the bare stem, which causes the stem vowel to become long as with most monosyllabic words: ''fîr'', ''câr''.

The past tense formation of basic verbs have some of the most complex rules due to Sindarin's phonological history. There are two (non-interchangeable) methods of conjugation for certain forms of verbs. Those whose final consonants are B, D, G, (ancient P, T, K,) employ what is called the Nasal Infixion method, while the rest employs Vowel Lengthening. Both methods also include augmentation of the stem, which duplicates the base vowel by adding it to the beginning of verbs.

*An example to Nasal Infixion: †''mat-'' (the ancient form of ''mad-'' "to eat") becomes †''amat-'' with the augmentation of the base vowel, and †''amante'' with the infixion of ''-ne''. This yields ''avant'', ''avanne-'' in modern Sindarin (note the mutation of ''m'' to ''v'' due to lenition). Here ''avant'' means "(he/she/it) ate", and ''avannen'', ''avanner'' mean "I ate", "they ate".
**After infixion, final ''b'' becomes '''-mp''' & '''-mme-'''; final ''d'' becomes '''-nt''' & '''-nne-''' (as in the example); final ''g'' becomes '''-nc''' & '''-nge-'''.
*An example to Vowel Lengthening: †''kar-'' (in modern orthography ''car-'' "to do, make") becomes †''akar-'' with augmentation and ''akāre-'' with lengthening. Due to Sindarin's complex phonological history, ancient long ''a'' becomes ''o'' in polysyllabic forms, which yields ''agor'', ''agóre-'' in modern Sindarin (note the lenition of ''c'' to ''g''). Here ''agor'' means "(he/she/it) did", and ''agóren'', ''agórer'' mean "I did", "they did".
**After lengthening, ''a'' becomes '''o/ó''' (as in the example); ''e'' becomes '''i/í'''; ''i'' becomes '''i/í'''; ''o'' becomes '''u/ú'''; ''y'' becomes '''u/ú''' (''*ýl-'' > ''uiul'', ''uiúle-'').

The future tense is formed by the addition of ''-atha(-)''. As with derived verbs, the final ''a'' becomes ''o'' with the addition of pronominal suffixes with the exceptions of first person plural inclusive ''-(a)b'', and third person plural ''-(a)r'': ''carathon'', ''carathar''.

The imperative is formed with the addition of ''-o'' to the stem: ''caro!'', ''mado!''.

====Derived Verbs====
Derived verbs have a much less complex conjugation because they have a thematic vowel ''a'', thus they are also known as "A-verbs".

The infinitive is formed with ''-o'', which replaces the ''-a'' of the stem, e.g. ''lasto'' from ''lasta-''. As this is not used, the gerund is formed with the addition of ''-(a)d'' to the stem: ''lastad''.

The aorist/present tense is formed without modification to the stem. The final ''a'' becomes ''o'' with the addition of pronominal suffixes (except ''-(a)b'' & ''-(a)r''): ''lasta'', ''laston'' from ''lasta-''.

The past tense is formed with the ending ''-nt'', which becomes ''-nne-'' with pronominal suffixes: ''lastant'', ''lastanner'' from ''lasta-''.

The future tense is formed with ''-atha(-)''. As with the aorist/present tense, the final ''a'' becomes ''o'' with the addition of pronominal suffixes: ''lastatha'', ''lastathon''.

The imperative form is identical to the infinitive: ''lasto!''.

==Etymology==
The word ''Sindarin'' itself is actually a [[Quenya]] word given by the [[Noldor]]in Exiles.

==Other names==
Sindarin is the language referred to as "the '''Elven-tongue'''" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. In a letter, [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] referred to Sindarin as '''Grey Elvish'''.<ref>{{L|230}}</ref> In another manuscript he used the similar name '''Grey-elven'''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref>

No native word for ''Sindarin'' is known.

==Inspiration==
Tolkien originally imagined that the language which would become ''Sindarin'' was spoken by the Noldor. However, Tolkien later decided that it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called "[[Noldorin]]" in the older material, such as the ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]''. When Noldorin became Sindarin, it also adopted some features of the originally unrelated language ''[[Ilkorin]]''. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on [[Welsh]], and Sindarin displays of the consonant mutations that characterise the Celtic (especially Brythonic) languages. The language was also probably influenced to an extent by the Germanic languages, as Tolkien was a scholar of both [[Old English]] and [[Old Norse]].

==External links==
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin – ''The Noble Tongue''], by [[Helge Kåre Fauskanger]] at [[Ardalambion]]
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/ Hiswelókë's Sindarin Dictionary]
*[http://sindarin.weet.us/ I Lam Arth - The Noble Tongue], a technical study of Sindarin
*[http://glaemscrafu.jrrvf.com/english/sindarin.html Texts and sound samples] at [[Glǽmscrafu]]

==Notes==
<references group="note" />
{{references}}
{{languages}}
[[Category:Sindarin| ]]
[[Category:Quenya adjectives]]
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]
[[de:Sindarin]]
[[fi:Sindar (kieli)]]
[[fr:encyclo:langues:sindarin]]

Sûza

2026-01-15T14:12:07Z

Sage: /* Etymology */

'''Sûza''' is the [[Westron]] word for "province, sphere of occupation, division of a realm",<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref> visible in '''Sûza-t''', "[[The Shire]]".<ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 45</ref>

==Etymology==
[[Andreas Möhn]] suggested that perhaps the second element ''-za'' was related to the [[Adûnaic]] word ''[[zâyan]]'' ("land").<ref>[[Andreas Möhn]], "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of the Atani languages]", entry ZAY'N</ref>

==Inspiration==
<blockquote>'' "[...] actually the [[Old Norse]] and mod. Icelandic ''[[Wikipedia:sýsla|sýsla]]'' (Swed. ''[[Wiktionary:syssla#Swedish|syssla]]'', Dan. ''[[Wiktionary:syssel#Danish|syssel]]'', now obsolete in sense ''amt'', but occurring in place-names) was in mind when I said that the real untranslated name of the Shire was ''Súza'' [...] hence it was also said [...] that it was a 'district of well-ordered ''business'''."''<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 775 (entry for ''Shire'')</ref></blockquote>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suza}}
[[Category:Westron words]]

Sûza

2026-01-15T14:09:52Z

Sage: /* Inspiration */

'''Sûza''' is the [[Westron]] word for "province, sphere of occupation, division of a realm",<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref> visible in '''Sûza-t''', "[[The Shire]]".<ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 45</ref>

==Etymology==
Perhaps the second element ''-za'' related to the [[Adûnaic]] word ''[[zâyan]]'' ("land").<ref>Andreas Möhn, "[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Fr_Atani.html Etymologies of the Atani languages]", entry ZAY'N</ref>

==Inspiration==
<blockquote>'' "[...] actually the [[Old Norse]] and mod. Icelandic ''[[Wikipedia:sýsla|sýsla]]'' (Swed. ''[[Wiktionary:syssla#Swedish|syssla]]'', Dan. ''[[Wiktionary:syssel#Danish|syssel]]'', now obsolete in sense ''amt'', but occurring in place-names) was in mind when I said that the real untranslated name of the Shire was ''Súza'' [...] hence it was also said [...] that it was a 'district of well-ordered ''business'''."''<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 775 (entry for ''Shire'')</ref></blockquote>

{{references}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suza}}
[[Category:Westron words]]

Númenóreans

2026-01-03T13:10:03Z

Sage: /* Legacy */

{{disambig-two|the inhabitants of Númenor|descendants they had on [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]]|[[Dúnedain]]}}
{{people infobox
| name=Númenóreans
| image = Steamey - Ar-Pharazôn.jpg
| caption="Ar-Pharazôn" by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamey]]
| pronun={{respell|noo|meh|noh|reh-ans}}
| othernames=''Adûnâi'' ([[Adûnaic|A]]), ''Núnatani'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[Dúnedain]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Go-hilleg'' ([[Dunlendish|D]]), ''[[Tarkil]]di'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) 
Kings of Men, Men of Númenor, Men of the Sea, Men of Westernesse, Mighty of the West, Sea-kings, Tall Men
| origin=[[Edain]] of [[Beleriand]] granted a new homeland by the [[Valar]] after the [[War of Wrath]]
| location=[[Númenor]], [[Eriador]], [[Harad]], [[Umbar]], [[Pelargir]], later [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]
| affiliation=[[Faithful]], [[King's Men]], [[Realms in Exile]], [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| rivalry=[[Sauron]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| members=[[Elros]], [[Tar-Aldarion]], [[Ar-Pharazôn]], [[Elendil]], [[Isildur]]
| lifespan=Númenóreans - c. 200+ years<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref> [[Kings of Númenor]] - c. 400 years (later diminished)<ref name=Line/> ''[[#Characteristics|See below]]''
| distinctions=The mightiest of [[Men]] in both nobility and body
| height=Tall, typically 7 feet.<ref name=Dwarves>{{PM|X}}</ref>
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=Bows<ref name=Description>{{UT|3}}, p. 170</ref>
}}
<center>{{quote|So great was the might and splendour of the Númenóreans that Sauron's own servants deserted him.|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]]}}</center>
'''Númenóreans''' or '''[[Dúnedain]]''' were the [[Men]] of [[Númenor]], descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who were granted the island of [[Elenna]] as a dwelling place. Eventually, they turned against the [[Valar]], and their island home was destroyed in the last years of the [[Second Age]].

==Origins==
{{seealso|Edain}}
The Númenóreans were descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]], who proved themselves great allies of the [[Elves]], from whom they gathered knowledge of all things surrounding them. The two races fought together against [[Morgoth]].

During that Age, unions of Elves and Men were made; [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] whose son, [[Dior|Dior Eluchíl]], married [[Nimloth of Doriath]] and [[Elwing]] was born. [[Idril]] and [[Tuor]], the second couple, were parents of [[Eärendil]]. Elwing and Eärendil met at the [[Havens of Sirion]] and from their union twins were born: [[Elros]] and [[Elrond]]. To the two [[Half-elven|half-elves]], the Valar gave a choice: Elros chose to join the race of men, whereas Elrond chose to join the elves.

The Edain fought with the [[Host of Valinor]] in the [[War of Wrath]] and were victorious, the Edain were honoured and blessed by [[Eönwë]] in body and mind for their part in the [[Wars of Beleriand|war]] and the [[Valar]] rewarded the Edain by giving them a place to dwell outside the troubled world of [[Middle-earth]]. [[Ulmo]] raised an island halfway between [[Endor]] and [[Aman]] which the Edain named [[Elenna]], later known as the island of [[Númenor]].<ref name="akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref>

The first ships of the Edain arrived to their new home in {{SA|32}} by following the [[Star of Eärendil]].<ref name="Line" /> The fleet of Elros initially brought probably between 5,000 to 10,000 Edain to the island,<ref name="NM" /> he established the Realm of Númenor and became the first [[King of Númenor]].<ref name="Line" /> After a migration period that lasted at least 50 years, between 200,000 and 350,000 Men (the majority of the Edain in Middle-earth<ref>{{PM|V}}, §5</ref>) had gradually emigrated to Númenor.<ref name="NM">{{NM|P3xiii|}}, p. 339</ref>

==History==
[[File:Turner Mohan - Númenórean Armor (early Second Age).jpg|thumb|''Númenórean Armor (early Second Age)'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
===Early history===
The Númenóreans built a mighty seafaring civilisation, their lore and craft were advanced and enriched by the knowledge of the [[Eldar]] and their body and mind grew in stature, gaining long life thrice more than the Men in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="Line" /> They excelled in 'ship-building and sea-craft' and became skilled mariners.<ref name="akallabeth" />

They held the Eldar in close friendship and the white ships from [[Tol Eressëa]] brought many gifts to Númenor such as birds, flowers, and healing herbs. One notable gift was a seedling of [[Celeborn, White Tree|Celeborn]], the White Tree of Tol Eressëa which grew at the courts of the King in [[Armenelos]] and it was named [[Nimloth (tree)|Nimloth]].<ref name="akallabeth" />

===Return to Middle-earth===
Due to the fact that the [[Ban of the Valar]] restricted them from sailing [[Undying Lands|West]], the Númenóreans began to explore the eastern part of the [[Arda|world]], reaching the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}}.<ref name="APSA">{{App|SA}}</ref> They sailed to [[Lindon]] and established a friendship with [[Gil-galad]] and the [[Elves of Lindon]].<ref name="UTAE3" />

The Men in [[Eriador]] were filled with wonder at their coming for the Men of Middle-earth had long lived under the [[Shadow]], a period known as the [[Dark Years]], and because of this they grew weak and fearful. The Númenóreans began to cultivate their new friends teaching them agriculture, stonemasonry and smithying.<ref name="akallabeth" /> They also discovered that while their languages were different, they both had a common origin and were able to converse with each other over simple matters.<ref name="UTAE3">{{UT|4}}, note 3</ref> The Númenóreans never dwelt long in the shores of Middle-earth, but the [[Middle Men|Men]], who populated the western shores, were comforted. They revered the memory of the tall Sea-kings whom they remembered as gods hoping each time for their return.<ref name="akallabeth" />
[[Image:Eric Faure-Brac - Erendis.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''Erendis'' by Eric Faure-Brac]]
In the following decades there was increased activity between Númenór and Middle-earth, mariners returning from their voyages brought with them ore and jewels. In {{SA|750}} the [[Guild of Venturers]] was founded by [[Aldarion]] and many young and eager men joined.<ref>{{UT|4}}, Notes, Chronology</ref> Their vessels grew greater and larger and were now able to make far and long voyages.

Aldarion established [[Vinyalondë]] at the mouth of the [[Gwathló]], a haven for the purpose of repairs, ship building and collection of timber. The Númenóreans began to escalate their tree felling around the dense forests of [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]], but their enterprise created animosity between them and the [[Pre-Númenóreans|native men]] living there and the forest-dwellers attacked and ambushed the Númenóreans when they could until they were expelled from their forest homes. The Númenóreans wrecked the banks, the shorelines, great tracks and roads whom they drove into the forests northwards and southwards from the Gwathló and continued battling and destroying what lied ahead of them, pushing into Minhiriath and Enedwaith.<ref name="UTLD">{{UT|6d}}</ref>

In {{SA|882}} Gil-galad warned [[Tar-Meneldur]] that a new shadow is rising in the East, instigated by a [[Sauron|servant]] of [[Morgoth]], and asked for aid when the time comes to help defend Eriador against this new threat.<ref name="Aldarion">{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref>{{rp|199–200}} The Númenóreans began the preparation of force and supplies for war.<ref name="CGC">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

A millennium after the foundation of the Realm, the population seemed to have slightly exceeded 2 million Númenóreans.<ref name="NM" />

In the early [[Second Age 1200|thirteenth century]] of the Second Age, the Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle-earth.<ref name="APSA" /> Later these settlements were under increased pressure from raiders as [[Sauron]] drew closer to the Númenórean sphere of influence. He recruited the [[Pre-Númenóreans|natives]] that had a hatred of Númenór and used them as spies and guides. Though Sauron had not enough force to assault the forts at the Haven or along the banks of the Gwathló his raiders wreaked havoc on the fringes of the forests, burning trees and wood-stores of the Númenóreans.<ref name="UTLD" />

The Númenóreans participated in the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], though they arrived late to the conflict in {{SA|1700}}<ref name="APSA" /> due to delays<ref name="CGC" /> and when most of Eriador was already ruined. [[Tar-Minastir]]'s fleet turned the tide of the war and Sauron was decisively defeated in the [[Battle of the Gwathló]]. Sauron was forced to retreat to [[Mordor]] and vowed vengeance upon the Númenóreans and there was peace in the [[Westlands]].<ref name="CGC" />

===Shadow falls===
[[File:Turner Mohan - Númenórean Armor (late Second Age).jpg|thumb|''Númenórean Armor (late Second Age)'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
The first sign of the Shadow falling upon Númenór was said to have begun in the reign of Tar-Minastir, he loved the Eldar - and aided them in their most desperate hour against Sauron - but he also envied them.<ref name="Line" /> Over time, the Númenóreans began questioning the [[Ban of the Valar]] and the [[Gift of Men]], and the fear of death crept into their hearts, so the [[Firstborn]] became envied for their immortality.<ref name="akallabeth" />

About {{SA|1800}}, the Númenóreans began establishing dominions on the coasts of Middle-earth and their attitude towards the Men of Middle-earth changed, where once they were teachers and friends they now subjugated them and levied heavy tribute to the native populace, desiring wealth and power. This occurred during the reigns of [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and his son [[Tar-Atanamir]].<ref name="APSA" /> It was during the reign of Tar-Atanamir that the Shadow upon Númenór was on its noontide. The Númenóreans that followed his lore spoke openly against the [[Valar]] and Eldar<ref name="Line" /> though they still feared retaliation from the Valar if they broke the ban.<ref name="akallabeth" />

During the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]], the Númenóreans became divided into two parties; the [[Faithful]] or [[Elf-friends]] and the [[King's Men]].<ref name="Line" /> Those that followed the King abandoned the use of the [[Eldarin]] tongues and were estranged from the Eldar and Valar while the Faithful were still friends with the Eldar.<ref name="APNK">{{App|A1i}}</ref> The King's Men explored the coasts of Middle-earth far southward, establishing landing and trading posts that grew into cruel vice-kingdoms which left many rumours in the legends of Men, although the Eldar did not know about them,<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> such as [[Umbar]].<ref group="note">It is unclear when Umbar was founded, in [[Appendix B]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' it is mentioned that it was fortified in {{SA|2280}} which means that it had existed in some form prior to that date.</ref> The Faithful Númenóreans played no part in this and in {{SA|2350}} [[Pelargir]] was built by them and it became their chief haven.<ref name="APSA" />

When [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] ascended to the throne in {{SA|2899}},<ref name="APSA" /> he was the first king to choose an [[Adûnaic]] name and began to persecute the Faithful, punishing all those who would speak the Elven tongues openly. In the end, the Eldar came no more to the land of Númenor.<ref name="APNK" /> However there was some respite for the Faithful under the rule of [[Tar-Palantir]] who sought to repent the actions of his predecessors and gain back the favour of the Valar.<ref name="Line" />

[[Tar-Palantir]]'s policies were met with opposition by his brother [[Gimilkhâd]] who led the King's party, when he died his son [[Pharazôn]] returned to Númenór and led a rebellion against the king. When Tar-Palantir died his daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]], according to the [[Law of Succession in Númenor|New Law]], had the right to inherit the throne, but Pharazôn forced her into marriage, and usurped the [[Sceptre of Númenor|Sceptre]] for himself, becoming known as Ar-Pharazôn.<ref name="akallabeth" />

===Sauron's corruption===
In {{SA|3261}}<ref name="APSA" /> Ar-Pharazôn returned to Middle-earth with a mighty host to challenge the threat of Sauron. So mighty were the Númenóreans that the servants of Sauron fled even before the battle began and their leader was taken as a prisoner back to the island of Elenna. Through numerous lies he poisoned the mind of the king and became master of his council, changing even the religion of the Númenóreans and turning them into servants of the dark lord [[Morgoth]].<ref name="akallabeth" />

===Downfall===
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Queen Tar-Míriel and the Great Wave.jpg|thumb|left|''Queen Tar-Miriel and the Great Wave'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}
As the shadow of death approached Ar-Pharazôn Sauron now urged the king to take immortality by force and invade Aman. The Númenóreans now began preparations for war with the Valar and this raised the anger of [[Manwë]] who sent his eagle-shaped storm clouds to Númenor. Lightning struck the land, including the temple of Melkor, where human sacrifices were made. Because Sauron himself stood in their path and was not hurt by them, the Númenóreans were deceived even more into thinking he was their rightful god.<ref name="akallabeth" />

Ar-Pharazôn sailed at the head of his fleet known as the [[Great Armament]], led by the flagship [[Alcarondas]], set course towards Valinor and reached Tol Eressëa. His pride fooled him into thinking that the inhabitants of Aman would not stand in his way, because the land was quiet and peaceful, and thus he set camp near the [[Túna]] hill. But Manwë, the Elder King, was aware of what transpired, and the Valar then laid down the Guardianship of Arda. Ilúvatar responded by catastrophically changing the shape of Arda. The Númenóreans present in Valinor were buried under the hills which fell upon them, and on the great island, fire erupted from the top of [[Meneltarma]]. The land crumbled into pieces and a great wave swept over it and buried the island at the bottom of the sea. Its people were taken by the waters, and this tragedy brought an end to the Númenórean realm, in {{SA|3319}}.<ref name="akallabeth" />

===Legacy===
[[File:Turner Mohan - Out Of The Sea I Am Come.jpg|thumb|200px|''Out Of The Sea I am Come'' by Turner Mohan]]
Few of the remaining Númenóreans in the island survived the Downfall, these were the Elendili led by Elendil and his sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]]. They escaped the [[Akallabêth]] with nine ships, a seedling of [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], which Isildur had rescued the night before its destruction and the Seven [[Seeing-stones]]. Cast ashore by the storm on the western lands of Middle-earth, they founded the Númenórean realms in exile: [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name="akallabeth" />

Other Númenóreans survived the Downfall who had settled in Middle-earth, such as the Faithful [[House of Dol Amroth]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, Note 39</ref> The King's Men of Middle-earth continued to serve Sauron and were later known as the [[Black Númenóreans]]. Their chief haven was [[Umbar]].<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref>

Long after the Fall, there was a belief among those who survived it that the Holy Mountain Meneltarma was not swallowed by the waters but instead raised to be a new island of its own. The heirs of Elendil built great ships once more and set on its search, not only because they yearned for their home, but also because from that point, the top of Meneltarma, Tol Eressëa could be spotted and their hearts still desired to reach the West, against all warnings. But they never found the top of Meneltarma and their voyages served only to discover that Arda was now a round world and their ships could not reach Aman any more.<ref name="akallabeth" />

==Culture==
===Language===
The Númenóreans spoke [[Adûnaic]], a [[Mannish]] language that descended from the Mannish languages spoken in [[Beleriand]]. However, their forefathers, the Edain, had learned [[Sindarin]] which was passed on to Númenor. As a language of lore, it changed only a little with the millennia. Educated Númenóreans also studied [[Quenya]], having a prestige above all other tongues.<ref name="Appendices">{{App|Men}}</ref>

===Religion and tradition===
[[File:Liz Danforth - Isildur.png|thumb|200px|left|''[[Isildur]]'' by Liz Danforth]]
Towards the middle of Mittalmar stood the Mountain [[Meneltarma]], the sacred place on which [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] was worshipped. Its flattened top was wide enough to contain a great crowd during the three yearly ceremonies ([[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]] and [[Eruhantalë]]). These took place in absolute silence while climbing its slopes. Soon after {{SA|3262}} these religious beliefs were abandoned and the worshipping of [[Morgoth|Melkor]] began. It was done in a cylindrical temple near the city of Armenelos built especially for this, and it involved sacrificing men and women over a great fire, whose first flames were lit from the logs of [[Nimloth the Fair]], white tree of Númenor, when Sauron ordered it felled.

Every autumn they observed the [[Great Bear-dance]].<ref name="NOME">{{NM|P3xiii}}, p. 335</ref>

Whenever ships sailed from Númenor, the custom of the [[Green Bough of Return]] took place. A branch from the [[Fragrant Trees|Fragrant Tree]] [[Oiolairë]] was set at the prow as a symbol of good fortune by a Númenórean woman, close relative to the captain of the ship. [[Erendis]], wife of Tar-Aldarion, refused to do so in disagreement with her husband's frequent voyages towards Middle-earth, breaking this tradition for the first time.

===Daily life===
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Númenórean helmet.jpg|thumb|Númenórean helmet by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]
Many of the inhabitants of Númenor were fishermen. Along with the grains cultivated in Orrostar, fish was the main food source for the Númenóreans.

The Dúnedain were skilled in riding and loved horses. They could even call them in their thoughts if bound by friendship. Númenor had no paved roads so that the carriages could move on them more easily. From the [[Noldor]] they learned the art of forging swords, axes, spears, knives, but mostly bows; their arrows resembled dark clouds falling upon the enemies.

The Númenóreans, were skilled in the art of husbandry, breeding great horses that roamed across the open plains in Mittalmar.

The greatest love of the Númenóreans was the sea and the building of the largest ships. Most were built at the command of Tar-Aldarion, who also established the [[Guild of Venturers]]. The ship ''[[Eämbar]]'' was their headquarters.

==Characteristics==
[[File:Turner Mohan - Tar-Míriel.jpg|thumb|''Tar-Míriel'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]
The average Númenórean was taller than two [[Ranga]]r or 6'4". Elendil was the tallest of Men who escaped the Downfall, mentioned to be almost 2.5 [[rangar]] tall, 7'11" or 2.41 m.<ref>{{UT|Linear}}</ref>

Númenóreans were granted especially long lives when compared to that of other Men, with the average lifespan in the beginning ranging from 350 years to as much as 420. Those of the line of Elros in particular often lived 400 years or even more, while those who were outside of the royal line only rarely managed to reach 400.<ref name="Life">{{NM|P3xi}}, p. 317</ref>

Númenóreans were also those who best understood the [[Gift of Ilúvatar]] and were blessed in that they did not share the same fear of death that other men had. Often in the beginning of Númenor, Men who at last began to feel the first signs of weariness of mortal life would voluntarily give up their spirits and die of their own free will. This usually would only occur in the latter years of their lifespan, such as around year 400 for the particularly long lived.<ref name="Life" />

However, as part of the decay brought on by the Shadow, many Númenóreans began to fear death rather than accept it. During the twilight of the realm, many Númenóreans would cling to life for as long as possible, becoming senile and decrepit like other Men. Additionally, lifespans began to decline as the Shadow further grew. The lifespans of those of the house of Elros began to fall to the point where many would live for less than three centuries.<ref name="Line" />

==Other names==
In their own language, the Númenóreans were named '''''Adûnâi'''''.<ref>{{SD|66}}, p. 247</ref>

They were also known as '''High Men'''; '''''Tarkildi''''' in Quenya.<ref name="Dwarves" />{{rp|312, 427}}<ref name="Appendices" /><ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 101</ref> (Cf. [[Middle Men]]). They were also known as "Sea-kings", "Men of the Sea" and "Lords of the Sea".<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 297</ref>

In [[Quenya]] they were known as '''''Núnatani''''' ("Western Men") as well, and '''''Dúnedain''''' in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 18</ref> ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is explicit in noting that "Númenóreans" and "Dúnedain" are synonymous terms, meaning the same thing. Nevertheless, it seems more usual to call those born in [[Númenor]] "Númenóreans" and their descendants living in [[Middle-earth]] post-[[Downfall of Númenor|Downfall]] "Dúnedain".

They were known as '''''Go-hilleg''''' by the [[Dunlendings]].<ref>{{PM|Index}}, entry "Go-hilleg"</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier drafts of the ''Akallabêth'', it introduced the notion of the Númenóreans using aerial craft.<ref>{{LR|P1II1}}</ref> After the destruction of their island they devise ships that 'sail in the air of breath'.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}, §12</ref> The mechanics is not explored and was discarded in the story later.<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}, Commentary on the first version of The Fall of Númenor, §12</ref>

[[Christopher Tolkien]] noted that Tolkien developed his thinking on the longevity of Númenóreans: originally he suggested that Númenóreans not of the [[Line of Elros]] lived for 200 years - or three times normal men - with royal kindred living 400 years. However, in later writings this was changed to a smaller difference between royals and non-royals, with Númenóreans living "five times" that of normal men, or 300–350 years. Those of the House of Elros were consistenly at c. 400 years, although this was later diminished due to their rebellion.<ref name="Line" /> This longer lifespan resulted in an older age of adulthood: 25 years.<ref name="Aldarion" />{{rp|174}}

In another writing from circa 1965, Tolkien postulated that even Númenóreans who were not of the royal house lived around 350–420 years, though non royals managing to reach 400 was not a common event.<ref name="Life" />

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Númenóreans.jpg|thumb|Númenórean characters as seen in ''The Rings of Power'']]
:'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', Season One:'''
:Several Númenórean characters appear from [[Adar (episode)|episode 3]] forward. As the production has license to utilize material only from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', other sources such as ''[[Akallabêth]]'', which provide more details on the Númenóreans, can't be used. As such, particular Númenórean characteristics, such as high stature and longevity, or their concerns about immortality or collonialist expansion aren't taken into consideration. The Númenórean people is portrayed as easy to influence, turning from a hatred towards [[Elves]] (unexplained on screen), represented by [[Galadriel]], to join battle under the command of her.

==See also==
*[[King of Númenor]]
*[[Black Númenóreans]]
*[[Dúnedain]]

==External links==
*[http://www.stephenwigmore.com/2016/09/the-population-of-numenor-through-2nd.html The population of Númenor] - A theory about the Númenóreans's population numbers on Númenor and Middle-earth during the Second Age, by Stephen Wigmore
*[http://www.zarkanya.net/Tolkien/Decline%20of%20the%20Numenoreans.htm Decline of the Lifespan of the Númenóreans] - Discussion about the lifespan of Númenórean characters, both on Númenor and the Realms in Exile, with visual charts.
{{references|n}}
[[Category:Edain]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Númenóreans]]
[[fi:Númenorilaiset]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/numenoreens]]

Talk:Later Ages

2025-12-26T09:04:08Z

Sage: /* Out-of-universe? */

== "futuristic" map ==

Geophysics and Geology Professor Peter Bird of UCLA has created a map that is like a mix of Middle-earth and modern Europe. An article about his attempt can be seen [https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/121-where-on-earth-was-middle-earth/ here], but the links pointing at his original site aren't working. I think it would be a nice addition to this article, but licensing it would be problematic? [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 07:56, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

:A bit of reverse image searching has located the domain http://peterbird.name and the image is linked at the bottom of the page!
:http://peterbird.name/pictures/Middle-Earth.jpg
:His contact details are available on this page, but given that it is a pubic domain and we are a not-for-profit it should fall under fair use.
:PS. I think it is a very interesting image and certainly worthwhile of inclusion.[[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 15:30, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
::Where does it say they are pubic domain? [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 09:12, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
:::The top of the page says ''"You are welcome to download many of my finite-element and graphical programs, and to use any figures, maps, or images that you might find useful in teaching or research presentations."'', so to me it is clear he is happy for the images to be shared in a teaching environment, which as a not-for-profit Wiki we surely includes TG?
:::
:::I am not suggesting you should not contact him to ask, but I don't imagine given the above quote he would object. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 16:59, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

== Year calculation pedantry ==
After a convo on the Discord in which much arithmetic was done on JRRT's "16k year" statement, I think the correct calculated BC years for the ends of the 1A, 2A, and 3A in the NOME paradigm are as follows:

1) Benchmark: YS 310 was 16,000 years ago in 1960 AD.

2) YS 310 was 14,040 years ago in 1 BC (there is no 0 BC). Therefore YS 310 = 14,041 BC.

3) In this scheme, the YS/Bel. period is 600 years long, not 590; therefore YS 600 = 13,751 BC.

4) Therefore SA 3441 = 10,310 BC and TA 3021 = 7,289 BC.

Hostetter came up with 7,288 at this last step because he was calculating "years before;" 7,288 years before 1 BC is 7,289 BC.
--[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 03:22, 9 September 2024 (UTC)

== Out-of-universe? ==
To Sage's inquiries about this article being written from an out-of-universe POV - how would you do it from an in-universe POV, given the fact that the entire article is based upon 4 different, separate conceptions of ME history (or rather its future)? [[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]] ([[User talk:IvarTheBoneless|talk]]) 13:23, 24 December 2025 (UTC)

:I think it can't be written as a perfectly satisfying article, but we can try. A large portion of the article does not concern the Ages themselves but are about the temporal distance to the present era. I don't say that it should be removed, just to be kept under a section, and include some IU POV as well as the "main" text.
:We can consider any information about the future of the Elves, Dwarves etc, some prophecies, in the narrative, the Appendices, HoME, Aelfwine, perhaps showing a preference to sources contemporary to or later than LOTR. We can include some of Tolkien's opinions (if any, from Letters or essays) just not quoted directly to keep the IU illusion (according to the MoS). Perhaps can we consider Notion Club sources too? [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 14:42, 24 December 2025 (UTC)
::I agree, but I think that of we do, we should consider moving this page to [[Seventh Age]] and disregarding the other later Ages as Tolkien literally never wrote anything set in the Fifth Age and the Sixth Age.[[User:Dour1234|Dour1234]] ([[User talk:Dour1234|talk]]) 16:05, 24 December 2025 (UTC)
:::I think the article now as it is, mostly concerns the "Seventh Age" and its length already, rather than anything else. And yea, perhaps adding info about Aelfwine etc would balance it even farther forward. But I still think we should try to conform the article more to the MoS. One first step would be to replace "Tolkien says this about Eldarion in HoMe..." to a prose IU text. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 09:03, 26 December 2025 (UTC)

Harfoots

2025-12-26T09:00:11Z

Sage:

{{people infobox
| name=Harfoots
| image = Lidia Postma - Hobbits comparison.jpg
| caption=Hobbits by Lidia Postma
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=A group of [[Hobbits]]
| location=[[Vales of Anduin]], [[Bree]], [[The Shire]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=[[Hobbitish]], [[Westron]]
| members=
| lifespan=c. 96 years
| distinctions=
| height=Shorter than the other Hobbits
| hair=No beards
| skin=Browner than the other Hobbits
| clothing=No footwear
| weapons=
}}

'''Harfoots''' are one of the three breeds of [[Hobbits]]. The Harfoots were the most common and typical of the kinds.<ref name="Hobbits"/>

==Characteristics==
They were shorter and smaller than the other breeds, browner of skin, had no beards, and did not wear any footwear; Their hands and feet were neat and nimble. They liked highlands and hillsides, and lived in holes they called ''[[smials]]'', a habit which they long preserved. They were accustomed to settle in one place longer.<ref name="Hobbits"/>

The Harfoots of the Shire were on very friendly terms with the [[Dwarves]], who travelled through the [[High Pass]] on the [[Great Road]].<ref name="Hobbits">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

== History ==
In their earliest known history, the Harfoots lived in the lower foothills of the [[Misty Mountains]] in the [[Vales of Anduin]], in an area roughly bounded by the [[Gladden River]] in the south and the small forested region where later was the [[Eagle's Eyrie]] near the High Pass to the north.

They were the first to migrate westward into [[Eriador]], beginning thus the [[Wandering Days]] of the Hobbit peoples.<ref name="Hobbits"/> They were first recorded in [[Arnor]]ian records around {{TA|1050}} and it was to them that the name ''[[Perian]]nath'' ([[Halflings]]) was first applied by the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]].

They tended to settle down for long times, and founded numerous villages{{fact}} as far as [[Weathertop]] while at the same time their kin were still back in the Vales.<ref name="Hobbits"/> By the 1300s of the [[Third Age]] they had reached [[Bree]], which long was the most western village of any Hobbits.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>

The Harfoots were joined between {{TA|1150}} and {{TA|1300}} by the [[Fallohides]]. The Harfoots took Fallohides, a bolder breed, as their leaders.

When [[the Shire]] was colonized in {{TA|1601}}, most of [[Shire-hobbits|its people]] were Harfoots.<ref name="Hobbits"/>

== Etymology ==
''Harfoots'' means "one with hairy feet", and is a translation of an archaic [[Hobbitish]] form of an old [[Westron]] name.

The word is supposed to represent archaic English ''hǣr-fōt > herfoot > harfoot''.

[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted that Modern English ''hair'', though related, is not a direct descendant of [[Old English]] ''hǣr, hēr'' and therefore *"hairfoot" would not be a faithful translation.<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 759</ref><ref group="note">However, [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hair Wiktionary] shows ''hair'' as derived directly from ''hǣr''.</ref>

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Malva Meadowgrass, Sadoc Burrows, and Marigold Brandyfoot.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Malva Meadowgrass]], [[Sadoc Burrows]], and [[Marigold Brandyfoot]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'']]

===Television===
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:The Harfoots are portrayed as ancient halfling travelers of highlands and hillsides. Harfoots dwell within portable homes in a caravan that could blend into the natural environment. They delighted in parties, coming up with the traditional Harvest Festival to prepare for their migrations from one seasonal haven to another. The Harfoots utilize symbols within a pictographic writing system to produce meanings and note natural rhymes and tabulations to prepare for migrations. Each Harfoot caravan has a Trailfinder who leads them. Trailfinders utilize a Star-book inherited through generations to aid their caravan on the safest course in each migration. During migrations, the Harfoots carry their most valuable possessions inside carts. If a Harfoot falls behind, the caravan moves on without them, instead taking them with only in spirit, in essence, abandoning them to die or be "decaravanned". In addition, Harfoots can also be "decaravanned" by breaking the rules of the community.

{{References|notes}}

[[Category:Races of Hobbits]]
[[Category:Hobbits]]

[[de:Harfüße]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hobbits/pieds velus]]
[[fi:Karvajalat]]

Manwë

2025-12-24T18:09:43Z

Sage: /* Other names */

{{infobox character
| people=[[Valar|Vala]]
| name=Manwë
| image=Anna Kulisz - Manwe.jpg
| caption="Manwe" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈmanwe]}}
| othernames=''Súlimo'' ([[Quenya|Q]]) ''[[Mānawenūz]]'' ([[Valarin|V]]) ''Aran Einior'' ([[Sindarin|S]]) ''Amân'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])
| titles=High King of Arda Lord of the Breath of Arda Viceregent of Eru
| position=[[King of Arda]]
| location=[[Ilmarin]], [[Taniquetil]]
| affiliation=[[Eönwë]], [[Olórin]] and the [[Eagles]]
| language=
| notablefor=
| siblings=[[Morgoth]]
| spouse=[[Varda]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=Blue<ref name=s1/>
| clothing=Blue<ref name=s1/>
| weapons=[[Sword of Manwë|Sword]]<ref>{{WJ|Last}}, p. 246</ref><ref>{{AA|50}}, p. 75</ref>
| steed=
}}
{{quote|Lo, Manwë Súlimo clad in sapphires, ruler of the airs and wind, is held lord of Gods and Elves and Men, and the greatest bulwark against the evil of Melko.|''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'', "[[The Music of the Ainur]]"}}

'''Manwë Súlimo''' was the King of the [[Valar]], husband of [[Varda]] Elentári, brother of the [[Dark Lord]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]] (Morgoth), and '''High King of [[Arda]]'''. The winds, airs and birds were his servants. He was the greatest of the [[Ainur]] in authority, but not in power. The Lord of the Breath of Arda, he was appointed as its Ruler, hence his most common title, the '''Elder King'''.

==Attributes==
Manwë was the Ainu dearest to Eru, closest to his mind, and appointed his viceregent on Earth. He was king, lord of Arda, and ruler of everything that dwells therein. His spouse is [[Varda]], and they are seldom parted. His attributes are air and the winds, from the [[Veil of Arda]] to the small breezes. He also commands the birds.<ref name="vala" /> From the beginning, [[Ulmo]] has been his closest friend and ally. They come together when the vapors of the water become clouds high in the air. The two most faithfully served the purpose of Eru.<ref name="ai" />

He lived in [[Ilmarin|his halls]] atop Mount [[Taniquetil]], the highest mountain of the world. Together with Varda he could see farther than all other eyes. All things that flew in the light were his servants and brought him news from the farthest and deepest places of the world; save dark places in the deep that were Ulmo's domain<ref name="vala" /> or those hid by the black thought of powerful evil.

As the vicegerent of Eru on Earth, Manwë was a kind, compassionate ruler, unconcerned with his own power. Manwë dressed in blue robes and had blue eyes. He wielded a scepter of sapphire made for him by the [[Noldor]]. The [[Vanyar]] were his favorite Elves, and they lived with him and Varda on Mount [[Oiolosse]], and he delighted in their songs and poetry.<ref name="s1">{{S|1}}</ref>

As every finite creature must have some weakness, Manwë's inherent fault was to become engrossed in amendment, healing, re-ordering — even ‘keeping the status quo’ — to the loss of all creative power and even to weakness in dealing with difficult and perilous situations. This applied to Manwë's dealings with Melkor, which were partly out of sheer fear of him, and partly out of desire to control him.<ref>{{MR|P5VI}}</ref>{{rp|522}}

==History==
In the thought of Ilúvatar, Manwë was the brother of Melkor, but dearest to Ilúvatar and the one that best understood the will of [[Ilúvatar|Eru]].<ref name="vala">{{S|IIb}}</ref> When Melkor created the discord in the second [[Song of the Ainur]], Manwë took over leading the song, pondering about airs and winds.<ref name="ai">{{S|Ainu}}</ref>

Manwë along with [[Aulë]] and [[Ulmo]] were the chief architects of [[Arda]], and when it was formed, he denied to surrender it to Melkor. Many [[spirits]], like [[Varda]], came to his side from the deeps of [[Ea]].<ref name="ai" />

He did not understand evil, even in the form of his own brother. He released Melkor from [[Mandos]], thus allowing him to cause the distrust of [[Fëanor]], the [[Darkening of Valinor|Poisoning]] of the [[Two Trees]], the murder of [[Finwë]], the theft of the [[Silmarils]], and the revolt of the [[Noldor]].

To hearten the [[Eldar]], he had [[Aulë]] fashion the Sun and the Moon, for he knew the rising of the [[Atani]] was coming soon, and sent [[Thorondor]] and the [[Great Eagles]] to watch them.

After Morgoth's fall, Manwë cast him into the [[Void]]. In the [[Final Battle]], when Melkor escapes, it is said that the Elder King and the Dark Lord will battle on the Plains of [[Valinor]], but that they will not slay each other.

==Etymology==
''Manwë'' is intended to mean "Blessed One" in [[Quenya]], from [[root]] ''MAN'' plus the male ending ''[[-wë]]''. However it is said also to be a version of the [[Valarin]] name '''Mānawenūz''', which was the original [[Valarin]] name for Manwë. It meant "Blessed One, One (closest) in accord with Eru".<ref>{{WJ|AD1}}</ref>

==Other names==
'''''Súlimo''''' was a Quenya epithet meaning "Lord of the Breath of Arda",<ref name="vala" /> literally "Breather".<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 85</ref> The [[Sindarin]] form was probably ''Thû''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 124</ref>

He bore the title of '''Elder King''',<ref>{{S|24}}</ref> '''''Aran Einior''''' in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, p. 358</ref> Similar titles were '''High King of Arda'''<ref>{{S|9}}</ref> or '''King of Arda'''.<ref>{{S|2}}</ref><ref>{{S|7}}</ref>

In [[Adûnaic]], his name was '''''Amân'''''.<ref>{{SD|Drowning}}, p. 376</ref>

From the same root, ''[[The Etymologies]]'' give another epithet, ''Kalamando'' ("Light Mando"), being the light counterpart of ''[[Mandos|Morimando]]'' ("Dark Mando").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "MBAD"</ref>

In [[Eriol]]'s [[Old English]] translations, Manwë is referred to as ''Wolcenfréa'', consisting of ''wolcen'' ("sky, [[Wiktionary:welkin|welkin]]") + ''fréa'' ("ruler").<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 208</ref>

==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| MEL | | MAN |~| VAR | |MEL=[[Melkor]]|MAN='''MANWË'''|VAR=[[Varda]]}}
{{familytree/end}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In an early manuscript called "Valar name-list", Manwë has the additional [[Qenya]] names ''Taimo'' (masculine form of ''Taime'', "the sky") and ''Valtur'' ("King of the Valar").<ref>{{PE|14}}, p. 12</ref> Together with his wife, he was called '''''[[Wanwavoisi]]'''''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Súlimo"</ref>

His [[Gnomish]] names were '''''Man''''' and '''''Manweg'''''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Manwë"</ref>

==Inspiration==
Compared to real mythologies, Manwë represents possibly a [[Wikipedia:sky father|sky father]] like [[Wikipedia:Zeus|Zeus/Jupiter]] of the Greco-Roman mythology. Like Zeus, Manwë is both a [[Wikipedia:Sky deity|sky "deity"]] and a [[Wikipedia:King of the Gods|leader of his pantheon]] and is associated with the [[eagle]].

{{References}}

{{Ainur}}
{{Valar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manwe}}
[[Category:Aratar]]
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Qenya names]]
[[Category:Quenya names]]
[[Category:Rulers in Aman]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]

[[de:Manwe]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/aratar/manwe]]
[[fi:Manwë]]

Talk:Later Ages

2025-12-24T14:42:32Z

Sage: /* Out-of-universe? */

Later Ages

2025-12-24T12:27:30Z

Sage:

{{unnamed}}
{{expansion}}
{{rewrite}} 
{{History of Arda}}
This article concerns the '''later Ages''', defined for the purposes of this article as the [[Ages]] that took place after the ending of the [[Fourth Age]].

According to one of the drafts of the ''[[Appendices]]'', it is said of the Fourth Age:

{{blockquote|Of [[Eldarion]] son of [[Aragorn|Elessar]] it was foretold that he should rule a great [[Reunited Kingdom|realm]], and '''that it should endure for a hundred generations of [[Men]] after him, that is until a new age brought in again new things'''; and from him should come the kings of many realms in long days after.|''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', "[[The Tale of Years of the Third Age]]"<ref>{{PM|Third}}, pp. 244-5</ref>}}

==Development==
===Letter to Rhona Beare (1958)===
In the ''[[Letter 211]]'' that [[Tolkien]] wrote on [[14 October]] [[1958]] to [[Rhona Beare]], he writes that the time gap between the fall of [[Barad-dûr]] (in {{TA|3019}}) and the present-day (as in 1958, at the time that Tolkien wrote the said letter) was c. 6,000 years.

Therefore, Tolkien concluded that in 1958, the world was nearer to the end of the '''Fifth Age''', if the subsequent Ages were of the same length as the [[Second Age|Second]] and the [[Third Age|Third]] Ages.

However, he ultimately concluded that the Ages have "quickened", and that the world was now (in 1958, that is) at the end of its '''Sixth Age''', or maybe even in the Seventh.<ref>{{L|211}}, ''footnote'', p. 283</ref>

===''The Awaking of the Quendi'' (1960)===
In a [[1960]] text called ''[[The Awaking of the Quendi]]'', Tolkien explicitly calls the year 1960 AD (the year in which he was writing the text) as the year 1960 of the '''Seventh Age'''.

In that text Tolkien connects the beginning of the Seventh Age (i.e. {{SeA|1}}) with the [[Old Hope|incarnation]] of [[Ilúvatar]] (that is, the birth of [[wikipedia:Jesus|Jesus Christ]] in [[wikipedia:AD 1|1 AD]] according to the real-world ''[[wikipedia:Anno Domini|Anno Domini]]'' reckoning of the [[Christianity|Catholic Church]]).<ref group="note">The previous year Tolkien wrote ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]'' introducing the concept of Eru entering His own creation.</ref>

Tolkien also goes on to say that the time-gap between the year 1960 of the Seventh Age (i.e. 1960 AD) and the [[Years of the Sun|Year of the Sun]] {{FA|310|n}} of the [[First Age]]<ref group="note">{{FA|310}} was the year in which the first [[Men]], the [[Edain]], entered [[Beleriand]].</ref> was 16,000 years.<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, p. 39</ref>

This makes it possible to calculate when some of the in-universe Ages happened in relation to the real-world chronology:

#The end of the First Age ({{FA|590}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:Timeline of prehistory#Upper Paleolithic|13,760 BC]]
#The end of the Second Age ({{SA|3441}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:Timeline of prehistory#Upper Paleolithic|10,319 BC]]
#The end of the Third Age ({{TA|3021}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:8th millennium BC|7,298 BC]]

Therefore, the average duration of the Fourth through Sixth Ages would be c. 2,430 years<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, ''Notes'', Note 30, p. 43</ref> justifying his previous letter to Beare that the Ages must have quickened. On the other hand, while the letter suggested that the Third Age ended in around 4,000 BC, this calculation pushes it further back.

=== 1964 BBC interview ===
In [[November 26]] [[1964]] Tolkien was interviewed by [[BBC]], and during the more informal part of the interview with [[Denys Gueroult]]<ref>''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Chronology'', p. 625</ref> he offhandedly mentioned that the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' happened around 7-8,000 years before present (1964 at the time), somehow consistent to ''The Awakening of the Quendi'' essay:

{{blockquote|The moons, I think, finally the moons and the suns have worked out according to what they were in this part of the world in 1942 actually. They must have something where they... I mean one... I couldn’t... I’m not good enough mathematician or astronomer to work out where they might have been '''seven thousand, eight thousand years ago'''. But as long as they correspond to some real configuration I thought it was good enough. Moons are much more tricky to deal with than suns of course, but in the whole, I don’t think the moon is full or rises in the wrong place...|''[[1964 BBC Interview]]'', ''24:42 to 25:05 video mark''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSRMpNrctRQ J R R Tolkien 1964 interview]</ref>}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
{{stub}}
Later in his life, Tolkien wrote about the possibility that during the [[Changing of the World]], the [[Valar]] and the [[Calaquendi]] left the world spiritually, while the landmass of [[Aman]] remained, and became the Americas.<ref>{{NM|P3xv}}</ref> (See: [[New lands]])

==Inspiration==
[[File:Peter Bird - Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|Composite geophysical map of Middle-earth and modern Europe by Peter Bird.]]
{{stub}}
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''[[2000]]: ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]'':'''
[[David Day]] displays some chronological evolution of [[Arda]], from the "Age of the Lamps" to the Third Age, while in the later Ages the illustrations show how Middle-earth changed geologically to resemble modern Europe, while and a continent resembling the Americas forming west of [[Belegaer]].
{{references|notes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Later Ages}}

[[Category:Ages|5]]
[[Category:Later Ages| ]]

Later Ages

2025-12-24T12:23:46Z

Sage: /* 1964 BBC interview */

{{unnamed}}
{{expansion}}
{{History of Arda}}
This article concerns the '''later Ages''', defined for the purposes of this article as the [[Ages]] that took place after the ending of the [[Fourth Age]].

According to one of the drafts of the ''[[Appendices]]'', it is said of the Fourth Age:

{{blockquote|Of [[Eldarion]] son of [[Aragorn|Elessar]] it was foretold that he should rule a great [[Reunited Kingdom|realm]], and '''that it should endure for a hundred generations of [[Men]] after him, that is until a new age brought in again new things'''; and from him should come the kings of many realms in long days after.|''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', "[[The Tale of Years of the Third Age]]"<ref>{{PM|Third}}, pp. 244-5</ref>}}

==Development==
===Letter to Rhona Beare (1958)===
In the ''[[Letter 211]]'' that [[Tolkien]] wrote on [[14 October]] [[1958]] to [[Rhona Beare]], he writes that the time gap between the fall of [[Barad-dûr]] (in {{TA|3019}}) and the present-day (as in 1958, at the time that Tolkien wrote the said letter) was c. 6,000 years.

Therefore, Tolkien concluded that in 1958, the world was nearer to the end of the '''Fifth Age''', if the subsequent Ages were of the same length as the [[Second Age|Second]] and the [[Third Age|Third]] Ages.

However, he ultimately concluded that the Ages have "quickened", and that the world was now (in 1958, that is) at the end of its '''Sixth Age''', or maybe even in the Seventh.<ref>{{L|211}}, ''footnote'', p. 283</ref>

===''The Awaking of the Quendi'' (1960)===
[[File:Peter Bird - Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|Composite geophysical map of Middle-earth and modern Europe by Peter Bird.]]
In a [[1960]] text called ''[[The Awaking of the Quendi]]'', Tolkien explicitly calls the year 1960 AD (the year in which he was writing the text) as the year 1960 of the '''Seventh Age'''.

In that text Tolkien connects the beginning of the Seventh Age (i.e. {{SeA|1}}) with the [[Old Hope|incarnation]] of [[Ilúvatar]] (that is, the birth of [[wikipedia:Jesus|Jesus Christ]] in [[wikipedia:AD 1|1 AD]] according to the real-world ''[[wikipedia:Anno Domini|Anno Domini]]'' reckoning of the [[Christianity|Catholic Church]]).<ref group="note">The previous year Tolkien wrote ''[[Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth]]'' introducing the concept of Eru entering His own creation.</ref>

Tolkien also goes on to say that the time-gap between the year 1960 of the Seventh Age (i.e. 1960 AD) and the [[Years of the Sun|Year of the Sun]] {{FA|310|n}} of the [[First Age]]<ref group="note">{{FA|310}} was the year in which the first [[Men]], the [[Edain]], entered [[Beleriand]].</ref> was 16,000 years.<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, p. 39</ref>

This makes it possible to calculate when some of the in-universe Ages happened in relation to the real-world chronology:

#The end of the First Age ({{FA|590}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:Timeline of prehistory#Upper Paleolithic|13,760 BC]]
#The end of the Second Age ({{SA|3441}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:Timeline of prehistory#Upper Paleolithic|10,319 BC]]
#The end of the Third Age ({{TA|3021}}) corresponds to the year [[wikipedia:8th millennium BC|7,298 BC]]

Therefore, the average duration of the Fourth through Sixth Ages would be c. 2,430 years<ref>{{NM|P1vi}}, ''Notes'', Note 30, p. 43</ref> justifying his previous letter to Beare that the Ages must have quickened. On the other hand, while the letter suggested that the Third Age ended in around 4,000 BC, this calculation pushes it further back.

=== 1964 BBC interview ===
In [[November 26]] [[1964]] Tolkien was interviewed by [[BBC]], and during the more informal part of the interview with [[Denys Gueroult]]<ref>''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Chronology'', p. 625</ref> he offhandedly mentioned that the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' happened around 7-8,000 years before present (1964 at the time), somehow consistent to ''The Awakening of the Quendi'' essay:

{{blockquote|The moons, I think, finally the moons and the suns have worked out according to what they were in this part of the world in 1942 actually. They must have something where they... I mean one... I couldn’t... I’m not good enough mathematician or astronomer to work out where they might have been '''seven thousand, eight thousand years ago'''. But as long as they correspond to some real configuration I thought it was good enough. Moons are much more tricky to deal with than suns of course, but in the whole, I don’t think the moon is full or rises in the wrong place...|''[[1964 BBC Interview]]'', ''24:42 to 25:05 video mark''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSRMpNrctRQ J R R Tolkien 1964 interview]</ref>}}

==Other versions of the legendarium==
{{stub}}
Later in his life, Tolkien wrote about the possibility that during the [[Changing of the World]], the [[Valar]] and the [[Calaquendi]] left the world spiritually, while the landmass of [[Aman]] remained, and became the Americas.<ref>{{NM|P3xv}}</ref> (See: [[New lands]])

==Inspiration==
{{stub}}
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''[[2000]]: ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]'':'''
[[David Day]] displays some chronological evolution of [[Arda]], from the "Age of the Lamps" to the Third Age, while in the later Ages the illustrations show how Middle-earth changed geologically to resemble modern Europe, while and a continent resembling the Americas forming west of [[Belegaer]].
{{references|notes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Later Ages}}

[[Category:Ages|5]]
[[Category:Later Ages| ]]

Lemberin

2025-12-06T06:17:02Z

Sage:

{{Stub}}
'''Lemberin''' was a name in early versions of the [[legendarium]] for what would later be called the [[Avarin]] languages.<ref>{{PE|19}}, p. 5</ref>

In Tolkien's early writings about Middle-earth, the Elvish, or Quendian, languages were divided into three groups, Lemberin, [[Eldarin]], and [[Ilkorin]]. The people who spoke Lemberin were known as the Lembi, or Lingerers.<ref>[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], Chapter II, "The Appendix on Languages"</ref>

In the earlier ''[[The Tree of Tongues]]'' and ''[[The Lhammas]]'', Tolkien has the [[Mannish]] languages deriving from Lemberin; in the later ''Tree'' and ''Lhammas'', Lemberin has only influenced the Mannish languages (as did [[Danian]], [[Orkish|Orc-speech]] and [[Khuzdul|Dwarf-speech]])<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}}, p. 191</ref> a concept that is followed in the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

Lemberin was originally going to be [[Celeborn]]'s native language, but this was later changed to [[Telerin]].

{{References}}
[[Category:Elvish]]

Lemberin

2025-12-06T06:14:15Z

Sage:

{{Stub}}
'''Lemberin''' was a name in early versions of the [[legendarium]] for what would later be called the [[Avarin]] languages.<ref>{{PE|19}}, p. 5</ref>

In Tolkien's early writings about Middle-earth, the Elvish, or Quendian, languages were divided into three groups, Lemberin, [[Eldarin]], and [[Ilkorin]]. The people who spoke Lemberin were known as the Lembi, or Lingerers.<ref>[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], Chapter II, "The Appendix on Languages"</ref>

In the earlier ''[[Tree of Tongues]]'' and ''[[The Lhammas]]'', Tolkien has the [[Mannish]] languages deriving from Lemberin; in the later ''Tree'' and ''Lhammas'', Lemberin has only influenced the Mannish languages (as did [[Danian]], [[Orkish|Orc-speech]] and [[Khuzdul|Dwarf-speech]])<ref>{{LR|Lhammas}}, p. 191</ref> a concept that is followed in the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.

Lemberin was originally going to be [[Celeborn]]'s native language, but this was later changed to [[Telerin]].

{{References}}
[[Category:Elvish]]