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Near Harad

2025-12-05T14:29:54Z

Sullathron:

{{location infobox
| name=Near Harad
| image=Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg
| caption=Map of Harad by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=South of [[Mordor]], east of the [[Harnen]], south-west of [[Khand]]
| type=Region
| description=Landlocked desert
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Near Harad''' was an indefinite region of [[Harad]] that lay to the south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]], beyond the River [[Harnen]].<ref>[[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref>

Near Harad was home to [[camels]] and, in the South, [[Oliphaunts]].<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|accessed=11 November 2015}}</ref>

Its inhabitants were enemies of Gondor during parts of its history. Once men of Near Harad made an alliance with those of [[Khand]] and with the [[Wainriders]] to attack Gondor. King [[Ondoher]] anticipated their strike, and created a [[Southern Army]] to defend his land against them. Under the command of [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]], the Southern Army destroyed the army of Harad in [[South Ithilien]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ondoher</ref><ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Northmen}}, including note 14</ref> It seems likely that many of the [[Haradrim]] who troubled Gondor, actually were men of Near Harad.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1982-1997: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Several settlements, sites, hills and rivers in Near Harad are mentioned in the MERP module ''[[Southern Gondor: The Land]]''.<ref>{{ICE|2021}}</ref>

'''2024: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The land called Near Harad by [[Gondor]]ians is known to its inhabitants as "Shagâna", the Fair Land. It had contended with invaders for thousands years of its history and was most recently conquered by [[Sauron]] around {{TA|2820}}. The first explorable part of Shagâna, the valley of the river "Ikorbân", was added with the ''Legacy of [[Morgoth]]'' expansion in 2024. The second part, "Mûr Ghala, the Ridge of Plenty", was released in the ''Kingdoms of Harad'' expansion in 2025.

==External links==
*[http://www.lindefirion.net/maps/harnendor.jpg Fanon map of Near Harad] by Sampsa Rydman
{{references}}

[[Category:Southern lands]]

Near Harad

2025-12-05T14:29:23Z

Sullathron: /* External links */

{{location infobox
| name=Near Harad
| image=Christopher_Tolkien_-_Map_of_Harad.jpg
| caption=Map of Harad by [[Christopher Tolkien]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=South of [[Mordor]], east of the [[Harnen]], south-west of [[Khand]]
| type=Region
| description=Landlocked desert
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Haradrim]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Near Harad''' was an indefinite region of [[Harad]] that lay to the south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]], beyond the River [[Harnen]].<ref>[[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref>

Near Harad was home to [[camels]] and, in the South, [[Oliphaunts]].<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|accessed=11 November 2015}}</ref>

Its inhabitants were enemies of Gondor during parts of its history. Once men of Near Harad made an alliance with those of [[Khand]] and with the [[Wainriders]] to attack Gondor. King [[Ondoher]] anticipated their strike, and created a [[Southern Army]] to defend his land against them. Under the command of [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]], the Southern Army destroyed the army of Harad in [[South Ithilien]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ondoher</ref><ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Northmen}}, including note 14</ref> It seems likely that many of the [[Haradrim]] who troubled Gondor, actually were men of Near Harad.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1982-1997: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Several settlements, sites, hills and rivers in Near Harad are mentioned in the MERP module ''[[Southern Gondor: The Land]]''.<ref>{{ICE|2021}}</ref>

'''2024: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The land called Near Harad by [[Gondor]]ians is known to its inhabitants as "Shagâna", the Fair Land. It had contended with invaders for thousands years of its history and was most recently conquered by [[Sauron]] around {{TA|2820}}. The first explorable part of Shagâna, the valley of river "Ikorbân", was added with the ''Legacy of [[Morgoth]]'' expansion in 2024. The second part, "Mûr Ghala, the Ridge of Plenty", was released in the ''Kingdoms of Harad'' expansion in 2025.

==External links==
*[http://www.lindefirion.net/maps/harnendor.jpg Fanon map of Near Harad] by Sampsa Rydman
{{references}}

[[Category:Southern lands]]

Black serpent

2025-12-05T14:26:38Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{Unnamed}}
[[File:Quentandil - Black serpent device.png|200px|thumb|right|''Black serpent device'' by [[User:Quentandil|Quentandil]]]]

{{quote|Southward beyond the road lay the main force of the Haradrim, and there their horsemen were gathered about the standard of their chieftain. [...] Then he was filled with a red wrath and shouted aloud, and displaying his standard, black serpent upon scarlet, he came against the white horse and the green with great press of men; and the drawing of the scimitars of the Southrons was like a glitter of stars.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]"}}

The '''black serpent''' was an emblem of a "''black serpent upon scarlet''" that was depicted on the standard of a chieftain of the [[Haradrim]] during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="Battle">{{RK|V6}}, pp. 839-40, 842</ref>

==History==
During the battle, the horsemen of the main force of the Haradrim gathered around the black serpent standard as their chieftain spotted the banner of King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]], noticing few riders around it. The chieftain displayed the black serpent and led his men against the [[Rohirrim]]. However, Théoden gathered his men and charged as well, throwing down the chieftain with his spear before spurring to the standard. With his sword, Théoden hewed down the staff and the bearer of the standard, causing the black serpent to founder as the Haradrim fled.<ref name="Battle" />

After being mortally wounded, Théoden claimed to [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] before his death on the field that he was satisfied, for he had felled the black serpent.<ref name="Battle" />

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In an early manuscript entitled with the name ''Fall of Théoden in the Battle of Osgiliath'', the black serpent is never described, being referred to only as "''the standard of the [[Haradrim|Haradoth]]''", later changed to [[Haradrim|Haradhoth]]. Théoden also never hewed the standard nor did he fight any chieftain.<ref>{{WR|3|IX}}, p. 365</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[Image:SBG - Suludan.gif|200px|thumb|right|Suladân from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]]]
'''[[1981]]''': '''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Éowyn|Dernhelm]] warns [[Théoden]] of the coming of the chieftain. He kills the chieftain, but is killed by the [[Witch-king]] almost immediately after.

'''[[2001]]-[[2010]]''': '''''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''
:'''Suladân''' is the name of the chieftain for the ''[[Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'' based on [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]. He is one of the [[Mûmak]]-riders.<ref>{{GW|Harad}}</ref>

[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Black serpent.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Kâlach Hûl, the Black Serpent, in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''[[2016]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The "Black Serpent" is the title of "Kâlach Hûl", the King of the [[Haradrim]], and the emblem born by his army. During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] the player reaches the encampment of Kâlach Hûl and kill his two sons, Princes Raghtâ Sai and Methân Sai, shortly before [[Théoden]] kills Kâlach Hûl himself.
In the months after Sauron's defeat, the name of the "Great Southern Empire" he ruled is given as "Ordâkh". Uprisings in [[Umbar]] and [[Near Harad]] cause the "Ordâkhai" to lose much territory, but they continue to be a threat under a new Hûl.

'''[[2022]]''': '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'':'''
:The '''Black Serpent''' is the name of one of the evil faction commanders in the ''Lord of the Rings: Rise to War'' strategy game based on [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|'' The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]. He is specifically skilled in battling other evil faction commanders due to his High Alert ability. He is based on the [[Mûmakil]] rider and chieftain of the Haradrim forces in the Battle of Pelennor Fields in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]. The Black Serpent counters Théoden's charge at the battle by sounding the bone-chilling and signature Haradrim war horn while mounted from the most painted Mûmakil.

{{references}}

[[Category:Devices and symbols]]
[[Category:Haradrim]]

Haradrim

2023-11-25T15:13:27Z

Sullathron: /* Video games */ more LOTRO info from Umbar

{{people infobox
| name=Haradrim
| image=[[File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:John_Howe - Southrons.jpg|Southrons]]" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun={{respell|ha|rad|rim}}
| othernames=''Haradrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Haradwaith'' (S), ''[[Swertings]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]]), ''Southrons'' ([[Westron|W]]), ''[[Men of Darkness]]'' (W), ''[[Swarthy Men]]'' (W), ''Southerns'' (W), ''Men of Harad'' (W), ''Men of the South'' (W)
| origin= [[Awakening of Men]]
| location=[[Harad]], including [[Umbar]], [[Near Harad]] and [[Far Harad]]
| affiliation=[[Blue Wizards]], [[Númenóreans]], [[Sauron]], [[Black Númenóreans]]
| rivalry=[[Exiles of Númenor]], [[Gondorians]]
| language=Presumably numerous Haradric languages, different from [[Common Speech]]; [[Adûnaic]]; [[Westron]]; and the [[Drúadan language]] (at least formerly)<ref group=note>Due to the suggestion of [[Gondorian]] historians that the group originally came from Harad.</ref>
| members=
| lifespan=Shorter than [[Númenóreans]]<ref group=note>[[Castamir]] of [[House of Anárion]] lived to the age of 188, and another great-grandson of [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]], [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]], lived to the age of 235. Eldcar's children and grandchildren, [[Ornendil]], [[Aldamir]] and [[Hyarmendacil II]] lived for an average of 187 years. The same could theoretically be said for the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Castamir in Harad, and in point of fact these ages correspond to the general ages of Númenóreans during the period of [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]]'s reign in Númenór.</ref>
| distinctions=[[Gift of Ilúvatar]]
| height=Tall
| hair=Dark
| skin=Black, brown, dark, swarthy
| clothing=
| weapons=[[Oliphaunts]]; [[Black Breath]]}}

<center>{{quote|West, North, and South the children of Men spread and wandered, and their joy was the joy of the morning before the dew is dry, when every leaf is green.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of Men]]}}</center>

'''Haradrim''' or the '''Southrons''' were the [[Men]] of [[Harad]], descendants of the [[Men]] who woke in the far eastern land of [[Hildórien]] near the end of the [[First Age]].<ref name="Uttermost">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 306.</ref> They are the proud, doughty and warlike people of the Harad, in the south of [[Middle-earth]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/m/menofharad.php|articlename=Men of Harad|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> Ancient enemies of [[Gondor]],<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/southrons.html|articlename=Southrons|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref> they allied with [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] and [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 353</ref><ref group=note>In ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', with reference to the [[Blue Wizards]] in 'Note on the Delay of Gil-galad and the Númenóreans', it is said that [[Sauron]] took a long time to attack [[Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful, and this was due to the actions of his powerful enemies in [[Rhûn]] and [[Harad]] that he hadn't paid much attention until then; ergo, Tolkien suggesting that certain denizens of both those lands played a role during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].</ref> Eventually, many turned against Sauron, when [[Manwë]] sent the [[Wizards]] to the southern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="PMLast">{{PM|Last}}, pp. 384-85</ref>

==Origins==
The ancestors of the Haradrim were the [[Men]] who [[Awakening of Men|awoke]] in [[Hildórien]] during the [[Years of the Sun|age of the Sun]],<ref name="S12">{{S|12}}</ref> but stayed to the [[East]] of [[Middle-earth]], not joining the migration of the [[Edain]] to the [[Uttermost West]]<ref name=Uttermost/> after [[Morgoth]], the original [[Dark Lord]], came to corrupt them to his service whilst tricking them to abandon [[Ilúvatar]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 346-349</ref> A [[Shadow]] ever after lay over all of humanity, even the Edain, wherein portions of the ancestors of [[Harad]] later began migrating after coming into conflict with other men that fell under the [[Shadow]].<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref> Still some went West in search of the [[Light of Valinor]] and servants of Morgoth hunted them, but the majority of mankind refused alike the summons of the [[Valar]] and of Morgoth.<ref name="S17">{{S|17}}</ref>

The different peoples who moved to Harad, where the Sun is fierce because there are barely any clouds,<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref> played no role in the tales of the First Age.<ref name=S12/><ref>{{L|229}}</ref> However, this sundering bereft them of the enlightenment and crafts that the Elves may have taught them,<ref>{{PE|17}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P3II7}}</ref> which made them vulnerable to their two later woes: [[Sauron]] and the [[Dúnedain]].<ref>{{MR|P4e}}, p. 310-3011</ref> Historians of [[Gondor]] believed that the [[Drúedain]] came from lands south of [[Mordor]], that they turned north into [[Ithilien]] before they reached the coasts of Harad and were the first Men to cross the [[Anduin]], possibly near [[Cair Andros]].<ref>{{UT|12b}}, pp. 339-340.</ref>

== History ==
=== Second Age ===
At first, for many centuries, the Haradrim were independent peoples, generally isolated from the rest of the world. However, in the Second Age they became increasingly caught between the ambitions of two great powers — namely [[Sauron]] and the [[Númenóreans]] — a circumstance which lasted thousands of years.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref name="Coasts">{{PM|Dwarves}}, pp. 304.</ref> Sailing East, the Númenóreans explored the coasts of [[Middle-earth]], including the coast lands of Harad.<ref name=Coasts/> The Númenóreans initially benefited the natives they contacted, by teaching them many things about agriculture and craftsmanship<ref name="Akallabeth">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><ref>{{App|Numenor}}, entry for the time after Minastir</ref> and later made settlements on the southern coasts, including the construction of the great city of [[Umbar]].<ref>{{TI|Riders}}</ref>

After the reign of [[Tar-Ciryatan]], the Númenóreans began to set themselves up as lords in Middle-earth as they demanded tribute of goods and wealth, causing the oppression of the Haradrim<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> as with many other peoples whose lands included a coastline.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, §28</ref> Often Haradrim were killed or sold into slavery.<ref>{{PM|Elmar}}</ref> At first, Sauron didn't dare to challenge the Númenóreans as they expanded their control over Harad, until after the forging of the [[Rings of Power]] and the emergence of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Then, Sauron came as a ruler of almost all men east and south of the [[Ered Luin]], as both their king and their god.<ref name=Rings/> These men grew strong and built many towns and walls made from stone and they were fierce in war and armed with iron.<ref name=Rings/> However, those of Harad who sought freedom and rejected Sauron would venture to the woods or mountains in fear of being pursued by him.<ref name=Rings/><ref>{{HM|SD}}, pp. 345</ref>

In c. {{SA|1600}}, [[Manwë]] sent two [[Wizards]] to the southern and eastern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name=PMLast/> The [[Valar]] suspected there was a rebellion of good Haradrim but no leadership — ultimately they were very successful there in Harad. They arrived before Sauron's first [[War of the Elves and Sauron|war against the Elves]] and even on this war the Wizards had some influence.<ref name="NM3">{{NM|P3xviii}}</ref> They became known as [[Morinehtar]] and [[Rómestámo]].<ref name="PMLast"/> Because of their influence among the Haradrim, Sauron took a long time to [[Sack of Eregion|attack Eregion]], for his dominance and recruiting of forces was not entirely successful.<ref name=NM3/>

In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], the [[King of Númenor]], landed at [[Umbar]] with a great fleet and the people on the coasts fled before them.<ref name=SA/> Ar-Pharazôn and his host marched through Harad to meet Sauron's forces, but they fled from the Númenóreans and Sauron allowed himself to be taken to Númenor where he corrupted the King and his followers.<ref name="Influence">{{RK|V10}}</ref> Under Sauron's influence, the Númenóreans became even more ruthless to the locals of Harad, enslaving them and using them for human sacrifices.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>

In the following centuries the Haradrim were influenced by Sauron and [[Black Númenóreans]], those evil High Men who stayed in Harad and survived the [[Downfall of Númenor]].<ref name=Influence/> The Haradrim became enemies of [[Gondor]], as the Kingdom's southern borders were close to their lands.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}, p. 659-660</ref> Shortly before the end of the Age, two Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], rose to great power amongst the Haradrim.<ref name=Rings/>

However around the same time, the two Wizards, always operating in the East and the South, were able to hinder Sauron's operations, leading to his defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]].<ref name="PMLast"/> When Sauron's dominions of the Second Age fell with his demise in the War of the Last Alliance the Haradrim were freed from his direct control but not free of the effects of his long work on them, to which evil and darkness for the West had set in their hearts.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref><ref>{{UT|6b}}</ref> Additionally, some of the Haradrim, and the other servants of Sauron, turned from evil and became subject to the heirs of [[Elendil]].<ref name=Rings/>

=== Third Age ===
The great cape and land-locked firth of Umbar had been Númenórean land since days of old; but it was a stronghold of the [[King's Men]], who were afterwards called the Black Númenoreans, corrupted by Sauron, and who hated above all the followers of Elendil.<ref name="Gondor">{{App|A1iv}}</ref> After the fall of Sauron their race swiftly dwindled or became merged with the Men of Middle-earth, including those of Harad.<ref name=Gondor/> There was even intermarriage: [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[King of Gondor]], married a high-born Black Númenórean lady from an inland city in Harad; she is remembered as [[Queen Berúthiel]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=2 November 1966|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=30 September 2021}}.</ref> However, most Black Númenórean intermarriage was with the Haradrim, and they became increasingly indistinguishable from the indigenous peoples.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim did not trouble the [[Realms in Exile]] for many centuries.<ref name="herbs">{{TT|Herbs}}</ref>

When Gondor took the haven of [[Umbar]] from the Black Númenóreans, in the year {{TA|1015}} they followed the Black Númenóreans against Umbar to recapture it.<ref name=Gondor/> Their great power was not enough against the sea-power of Gondor.<ref name=Gondor/> The attempts lasted for 35 years until, in {{TA|1050}}, [[Ciryaher]] defeated the Haradrim force by sending troops by land.<ref name=Gondor/> They acknowledged the overlordship of Gondor; the kings of Harad did homage and their sons were given as hostages in the court of the [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]].<ref name="annals">{{App|Gondor}}</ref><ref name="AppA">{{App|South}}</ref> The sons of [[Castamir]] and others of his kin, having fled from Gondor in 1447, set up a small kingdom in Umbar, and there made a fortified haven and later called themselves the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<ref name="Blood">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> The Corsairs of Umbar continued to make war upon Gondor, attacking its ships and coasts when they had opportunity.<ref name=Blood/> Additionally, Castamir's progeny married women of the Harad - continuing the Numenorean [[Line of Elros]], though of which was spent after three generations.<ref name=Blood/><ref>{{webcite|author=David Seuferer|articleurl=http://tolkien.cro.net/humans/elrostre.html|articlename=Line of Elros|dated=8 February 1998|website=[https://tolkien.cro.net/ The Grey Havens]|accessed=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref group=note>The bloodline of Elros is spread amongst the Haradrim in Harad via [[Castamir]]'s children and grandchildren who later mate with the women of Harad, with the last known descendants of Elros within that region of Endor being [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].</ref>

Later, however, kings of Harad who were in league with [[Umbar]] rebelled against Gondor.<ref name="annals"/> In {{TA|1634}}, [[Minardil]] was slain at Pelargir by the Corsairs of Umbar, who were led by the great-grandsons of Castamir: [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]].<ref name=Gondor/> [[Telumehtar]] who raided his coasts even as far as the [[Anfalas]], gathered his forces and in 1810 took Umbar by storm.<ref name="annals"/> In that war the last descendants of Castamir perished, and Umbar was again held for a while by the kings, however, the [[Battle of the Plains]] that befell Gondor resulted in Umbar being lost again, wherein it fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name="annals"/>

The Haradrim later were allied with the [[Wainriders]], a confederation of [[Easterlings]], and the Men of [[Khand]].<ref name="annals"/> During that time they conquered Umbar.<ref name="annals"/> The simultaneous assaults from the north and the south brought the South-kingdom close to destruction.<ref name="annals"/> The Haradrim crossed the river [[Poros]] into [[South Ithilien]], but the [[Southern Army]], destroyed them.<ref name="annals"/> In the later years three great fleets were prepared in Umbar and Harad.<ref name=stew>{{App|Stewards}}</ref> Around the [[Long Winter]] they assailed the [[Outlands|coasts]] of Gondor, even [[Rohan]].<ref name=stew/> The Haradrim occupied [[Harondor]] and there was a long fight along the [[Poros]].<ref name=stew/> Stirred by emissaries of Sauron, they attempted once more to invade into [[Ithilien]] ({{TA|2885}}) but a combined force of Gondorians and [[Rohirrim]] defeated them at the [[Crossing of Poros]].<ref name=TA/><ref>{{App|Mark}}</ref>

In the meantime, it was said that the two Wizards, Morinehtar and Rómestámo ensured that the forces of the East and the South did not outnumber the West, thus helping secure victory for the [[Free peoples]] in the subsequent [[War of the Ring]].<ref name="PMLast"/> At some time before the War, Gandalf also wandered in the South, for unspecified errands, and he became known as "[[Gandalf/Names|Inkā-nūs]]" among the suspicious Haradrim, who saw him as a spy from [[Gondor|the North]].<ref name="Incanus"/>

At the time of that War, the Haradrim were in league with Sauron and fought alongside his [[Orcs|Orc]] army. The Haradrim were among the forces led by the [[Witch-king]] that attacked [[Osgiliath]] on [[20 June|June 20]], {{TA|3018}}, at the beginning of the War.<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> More Haradrim continued to come up the [[Harad Road]] to Mordor.<ref name="herbs"/> Regiments of Haradrim joined the host from [[Minas Morgul]] marching to the [[Pelennor Fields]].<ref name="MinasTirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref> Sauron's forces besieged [[Minas Tirith]], and the Mûmakil of Harad were used to bring forward war-towers and siege-engines to test the City's defences.<ref name=MinasTirith/> During the battle, the chief leader of the Haradrim army bore a standard of a [[Black Serpent]] on a red field; he was slain by King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan]].<ref name=fields>{{RK|V6}}</ref><ref name="Great"/>

The Haradrim rallied around their [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] which the horses of the Rohirrim feared to approach.<ref name=fields/> As the battle wore on, more Haradrim including Men from Far Harad were sent onto the field by [[Gothmog (Lieutenant of Morgul)|Gothmog]].<ref name=fields/> The Corsairs were prevented from reaching the battle, having been defeated by Aragorn and the [[Dead Men of Dunharrow]].<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref> Haradrim also fought at the [[Battle of the Morannon]] on March 25.<ref name=Influence/> Sauron's army of Men, Orcs and Trolls outnumbered the Men of the West by more than ten to one, but the battle ended once the [[One Ring]] was destroyed in [[Mount Doom]] and Sauron was vanquished.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref> The Haradrim held out long and were among the last of Sauron's forces to be defeated.<ref name=fields/> Some of the Haradrim fled or surrendered, though others banded together in their hatred and fought on stalwartly.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref>

=== Fourth Age ===
After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], [[Elessar]], made peace with the Men of Harad and completely subdued Umbar.<ref name="Gondor"/><ref name="Éomer">{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, entry for King Éomer</ref> Embassies travelled from Harad to Aragorn's court, and although Aragorn's reign was largely one of peace, it was occasionally necessary for him and [[Éomer]], [[Kings of Rohan|King]] of [[Rohan]], to travel to the southlands to maintain peace with Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, pp. 968.</ref>

It is possible that later generations of Haradrim, having the memory of the two Wizards who wandered among them, followed [[magic]] "cults" that lasted long into the Fourth Age or later.<ref name="Letter211"/>

== Traits and culture ==
[[File:Alan Lee - Oliphaunt.jpg|thumb|left|"Oliphaunt" by [[Alan Lee]]]]
The "fierce dark men of the South."<ref>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 434-435</ref> are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.<ref name="herbs"/><ref name=Gondor/> The Haradrim were described by a messenger as "cruel and tall.",<ref name=Siege/> "a grim folk, and not easily daunted by shade or blade."<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 416.</ref> Some of the Men in the south had weapons of iron.<ref>{{S|V}}, pp. 349</ref> At the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Haradrim bore scimitars that glittered like stars.<ref name=fields/> Those of Harad had tamed the massive ''[[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]]'' beasts and used them in warfare and, like their masters, were decorated with scarlet and gold. They even strapped towers on their backs, used by Haradrim archers and spearmen.<ref name="herbs"/> The Haradrim had seemingly weaponised aspects of the [[Nazgûl]]'s [[Black Breath]], or at least tipped it upon arrows and darts during the last retreat before the city of [[Minas Tirith]] was besieged.<ref name=Siege/><ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref>

The people of [[Far Harad]] are described as black-skinned, but there is also a group of them described as "black men like [[half-trolls]] with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".<ref name=fields/> It is unclear whether these were just large Men who are being compared to Trolls or an implication of crossbreeding between the two races.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/h/halftrolls.php|articlename=Half-trolls|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=1 October 2021}}</ref> The Haradrim from [[Near Harad]] were those most familiar and most closely encountered during the War of the Ring:<ref name="Scarlet">{{TT|Herbs}}, pp. 660-661.</ref> when [[Faramir]] ambushed a company of Haradrim on the [[North Road]], Frodo and Sam witnessed a Harad warrior crashing at their feet, a man with "brown skin", with black plaits of hair braided with gold,<ref name=Scarlet/> a scarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar.<ref name=Gate/> He was armed with a scimitar and garbed with a corslet of brazen scales. Their standards are scarlet, and their great beasts, the ''Mûmakil'', have scarlet and gold trappings.<ref name=Scarlet/> They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black.<ref name="herbs"/> One of the great chieftains of the Haradrim also bore a [[Black Serpent]] as his emblem, against a field of red.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/s/serpents.html|articlename=Serpents|dated=17 December 2015|website=[https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/ Encyclopedia of Arda]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref>

===Languages===
Very little is known about the language(s) of Harad though the word "Mûmak", the name of the great war-[[oliphaunt]]s of Harad, is stated to come directly from a language of Harad.<ref name="Language">{{webcite|author=J E a Tyler|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J-WWMtIVl_gC&pg|articlename=The Complete Tolkien Companion|dated=2 October 2012|website=[https://books.google.com/ M - Page 446]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref> To the [[Gondorians]] the voices of the Haradrim sounded harsh, like shouts of beasts.<ref name=Siege>{{RK|Siege}}</ref> Albeit having a meaning in [[Quenya]] ("fate"), the name ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'' is said to be adapted from the indigenous languages of Harad and not from [[Elvish]] or [[Adûnaic]] script.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Verlyn Flieger]]|articleurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266269|articlename=The Music and the Task: Fate and Free Will in Middle-earth|dated=14 June 2009|website=[https://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE]|accessed=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AppendixF>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters''</ref>

[[Gandalf]] stated that his name in "the south" is "[[Gandalf/Names#Incánus|Incánus]]", which is apparently "alien", that is neither [[Westron]], nor Elvish, nor explicable by the surviving tongues of Northern Men. A note in the [[Thain's Book]] states that it is a form adapted to Quenya of a word in the tongue of the Haradrim thought ''Inkā-nūsh'' (or possibly ''Inkā-nūs''), meaning "North-spy".<ref name="Incanus">{{UT|Istari}}, pp. 382-384.</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Haradrim'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of the elements ''[[harad]]'' ("south") + ''[[rim]]'' ("host") thus meaning "South-people".<ref>{{L|144}}, p. 178</ref> Additionally, the [[Elves]] named the land and its people ''Haradwaith'', "South-folk", from the Sindarin ''harad'', meaning "south", and ''gwaith'', meaning "people".<ref name=Language/> The [[Hobbits]] called the area the ''Sunlands'', and the people ''[[Swertings]]''.<ref name=Gate/>

''Barangils'' is a [[Gondorian]] term for the people of Harad; ’swerting’ derives from ''swart'' (’swarthy’).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], "Page 764", in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', ed. by Wayne G. Hammond and [[Christina Scull]] (Houghton Mifflin, 2005)</ref> The Elvish name seems to contain '''baran''' ’dark, swart, dark-brown’ (BARÁN) and possibly the suffix '''-il''' also seen in '''ernil''' ’prince’.<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
Early variant names for this people were the ''Barangils'', the ''Haradwaith'', and ''Haradrians''.<ref>{{WR|2|IV}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Mordor}}, pp. 16-7</ref> In early drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', anglicized names for the Haradrim in the text, were ''Silharrows'' and ''Harwan'', which according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] were derived from the name for the Aethiopians.<ref name=Fangorn>{{TI|Fangorn}}, Note 4, pp.439</ref> "Men of Sunharrowland" (or "of Harrowland") are other two anglicized names.<ref name=Harrowland>{{TI|Fangorn}}, pp. 435</ref> In early drafts of ''Lord of the Rings'', ''Harns'' was a Sindarin equivalent for the term Haradrim.<ref>{{WR|XII}}, pp. 253.</ref> It's based on [[harn]] ’southern’ (KHYAR-) and is an English plural.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Harns.html#Harns|articlename=Harns|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3643936511.html|articlename=Harn|dated=16 April 2021|website=[https://www.eldamo.org/ Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> Additionally, Haradwaith has the anglicized name ''(Sun)Harrowland''.<ref name=Fangorn/> For more explanation on those names, see [[#The "Sigelwaran"|below]].

In the earliest narrative of the legendarium in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', Tolkien mentioned the movement of Men, after the [[Palisor|War of Palisor]]. After [[Nuin]] died at the bands of the Goblins through the treachery of Men, many kindreds of Men were driven to the eastern deserts and the southern forests, whence came dark and savage peoples. <ref name="Palisor">{{LT1|X}}, pp. 336.</ref>

Additionally, it was revealed that [[Manwë]] was unaware of where the beginning of Men should be, whether the north, south or east.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 317</ref> In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', [[Eärendil]] and [[Voronwe]]'s voyage on [[Vingilótë]] to southern Haradwaith where there is mention of Tree-men and Pygmies.<ref>{{LT2|V}}</ref><ref group=note>The habited land in question featuring "Dark regions, Fire mountains, Tree-men, Pygmies, and Sarqindi or cannibal-ogres" is definitely southern Haradwaith rather than the [[Dark Lands]], due to another note mentioning some southern Isles beyond that region, and these can only be the hills that became islands mentioning in ''[[The Chaining of Melko]]'', which must have been a product of the tumults that lead to the formation of the [[Inner Seas]], when the [[Belegaer]] and [[Eastern Sea]] flowed into the [[Sea of Ringil]]. And as we know, it was South of the Inner Seas that the South Lands were located. Ergo, Eärendil simply visited areas that would later be part of the [[Black Númenórean]] southern realms, beyond the realm of [[Umbar]].</ref>

=== Earlier account of the Two Wizards ===
In the published works, all the Wizards were originally sent in the year {{TA|1000}} as emissaries to Middle-earth along with [[Gandalf]], [[Saruman]] and [[Radagast]].<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> The above article gives information based on a late essay by Tolkien concerning the two Wizards, published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''.

However in some earlier time, when asked about the other two Wizards, Tolkien speculated that they went to the distant regions, including the lands of Harad, far out of Númenórean range. Whether together or independent of each other, the two may have fallen from their appointed task, wherein they may have founded 'magic' cults amongst the peoples of the East and South, which existed beyond the downfall of the [[Sauron|Lord of the Rings]].<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
[[Christopher Tolkien]] linked the Haradrim with ancient Aethiopians.<ref name=Harrowland/><ref name=Fangorn/> In an interview from 1966, Tolkien likened [[Berúthiel]] to the giantess [[Wikipedia:Skaði|Skaði]] of Norse mythology, since they both shared a dislike for "seaside life".<ref name=Interview>{{webcite|author=[[Daphne Castell]]|articleurl=https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien|articlename=The Realms of Tolkien|dated=|website=[https://fantasticmetropolis.com/i/tolkien ''The Realms of Tolkien'']|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings]]'', "Thursday evenings", pp. 137-8</ref> Additionally, Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] stated in reference to the 'black men like half-trolls' passage from ''[[The Return of the King]]'' that Tolkien was attempting to write like a medieval chronicler in describing the [[Rohirrim]]'s encounter with a Haradrim: "[...] and when medieval Europeans first encountered sub-Saharan Africans, they were genuinely confused about them, and rather frightened."<ref name="African">{{webcite|author=[[Tom Shippey]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkien.co.uk/jrrtolkien/interviews_shippey.asp|articlename=An Interview with Tom Shippey - Questions and answers with Tom Shippey|dated=17 October 2001|website=[https://www.harpercollins.com/ Harper Collins]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref> He noted that Tolkien had pointed out in his early scholarly works "the ancient English seemed to have a belief in fire-demons, who naturally enough had skin like soot – their word for them, ‘harwan’, is related to Latin ‘carbo’, ‘soot,’ or carbon."<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Dimitra Fimi]]|articleurl=http://dimitrafimi.com/2018/12/02/revisiting-race-in-tolkiens-legendarium-constructing-cultures-and-ideologies-in-an-imaginacry-world/|articlename=Revisiting Race in Tolkien’s Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World|dated=2 December 2018|website=[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Dimitra Fimi]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=African/> Shippey concluded by remarking that, "An Anglo-Saxon meeting an African for the first time might then really wonder - for a moment, from a distance - whether this was a demon from his own mythology. This doesn't mean that Tolkien shared the mythology, or the mistake."<ref>{{webcite|author=Leslie A. Donovan|articleurl=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BnCADwAAQBAJ&pg|articlename=Approaches to Teaching Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Other Works|dated=1 October 2015|website=[https://books.google.com/ Tolkien's Haradrim]|accessed=19 September 2021}}</ref>

===The "Sigelwaran"===
Much of Tolkien's influence for Harad and the Haradrim came about from his essay ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'', in which he examined the etymology of ''Sigelwaran'' (and the more usual form ''Sigelhearwan'') — the [[Old English]] word for Ethiopians.<ref name=CG/><ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The essay was originally published in two parts: part one appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3) in [[1932]], and part two appeared in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2) in [[1934]].<ref name=TB1>[http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13590 Medium Aevum. 1932], [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/php/details.php?reference=13710 Medium Aevum. 1934], at [http://www.tolkienbooks.net/ TolkienBooks.net] (accessed 2 February 2013)</ref> The article investigated why there was a distinct and several times attested [[Old English]] name for the Ethiopians (namely '''Sigelwaran, Sigelhearwan''')<ref name=CG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 889-90</ref> as actual biblical names were usually adapted, not translated.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Roman Rausch]]|articleurl=http://www.sindanoorie.net/art/RS_TI_WR_Barangils.html|articlename=Barangils|dated=2 July 2016|website=[http://www.sindanoorie.net/ Sindanórië]|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref>

Tolkien remarked that the word includes elements not current in Old English and argues from there on that it must be older and preserved at least a name, "if no more, from the vanished native mythology or its borderland of half-mythical geography."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 1", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 1, No. 3), pp. 192</ref> As the initial element '''Sigel''' ’Sun’ comes into question, which is attested in ''[[Beowulf]]'' and has furthermore cognates in other languages, as e.g. the name of the s-rune.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 98</ref> Another candidate is '''sigel''', '''sigle''' describing "a round jewel or golden ornament",<ref name="Gimm">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 104</ref> originating from Latin '''sigillum''', which in its turn refers to "a small image or figure, the impress of a stamp or seal."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 102</ref> Tolkien then suggested that the two words had mutual influence on each other; and he remarks on the usage of ''gimm'' ’precious stone, jewel’ for the sun.<ref name=Gimm/> For the second element '''hearwa''' he discusses several primitive candidates all having to do with the colour ’black’, so that the name may mean something akin to ’those who were made black by the sun’.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 109</ref> As he concluded, "such guesswork is naturally inconclusive [...] giving insight into English and northern tradition and imagination."<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 110</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "Sigelwara Land Part 2", in ''Medium Ævum'' (Vol. 3, No. 2), pp. 111</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
===Films===
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Haradrim appear briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' when Frodo and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] witness a raid on one of their columns by [[Faramir|Faramir's]] rangers. They are featured more prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', in which the battle between the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Oliphaunts|Mûmakil]] is a major action sequence. While the ''[[The Return of the King|book]]'' depicts the Southron army as primarily cavalry armed with scimitars, we see no horsemen in the movie: the Haradrim fight almost exclusively from platforms mounted on the backs of their monstrous [[Oliphaunts]]. They have also adorned the animals' tusks with spikes and shafts that crush and impale numerous enemy horsemen. The costumes of the Haradrim in the movie are Middle Eastern in style and dark brown or black in colour, while a companion book, ''Lord of the Rings: Creatures'', stated that the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens.<ref>{{webcite|author=HarperCollins|articleurl=https://archive.org/details/lordofringstwoto00braw/mode/2up|articlename=The Lord of the Rings: Two Towers - Creatures|dated=6 November 2002|website=[[HarperCollins]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Ringwraith of Harad, also known as the Dark Headsman was a [[Nazgûl]] who was revived by [[Sauron]] and summoned to [[Dol Guldur]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Weta Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.wetanz.com/shop/miniature-guns-props/helm-of-the-ringwraith-of-harad|articlename=HELM OF THE RINGWRAITH OF HARAD|dated=6 November 2012|website=[[Weta Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> He was once a King of the Haradrim that was given a [[Ring of Power]] by Sauron the deceiver and was corrupted to serve him. The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. Later, Gandalf, following [[Galadriel]]'s advice, visits the High Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed [[Sauron]]. In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven back to [[Mordor]] by Galadriel and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], his master also eventually following suit.

===Radio series===
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Éowyn|Dernhelm]] warns [[Théoden]] of the coming of the chieftain. He kills the chieftain, but is killed by the [[Witch-king]] almost immediately after.

===Video games===
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]:'''
:The Haradrim appeared and are known as the 'Haradrim Slayers'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Eressior|articleurl=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/14/the-lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-perfect-walkthrough-1110162|articlename=Perfect Walkthrough|dated=14 June 2011|website=IGN|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2006: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]:'''
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys. The Corsairs are from the Mordor faction, and are equipped with knives and fire-bombs.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games and Grub Editors|articleurl=http://gamesandgrub.blogspot.com/2011/04/battle-for-middle-earth-2-good-campaign_1.html|articlename=Battle for Middle Earth 2 - Good Campaign - Mission 7 - Erebor|dated=1 April 2011|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2007: [[The Lord of the Rings Online]]:'''
:Three of the [[Nazgûl]] are said to be Haradrim, and their titles are given as "The Grim Southron", "The High Sorcerer of Harad", and "The Forsaken Reaver", the latter being from [[Umbar]]. During the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] invading Gondor were led by four brothers who falsely call themselves the "Heirs of Castamir". These were "Azruthor", "Dolgimil", "Azgarzôr", and the eldest "Balakhôr the Scourge". The player negotiated with a Corsair named "Jajax", who ended up siding with the player against the Heirs and their followers.
:Early in the reign of [[King of Gondor|King]] [[Aragorn|Elessar]] and [[Queen of Gondor|Queen]] [[Arwen]], the faction of Haradrim that occupied Umbar and invaded Gondor alongside the Heirs of Castamir is revealed to be called the "Empire of Ordâkh". After the War, the "Ordâkhai" were overthrown by the local "Umbari" and expelled from the City of the Corsairs.

'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''
:Suladân is an antagonist who, before his fall, was a noble Númenóreans King who ruled the nation of Harad during the Second Age. During his rule, he sought to go up against Sauron where he led an army of Númenórean soldiers to lay siege on the Dark Lord's fortress in Mordor. Before he sought to engage him, he was surprised that the Dark Lord surrendered and offered a Ring of Power to him. The temptation was too great, and Suladân eventually moved Sauron from the position of enemy to advisor. As Suladân's power grew, so did Sauron's influence over him. He eventually fell completely under the Dark Lord's power to become one of the nine Nazgûl. Additionally, Baranor is a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, originally from Harad, before being adopted by the wealthy Gondorian family.<ref>{{webcite|author=David Smith|articleurl=https://www.theaureview.com/games/games-review-middle-earth-shadow-of-war-the-desolation-of-mordor-xbox-one-2018/|articlename=Games Review: Middle-earth: Shadow of War – The Desolation of Mordor (Xbox One, 2018)|dated=18 May 2018|website=[RPGnet|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

===Other===
'''1982: [[Middle-earth Role Playing]]:'''
:[[Iron Crown Enterprises]] produced a series of books for their tabletop roleplaying game ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'' containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Additionally, Herumor is given an extended history, and Fuinur is revealed as his older brother. Key publications included the setting books ''[[Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs]]'' (1982),<ref>{{webcite|author=Brenda Gates Spielman|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2534|articlename=Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs|dated=16 April 1982|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Far Harad: The Scorched Land]]'' (1988),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2555|articlename=Far Harad: The Scorched Land|dated=16 April 1988|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Forest of Tears]]'' (1990),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2511|articlename=Forest of Tears|dated=16 April 1990|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> as well as the adventure books ''[[Warlords of the Desert]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=Charles Crutchfield|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2505|articlename=Warlords of the Desert|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hazards of the Harad Wood]]'' (1989),<ref>{{webcite|author=John Crowdis|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2529|articlename=Hazards of the Harad Wood|dated=16 April 1989|website=RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Greater Harad]] (1990).<ref>{{webcite|author=William E. Wilson|articleurl=https://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2560|articlename=Greater Harad|dated=16 April 1990|website=[RPGnet|accessed=26 September 2021}}</ref>

'''1994: [[The Two Towers MUD]]:'''
:The Haradrim are featured alongside the [[Uruk-hai]], [[Easterlings]], [[Númenóreans]], and [[Variag]].

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]:'''
:The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys and card sets within the TCG.

'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]:'''
:Suladân, the "Serpent Lord", is the name of the chieftain Haradrim leader who King Théoden kills, and is who players often refer to as the "[[Black Serpent]]" after his standard.<ref>{{webcite|author=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small Editors|articleurl=https://tellmeatalegreatorsmall.blogspot.com/2019/09/armies-of-middle-earth-sbg-serpent.html|articlename=Armies of Middle-Earth SBG: The Serpent Horde in the Middle-Earth Strategy Battle Game|dated=25 September 2019|website=Tell Me A Tale, Great Or Small|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hasharin">{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2020/04/golden-king-of-abrakhan-and-entourage.html|articlename=Golden King of Abrakhan and Entourage|dated=23 April 2020|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Some of the Haradrim are assassins called 'Hasharin', wherein there are characters such as "The Golden King" and "Dalamyr".<ref name=Hasharin/> Additionally, ''Half Trolls'' are "Mahûd men" of Far Harad who were altered to the size and strength of the Olog-hai of Sauron.<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2019/09/for-fathers-day-this-year-i-requested.html|articlename=Far Harad|dated=11 September 2019|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> Units include "Half Troll Warband" and "Half Troll of Far Harad".<ref>{{webcite|author=Simmuskhan|articleurl=http://simbattleboard.blogspot.com/2012/02/battle-report-dwarves-vs-haradrim.html|articlename=Battle Report - Dwarves vs Haradrim - Contest of Champions|dated=24 February 2012|website=Simmuskhan's Battle Blog|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref> [[Games Workshop]] had produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad, including for Mûmak, The Golden King of Abrakhân, Half Trolls, Haradrim Warriors and Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/War-Mumak-Of-Harad-2018|articlename=War Mûmak™ Of Harad™|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/The-Golden-King-of-Harad|articlename=The Golden King of Abrakhân|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Half-Trolls|articlename=Half Trolls|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Haradrim-Warriors-2018|articlename=Haradrim™ Warriors|dated=24 February 2019|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Games Workshop Editors|articleurl=https://www.games-workshop.com/en-GB/Corsairs-Of-Umbar-2018|articlename=Corsairs of Umbar™|dated=4 July 2018|website=[[Games Workshop]]|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>In order to maintain their rule over the lands of Harad, the lords of Umbar installed client kings, chieftains who had submitted to their will. Any chieftain who opposed their rule was quickly slain. In order to facilitate their rule, the lords of Umbar established the order of the Hásharii.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]:'''
:The Haradrim are featured amongst the [[Men of Darkness]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Davenport|articleurl=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/9/9342.phtml|articlename=REVIEW OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS ROLEPLAYING GAME CORE BOOK|dated=16 December 2002|website=RPGnet|accessed=2 October 2021}}</ref>

'''2011: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game]]:'''
: The Haradrim are featured amongst a variety of sets, including ''The Sands of Harad''.<ref>{{webcite|author=Neil Shuck|articleurl=https://meeples.wordpress.com/2017/09/20/knowing-your-angmar-from-your-erebor-getting-started-with-lord-of-the-rings-the-card-game/|articlename=Knowing your Angmar from your Erebor: Getting started with Lord of the Rin|dated=20 September 2017|website=Meeples and Miniatures Podcast|accessed=3 October 2021}}</ref>

{{references|note}}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of Haradrim|Images of Haradrim]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Haradrim]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Sindarin demonyms]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[de:Haradrim]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/haradrim]]
[[fi:Haradrim]]

Umbar

2023-11-25T15:04:46Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{claimed|[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]]}}
{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Umbar
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Umbar" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=City of the Corsairs
| location=The coasts of [[Middle-earth]], to the south of [[Gondor]] and west of [[Harad]]
| type=Haven
| description=Natural harbour of enclosing rock used as a seaport
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Variously held by the [[Númenóreans]], the [[Black Númenóreans]], the [[Gondorians]], the [[Corsairs]] and the [[Haradrim]]
| created=First fortified in {{SA|2280}}
| destroyed=
| events=[[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Kin-Strife]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Umbar''' was a realm<ref name=Herbs>{{TT|Herbs}}, statement of Damrod about Umbar, p. 659</ref> on the coast south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was also the name of the great cape and land-locked firth<ref name=UmbarNote>{{App|Gondor}}, footnote concerning Umbar in the entry for king Eärnil I</ref> and of the natural haven<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 466</ref> in this realm. It was probably also the name of a fortified city in this realm, because the name Umbar was used in conjunction with it being made into a great fortress,<ref name=SA2280>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 2280, p. 1083</ref> it being laid siege to<ref name=Earnil>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, pp. 1044-5</ref> or it being invested,<ref name=Ciryaher>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher, p. 1045</ref> which implies a very small fortified area.

==Geography==
Umbar was located south of the mouth of the river [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a natural haven that was formed by a peninsula that extended west from the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea and then bent to the south and almost touched the coast that lay to its south. This form of the coastline left only a narrow entrance to the natural haven. The City of the Corsairs was at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar.<ref name=GeneralMap>[[Christopher Tolkien]], [[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref>

Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the realms of the Harad.<ref name=Herbs/> It is possible that the realm of Umbar stretched along the coast up to the river [[Harnen]] and along the river Harnen as far its source in the [[Ephel Dúath]] before it became a part of Gondor or after it became an independent realm again, because Westron was still the native tongue in this area at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=F1>{{App|F1}}, first and second paragraph, p. 1127</ref>

It is possible that Umbar had a climate that was fluctuating between mild winters and very hot and dry summers.<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 182-183</ref><ref group=note>J.R.R. Tolkien wrote on [[General Map of Middle-earth|his son's map of Middle-earth]] for [[Pauline Baynes]] that Umbar is approximately at the latitude of Cyprus and that Minas Tirith is approximately at the latitude of Ravenna, but more to the east near Belgrade. He wrote that these references are so that Pauline Baynes can roughly judge the climate and the fauna and flora for her [[A Map of Middle-earth|map of Middle-earth]]. In addition, he wrote in a [[Letter 294|letter to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer]] that the city of Pelargir is approximately at the latitude of ancient Troy. Cyprus is on the same latidue as Tangiers, a city in northwest Africa at the southern entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.</ref> It is also possible that Umbar had a vegetation of sparse woodlands,<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 184-5</ref> because Umbar seems to have had the natural resources to build a fleet of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count that had attacked Pelargir during the War of the Rings<ref name=Debate>{{RK|Debate}}, p. 875</ref> thirtynine years after Aragorn had burnt a great part of the ships of the Corsairs in the haven of Umbar.<ref name=Thorongil>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for Steward Ecthelion II and entry for Steward Denethor II, Denethor II succeeded his father in TA 2984 four years after Thorongil departed from Gondor after the attack, p. 1055</ref>

==History==
===Foundation and Númenórean rule===
It is possible that the bay of Umbar was discovered by [[Aldarion]], the son of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Meneldur]] when Aldarion scarcely escaped shipwreck in the Harad during a voyage with three ships<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, in the first quarter of the chapter</ref>, which lasted from {{SA|829}} to {{SA|843|n}}.<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', first paragraph</ref> After [[Sauron]] heard that Aldarion had become a great shipbuilder who sailed his ships to haven far down into the Harad, he chose [[Mordor]] as a stronghold to counter the threat of landings by the Númenoreans.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}, ninth paragraph</ref>

Until the end of the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Minastir]] in {{SA|1869}},<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref> the Númenóreans came to Middle-earth as teachers and friends of the local population.<ref name=AfterMinastir>{{App|Numenor}}, entry after the entry for Tar-Minastir</ref>

Approximately in {{SA|1800|n}} the Númenóreans began to establish dominions on the coasts<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1800, p. 1083</ref>, which possibly already included Umbar. It is possible that the son of Tar-Minastir, [[Tar-Ciryatan|Ciryatan]] sailed to Umbar, because he voyaged south before he took the sceptre from his father in {{SA|1869|n}}.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean kings [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and [[Tar-Atanamir]] the Númenóreans oppressed the men of Middle-earth and levied heavy tribute from the men of the coasts and their ships brought back metals and gems from Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan'' and entry XIII ''Tar-Atanamir''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Ancalimon]],<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XIV ''Tar-Ancalimon''</ref> Umbar was made into a great fortress of Númenor in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name=SA2280/>

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

In {{SA|3261|n}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, p. 1084</ref> King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] of Númenor landed at Umbar to challenge Sauron and journeyed seven days with banner and trumpet.<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenor and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]].<ref name="Ak"/> Umbar must have been an important point of deportation of slaves and taxes to Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt, Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429|n}}. Their fate is unknown, but it is possible that they died during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

The fate of the other settlements of the Númenóreans further south of Umbar is unclear, but it is said that they were 'absorbed', and that no attempt was made to involve them in the wars. This could imply that they were simply too isolated, geographically and politically, and acting on their own behalf. Whatever befell them, they fell out of the picture of the West. <ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] repaired the haven of [[Pelargir]], built a great navy and besieged Umbar by land and by sea.<ref name=Earnil/> In {{TA|933}}, he took Umbar.<ref name=Third>{{App|TA}}, pp. 1085-6</ref> Umbar was only taken at great cost, because its Black Núnmenorean inhabitants as descendants of the King's Men inherited their hatred of Gondor as a realm of the followers of Elendil<ref name=UmbarNote/> and probably defended Umbar vehemently because of that. As a result of the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Black Númenorean lords of Umbar were driven from Umbar and Umbar became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor.<ref name=Earnil/> Only three years later, in {{TA|936|n}},<ref name=Third/> King Eärnil was lost at sea with many ships and men in a great storm off Umbar.<ref name=Earnil/>

Eärnil's son [[Ciryandil]] continued to build ships.<ref name=Earnil/> During his reign the Men of the Harad led by the Black Númenorean lords that had been driven from Umbar came with a large force and besieged Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil, p. 1045</ref> In {{TA|1015|n}} Ciryandil was killed in the siege of Umbar.<ref name=Third/>

The siege of Umbar lasted for many years, but Umbar could not be taken, because of the sea-power of Gondor,<ref name=Ciryaher/> probably because Umbar could be resupplied and reinforced with ships from Gondor by sea. Ciryandil's son [[Ciryaher]] took enough time to gather an army and a navy, came down by land crossing the river [[Harnen]] and by sea and utterly defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name=Ciryaher/> in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name=Third/> As a consequence, Ciryaher took the name Hyarmendacil "South-victor" and the kings of the Men of the Harad had to acknowledge the overlordsip of Gondor. During his reign the realm of Gondor extended south to the river Harnen and along the coast to the peninsula and haven of Umbar and the sonst of the kings of the Harad lived as hostages in the court of king Ciryaher.<ref name=Ciryaher/>

After the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Gondorians built a great white pillar on the highest hill of the headland above the Haven as a monument of the submission of Sauron to the Númenorean king Ar-Pharazȏn. The pillar was crowned with a globe of crystal that reflected the rays of the sun and the moon and shone like a bright star that could be seen in clear weather even on the coasts of Gondor or far out upon the western sea.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, p. 1047</ref>

When King [[Valacar]] of Gondor grew old there was already a rebellion in the southern provinces. Some of the Dúnedain refused to accept his son [[Eldacar]] as their future King, because Eldacar had been born in a foreign country, had been named Vinitharya in a foreign language in his youth and they feared that Eldacar would have a shorter life, because his mother, who came from a foreign country and who they perceived to be of a "lesser" race had only had a short life compared to the longer life of the Dúnedain.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Valacar, p. 1046</ref> After the death of King Valacar in {{TA|1432|n}}, a civil war, called the [[Kin-strife]], began in Gondor.<ref name=Third/> The people of the great havens of Umbar and Pelargir and of the coasts supported the Captain of Ships, [[Castamir]], who was one of those nearest by blood to the crown.<ref name=Eldacar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, pp. 1046-8</ref> In {{TA|1437|n}},<ref name=Third/> Castamir deposed Eldacar, who fled to his kinfolk in [[Rhovanion]].<ref name=Eldacar/> Ten years later, in {{TA|1447|n}},<ref name=Third/> Eldacar returned from the north with a great army of Dúnedain from the northern parts of the realm and of Northmen, who had been in the service of Gondor and killed Castamir in a great battle at the crossings of the river [[Erui]]. However the sons of Castamir escaped to Pelargir and Eldacar besieged Pelargir<ref name=Eldacar/> in {{TA|1447|n}}.<ref name=Third/>

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[File:Ralph Damiani - Umbar Armada.jpg|thumb|''Umbar Armada'' by [[Ralph Damiani]]]]
In {{TA|1448}},<ref name=Third/> after the sons of Castamir had gathered all the forces that they could in Pelargir, they sailed away to Umbar and established an independent lordship and a refuge for all enemies of the King of Gondor in Umbar.<ref name=Flight>{{App|Gondor}}, entry after the death of Castamir, p. 1047</ref> It is possible that the rebels took their wifes and families with them to Umbar, because they had held out long with others of their kin in Pelargir and were able to gather people at Pelargir, because Eldacar had no ships to besiege Pelargir by sea. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a threat to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. The region of [[Harondor|South Gondor]] became a debatable land between the kings of Gondor and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=Flight/> As a result of the loss of Umbar the control of Gondor over the Men of the Harad decreased.<ref name=Flight/>

After the Kin-strife often close relatives of the kings of Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the kings fled to Umbar and joined the rebels.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry following the death of King Eärnur, p. 1052</ref>

In {{TA|1540|n}}, King [[Aldamir]] was killed in a war with the Harad and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=Third/>

In {{TA|1551|n}}, his son<ref>{{App|South}}, entry for Hyarmendacil II (Vinyarion), p. 1038</ref> [[Hyarmendacil II]] defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name=Third/> and crushed Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Heirs of Elendil, The Southern Line of Gondor: the Anarioni, 25. Minardil, p. 199</ref>

The leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar, [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], the great-grandsons of Castamir, learned through spies that [[Minardil]], the [[King of Gondor]], was in the [[Gondor]]ian port of [[Pelargir]] and that he did not suspect any danger, because his father had crushed Harad and Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC/> In {{TA|1634|n}},<ref name=Third/><ref name=T4>{{PM|Third}}, manuscript T4, entry for the year 1634</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar, led by [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], made a raid up the river [[Anduin]], killed Minardil in Pelargir,<ref name=Telemnar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telemnar, p. 1048</ref> ravaged [[Pelargir]] and the coasts and escaped with great booty.<ref name=ElendilC/>

During the reign of King [[Telumehtar]], Minardil's great-grand nephew, the Corsairs raided the coasts of Gondor as far as the [[Anfalas]]. As a consequence, Telumehtar gathered his forces and took Umbar by storm<ref name=Telumehtar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar, p. 1048</ref> and drove out the Corsairs in {{TA|1810|n}}.<ref name=Third/> The last descendants of Castamir died during that war. After the reconquest of Umbar Telumehtar added the title Umbardacil (Umbar-victor) to his name.<ref name=Telumehtar/>

Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor, but was again lost in the new evils that soon befell Gondor and fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name=Telumehtar/> It is possible that Umbar was held by the kings of Gondor at least until {{TA|1975|n}}. In {{TA|1899|n}},<ref name=Third/> King [[Calimehtar]] was free from other dangers when he led an army out of [[Ithilien]] to the plain of [[Dagorlad]],<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, sixth paragraph</ref> because his grandfather Teluhmetar had captured Umbar and smashed the power of the Corsairs and the peoples of Harad were occupied with wars and feuds of their own.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 9</ref> From that year to {{TA|1944|n}}, Gondor enjoyed a respite from war.<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, seventh paragraph</ref> In {{TA|1944|n}},<ref name=Third/> during the war with the [[Wainriders]], the [[Haradrim]] and the Men of [[Khand]] the southern army of Gondor was smaller, because the danger from the south was considered to be smaller,<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, eleventh paragraph</ref> because assistance from Umbar for an attack on [[Ithilien]] by enemies proceeding from Near Harad was not avaible.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 14</ref> In the autumn of {{TA|1973|n}}, King Eärnil II felt sufficiently secure to be able to send aid to [[Arthedain]] and sent an army of power for a war of great kings, although it was just a small force of the whole army of Gondor, on so many ships that they could scarcely find harbourage, although they filled the [[Grey Havens]], [[Harlond]] and [[Forlond]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil II, p. 1050</ref> It seems unlikely that King Eärnil II would have felt sufficiently secure to send away such a large fleet from Gondor to the aid of Arthedain if he would have feared an attack on Gondor by ships from Umbar. It also seems unlikely that Gondor would not have been able to hold Umbar when it still had a fleet and a mighty army, because Umbar could not be taken in the past in the days of King [[Ciryaher]] during a siege by the Men of Harad that lasted for many years, because of the power of the fleet of Gondor.<ref name=Ciryaher/>

===Haradrim rule===
During the reign of Steward Cirion ({{TA|2489}}-{{TA|2567|n}}),<ref>{{App|South}}, ''Ruling Stewards'', year after Boromir and year after Cirion, p. 1039</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar attacked the coasts of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, ''The Stewards'', entry for Steward Cirion, p. 1053</ref>

In {{TA|2746|n}}, the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] was killed by the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth, entry for the 15th prince of Dol Amroth</ref>

The Corsairs spent a long time to prepare a great fleet. In {{TA|2758|n}} three fleets sailed from Umbar and [[Harad]] and landed at many places along the coasts of Gondor and even at the mouth of the river [[Isen]]<ref name=Beren>{{App|Stewards}}, ''The Stewards'', entries for Steward Beren and Steward Beregond, p. 1054</ref> and at the mouth of the river [[Lefnui]].<ref name=Helm>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Helm, p. 1066</ref> The troops from Umbar and Harad helped the Dunlendings who were led by [[Wulf]], the son of [[Freca]], a lord with wide lands on both sides of the river Adorn who was said to have much Dunlending blood and who had been killed by King Helm of Rohan, to invade Rohan from the west over the river Isen and down from Isengard.<ref name=Helm/> Before the spring of {{TA|2759|n}}, [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]], the son of Steward [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] defeated the Corsairs of Umbar and the Men of Harad that had invaded Gondor and subsequently sent troops to Rohan to help the Rohirrim to defeat the invaders.<ref name=Beren/> As a result the Dunlendings were driven from Rohan and from Isengard.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Fréaláf, p. 1067</ref>

After the second arising of Sauron, Umbar fell under the domination of the servants of Sauron and the great white pillar that had been built on the highest hill of the headland above the haven by the followers of [[Elendil]] as a monument for the humiliation of Sauron by [[Ar-Pharazon]] was thrown down.<ref name=Eldacar/> It is possible that those servants of Sauron were Men of the Harad, because Umbar had fallen into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name=Telumehtar/>

In {{TA|2980|n}}, [[Aragorn]] served Steward [[Ecthelion II]] as a captain in disguise under the name [[Thorongil]], gathered a small fleet, attacked Umbar by night, burned a great part of the ships of the Corsairs, overthrew the [[Captain of the Haven]] in a battle upon the quays and then withdrew his fleet with small losses.<ref name=Thorongil/>

===War of the Ring===
[[File:Per Sjögren - The Oath Fulfilled.jpg|thumb|''The Oath Fulfilled'' by [[:Category:Images by Per Sjögren|Per Sjögren]]]]
During the [[War of the Ring]], folk of Umbar and Harad had sailed up the river [[Gilrain]] to the city of [[Linhir]] and fought against men of [[Lamedon]] who defended the fords of the river. When [[Aragorn]] came to Linhir with the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]], both the defenders and the attackers fled to the east in the direction of [[Pelargir]]. The main fleet of Umbar consisting of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count had sailed to Pelargir. Many of the rowing slaves that were chained to the oars of those ships were folk of Gondor that had been taken by the Corsairs of Umbar during raids. When the Army of the Dead reached Pelargir and came to the ships that were drawn up and to the ships that were anchored all the terrified mariners leaped overboard. Some ships had put off to try to escape down the river or to reach the far shore and many of the smaller craft were burning. Aragorn was able to capture the remaining ships, to man them with troops from [[Lebennin]], the [[Ethir Anduin]] and Lamedon and to row and sail them up the river [[Anduin]] to relief the city of [[Minas Tirith]] from the siege by the troops of Sauron.<ref name=Debate/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], Aragorn, made peace with the peoples of Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 968</ref> It is possible that king Elessar completely subdued Umbar<ref name=Flight/> in a war on the far fields of the South with the aid of king [[Éomer]] and the cavalry of the [[Rohan|Mark]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, last paragraph, p. 1071</ref>

==Culture==
===Politics and rule===
It is not known how the Númenórean colony of Umbar was ruled before the Downfall of Númenor when it was a stronghold of the King's Men who were afterwards called the Black Númenóreans. No "King of Umbar" is mentioned in the Annals of the Kings and Rulers after the Down fall of Númenor. It is possible that the Black Númenóreans regarded the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers. It is also possible that they did not decide on a new King as the successor of King Ar-Pharazôn, because they did not know if Ar-Pharazôn had survived the invasion of Aman and had achieved his desire of immortality there or had died in Aman or in the Drowning of Númenor.

It is not known, if [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], who rose to power among the Haradrim in the wide lands south of Mordor,<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> were rulers of Umbar.

In {{TA|1634}}, Angamaitë and Sangahyando were the leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC/>

At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Umbar was occupied by hostile people whose lords were originally rebel Númenóreans and were currently pirates.<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Umbar'', p. 466</ref> The names and the number of those lords who ruled Umbar during the War of the Rings are not known.

===Language===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron had become the native language of nearly all [[Men]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdom of [[Gondor]], including all along the coasts from Umbar northward and inland as far as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name=F1/><ref>{{PM|Atani}}, penultimate paragraph and its preceeding paragraph</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The label "Havens of Umbar" is written below a bay that lies south of South Gondor near the bottom edge of the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] that was included in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The City of the Corsairs lies at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar on this map.<ref name=GeneralMap/>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name ''Umbar'' was forgotten. Umbar already received its name before the ships of the Númenóreans sailed the sea.<ref>{{App|Men}}, sixth paragraph, p. 1129</ref> As a consequence, it is a name in one of the [[pre-Númenórean]] languages. Despite the coincidental similarity, the name Umbar is not related to the Quenya word ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'', which means fate.<ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters'', p. 1124</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2023: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The City of the Corsairs is known properly as "Umbar Baharbêl", and the realm also encompasses the Cape of Umbar and the few settlements upon it. Offshore from the cape is the shipwreck-strewn archipelago called "Zirâr Tarka, the Shield Isles" of Umbar, home to castaways, exiles, and freebooters. The Umbari language is partially inspired by Maltese.
: After the defeat at Pelargir and the downfall of Sauron, the Umbari people rebel against those those loyal to Sauron and the Haradrim "Empire of Ordâkh" occupying the city. Now a Free City, Umbar is ruled by a council of seven called the "Kindred of the Coins". At least some of the Kindred have designs against Gondor, and so the players must investigate on behalf of [[King of Gondor|King]] [[Aragorn|Elessar]] and [[Queen of Gondor|Queen]] [[Arwen]], while befriending and assisting the citizens.

==See also==
* [[Corsairs of Umbar]]
* [[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031156/http://www.guildcompanion.com/scrolls/2003/feb/rethinkingumbar.html Rethinking Umbar] by [[Chris Seeman]]
* [https://nolondil.tumblr.com/post/174550667841/who-is-a-n%C3%BAmen%C3%B3rean Who Is a Númenórean?] by Nolondil (Ellie Keener)
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/were-the-corsairs-of-umbar-numenoreans/ Were the Corsairs of Umbar Numenoreans?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-umbar-the-city-name/ What is the meaning of Umbar (the City Name)?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Umbar

2023-11-25T15:04:32Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{claimed|[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]]}}
{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Umbar
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Umbar" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=City of the Corsairs
| location=The coasts of [[Middle-earth]], to the south of [[Gondor]] and west of [[Harad]]
| type=Haven
| description=Natural harbour of enclosing rock used as a seaport
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Variously held by the [[Númenóreans]], the [[Black Númenóreans]], the [[Gondorians]], the [[Corsairs]] and the [[Haradrim]]
| created=First fortified in {{SA|2280}}
| destroyed=
| events=[[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Kin-Strife]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Umbar''' was a realm<ref name=Herbs>{{TT|Herbs}}, statement of Damrod about Umbar, p. 659</ref> on the coast south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was also the name of the great cape and land-locked firth<ref name=UmbarNote>{{App|Gondor}}, footnote concerning Umbar in the entry for king Eärnil I</ref> and of the natural haven<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 466</ref> in this realm. It was probably also the name of a fortified city in this realm, because the name Umbar was used in conjunction with it being made into a great fortress,<ref name=SA2280>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 2280, p. 1083</ref> it being laid siege to<ref name=Earnil>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, pp. 1044-5</ref> or it being invested,<ref name=Ciryaher>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher, p. 1045</ref> which implies a very small fortified area.

==Geography==
Umbar was located south of the mouth of the river [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a natural haven that was formed by a peninsula that extended west from the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea and then bent to the south and almost touched the coast that lay to its south. This form of the coastline left only a narrow entrance to the natural haven. The City of the Corsairs was at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar.<ref name=GeneralMap>[[Christopher Tolkien]], [[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref>

Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the realms of the Harad.<ref name=Herbs/> It is possible that the realm of Umbar stretched along the coast up to the river [[Harnen]] and along the river Harnen as far its source in the [[Ephel Dúath]] before it became a part of Gondor or after it became an independent realm again, because Westron was still the native tongue in this area at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=F1>{{App|F1}}, first and second paragraph, p. 1127</ref>

It is possible that Umbar had a climate that was fluctuating between mild winters and very hot and dry summers.<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 182-183</ref><ref group=note>J.R.R. Tolkien wrote on [[General Map of Middle-earth|his son's map of Middle-earth]] for [[Pauline Baynes]] that Umbar is approximately at the latitude of Cyprus and that Minas Tirith is approximately at the latitude of Ravenna, but more to the east near Belgrade. He wrote that these references are so that Pauline Baynes can roughly judge the climate and the fauna and flora for her [[A Map of Middle-earth|map of Middle-earth]]. In addition, he wrote in a [[Letter 294|letter to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer]] that the city of Pelargir is approximately at the latitude of ancient Troy. Cyprus is on the same latidue as Tangiers, a city in northwest Africa at the southern entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.</ref> It is also possible that Umbar had a vegetation of sparse woodlands,<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 184-5</ref> because Umbar seems to have had the natural resources to build a fleet of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count that had attacked Pelargir during the War of the Rings<ref name=Debate>{{RK|Debate}}, p. 875</ref> thirtynine years after Aragorn had burnt a great part of the ships of the Corsairs in the haven of Umbar.<ref name=Thorongil>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for Steward Ecthelion II and entry for Steward Denethor II, Denethor II succeeded his father in TA 2984 four years after Thorongil departed from Gondor after the attack, p. 1055</ref>

==History==
===Foundation and Númenórean rule===
It is possible that the bay of Umbar was discovered by [[Aldarion]], the son of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Meneldur]] when Aldarion scarcely escaped shipwreck in the Harad during a voyage with three ships<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, in the first quarter of the chapter</ref>, which lasted from {{SA|829}} to {{SA|843|n}}.<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', first paragraph</ref> After [[Sauron]] heard that Aldarion had become a great shipbuilder who sailed his ships to haven far down into the Harad, he chose [[Mordor]] as a stronghold to counter the threat of landings by the Númenoreans.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}, ninth paragraph</ref>

Until the end of the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Minastir]] in {{SA|1869}},<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref> the Númenóreans came to Middle-earth as teachers and friends of the local population.<ref name=AfterMinastir>{{App|Numenor}}, entry after the entry for Tar-Minastir</ref>

Approximately in {{SA|1800|n}} the Númenóreans began to establish dominions on the coasts<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1800, p. 1083</ref>, which possibly already included Umbar. It is possible that the son of Tar-Minastir, [[Tar-Ciryatan|Ciryatan]] sailed to Umbar, because he voyaged south before he took the sceptre from his father in {{SA|1869|n}}.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean kings [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and [[Tar-Atanamir]] the Númenóreans oppressed the men of Middle-earth and levied heavy tribute from the men of the coasts and their ships brought back metals and gems from Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan'' and entry XIII ''Tar-Atanamir''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Ancalimon]],<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XIV ''Tar-Ancalimon''</ref> Umbar was made into a great fortress of Númenor in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name=SA2280/>

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

In {{SA|3261|n}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, p. 1084</ref> King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] of Númenor landed at Umbar to challenge Sauron and journeyed seven days with banner and trumpet.<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenor and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]].<ref name="Ak"/> Umbar must have been an important point of deportation of slaves and taxes to Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt, Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429|n}}. Their fate is unknown, but it is possible that they died during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

The fate of the other settlements of the Númenóreans further south of Umbar is unclear, but it is said that they were 'absorbed', and that no attempt was made to involve them in the wars. This could imply that they were simply too isolated, geographically and politically, and acting on their own behalf. Whatever befell them, they fell out of the picture of the West. <ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] repaired the haven of [[Pelargir]], built a great navy and besieged Umbar by land and by sea.<ref name=Earnil/> In {{TA|933}}, he took Umbar.<ref name=Third>{{App|TA}}, pp. 1085-6</ref> Umbar was only taken at great cost, because its Black Núnmenorean inhabitants as descendants of the King's Men inherited their hatred of Gondor as a realm of the followers of Elendil<ref name=UmbarNote/> and probably defended Umbar vehemently because of that. As a result of the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Black Númenorean lords of Umbar were driven from Umbar and Umbar became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor.<ref name=Earnil/> Only three years later, in {{TA|936|n}},<ref name=Third/> King Eärnil was lost at sea with many ships and men in a great storm off Umbar.<ref name=Earnil/>

Eärnil's son [[Ciryandil]] continued to build ships.<ref name=Earnil/> During his reign the Men of the Harad led by the Black Númenorean lords that had been driven from Umbar came with a large force and besieged Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil, p. 1045</ref> In {{TA|1015|n}} Ciryandil was killed in the siege of Umbar.<ref name=Third/>

The siege of Umbar lasted for many years, but Umbar could not be taken, because of the sea-power of Gondor,<ref name=Ciryaher/> probably because Umbar could be resupplied and reinforced with ships from Gondor by sea. Ciryandil's son [[Ciryaher]] took enough time to gather an army and a navy, came down by land crossing the river [[Harnen]] and by sea and utterly defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name=Ciryaher/> in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name=Third/> As a consequence, Ciryaher took the name Hyarmendacil "South-victor" and the kings of the Men of the Harad had to acknowledge the overlordsip of Gondor. During his reign the realm of Gondor extended south to the river Harnen and along the coast to the peninsula and haven of Umbar and the sonst of the kings of the Harad lived as hostages in the court of king Ciryaher.<ref name=Ciryaher/>

After the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Gondorians built a great white pillar on the highest hill of the headland above the Haven as a monument of the submission of Sauron to the Númenorean king Ar-Pharazȏn. The pillar was crowned with a globe of crystal that reflected the rays of the sun and the moon and shone like a bright star that could be seen in clear weather even on the coasts of Gondor or far out upon the western sea.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, p. 1047</ref>

When King [[Valacar]] of Gondor grew old there was already a rebellion in the southern provinces. Some of the Dúnedain refused to accept his son [[Eldacar]] as their future King, because Eldacar had been born in a foreign country, had been named Vinitharya in a foreign language in his youth and they feared that Eldacar would have a shorter life, because his mother, who came from a foreign country and who they perceived to be of a "lesser" race had only had a short life compared to the longer life of the Dúnedain.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Valacar, p. 1046</ref> After the death of King Valacar in {{TA|1432|n}}, a civil war, called the [[Kin-strife]], began in Gondor.<ref name=Third/> The people of the great havens of Umbar and Pelargir and of the coasts supported the Captain of Ships, [[Castamir]], who was one of those nearest by blood to the crown.<ref name=Eldacar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, pp. 1046-8</ref> In {{TA|1437|n}},<ref name=Third/> Castamir deposed Eldacar, who fled to his kinfolk in [[Rhovanion]].<ref name=Eldacar/> Ten years later, in {{TA|1447|n}},<ref name=Third/> Eldacar returned from the north with a great army of Dúnedain from the northern parts of the realm and of Northmen, who had been in the service of Gondor and killed Castamir in a great battle at the crossings of the river [[Erui]]. However the sons of Castamir escaped to Pelargir and Eldacar besieged Pelargir<ref name=Eldacar/> in {{TA|1447|n}}.<ref name=Third/>

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[File:Ralph Damiani - Umbar Armada.jpg|thumb|''Umbar Armada'' by [[Ralph Damiani]]]]
In {{TA|1448}},<ref name=Third/> after the sons of Castamir had gathered all the forces that they could in Pelargir, they sailed away to Umbar and established an independent lordship and a refuge for all enemies of the King of Gondor in Umbar.<ref name=Flight>{{App|Gondor}}, entry after the death of Castamir, p. 1047</ref> It is possible that the rebels took their wifes and families with them to Umbar, because they had held out long with others of their kin in Pelargir and were able to gather people at Pelargir, because Eldacar had no ships to besiege Pelargir by sea. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a threat to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. The region of [[Harondor|South Gondor]] became a debatable land between the kings of Gondor and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=Flight/> As a result of the loss of Umbar the control of Gondor over the Men of the Harad decreased.<ref name=Flight/>

After the Kin-strife often close relatives of the kings of Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the kings fled to Umbar and joined the rebels.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry following the death of King Eärnur, p. 1052</ref>

In {{TA|1540|n}}, King [[Aldamir]] was killed in a war with the Harad and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=Third/>

In {{TA|1551|n}}, his son<ref>{{App|South}}, entry for Hyarmendacil II (Vinyarion), p. 1038</ref> [[Hyarmendacil II]] defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name=Third/> and crushed Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Heirs of Elendil, The Southern Line of Gondor: the Anarioni, 25. Minardil, p. 199</ref>

The leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar, [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], the great-grandsons of Castamir, learned through spies that [[Minardil]], the [[King of Gondor]], was in the [[Gondor]]ian port of [[Pelargir]] and that he did not suspect any danger, because his father had crushed Harad and Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC/> In {{TA|1634|n}},<ref name=Third/><ref name=T4>{{PM|Third}}, manuscript T4, entry for the year 1634</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar, led by [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], made a raid up the river [[Anduin]], killed Minardil in Pelargir,<ref name=Telemnar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telemnar, p. 1048</ref> ravaged [[Pelargir]] and the coasts and escaped with great booty.<ref name=ElendilC/>

During the reign of King [[Telumehtar]], Minardil's great-grand nephew, the Corsairs raided the coasts of Gondor as far as the [[Anfalas]]. As a consequence, Telumehtar gathered his forces and took Umbar by storm<ref name=Telumehtar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar, p. 1048</ref> and drove out the Corsairs in {{TA|1810|n}}.<ref name=Third/> The last descendants of Castamir died during that war. After the reconquest of Umbar Telumehtar added the title Umbardacil (Umbar-victor) to his name.<ref name=Telumehtar/>

Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor, but was again lost in the new evils that soon befell Gondor and fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name=Telumehtar/> It is possible that Umbar was held by the kings of Gondor at least until {{TA|1975|n}}. In {{TA|1899|n}},<ref name=Third/> King [[Calimehtar]] was free from other dangers when he led an army out of [[Ithilien]] to the plain of [[Dagorlad]],<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, sixth paragraph</ref> because his grandfather Teluhmetar had captured Umbar and smashed the power of the Corsairs and the peoples of Harad were occupied with wars and feuds of their own.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 9</ref> From that year to {{TA|1944|n}}, Gondor enjoyed a respite from war.<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, seventh paragraph</ref> In {{TA|1944|n}},<ref name=Third/> during the war with the [[Wainriders]], the [[Haradrim]] and the Men of [[Khand]] the southern army of Gondor was smaller, because the danger from the south was considered to be smaller,<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, eleventh paragraph</ref> because assistance from Umbar for an attack on [[Ithilien]] by enemies proceeding from Near Harad was not avaible.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 14</ref> In the autumn of {{TA|1973|n}}, King Eärnil II felt sufficiently secure to be able to send aid to [[Arthedain]] and sent an army of power for a war of great kings, although it was just a small force of the whole army of Gondor, on so many ships that they could scarcely find harbourage, although they filled the [[Grey Havens]], [[Harlond]] and [[Forlond]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil II, p. 1050</ref> It seems unlikely that King Eärnil II would have felt sufficiently secure to send away such a large fleet from Gondor to the aid of Arthedain if he would have feared an attack on Gondor by ships from Umbar. It also seems unlikely that Gondor would not have been able to hold Umbar when it still had a fleet and a mighty army, because Umbar could not be taken in the past in the days of King [[Ciryaher]] during a siege by the Men of Harad that lasted for many years, because of the power of the fleet of Gondor.<ref name=Ciryaher/>

===Haradrim rule===
During the reign of Steward Cirion ({{TA|2489}}-{{TA|2567|n}}),<ref>{{App|South}}, ''Ruling Stewards'', year after Boromir and year after Cirion, p. 1039</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar attacked the coasts of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, ''The Stewards'', entry for Steward Cirion, p. 1053</ref>

In {{TA|2746|n}}, the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] was killed by the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth, entry for the 15th prince of Dol Amroth</ref>

The Corsairs spent a long time to prepare a great fleet. In {{TA|2758|n}} three fleets sailed from Umbar and [[Harad]] and landed at many places along the coasts of Gondor and even at the mouth of the river [[Isen]]<ref name=Beren>{{App|Stewards}}, ''The Stewards'', entries for Steward Beren and Steward Beregond, p. 1054</ref> and at the mouth of the river [[Lefnui]].<ref name=Helm>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Helm, p. 1066</ref> The troops from Umbar and Harad helped the Dunlendings who were led by [[Wulf]], the son of [[Freca]], a lord with wide lands on both sides of the river Adorn who was said to have much Dunlending blood and who had been killed by King Helm of Rohan, to invade Rohan from the west over the river Isen and down from Isengard.<ref name=Helm/> Before the spring of {{TA|2759|n}}, [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]], the son of Steward [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] defeated the Corsairs of Umbar and the Men of Harad that had invaded Gondor and subsequently sent troops to Rohan to help the Rohirrim to defeat the invaders.<ref name=Beren/> As a result the Dunlendings were driven from Rohan and from Isengard.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Fréaláf, p. 1067</ref>

After the second arising of Sauron, Umbar fell under the domination of the servants of Sauron and the great white pillar that had been built on the highest hill of the headland above the haven by the followers of [[Elendil]] as a monument for the humiliation of Sauron by [[Ar-Pharazon]] was thrown down.<ref name=Eldacar/> It is possible that those servants of Sauron were Men of the Harad, because Umbar had fallen into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name=Telumehtar/>

In {{TA|2980|n}}, [[Aragorn]] served Steward [[Ecthelion II]] as a captain in disguise under the name [[Thorongil]], gathered a small fleet, attacked Umbar by night, burned a great part of the ships of the Corsairs, overthrew the [[Captain of the Haven]] in a battle upon the quays and then withdrew his fleet with small losses.<ref name=Thorongil/>

===War of the Ring===
[[File:Per Sjögren - The Oath Fulfilled.jpg|thumb|''The Oath Fulfilled'' by [[:Category:Images by Per Sjögren|Per Sjögren]]]]
During the [[War of the Ring]], folk of Umbar and Harad had sailed up the river [[Gilrain]] to the city of [[Linhir]] and fought against men of [[Lamedon]] who defended the fords of the river. When [[Aragorn]] came to Linhir with the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]], both the defenders and the attackers fled to the east in the direction of [[Pelargir]]. The main fleet of Umbar consisting of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count had sailed to Pelargir. Many of the rowing slaves that were chained to the oars of those ships were folk of Gondor that had been taken by the Corsairs of Umbar during raids. When the Army of the Dead reached Pelargir and came to the ships that were drawn up and to the ships that were anchored all the terrified mariners leaped overboard. Some ships had put off to try to escape down the river or to reach the far shore and many of the smaller craft were burning. Aragorn was able to capture the remaining ships, to man them with troops from [[Lebennin]], the [[Ethir Anduin]] and Lamedon and to row and sail them up the river [[Anduin]] to relief the city of [[Minas Tirith]] from the siege by the troops of Sauron.<ref name=Debate/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], Aragorn, made peace with the peoples of Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 968</ref> It is possible that king Elessar completely subdued Umbar<ref name=Flight/> in a war on the far fields of the South with the aid of king [[Éomer]] and the cavalry of the [[Rohan|Mark]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, last paragraph, p. 1071</ref>

==Culture==
===Politics and rule===
It is not known how the Númenórean colony of Umbar was ruled before the Downfall of Númenor when it was a stronghold of the King's Men who were afterwards called the Black Númenóreans. No "King of Umbar" is mentioned in the Annals of the Kings and Rulers after the Down fall of Númenor. It is possible that the Black Númenóreans regarded the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers. It is also possible that they did not decide on a new King as the successor of King Ar-Pharazôn, because they did not know if Ar-Pharazôn had survived the invasion of Aman and had achieved his desire of immortality there or had died in Aman or in the Drowning of Númenor.

It is not known, if [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], who rose to power among the Haradrim in the wide lands south of Mordor,<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> were rulers of Umbar.

In {{TA|1634}}, Angamaitë and Sangahyando were the leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC/>

At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Umbar was occupied by hostile people whose lords were originally rebel Númenóreans and were currently pirates.<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Umbar'', p. 466</ref> The names and the number of those lords who ruled Umbar during the War of the Rings are not known.

===Language===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron had become the native language of nearly all [[Men]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdom of [[Gondor]], including all along the coasts from Umbar northward and inland as far as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name=F1/><ref>{{PM|Atani}}, penultimate paragraph and its preceeding paragraph</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The label "Havens of Umbar" is written below a bay that lies south of South Gondor near the bottom edge of the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] that was included in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The City of the Corsairs lies at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar on this map.<ref name=GeneralMap/>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name ''Umbar'' was forgotten. Umbar already received its name before the ships of the Númenóreans sailed the sea.<ref>{{App|Men}}, sixth paragraph, p. 1129</ref> As a consequence, it is a name in one of the [[pre-Númenórean]] languages. Despite the coincidental similarity, the name Umbar is not related to the Quenya word ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'', which means fate.<ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters'', p. 1124</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2023: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The City of the Corsairs is known properly as "Umbar Baharbêl", and the realm also encompasses the Cape of Umbar and the few settlements upon it. Offshore from the cape is the shipwreck-strewn archipelago called "Zirâr Tarka, the Shield Isles" of Umbar, home to castaways, exiles, and freebooters. The Umbari language is partially inspired by Maltese.
: After the defeat at Pelargir and the downfall of Sauron, the Umbari people rebel against those those loyal to Sauron and the Haradrim "Empire of Ordâkh" occupying the city. Now a Free City, Umbar is ruled by a council of seven called the "Kindred of the Coins". At least some of the Kindred have designs against Gondor, and so the players must investigate on behalf of [[King of Gondor|King]] [[Aragorn|Elessar]] and [[Queen of gondor|Queen]] [[Arwen]], while befriending and assisting the citizens.

==See also==
* [[Corsairs of Umbar]]
* [[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031156/http://www.guildcompanion.com/scrolls/2003/feb/rethinkingumbar.html Rethinking Umbar] by [[Chris Seeman]]
* [https://nolondil.tumblr.com/post/174550667841/who-is-a-n%C3%BAmen%C3%B3rean Who Is a Númenórean?] by Nolondil (Ellie Keener)
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/were-the-corsairs-of-umbar-numenoreans/ Were the Corsairs of Umbar Numenoreans?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-umbar-the-city-name/ What is the meaning of Umbar (the City Name)?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Blacklocks

2023-11-25T15:01:26Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{people infobox
| name=Blacklocks
| image=[[File:Daniel Falconer - Blacklock dwarf.png|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Daniel Falconer - Blacklock dwarf.png|Blacklock dwarf]]" by [[Daniel Falconer]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=[[Rhûn]]<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref>
| affiliation=[[Stonefoots]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Khuzdul]]
| members=
| lifespan=c. 250 years<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Blacklocks''' were one of the seven houses of the [[Dwarves]] that dwelt in [[Rhûn]]. They were originally paired with the [[Stonefoots]].<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref>

The locations of the four [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] clans, including the Blacklocks, who lived in the [[East]] are unknown. The distance between their mansions in the East and the [[Misty Mountains]], specifically [[Gundabad]], was said to be as great or greater than that of Gundabad's distance from the [[Blue Mountains]] in the West.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 301</ref>

It is possible that the Blacklocks were among the "''Houses of other Fathers''" who sent troops to help [[Durin's Folk]] in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]].<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref>

Late in the [[Third Age]], when war and terror grew in the [[East]] itself, considerable numbers of Blacklocks and dwarves of the Eastern clans left their ancient homelands. They sought refuge in Middle-earth's western lands, where some of them may have met [[Frodo Baggins]].<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: The unnamed Dwarven tribes were given invented names in an early supplement.<ref>{{ICE|8004}}</ref> While these were published before the publication of Tolkien's late note on the name of the Dwarven houses of the East, it has been suggested that the Blacklocks could correspond to '''Drúin's Tribe''' (as portrayed in ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]]'').<ref>[[Thomas Morwinsky]], "A Brief History of the Dwarven Mansions", in ''[[Other Minds]]'' issue 4 (July 2008)</ref>

'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
: The House corresponding to the Blacklocks is called '''Var's Folk''', said to wander the lands of the East and South. Their beards are "''black as coal and thick as wire, often left tangled and unkempt''".<ref>{{D|M}}</ref>

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
: [[Dwalin]] and [[Thorin]] mentioned Thorin, the heir of [[Durin]] having a meeting with his [[Dwarves|kin]], with "envoys from the Seven Kingdoms", the same number as the Houses of the Dwarves, and also [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. It's unspecified on why Thorin had a meeting with all houses of the Dwarves, however it's likely for the purpose of declaring war on [[Smaug]] and to reclaim his homeland.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Blacklocks.jpg|thumb|left|The "Temámir" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The House corresponding to the Blacklocks is called the '''Temámir'''. Dark-skinned with raven-black hair, they are considered the wisest of the Seven Houses; their banners display a quill and written scrolls. The Temámir are described as being more prone to voyaging than other dwarves, even over sea. Their [[Seven Rings|Ring]] was either "Taurya", which was reclaimed by Sauron, or "Tulcya", which was consumed by the [[Dragons|dragon]] "Thostír the Rank".
: The Temámir were led by "King Brítu the Redeful" at the beginning of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. By the time of the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], all that remained of the royal line was a young princess named "Jegín", who became King of her people and ruled in their halls in the south-east through the [[War of the Ring]] and its aftermath.
: After Azanulbizar, the Longbeards gave to the Temámir some of their halls in the [[White Mountains]] they could no longer maintain. During the War of the Ring, these dwarves shut their gates and did not participate. Once the danger was passed they emerged to take part in rebuilding [[Gondor]], for a price. Another enclave of them exists in the city of [[Umbar]].

{{references}}
{{dwarvenclans}}

Blacklocks

2023-11-25T14:56:38Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ more LOTRO info

{{people infobox
| name=Blacklocks
| image=[[File:Daniel Falconer - Blacklock dwarf.png|250px]]
| caption="[[:File:Daniel Falconer - Blacklock dwarf.png|Blacklock dwarf]]" by [[Daniel Falconer]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=
| location=[[Rhûn]]<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref>
| affiliation=[[Stonefoots]]
| rivalry=
| language=[[Khuzdul]]
| members=
| lifespan=c. 250 years<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref>
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Blacklocks''' were one of the seven houses of the [[Dwarves]] that dwelt in [[Rhûn]]. They were originally paired with the [[Stonefoots]].<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref>

The locations of the four [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] clans, including the Blacklocks, who lived in the [[East]] are unknown. The distance between their mansions in the East and the [[Misty Mountains]], specifically [[Gundabad]], was said to be as great or greater than that of Gundabad's distance from the [[Blue Mountains]] in the West.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 301</ref>

It is possible that the Blacklocks were among the "''Houses of other Fathers''" who sent troops to help [[Durin's Folk]] in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]].<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref>

Late in the [[Third Age]], when war and terror grew in the [[East]] itself, considerable numbers of Blacklocks and dwarves of the Eastern clans left their ancient homelands. They sought refuge in Middle-earth's western lands, where some of them may have met [[Frodo Baggins]].<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
: The unnamed Dwarven tribes were given invented names in an early supplement.<ref>{{ICE|8004}}</ref> While these were published before the publication of Tolkien's late note on the name of the Dwarven houses of the East, it has been suggested that the Blacklocks could correspond to '''Drúin's Tribe''' (as portrayed in ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]]'').<ref>[[Thomas Morwinsky]], "A Brief History of the Dwarven Mansions", in ''[[Other Minds]]'' issue 4 (July 2008)</ref>

'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
: The House corresponding to the Blacklocks is called '''Var's Folk''', said to wander the lands of the East and South. Their beards are "''black as coal and thick as wire, often left tangled and unkempt''".<ref>{{D|M}}</ref>

'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''
: [[Dwalin]] and [[Thorin]] mentioned Thorin, the heir of [[Durin]] having a meeting with his [[Dwarves|kin]], with "envoys from the Seven Kingdoms", the same number as the Houses of the Dwarves, and also [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. It's unspecified on why Thorin had a meeting with all houses of the Dwarves, however it's likely for the purpose of declaring war on [[Smaug]] and to reclaim his homeland.

[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Blacklocks.jpg|thumb|left|The "Temámir" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The House corresponding to the Blacklocks is called the '''Temámir'''. Dark-skinned with raven-black hair, they are considered the wisest of the Seven Houses; their banners display a quill and written scrolls. The Temámir are described as being more prone to voyaging than other dwarves, even over sea. Their [[Seven Rings|Ring]] was either "Taurya", which was reclaimed by Sauron, or "Tulcya", which was consumed by the [[Dragons|dragon]] "Thostír the Rank".
: The Temámir were led by "King Brítu the Redeful" at the beginning of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. By the time of the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], all that remained of the royal line was a young princess named "Jegín", who became King of her people and ruled in her people's halls in the south-east through the [[War of the Ring]] and its aftermath.
: After Azanulbizar, the Longbeards gave to the Temámir some of their halls in the [[White Mountains]] they could no longer maintain. During the War of the Ring, these dwarves shut their gates and did not participate. Once the danger was passed they emerged to take part in rebuilding [[Gondor]], for a price. Another enclave of them exists in the city of [[Umbar]].

{{references}}
{{dwarvenclans}}

Umbar

2023-11-25T14:36:12Z

Sullathron: added adaptations section for LOTRO

{{claimed|[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]]}}
{{disambig-two|the Haven of Umbar|Quenya word|[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=Umbar
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Umbar.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Umbar" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=City of the Corsairs
| location=The coasts of [[Middle-earth]], to the south of [[Gondor]] and west of [[Harad]]
| type=Haven
| description=Natural harbour of enclosing rock used as a seaport
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Variously held by the [[Númenóreans]], the [[Black Númenóreans]], the [[Gondorians]], the [[Corsairs]] and the [[Haradrim]]
| created=First fortified in {{SA|2280}}
| destroyed=
| events=[[Ar-Pharazôn]] captures [[Sauron]] [[Kin-Strife]] [[Corsair Wars]] [[Surprise Attack on Umbar]]
}}
'''Umbar''' was a realm<ref name=Herbs>{{TT|Herbs}}, statement of Damrod about Umbar, p. 659</ref> on the coast south of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was also the name of the great cape and land-locked firth<ref name=UmbarNote>{{App|Gondor}}, footnote concerning Umbar in the entry for king Eärnil I</ref> and of the natural haven<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 466</ref> in this realm. It was probably also the name of a fortified city in this realm, because the name Umbar was used in conjunction with it being made into a great fortress,<ref name=SA2280>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 2280, p. 1083</ref> it being laid siege to<ref name=Earnil>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil I, pp. 1044-5</ref> or it being invested,<ref name=Ciryaher>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryaher, p. 1045</ref> which implies a very small fortified area.

==Geography==
Umbar was located south of the mouth of the river [[Anduin]] at the [[Bay of Belfalas]] in a natural haven that was formed by a peninsula that extended west from the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea and then bent to the south and almost touched the coast that lay to its south. This form of the coastline left only a narrow entrance to the natural haven. The City of the Corsairs was at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar.<ref name=GeneralMap>[[Christopher Tolkien]], [[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref>

Umbar was the nearest to Gondor of the realms of the Harad.<ref name=Herbs/> It is possible that the realm of Umbar stretched along the coast up to the river [[Harnen]] and along the river Harnen as far its source in the [[Ephel Dúath]] before it became a part of Gondor or after it became an independent realm again, because Westron was still the native tongue in this area at the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=F1>{{App|F1}}, first and second paragraph, p. 1127</ref>

It is possible that Umbar had a climate that was fluctuating between mild winters and very hot and dry summers.<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 182-183</ref><ref group=note>J.R.R. Tolkien wrote on [[General Map of Middle-earth|his son's map of Middle-earth]] for [[Pauline Baynes]] that Umbar is approximately at the latitude of Cyprus and that Minas Tirith is approximately at the latitude of Ravenna, but more to the east near Belgrade. He wrote that these references are so that Pauline Baynes can roughly judge the climate and the fauna and flora for her [[A Map of Middle-earth|map of Middle-earth]]. In addition, he wrote in a [[Letter 294|letter to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer]] that the city of Pelargir is approximately at the latitude of ancient Troy. Cyprus is on the same latidue as Tangiers, a city in northwest Africa at the southern entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.</ref> It is also possible that Umbar had a vegetation of sparse woodlands,<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 184-5</ref> because Umbar seems to have had the natural resources to build a fleet of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count that had attacked Pelargir during the War of the Rings<ref name=Debate>{{RK|Debate}}, p. 875</ref> thirtynine years after Aragorn had burnt a great part of the ships of the Corsairs in the haven of Umbar.<ref name=Thorongil>{{App|Stewards}}, entry for Steward Ecthelion II and entry for Steward Denethor II, Denethor II succeeded his father in TA 2984 four years after Thorongil departed from Gondor after the attack, p. 1055</ref>

==History==
===Foundation and Númenórean rule===
It is possible that the bay of Umbar was discovered by [[Aldarion]], the son of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Meneldur]] when Aldarion scarcely escaped shipwreck in the Harad during a voyage with three ships<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, in the first quarter of the chapter</ref>, which lasted from {{SA|829}} to {{SA|843|n}}.<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', first paragraph</ref> After [[Sauron]] heard that Aldarion had become a great shipbuilder who sailed his ships to haven far down into the Harad, he chose [[Mordor]] as a stronghold to counter the threat of landings by the Númenoreans.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}, ninth paragraph</ref>

Until the end of the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Minastir]] in {{SA|1869}},<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref> the Númenóreans came to Middle-earth as teachers and friends of the local population.<ref name=AfterMinastir>{{App|Numenor}}, entry after the entry for Tar-Minastir</ref>

Approximately in {{SA|1800|n}} the Númenóreans began to establish dominions on the coasts<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1800, p. 1083</ref>, which possibly already included Umbar. It is possible that the son of Tar-Minastir, [[Tar-Ciryatan|Ciryatan]] sailed to Umbar, because he voyaged south before he took the sceptre from his father in {{SA|1869|n}}.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean kings [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and [[Tar-Atanamir]] the Númenóreans oppressed the men of Middle-earth and levied heavy tribute from the men of the coasts and their ships brought back metals and gems from Middle-earth.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XII ''Tar-Ciryatan'' and entry XIII ''Tar-Atanamir''</ref>

During the reign of the Númenórean king [[Tar-Ancalimon]],<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XIV ''Tar-Ancalimon''</ref> Umbar was made into a great fortress of Númenor in {{SA|2280|n}}.<ref name=SA2280/>

During the dissension arising when the Shadow fell on [[Númenor]], Umbar was the northernmost settlement of the [[King's Men]]; [[Sauron]], after trying to break the waxing Númenórean grip by instigation, attempted to attack the Númenórean havens and forts, invaded their coastlands, but Umbar resisted.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>

In {{SA|3261|n}},<ref>{{App|SA}}, p. 1084</ref> King [[Ar-Pharazôn]] of Númenor landed at Umbar to challenge Sauron and journeyed seven days with banner and trumpet.<ref name="Ak">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> Umbar remained a symbol of Númenórean pride ever after.

While Sauron was in Númenor and the Shadow and dissidence became greater, Umbar was one of the fortresses and dwellings upon the coasts, inhabited by the [[King's Men]] and servants in Middle-earth to his will; these evil lords concentrated mostly to the south, far from the dominion of [[Gil-galad]].<ref name="Ak"/> Umbar must have been an important point of deportation of slaves and taxes to Númenor.

After the Downfall of Númenor, Umbar remained in the hands of the Númenóreans, in essence a realm-in-exile alongside [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. But unlike these others, Umbar had been used by the [[Black Númenóreans]], who were not friendly to the [[Elves]] or to their fellow [[Faithful]] Númenórean survivors.

Two Black Númenórean lords, [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], were probably from Umbar, as at the end of [[Second Age]] they became very powerful amongst the [[Haradrim]], a neighbouring people. No doubt, Númenóreans of Umbar were enlisted with Sauron in {{SA|3429|n}}. Their fate is unknown, but it is possible that they died during the [[War of the Last Alliance]].

The fate of the other settlements of the Númenóreans further south of Umbar is unclear, but it is said that they were 'absorbed', and that no attempt was made to involve them in the wars. This could imply that they were simply too isolated, geographically and politically, and acting on their own behalf. Whatever befell them, they fell out of the picture of the West. <ref>{{UT|Istari}}</ref>

===Umbar as part of Gondor===
Gondor's King [[Eärnil I]] repaired the haven of [[Pelargir]], built a great navy and besieged Umbar by land and by sea.<ref name=Earnil/> In {{TA|933}}, he took Umbar.<ref name=Third>{{App|TA}}, pp. 1085-6</ref> Umbar was only taken at great cost, because its Black Núnmenorean inhabitants as descendants of the King's Men inherited their hatred of Gondor as a realm of the followers of Elendil<ref name=UmbarNote/> and probably defended Umbar vehemently because of that. As a result of the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Black Númenorean lords of Umbar were driven from Umbar and Umbar became a great harbour and fortress of the power of Gondor.<ref name=Earnil/> Only three years later, in {{TA|936|n}},<ref name=Third/> King Eärnil was lost at sea with many ships and men in a great storm off Umbar.<ref name=Earnil/>

Eärnil's son [[Ciryandil]] continued to build ships.<ref name=Earnil/> During his reign the Men of the Harad led by the Black Númenorean lords that had been driven from Umbar came with a large force and besieged Umbar.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Ciryandil, p. 1045</ref> In {{TA|1015|n}} Ciryandil was killed in the siege of Umbar.<ref name=Third/>

The siege of Umbar lasted for many years, but Umbar could not be taken, because of the sea-power of Gondor,<ref name=Ciryaher/> probably because Umbar could be resupplied and reinforced with ships from Gondor by sea. Ciryandil's son [[Ciryaher]] took enough time to gather an army and a navy, came down by land crossing the river [[Harnen]] and by sea and utterly defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name=Ciryaher/> in {{TA|1050|n}}.<ref name=Third/> As a consequence, Ciryaher took the name Hyarmendacil "South-victor" and the kings of the Men of the Harad had to acknowledge the overlordsip of Gondor. During his reign the realm of Gondor extended south to the river Harnen and along the coast to the peninsula and haven of Umbar and the sonst of the kings of the Harad lived as hostages in the court of king Ciryaher.<ref name=Ciryaher/>

After the capture of Umbar by Gondor, the Gondorians built a great white pillar on the highest hill of the headland above the Haven as a monument of the submission of Sauron to the Númenorean king Ar-Pharazȏn. The pillar was crowned with a globe of crystal that reflected the rays of the sun and the moon and shone like a bright star that could be seen in clear weather even on the coasts of Gondor or far out upon the western sea.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, p. 1047</ref>

When King [[Valacar]] of Gondor grew old there was already a rebellion in the southern provinces. Some of the Dúnedain refused to accept his son [[Eldacar]] as their future King, because Eldacar had been born in a foreign country, had been named Vinitharya in a foreign language in his youth and they feared that Eldacar would have a shorter life, because his mother, who came from a foreign country and who they perceived to be of a "lesser" race had only had a short life compared to the longer life of the Dúnedain.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Valacar, p. 1046</ref> After the death of King Valacar in {{TA|1432|n}}, a civil war, called the [[Kin-strife]], began in Gondor.<ref name=Third/> The people of the great havens of Umbar and Pelargir and of the coasts supported the Captain of Ships, [[Castamir]], who was one of those nearest by blood to the crown.<ref name=Eldacar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eldacar, pp. 1046-8</ref> In {{TA|1437|n}},<ref name=Third/> Castamir deposed Eldacar, who fled to his kinfolk in [[Rhovanion]].<ref name=Eldacar/> Ten years later, in {{TA|1447|n}},<ref name=Third/> Eldacar returned from the north with a great army of Dúnedain from the northern parts of the realm and of Northmen, who had been in the service of Gondor and killed Castamir in a great battle at the crossings of the river [[Erui]]. However the sons of Castamir escaped to Pelargir and Eldacar besieged Pelargir<ref name=Eldacar/> in {{TA|1447|n}}.<ref name=Third/>

===Corsairs of Umbar===
[[File:Ralph Damiani - Umbar Armada.jpg|thumb|''Umbar Armada'' by [[Ralph Damiani]]]]
In {{TA|1448}},<ref name=Third/> after the sons of Castamir had gathered all the forces that they could in Pelargir, they sailed away to Umbar and established an independent lordship and a refuge for all enemies of the King of Gondor in Umbar.<ref name=Flight>{{App|Gondor}}, entry after the death of Castamir, p. 1047</ref> It is possible that the rebels took their wifes and families with them to Umbar, because they had held out long with others of their kin in Pelargir and were able to gather people at Pelargir, because Eldacar had no ships to besiege Pelargir by sea. Umbar remained at war with Gondor for many lives of men and was a threat to the coastlands of Gondor and to all traffic on the sea. The region of [[Harondor|South Gondor]] became a debatable land between the kings of Gondor and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=Flight/> As a result of the loss of Umbar the control of Gondor over the Men of the Harad decreased.<ref name=Flight/>

After the Kin-strife often close relatives of the kings of Gondor who were suspected for treason or conspiring against the kings fled to Umbar and joined the rebels.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry following the death of King Eärnur, p. 1052</ref>

In {{TA|1540|n}}, King [[Aldamir]] was killed in a war with the Harad and the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=Third/>

In {{TA|1551|n}}, his son<ref>{{App|South}}, entry for Hyarmendacil II (Vinyarion), p. 1038</ref> [[Hyarmendacil II]] defeated the Men of the Harad<ref name=Third/> and crushed Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Heirs of Elendil, The Southern Line of Gondor: the Anarioni, 25. Minardil, p. 199</ref>

The leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar, [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], the great-grandsons of Castamir, learned through spies that [[Minardil]], the [[King of Gondor]], was in the [[Gondor]]ian port of [[Pelargir]] and that he did not suspect any danger, because his father had crushed Harad and Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC/> In {{TA|1634|n}},<ref name=Third/><ref name=T4>{{PM|Third}}, manuscript T4, entry for the year 1634</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar, led by [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]], made a raid up the river [[Anduin]], killed Minardil in Pelargir,<ref name=Telemnar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telemnar, p. 1048</ref> ravaged [[Pelargir]] and the coasts and escaped with great booty.<ref name=ElendilC/>

During the reign of King [[Telumehtar]], Minardil's great-grand nephew, the Corsairs raided the coasts of Gondor as far as the [[Anfalas]]. As a consequence, Telumehtar gathered his forces and took Umbar by storm<ref name=Telumehtar>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Telumehtar, p. 1048</ref> and drove out the Corsairs in {{TA|1810|n}}.<ref name=Third/> The last descendants of Castamir died during that war. After the reconquest of Umbar Telumehtar added the title Umbardacil (Umbar-victor) to his name.<ref name=Telumehtar/>

Umbar was again held for a while by the kings of Gondor, but was again lost in the new evils that soon befell Gondor and fell into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name=Telumehtar/> It is possible that Umbar was held by the kings of Gondor at least until {{TA|1975|n}}. In {{TA|1899|n}},<ref name=Third/> King [[Calimehtar]] was free from other dangers when he led an army out of [[Ithilien]] to the plain of [[Dagorlad]],<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, sixth paragraph</ref> because his grandfather Teluhmetar had captured Umbar and smashed the power of the Corsairs and the peoples of Harad were occupied with wars and feuds of their own.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 9</ref> From that year to {{TA|1944|n}}, Gondor enjoyed a respite from war.<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, seventh paragraph</ref> In {{TA|1944|n}},<ref name=Third/> during the war with the [[Wainriders]], the [[Haradrim]] and the Men of [[Khand]] the southern army of Gondor was smaller, because the danger from the south was considered to be smaller,<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}, eleventh paragraph</ref> because assistance from Umbar for an attack on [[Ithilien]] by enemies proceeding from Near Harad was not avaible.<ref>{{UT|8e}}, note 14</ref> In the autumn of {{TA|1973|n}}, King Eärnil II felt sufficiently secure to be able to send aid to [[Arthedain]] and sent an army of power for a war of great kings, although it was just a small force of the whole army of Gondor, on so many ships that they could scarcely find harbourage, although they filled the [[Grey Havens]], [[Harlond]] and [[Forlond]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, entry for King Eärnil II, p. 1050</ref> It seems unlikely that King Eärnil II would have felt sufficiently secure to send away such a large fleet from Gondor to the aid of Arthedain if he would have feared an attack on Gondor by ships from Umbar. It also seems unlikely that Gondor would not have been able to hold Umbar when it still had a fleet and a mighty army, because Umbar could not be taken in the past in the days of King [[Ciryaher]] during a siege by the Men of Harad that lasted for many years, because of the power of the fleet of Gondor.<ref name=Ciryaher/>

===Haradrim rule===
During the reign of Steward Cirion ({{TA|2489}}-{{TA|2567|n}}),<ref>{{App|South}}, ''Ruling Stewards'', year after Boromir and year after Cirion, p. 1039</ref> the Corsairs of Umbar attacked the coasts of Gondor.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, ''The Stewards'', entry for Steward Cirion, p. 1053</ref>

In {{TA|2746|n}}, the 15th Prince of [[Dol Amroth]] was killed by the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, The House of Dol Amroth, entry for the 15th prince of Dol Amroth</ref>

The Corsairs spent a long time to prepare a great fleet. In {{TA|2758|n}} three fleets sailed from Umbar and [[Harad]] and landed at many places along the coasts of Gondor and even at the mouth of the river [[Isen]]<ref name=Beren>{{App|Stewards}}, ''The Stewards'', entries for Steward Beren and Steward Beregond, p. 1054</ref> and at the mouth of the river [[Lefnui]].<ref name=Helm>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Helm, p. 1066</ref> The troops from Umbar and Harad helped the Dunlendings who were led by [[Wulf]], the son of [[Freca]], a lord with wide lands on both sides of the river Adorn who was said to have much Dunlending blood and who had been killed by King Helm of Rohan, to invade Rohan from the west over the river Isen and down from Isengard.<ref name=Helm/> Before the spring of {{TA|2759|n}}, [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]], the son of Steward [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] defeated the Corsairs of Umbar and the Men of Harad that had invaded Gondor and subsequently sent troops to Rohan to help the Rohirrim to defeat the invaders.<ref name=Beren/> As a result the Dunlendings were driven from Rohan and from Isengard.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}, entries about King Fréaláf, p. 1067</ref>

After the second arising of Sauron, Umbar fell under the domination of the servants of Sauron and the great white pillar that had been built on the highest hill of the headland above the haven by the followers of [[Elendil]] as a monument for the humiliation of Sauron by [[Ar-Pharazon]] was thrown down.<ref name=Eldacar/> It is possible that those servants of Sauron were Men of the Harad, because Umbar had fallen into the hands of the Men of the Harad.<ref name=Telumehtar/>

In {{TA|2980|n}}, [[Aragorn]] served Steward [[Ecthelion II]] as a captain in disguise under the name [[Thorongil]], gathered a small fleet, attacked Umbar by night, burned a great part of the ships of the Corsairs, overthrew the [[Captain of the Haven]] in a battle upon the quays and then withdrew his fleet with small losses.<ref name=Thorongil/>

===War of the Ring===
[[File:Per Sjögren - The Oath Fulfilled.jpg|thumb|''The Oath Fulfilled'' by [[:Category:Images by Per Sjögren|Per Sjögren]]]]
During the [[War of the Ring]], folk of Umbar and Harad had sailed up the river [[Gilrain]] to the city of [[Linhir]] and fought against men of [[Lamedon]] who defended the fords of the river. When [[Aragorn]] came to Linhir with the [[Oathbreakers|Army of the Dead]], both the defenders and the attackers fled to the east in the direction of [[Pelargir]]. The main fleet of Umbar consisting of fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count had sailed to Pelargir. Many of the rowing slaves that were chained to the oars of those ships were folk of Gondor that had been taken by the Corsairs of Umbar during raids. When the Army of the Dead reached Pelargir and came to the ships that were drawn up and to the ships that were anchored all the terrified mariners leaped overboard. Some ships had put off to try to escape down the river or to reach the far shore and many of the smaller craft were burning. Aragorn was able to capture the remaining ships, to man them with troops from [[Lebennin]], the [[Ethir Anduin]] and Lamedon and to row and sail them up the river [[Anduin]] to relief the city of [[Minas Tirith]] from the siege by the troops of Sauron.<ref name=Debate/>

After the [[War of the Ring]] the newly crowned king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], Aragorn, made peace with the peoples of Harad.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}, p. 968</ref> It is possible that king Elessar completely subdued Umbar<ref name=Flight/> in a war on the far fields of the South with the aid of king [[Éomer]] and the cavalry of the [[Rohan|Mark]].<ref>{{App|Mark}}, Third Line, last paragraph, p. 1071</ref>

==Culture==
===Politics and rule===
It is not known how the Númenórean colony of Umbar was ruled before the Downfall of Númenor when it was a stronghold of the King's Men who were afterwards called the Black Númenóreans. No "King of Umbar" is mentioned in the Annals of the Kings and Rulers after the Down fall of Númenor. It is possible that the Black Númenóreans regarded the Heirs of Elendil as usurpers. It is also possible that they did not decide on a new King as the successor of King Ar-Pharazôn, because they did not know if Ar-Pharazôn had survived the invasion of Aman and had achieved his desire of immortality there or had died in Aman or in the Drowning of Númenor.

It is not known, if [[Herumor]] and [[Fuinur]], who rose to power among the Haradrim in the wide lands south of Mordor,<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> were rulers of Umbar.

In {{TA|1634}}, Angamaitë and Sangahyando were the leaders of the Corsairs of Umbar.<ref name=ElendilC/>

At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Umbar was occupied by hostile people whose lords were originally rebel Númenóreans and were currently pirates.<ref>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Umbar'', p. 466</ref> The names and the number of those lords who ruled Umbar during the War of the Rings are not known.

===Language===
In the course of the [[Third Age]] Westron had become the native language of nearly all [[Men]] that lived within the borders of the old kingdom of [[Gondor]], including all along the coasts from Umbar northward and inland as far as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] Westron was still the native tongue in this area.<ref name=F1/><ref>{{PM|Atani}}, penultimate paragraph and its preceeding paragraph</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
The label "Havens of Umbar" is written below a bay that lies south of South Gondor near the bottom edge of the [[General Map of Middle-earth]] that was included in earlier editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The City of the Corsairs lies at the easternmost point of the bay of Umbar on this map.<ref name=GeneralMap/>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name ''Umbar'' was forgotten. Umbar already received its name before the ships of the Númenóreans sailed the sea.<ref>{{App|Men}}, sixth paragraph, p. 1129</ref> As a consequence, it is a name in one of the [[pre-Númenórean]] languages. Despite the coincidental similarity, the name Umbar is not related to the Quenya word ''[[Umbar (word)|umbar]]'', which means fate.<ref name="Names">{{App|Letters}}, Note, ''The names of the letters'', p. 1124</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2023: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
: The City of the Corsairs is known properly as "Umbar Baharbêl", and the realm also encompasses the Cape of Umbar and the few settlements upon it. Offshore from the cape is the shipwreck-strewn archipelago called "Zirâr Tarka, the Shield Isles" of Umbar, home to castaways, exiles, and freebooters. The Umbari language is partially inspired by Maltese.
: After the defeat at Pelargir and the downfall of Sauron, the Umbari people rebel against those those loyal to Sauron and the Haradrim "Empire of Ordâkh" occupying the city. Now a Free City, Umbar is ruled by a council of seven called the "Kindred of the Coins". At least some of the Kindred have designs against Gondor, and so the players must investigate on behalf of King Elessar and Queen Arwen, while befriending and assisting the citizens.

==See also==
* [[Corsairs of Umbar]]
* [[Corsair Wars]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031156/http://www.guildcompanion.com/scrolls/2003/feb/rethinkingumbar.html Rethinking Umbar] by [[Chris Seeman]]
* [https://nolondil.tumblr.com/post/174550667841/who-is-a-n%C3%BAmen%C3%B3rean Who Is a Númenórean?] by Nolondil (Ellie Keener)
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/were-the-corsairs-of-umbar-numenoreans/ Were the Corsairs of Umbar Numenoreans?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-umbar-the-city-name/ What is the meaning of Umbar (the City Name)?] by [[Michael Martinez]]
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/was-umbar-the-only-haven-sauron-controlled/ Was Umbar the Only Haven Sauron Controlled?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

{{references|n}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Harbours]]
[[Category:Mannish names]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Southern lands]]

[[de:Umbar (Gebiet)]]
[[fi:Umbar]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/umbar]]

Tharbad

2023-03-31T04:49:13Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{cleanup}}
{{location infobox
| name=Tharbad
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - The Ruins of Tharbad.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Ruins of Tharbad" by [[:Category:Images by Rob Alexander|Rob Alexander]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Eriador]], on the [[Gwathló]] river
| type=Ford/town
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Tharbad''' was a ford<ref name=pat>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''pat-'', p. 34</ref> and ruined town<ref name=South>{{FR|South}}, p. 274</ref><ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Tharbad'', p. 15</ref> at the river [[Gwathló]] on the southern border of [[Eriador]]<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, first paragraph, p. 1039</ref>.

==Geography==
Tharbad was located on the southern border of [[Eriador]] a few miles downstream from the confluence of the river [[Hoarwell]] and the river [[Glanduin]], which formed the river Gwathló.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> The lower part of the [[Glanduin]] was a fenland called the [[Swanfleet]] and the natural state of the upper [[Gwathló]] near Tharbad was a slow wide river that spread into a fenland. The land around Tharbad was later drained to strengthen the banks of the river to allow the construction of causeways, a bridge, a harbour and a town. Ships with a smaller draught could be sailed or rowed up the Gwathló as far as Tharbad.<ref>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló</ref>

The North-South Road crossed the river Gwathló at Tharbad.

==History==
===Second Age===
In the early [[Second Age]] the '[[Swanfleet]]' river, entered the southern part of the [[Noldor|Noldor]]in realm [[Eregion]]. After he took the sceptre
in {{SA|883}}<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', second paragraph</ref> the King of [[Númenor]], [[Tar-Aldarion]] traveled up the River Gwathló to Tharbad and met [[Galadriel]] there.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative'', fourth paragraph</ref>

Such early river voyages were also made by hardy explorers of [[Númenor]], in ships of smaller draught,<ref name=UT>{{HM|UT}}</ref> but such journeys up the Gwathló increased rapidly after the Númenóreans constructed a small harbour at the river's estuary to exploit the local timber: '[[Vinyalondë]]', 'the New Haven'.

By {{SA|1695}}, the Númenóreans were devastating the forests below Tharbad, and had been obliged to build forts both at the Haven and along the river, to protect their ship-building yards and wood-stores from the local population, who were understandably hostile, treated as enemies.<ref name="GC"/>

Despite overrunning all of Eriador in the war which began in that year, Sauron's armies had eventually been forced back to the fortified River Gwathló, where they were held. Beforehand, Sauron had not enough force to spare for any assault upon the forts, but late in the war he had summoned more forces, which were approaching from the south-east, and were indeed in [[Enedwaith]] at the Crossing of Tharbad, which was only lightly held.<ref name="GC">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

Whether Tharbad's defences - which presumably consisted of the most northerly of the Gwathló's river forts - were overcome is uncertain, but Tharbad did become the site of [[The Battle of the Gwathló]], where after having his army caught in the rear by [[Ciryatur]], who had hurried up the Gwathló from [[Lond Daer]], "Sauron was routed utterly.."<ref name=UT/>

Tharbad is not mentioned in surviving records for more than 1500 years after the war: the whole region was largely ignored by the elves and the Númenóreans following the destruction of Eregion and the forests "and the continued hostility of the surviving natives."{{fact}}

The site of the ford became very important after the founding of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in {{SA|3320}}, however, and saw extensive development:

A need had arisen "..to undertake the great works of drainage and dyke-building that (would make) a great port on the site where Tharbad stood.."<ref name=UT/>

The ford was deepened to receive sea-going vessels, and the massive fenlands above it were extensively drained, until a much smaller Swanfleet was all that remained. Tharbad's new river-port was spanned by a bridge, the immense labour of which "was shared by the North and South Kingdoms", and included "a fortified town and haven about the [[Bridge of Tharbad|great bridge]] over the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]."<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

These fortifications around the town were "raised there on great earthworks on both sides of the river..", and '[[Greenway|The Great South Road]]', which was built at the same time to connect the two nations, passed across the bridge via "long causeways that carried the road to it on either side across the fens.."<ref name=UT/>

It is probable that Tharbad became part of the kingdom of Arnor in {{SA|3320}}, because after the establishment of the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor, Enedwaith belonged to neither of those two kingdoms<ref name=Glanduin>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name ''Glanduin'', first paragraph</ref> and the Gwathló was the eastern border of Arnor and the Isen was the western border of Gondor<ref name=Isen>{{UT|11c}}, note to the text, first paragraph</ref>.

===Third Age===
In the earlier centuries of Arnor and Gondor<ref name=NM>{{NM|P3xxii}}, p. 378</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 650</ref><ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}</ref> the region of Enedwaith between the Gwathló and the Isen belonged to neither of those two kingdoms.<ref name=Glanduin/> Until the decay of Arnor both kingdoms shared an interest in Enedwaith, but were mainly concerned with the building and maintenance of the [[North-South Road]], which was the main route of transport between the two kingsdoms except by sea, and of the bridge at the fortified town and haven of Tharbad and of the long causeways on which the road ran to Tharbad on either side of the Gwathló across the fens in the plains of Enedwaith.<ref name=Glanduin/> There were no permanent settlements of people of Númenórean origin in Enedwaith,<ref name=Glanduin/> except at Tharbad,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> where a large garrison of soliders, mariners, engineers<ref name=Glanduin/> and river-wardens was stationed.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> In addition, the drainage works were built and maintained and the banks of the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Gwathló were strengthened.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/>

When the Kingdom of Arnor was divided in {{TA|861}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> [[Minhiriath]], the region between the river [[Baranduin]] and the river Gwathló became a part of [[Cardolan]], one of the three successor states of Arnor.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', first paragraph, p. 1039</ref> As a consequence, Tharbad probably became a part of Cardolan.

From about {{TA|1150}}, the [[Stoors]], a tribe of hobbits, migrated to and settled in<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085</ref> the area between Tharbad and the borders of Dunland,<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> but they left around {{TA|1630|n}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1630, p. 1085</ref>.

After the [[Great Plague]] spread north-west from Gondor in {{TA|1636}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> most of the people of Cardolan died, especially in Minhiriath.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', entry for king Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref> After that Minhiriath was almost completely deserted,<ref name=SecondParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref>, but some survivors of the plague continued to live in Tharbad. After the decay and receding of the kingdom of Arnor, which had originally included Minhiriath,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> Enedwaith became a part of Gondor during the days of the Kings of Gondor. Like before, Gondor was mainly concerned with the maintenance and patrolling of the North-South-Road.<ref name=Isen/> As a consequence, it is possible that the town of Tharbard became a part of Gondor. However, after the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} the region fell quickly into decay and turned back into wild fenlands long before the War of the Ring.<ref name=Glanduin/>

The survivors of the great plague remained in Tharbad, and the Great (now Old) South Road continued to be an important trade route for another 350 years until the fall of Arthedain in {{TA|1974|n}}, and the end of the 'days of the Kings' in Gondor 76 years later. From {{TA|2050|n}}, the nearby native [[Dunlendings]], as well as the people left in Tharbad no doubt, ''..ceased in fact to be subjects of Gondor; the Royal Road was unkempt in Enedwaith, and the Bridge of Tharbad became ruinous, and was replaced only by a dangerous ford.''<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

After the [[Fell Winter]] of {{TA|2911}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911, p. 1089</ref> in {{TA|2912}} Enedwaith and Minhiriath were devastated by great floods and Tharbad was ruined and deserted<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2912, p. 1089</ref>.

Over a century later in {{TA|3018}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 4 July and 24 October</ref> the North-South Road no longer existed except for the crumbling remains of the causeways on both sides of the river and the river was crossed by [[Boromir]] on a ford that was formed by the ruings of the bridge.<ref name="GC"/> The ford was so dangerous<ref name="GC"/> that Boromir lost his horse when he crossed the river at the ford.<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}, p. 374</ref>

Before 22 September {{TA|3018}} the [[Ringwraiths]] cross the Greyflood on their way to the [[Shire]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 22 September, the reach the Sarn Ford on that day, p. 1091</ref>

On 27 September {{TA|3018}} Gandalf crossed the Greyflood<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 27 September, p. 1091</ref> with his horse [[Shadowfax]] at Tharbad.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 552 citing from ''The Hunt for the Ring'', Marquette manuscript 4/2/33</ref>
Others occasionally crossed the ruined bridge - at their peril - including the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], servants and spies of [[Saruman]], as well as the [[Rangers of the North]] who sought [[Aragorn]] in Rohan in {{TA|3019|n}}.

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was reestablished by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1042</ref> It is probable that the town of Tharbad and its bridge were rebuilt, because [[Gandalf]] announced that the Greenway would be opened again, that there would be people and fields where there was wilderness before and that there would be room enough for people between the Isen and the Greyflood.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}, p. 993</ref>

==Etymology==
''Tharbad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "road-crossing".<ref name=UI/> It is composed of the elements ''thar'' ("across", "over") and ''pad'' ("walk", "step").<ref>{{PE|17}}, entries S ''thar-'' and S ''pad-'', p. 34</ref> Its original meaning is said to have been "the Stepping Stones". Tharbad was originally a ford over which one could walk.<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''thar-'', p. 34</ref> The name Tharbad was already used for the ford before the town was established.<ref name=pat/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Tharbad and the [[Gwathló]] mark the boundary between the [[Cardolan]] and [[Swanfleet]] regions: thus making it a landmark in both regions. It is also the dividing point between the [[Greenway]] and the [[Old South Road]]. The ruins are occupied by [[Orcs]]. An expedition of hopeful settlers from [[Bree-land]] camps nearby on the Cardolan side.

{{references}}

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Fords]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Tharbad]]
[[fi:Tharbad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/eriador/tharbad]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - South Downs.jpg

2023-01-10T19:57:52Z

Sullathron:

==Summary==
The [[South Downs]] as they appear in [[The Lord of the Rings Online]].

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Images of Eriador]]

Stoors

2022-11-25T14:16:53Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{people infobox
| name=Stoors
| image=[[File:Lidia Postma - Hobbits comparison.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Hobbits by Lidia Postma
| pronun=
| othernames=
| origin=A group of Hobbits
| location=[[Vales of Anduin]], [[Gladden Fields]], [[Dunland]], [[The Shire]]
| affiliation=
| rivalry=
| language=numerous; eventually [[Hobbitish]]
| members=[[Gollum]], [[Déagol]], the [[Brandybucks]]
| lifespan=c. 96 years
| distinctions=Heavier and broader than the other Hobbits; large hands and feet; only Hobbits who normally grew facial hair; used boats, fished, and could swim
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
The '''Stoors''' were one of the three breeds of [[Hobbits]].

In their earliest recorded history the Stoors, like the other Hobbits, lived in the [[Vales of Anduin]]. They were a riverside people that dwelt in the [[Gladden Fields]], and were fishermen.<ref name="Hobbits">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>
==Characteristics==
They were heavier and broader in build than the other Hobbits, and had large hands and feet. Among the Hobbits, the Stoors most resembled [[Men]] and were most friendly to them. Stoors were the only Hobbits who normally grew facial hair.<ref name="Hobbits"/>

While few Hobbits could swim and they were known to be afraid of rivers and boats (let alone of the Sea, a token of fear and death for them which few had ever seen), the Stoors preferred flat lands and riversides.<ref name="Hobbits"/>

Stoorish characteristics and appearance (large build, heavy feet and a down on the chin), could still be seen among the Hobbits of the [[Eastfarthing]], [[Buckland]] (such as the [[Brandybuck Family|Brandybuck]]s) and the [[Bree-hobbits]]. The Hobbits of the Eastfarthing wore dwarf-boots in muddy weather.<ref name="Hobbits"/>

The Stoors also had their [[Stoorish|own dialect]] of [[Hobbitish]], owing to the fact that they spent some time in [[Dunland]] and adopted many strange words and names which they took to [[the Shire]], and retained even until the late Third Age.

==History==
The Stoors are believed to have lived longer in the southern vales of Anduin.<ref name="Hobbits"/> During the Hobbit [[Wandering Days]], after the Harfoots had migrated westward in {{TA|1050}}, and the Fallohides flew north first and then followed them [[Third Age 1150|about a century later]], the Stoors long remained back in their dwelling in the Vale of Anduin, but in {{TA|1150|}}, they, too, migrated west to [[Eriador]].<ref name="ThirdAge">{{App|TA}}</ref>

They took the [[Redhorn Pass]] and followed a southern route along the course of the [[Loudwater]], where some Stoors branched off and moved to the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle]] of [[Eriador]] south of [[Rivendell]], and many settled long between [[Tharbad]] and [[Dunland]]; most went to Dunland ([[Swanfleet]] near Tharbad)<ref name="ThirdAge"/><ref name="Hobbits"/> which most resembled their old lands. There they came into contact with the [[Dunlendings]]. This contact altered their speech slightly, mostly by picking up a few Dunlending words.

A hundred years later [[Angmar]] began to threaten Eriador and many Stoors of the Angle fled ({{TA|1356}}<ref name="ThirdAge"/>–{{TA|1409}}<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref group=note>The ''[[Tale of Years]]'' suggests that the migration started or happened around the death of [[Argeleb I]]; ''The North-kingdom'' suggests that it happened during the early reign of [[Araphor]].</ref>) because of the [[Angmar War|wars]] and the evil climate of Eriador; however a few of them returned to [[Rhovanion]].<ref name=eriador/>

The Stoors of Dunland moved back north to join the other Hobbits in colonizing [[the Shire]] about {{TA|1630}}<ref name="ThirdAge"/><ref name="Hobbits"/> and settled mostly in the [[Eastfarthing]] and [[Southfarthing]]. Some of these villages might have survived until the [[War of the Ring]], when they were sought out by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]].<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> One result of the Stoorish influx was that places that were settled by Stoors had some slight linguistic oddities, due to their time of separation and contact with the Dunlendings. The three original Hobbit-kinds merged and blended in the centuries since the settlement of the Shire, but regional variations remained with Stoorish characteristics seen in [[Eastfarthing]] and [[Buckland]].<ref name="Hobbits"/>
===Stoors of Wilderland===
The Stoors who returned to Rhovanion in {{TA|1356}} settled the [[Gladden Fields]] by the [[Anduin]], becoming a riverland people of fishers.<ref name=eriador/> They lost contact with all other Hobbits and nothing is known about their culture<ref name=L214/> other than what Gandalf inferred from his interrogation with [[Gollum]].<ref name=shadows/> While their cousins in the Shire developed a more settled and elaborate social life, it is possible that they reverted to a more wild and primitive lifestyle.<ref name=L214>{{L|214}}</ref> They made little boats of reeds with which they sailed the River, they fished, and they even swam<ref name=shadows/> (something not common among the other hobbits).

By {{TA|2430}} their community was ruled by a "matriarch" of high repute; possibly a dominant grandmother who had outlived her husband, as she belonged to a large and wealthy family. Among those Stoors were [[Déagol]] and [[Sméagol]], who rediscovered the [[One Ring]], lost since the dawn of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=L214/><ref name=shadows>{{FR|I2}}</ref> Sméagol caused mischief becoming invisible, learning secrets and later stealing, and eventually his grandmother expelled him from the family and their [[hobbit-hole]].<ref name=shadows/>

By the [[War of the Ring]] the settlements of the Stoors had been deserted.<Ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> What became of those Stoors and whether they rejoined their folk in Eriador, no history tells.

==Etymology==
''Stoor'' is supposed to be a special [[Hobbitish]] word that did not exist in [[Westron]] during the [[War of the Ring]].

Early English ''stor, stoor'' means "large, strong", referring to the fact that these Hobbits were of heavier build.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Stoors.jpg|thumb|300px|Stoors of Maur Tulhau in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:An isolated village of Stoors called "Maur Tulhau" still exists in northern [[Enedwaith]], which in-game corresponds to the area just north of [[Dunland]] proper. The Stoors of Maur Tulhau prefer to avoid the Big Folk whenever possible, but are still known to them and over the centuries have adopted some elements of Dunlendish clothing and language (which in-game is based on Welsh). They are discovered by [[Grey Company]] and the player on their journey south; later the player helps an adventurous Hobbit Bingo Boffin to establish the contact between Maur Tulhau and their cousins from the Shire proper.

:Three more Stoor villages neighbor Maur Tulhau in [[Swanfleet]], in the area called "Stoor-vales". Its inhabitants are friendly with the Men who live in the region.

{{References|n}}

==External links==
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/02/06/where-did-gollums-people-come-from/ Where Did Gollum’s People Come From?] by [[Michael Martinez]]

[[Category:Races of Hobbits]]
[[Category:Stoors|*]]

[[de:Starren]]
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hobbits/forts]]
[[fi:Väkevät]]

Dunland

2022-11-25T01:21:45Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{location infobox
| name=Dunland
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=The west-skirts of the southern [[Misty Mountains]], between the [[Glanduin]] and the [[Isen]]
| type=Region
| description=Fair, fertile hill-land
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]] For a time - [[Stoors]] and [[Dwarves]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Dunland''' was a country near the western slopes of the [[Misty Mountains]] at their southern end.<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 15 entry ''Dunland''</ref> It was located east of the [[Old South Road]], south of the river [[Glanduin]] and north of the river [[Isen]] in the region of [[Enedwaith]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Far from the centres of population of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], its inhabitants at times included the [[Men]] known as [[Dunlendings]]<ref name=OfMen>{{App|Men}}, last paragraph, p. 1127</ref> as well as [[Stoors]]<ref>{{App|TA}}, enties for the years 1150 and ''c.'' 1630</ref> and [[Dwarves]]<ref>{{App|Durin}}, p. 1073</ref>.

Dunland was a fair, fertile land. By the end of the [[Third Age]] being neither prosperous or civilised, it was sparsely inhabited by unorganised herdsmen and hillmen.<ref>[[Robert Foster]], ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]'', entry "Dunland"</ref>

==History==
===First Men===
In the early [[Second Age]], Dunland first acquired a significant population of [[Men]] when those who had dwelt in the forests of Enedwaith south of the [[Gwathló]] fled from the [[Númenóreans]] after they began to cut down all of the trees.<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref>

When the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]] were established early in the [[Third Age]] the land of Enedwaith (and the region of Dunland) were largely ignored, although the inhabitants were nominally subjects of Gondor.<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}, Appendix (ii)</ref>

===Stay of the Stoors===
About {{TA|1150}}, the Hobbit-breed known as the [[Stoors]] left their early homeland in the upper vales of the [[Anduin]] and crossed the [[Caradhras#The Redhorn Gate|Redhorn Pass]]. Some settled in the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle]] and others travelled down the [[Bruinen|Loudwater]] and settled in Dunland. While the Stoors in the Angle vacated that area in {{TA|1356|n}}, those living in Dunland remained until around {{TA|1630|n}} when they migrated to the newly founded [[The Shire|Shire]].<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref>

===Middle Years of the Third Age===
The [[Great Plague]] swept through the north-west of [[Middle-earth]] in the years {{TA|1636}} – {{TA|1637|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Dunland suffered, but to a lesser extent than in other regions due to their self-isolation. After the end of the royal line in Gondor the Dunlendings ceased to be subjects of the realm. During the years of the [[Watchful Peace]] ({{TA|1975|n}} – {{TA|2050|n}}), as the people of [[Calenardhon]] dwindled, the Dunlendings began drifting across the [[Isen]].

The expansion of the Dunlendings to the southeast of Dunland was checked when the new realm of [[Rohan]] was established in {{TA|2510|n}}. In the subsequent centuries there was tension between the Dunlendings and the [[Rohirrim]].

===Dwarves===
After {{TA|2770}},<ref name="TA"/> Dwarves fleeing the [[Sack of Erebor]] settled in Dunland, from where [[Thrór]] departed when he and his companion [[Nár]] journeyed to [[Moria]] in {{TA|2790}}. After the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], provoked by the [[Orcs]]' brutal slaying of Thrór, [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and [[Thorin]] led the remnants of their followers back to Dunland. They left soon after, to eventually settle in the [[Ered Luin]].<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref>

===Later Third Age===
[[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren's]] decision to trust Saruman however had severe consequences, as before and around the [[War of the Ring]], the Wizard inflamed the Dunlendings' grievance and enmity to the Rohirrim<ref>{{TT|III7}}</ref> and concentrated a great military force which besieged them at the [[Helm's Deep]]. After the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], the Rohirrim allowed the surviving Dunlendings to return to their homes. The Rohirrim required that all hostilities cease, and that the Dunlendings retreat behind the [[Isen]] river again.<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref>

After the War the four Hobbits, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], with the company of [[Gandalf]], [[Celeborn]], [[Galadriel]], and others journeyed through Dunland on their way home. While traversing the region they met two beggars, Saruman and [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]].<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Dunland'' contains the element ''dunn''.<ref name=OfMen/> The English adjective ''dun'' means "dark, dusky, dull-hued".<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 769 entry '''Dunland'''</ref> This name was given by Rohirrim of neighbouring [[Rohan]] after arriving in nearby [[Calenardhon]] in the later [[Third Age]]. The element ''dunn'' has no relation to the [[Sindarin]] word ''[[dûn]]'' ("west").<ref name=OfMen/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''=
:Dunland is mentioned when a flock of ''[[Crebain]]'' appears when the Fellowship is in [[Hollin]]; and [[Legolas]] identifies them as such and being from Dunland.<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Ring Goes South (scene)|The Ring Goes South]]"</ref> The ''crebain'' later report to Saruman at Isengard.<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Fighting Uruk-hai]]"</ref>
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Dunland map.jpg|thumb|Map of Dunland from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Dunland region includes Dunland proper as well as the [[Gap of Rohan]] and [[Nan Curunír]]. However, the northern extent of Dunlending territory, including where [[Thrór]] and his people settled, is found in the [[Enedwaith]] region.

:Many tribes of the Dunlendings exist, with some warring against one another, or fighting against the [[White Hand]]. Dunland's chief settlement is "Galtrev".

{{navigation
| title=Region of Dunland
| north-west=[[Tharbad]], [[Gwathló]]. '''[[Eriador]]'''
| north=[[Glanduin]], [[Eregion]]
| north-east=[[Moria]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Lothlórien|Lórien]]
| west=[[Lond Daer]], [[Gwathló]], [[Enedwaith]]
| east=[[Misty Mountains]], [[Fangorn Forest]]
| south-west=[[Enedwaith]], [[Drúwaith Iaur]], [[Isen|River Isen]]
| south=[[Isen|River Isen]]
| south-east=[[Isengard]], [[Gap of Rohan]]. '''[[Rohan]]'''
}}
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Dunland]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:pays_de_dun]]
[[fi:Mustainmaa]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Dunland map.jpg

2022-11-25T01:18:54Z

Sullathron: Map of Dunland as it appears in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Maps of Eriador

== Summary ==
Map of [[Dunland]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

Tharbad

2022-11-25T00:49:44Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{cleanup}}
{{location infobox
| name=Tharbad
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - The Ruins of Tharbad.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Ruins of Tharbad" by [[:Category:Images by Rob Alexander|Rob Alexander]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Eriador]], on the [[Gwathló]] river
| type=Ford/town
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Tharbad''' was a ford<ref name=pat>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''pat-'', p. 34</ref> and ruined town<ref name=South>{{FR|South}}, p. 274</ref><ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Tharbad'', p. 15</ref> at the river [[Gwathló]] on the southern border of [[Eriador]]<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, first paragraph, p. 1039</ref>.

==Geography==
Tharbad was located on the southern border of [[Eriador]] a few miles downstream from the confluence of the river [[Hoarwell]] and the river [[Glanduin]], which formed the river Gwathló.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> The lower part of the [[Glanduin]] was a fenland called the [[Swanfleet]] and the natural state of the upper [[Gwathló]] near Tharbad was a slow wide river that spread into a fenland. The land around Tharbad was later drained to strengthen the banks of the river to allow the construction of causeways, a bridge, a harbour and a town. Ships with a smaller draught could be sailed or rowed up the Gwathló as far as Tharbad.<ref>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló</ref>

The North-South Road crossed the river Gwathló at Tharbad.

==History==
===Second Age===
In the early [[Second Age]] the '[[Swanfleet]]' river, entered the southern part of the [[Noldor|Noldor]]in realm [[Eregion]]. After he took the sceptre
in {{SA|883}}<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', second paragraph</ref> the King of [[Númenor]], [[Tar-Aldarion]] traveled up the River Gwathló to Tharbad and met [[Galadriel]] there.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative'', fourth paragraph</ref>

Such early river voyages were also made by hardy explorers of [[Númenor]], in ships of smaller draught,<ref name=UT>{{HM|UT}}</ref> but such journeys up the Gwathló increased rapidly after the Númenóreans constructed a small harbour at the river's estuary to exploit the local timber: '[[Vinyalondë]]', 'the New Haven'.

By {{SA|1695}}, the Númenóreans were devastating the forests below Tharbad, and had been obliged to build forts both at the Haven and along the river, to protect their ship-building yards and wood-stores from the local population, who were understandably hostile, treated as enemies.<ref name="GC"/>

Despite overrunning all of Eriador in the war which began in that year, Sauron's armies had eventually been forced back to the fortified River Gwathló, where they were held. Beforehand, Sauron had not enough force to spare for any assault upon the forts, but late in the war he had summoned more forces, which were approaching from the south-east, and were indeed in [[Enedwaith]] at the Crossing of Tharbad, which was only lightly held.<ref name="GC">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

Whether Tharbad's defences - which presumably consisted of the most northerly of the Gwathló's river forts - were overcome is uncertain, but Tharbad did become the site of [[The Battle of the Gwathló]], where after having his army caught in the rear by [[Ciryatur]], who had hurried up the Gwathló from [[Lond Daer]], "Sauron was routed utterly.."<ref name=UT/>

Tharbad is not mentioned in surviving records for more than 1500 years after the war: the whole region was largely ignored by the elves and the Númenóreans following the destruction of Eregion and the forests "and the continued hostility of the surviving natives."{{fact}}

The site of the ford became very important after the founding of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in {{SA|3320}}, however, and saw extensive development:

A need had arisen "..to undertake the great works of drainage and dyke-building that (would make) a great port on the site where Tharbad stood.."<ref name=UT/>

The ford was deepened to receive sea-going vessels, and the massive fenlands above it were extensively drained, until a much smaller Swanfleet was all that remained. Tharbad's new river-port was spanned by a bridge, the immense labour of which "was shared by the North and South Kingdoms", and included "a fortified town and haven about the [[Bridge of Tharbad|great bridge]] over the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]."<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

These fortifications around the town were "raised there on great earthworks on both sides of the river..", and '[[Greenway|The Great South Road]]', which was built at the same time to connect the two nations, passed across the bridge via "long causeways that carried the road to it on either side across the fens.."<ref name=UT/>

It is probable that Tharbad became part of the kingdom of Arnor in {{SA|3320}}, because after the establishment of the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor, Enedwaith belonged to neither of those two kingdoms<ref name=Glanduin>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name ''Glanduin'', first paragraph</ref> and the Gwathló was the eastern border of Arnor and the Isen was the western border of Gondor<ref name=Isen>{{UT|11c}}, note to the text, first paragraph</ref>.

===Third Age===
In the earlier centuries of Arnor and Gondor<ref name=NM>{{NM|P3xxii}}, p. 378</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 650</ref><ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}</ref> the region of Enedwaith between the Gwathló and the Isen belonged to neither of those two kingdoms.<ref name=Glanduin/> Until the decay of Arnor both kingdoms shared an interest in Enedwaith, but were mainly concerned with the building and maintenance of the [[North-South Road]], which was the main route of transport between the two kingsdoms except by sea, and of the bridge at the fortified town and haven of Tharbad and of the long causeways on which the road ran to Tharbad on either side of the Gwathló across the fens in the plains of Enedwaith.<ref name=Glanduin/> There were no permanent settlements of people of Númenórean origin in Enedwaith,<ref name=Glanduin/> except at Tharbad,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> where a large garrison of soliders, mariners, engineers<ref name=Glanduin/> and river-wardens was stationed.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> In addition, the drainage works were built and maintained and the banks of the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Gwathló were strengthened.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/>

When the Kingdom of Arnor was divided in {{TA|861}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> [[Minhiriath]], the region between the river [[Baranduin]] and the river Gwathló became a part of [[Cardolan]], one of the three successor states of Arnor.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', first paragraph, p. 1039</ref> As a consequence, Tharbad probably became a part of Cardolan.

From about {{TA|1150}}, the [[Stoors]], a tribe of hobbits, migrated to and settled in<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085</ref> the area between Tharbad and the borders of Dunland,<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> but they left around {{TA|1630|n}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1630, p. 1085</ref>.

After the [[Great Plague]] spread north-west from Gondor in {{TA|1636}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> most of the people of Cardolan died, especially in Minhiriath.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', entry for king Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref> After that Minhiriath was almost completely deserted,<ref name=SecondParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref>, but some survivors of the plague continued to live in Tharbad. After the decay and receding of the kingdom of Arnor, which had originally included Minhiriath,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> Enedwaith became a part of Gondor during the days of the Kings of Gondor. Like before, Gondor was mainly concerned with the maintenance and patrolling of the North-South-Road.<ref name=Isen/> As a consequence, it is possible that the town of Tharbard became a part of Gondor. However, after the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} the region fell quickly into decay and turned back into wild fenlands long before the War of the Ring.<ref name=Glanduin/>

The survivors of the great plague remained in Tharbad, and the Great (now Old) South Road continued to be an important trade route for another 350 years until the fall of Arthedain in {{TA|1974|n}}, and the end of the 'days of the Kings' in Gondor 76 years later. From {{TA|2050|n}}, the nearby native [[Dunlendings]], as well as the people left in Tharbad no doubt, ''..ceased in fact to be subjects of Gondor; the Royal Road was unkempt in Enedwaith, and the Bridge of Tharbad became ruinous, and was replaced only by a dangerous ford.''<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

After the [[Fell Winter]] of {{TA|2911}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911, p. 1089</ref> in {{TA|2912}} Enedwaith and Minhiriath were devastated by great floods and Tharbad was ruined and deserted<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2912, p. 1089</ref>.

Over a century later in {{TA|3018}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 4 July and 24 October</ref> the North-South Road no longer existed except for the crumbling remains of the causeways on both sides of the river and the river was crossed by [[Boromir]] on a ford that was formed by the ruings of the bridge.<ref name="GC"/> The ford was so dangerous<ref name="GC"/> that Boromir lost his horse when he crossed the river at the ford.<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}, p. 374</ref>

Before 22 September {{TA|3018}} the [[Ringwraiths]] cross the Greyflood on their way to the [[Shire]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 22 September, the reach the Sarn Ford on that day, p. 1091</ref>

On 27 September {{TA|3018}} Gandalf crossed the Greyflood<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 27 September, p. 1091</ref> with his horse [[Shadowfax]] at Tharbad.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 552 citing from ''The Hunt for the Ring'', Marquette manuscript 4/2/33</ref>
Others occasionally crossed the ruined bridge - at their peril - including the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], servants and spies of [[Saruman]], as well as the [[Rangers of the North]] who sought [[Aragorn]] in Rohan in {{TA|3019|n}}.

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was reestablished by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1042</ref> It is probable that the town of Tharbad and its bridge were rebuilt, because [[Gandalf]] announced that the Greenway would be opened again, that there would be people and fields where there was wilderness before and that there would be room enough for people between the Isen and the Greyflood.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}, p. 993</ref>

==Etymology==
''Tharbad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "road-crossing".<ref name=UI/> It is composed of the elements ''thar'' ("across", "over") and ''pad'' ("walk", "step").<ref>{{PE|17}}, entries S ''thar-'' and S ''pad-'', p. 34</ref> Its original meaning is said to have been "the Stepping Stones". Tharbad was originally a ford over which one could walk.<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''thar-'', p. 34</ref> The name Tharbad was already used for the ford before the town was established.<ref name=pat/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Tharbad is part of the [[Cardolan]] region, at the border of [[Swanfleet]]. It is also the dividing point between the [[Greenway]] and the [[Old South Road]]. The ruins are occupied by [[Orcs]], and an expedition of hopeful settlers from [[Bree-land]] camp nearby.
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Fords]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Tharbad]]
[[fi:Tharbad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/eriador/tharbad]]

Thorin's hall

2022-11-25T00:46:46Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{sources}}
{{unnamed}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Thorin's Halls.jpg|250px]]
| name=Thorin's Halls
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Blue Mountains]], beyond the [[Lhûn]]<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien (1955), ''[[The Return of the King]]'', 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, Appendix B p. 369; {{ISBN|0 04 823047 2}}</ref>
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Durin's Folk]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Khuzdul]]
| govern1=[[King of Durin's Folk]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{TA|2802}}
| event2=
| event2date=
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Kingdom Under the Mountain|Lonely Mountain]]
}}
'''Thorin's Halls''' were the main western realm of [[Durin's Folk]], led by King [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and later [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]].

==History==
===Establishment and Thráin's reign===
Several years after the [[Sack of Erebor]] by the dragon [[Smaug]], the exiled [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's folk]] [[Thrór]] was murdered by [[Orcs]]. [[Thráin|Thráin II]] led a host of Dwarves from his and other house in a [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs | great war]] against the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]. After that, Thráin's people moved to the hills of [[Dunland]] and stayed for some time before moving to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established their Halls in the year {{TA|2802}}.

For nearly forty years Thráin ruled his people in the Ered Luin but was driven to obsession by his [[Ring of Thrór | ring of power]]. In {{TA|2841|n}} he left with a small group of followers to return to the Erebor determined to kill Smaug and take his father's realm back. But in {{TA|2845|n}} while encamped on the eves of [[Mirkwood]] Thráin was captured by the servants of the [[Necromancer]] and taken to [[Dol Guldur]]; where he was tortured till his death many years later. His followers including [[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]] did not know his fate, and after searching for days they returned to the Ered Luin.

===Thorin's rule===
Thorin was made the ruler of Durin's folk, and under his leadership, his people prospered, their trade increased as well as their numbers, not only from birth but wandering Longbeards heard of Thorin's realm and came to him.
[[File:Matěj Čadil - Thorin in Blue Mountains.jpg|thumb|left|[[Matěj Čadil]] - ''Thorin in Blue Mountains'']]
Thorin ruled in the Ered Luin for nearly one hundred years, until he met [[Gandalf]] the Wizard who helped him concoct a plan to take back Erebor from Smaug; he left his halls for the last time on a [[Quest of Erebor|quest to take back his former home]]. After many months [[Thorin and Company]] took the mountain as theirs and Thorin declared himself [[King under the Mountain]] after Smaug was killed; but after a [[Battle of Five Armies | great battle]] with Orcs and [[Wargs]] Thorin was mortally wounded and died, never being able to enjoy the realm he gained.

===Dissolvement as the Capital===
After Thorin's death, his cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] of the [[Iron Hills]] became king of Durin's folk; and when news reached [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains | Durin's folk in the Ered Luin]] that Erebor was retaken, it is believed that most of them moved to the Lonely Mountain. Therefore, Thorin's Halls became a sub-realm of Durin's folk.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:"Thorin's Hall" is one of the major cities in the game. Following the death of Thorin, many [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]] move away and the rule of Thorin's Hall falls to the "[[Dourhands]]": a clan of Blue Mountain Dwarves who are slowly corrupted by the Dark Lord. In {{TA|3016}} [[King under the Mountain|King]] [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]] sends a company of Longbeards to investigate the Dourhands, which results in the rogue dwarves being thrown out and [[Dwalin]] becoming the Steward of Thorin's Hall.

:Thorin's Hall is the default location for Dwarf characters to begin their journey in Middle-Earth: the city itself is safe from dangers, but outlying outposts face the threats of wild beasts, remaining Dourhands and occasional [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]].

{{references}}
* {{App|Durin}}
* {{UT|Quest}}
* {{PM|Dwarves}}, pages 313, 328

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]

[[de:Thorins Hallen]]

Dwalin

2022-11-25T00:44:41Z

Sullathron: /* Games */

{{dwarves infobox
| name=Dwalin
| image=[[File:Tony Foti - Dwalin.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Dwalin" by [[:Category:Images by Tony Foti|Tony Foti]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]] [[Lonely Mountain]]
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]
| birth={{TA|2772}}
| birthlocation=
| rule=
| death={{FoA|91}}
| deathlocation=
| age=340
| notablefor=[[Quest of Erebor]]
| house=[[House of Durin]]
| parentage=[[Fundin]]
| siblings=[[Balin]]
| spouse=
| children=
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=Blue Beard<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>
| eyes=Bright eyes<ref name="Party"/>
| clothing=Dark-green hood golden belt
| weapons= [[Axes|Axe(s)]]
| steed=
}}
{{quote|It was a dwarf with a blue beard tucked into a golden belt, and very bright eyes under his dark-green hood. As soon a the door was opened, he pushed inside, just as if he had been expected. He hung his hooded cloak on the nearest peg, and "Dwalin at your service!" he said with a low bow.|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[An Unexpected Party]]"}}

'''Dwalin''' was a [[Dwarves|Dwarf]] of the [[House of Durin]]. Along with his brother, [[Balin]], Dwalin was a member of [[Thorin and Company|Thorin's company]] in the [[Quest of Erebor]], an attempt to reclaim the [[Lonely Mountain]] from the [[dragon]] [[Smaug]]. Dwalin survived the adventure and the subsequent [[Battle of Five Armies]], and lived in wealth and splendour in the Lonely Mountain well into the [[Fourth Age]].

== History ==
=== Early history ===
Two years before Dwalin was born, in {{TA|2770}}, the dragon Smaug attacked the kingdom of Erebor,<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> and destroyed the settlement and the nearby city of [[Dale]], taking the gold of the mountain as his own. In the aftermath of destruction, King [[Thrór]] and a small group of his surviving kinsmen headed south while other [[Dwarves of Erebor]] escaped to the [[Iron Hills]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref> Because of this, Dwalin was born in exile, possibly in [[Dunland]] to [[Fundin]] in {{TA|2772}} nine years after his brother, Balin.

=== War of the Dwarves and Orcs ===
After years of living in Dunland, a despondent Thrór made a journey to Moira, where an orc cheiftan, [[Azog]], slaughtered him. In retaliation, [[Thráin II]], now King of Durin's Folk, waged war. A 27-year-old Dwalin participated in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], where, amid battle, Fundin and several other kinsman were slain. Despite this, the war was won. After the victory, Thráin was counselled by [[Dáin Ironfoot]] not to enter [[Moria|Khazad-Dûm]], so, Thráin and his son [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] settled in the [[Blue Mountains|Ered Luin]].<ref name="Line">{{App|Durin}}, The Line of the Dwarves of Erebor</ref> At some point, Dwalin and Balin joined Thráin in the Blue Montains, along with the other survivors of the war.

=== King Thráin's expedition ===
In {{TA|2841}}, Dwalin, Balin and a few other dwarves accompanied Thráin when he left the Ered Luin to reclaim his lost homeland, Erebor. The small party was dogged by the emissaries of the dark lord, [[Sauron]], because Thráin carried one of the seven dwarven rings of power. In {{TA|2845}}, Thráin and the rest of the company were separated by a black rain in the eaves of the dark forest, [[Mirkwood]]. Unbeknonwst to Dwalin and the company, Thráin had been captured by Sauron. After a fruitless search for their leader the Dwarves gave up and returned to inform Thorin of the mision's failure, who became the new King of Durin's Folk.<ref name="Durin"/>

=== Quest for Erebor ===
[[File:Adlpictures - Dwalin.jpg|left|200px|thumb|''Dwalin'' by Adlpictures]]
A century later, in {{TA|2941}}, Dwalin and Balin joined Thorin's expedition to reclaim the Lonely Mountain. Per the instructions of the wizard, [[Gandalf]], they were invited to a [[smial]] named [[Bag End]], which is located in the [[the Shire]], to form their plan. Dwalin was the first dwarf to arrive, alone, when the unexpected party began at the hobbit, which was owned by [[Bilbo Baggins]]. He was wearing a dark-green hood and walked in as if expected and hung his hood on one of Bilbo's pegs. A greatly surprised hobbit invited Dwalin to tea. Soon, Balin arrived and he and Dwalin sat talking while Bilbo kept answering the door for the arrival of more and more Dwarves. Later, when Bilbo griped aloud in his kitchen about the lack of help in setting out refreshments, Dwalin and Balin were the first dwarves to lend a hand. Later still, when Thorin called for music, Dwalin and Balin said that they forgot their instruments on the porch and are sent by Thorin to bring his instrument as well. When they returned; Dwalin and Balin brought viols as large as themselves and Thorin's harp.<ref name="Party">{{H|Party}}</ref>

The next day, the company met at the [[Green Dragon]] Inn. When Bilbo told the company that he had forgotten to bring his hat or his pocket-handkerchief, Dwalin gave him his spare dark-green hood and cloak to keep in place of a hat, but told him that he would "''have to manage without pocket-handkerchiefs, and a good many other things before the journey's end''". Soon afterward, Gandalf arrived and brought several of Bilbo's assortments.

In [[Eriador]], at the [[Trollshaws]], Dwalin along with the entire company were captured by [[Trolls]] after Bilbo went to explore a fire. The three trolls: [[William]], [[Bert]] and [[Tom]] soon began to argue among themselves, and Gandalf managed to save them. Shortly afterward, the company located and looted the nearby troll cave.

Later on, the company arrived at [[Rivendell]] and stayed with the [[half-elven]] lord [[Elrond]] for about 14 days with food and something for everyone. On one night Elrond disclosed the swords Thorin and Gandalf found in the troll-hoard as [[Orcrist]] and [[Glamdring]]. Elrond also read the moon letters of the map of Thror, which read: ''"Stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks, and the setting sun with the last light of Durin's Day will shine upon the key-hole.''"

After seeking refuge from a storm in a cave which was, unbeknownst to them the [[Front Porch]] of [[Goblin-town]], they were captured by [[Goblins]]. They were saved by Gandalf, and Bilbo, fleeing after his encounter with [[Gollum]], also escaped. The company were then chased by [[wargs|Wargs]] and they rushed into the trees. Dwalin and Balin managed to swarm up a tall slender fir that had few branches for sitting, and they were later then saved by the [[Eagles]] of the [[Great Eagle]].<ref>{{H|Pan}}</ref> The next day, when the company arrived at [[Beorn]]'s hall after the eagles left them on the [[Carrock]], Dwalin and Balin were the third pair of Dwarves to appear during Gandalf's story, trying to intrigue the skin-changer. They were later served well in dinner and breakfast and were also given ponies to ride until they arrived at the forest of Mirkwood, the same place where Thráin was lost nearly 100 years before.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref>

At the [[Enchanted River]] in Mirkwood, Dwalin was in the last boatload to cross with [[Bombur]]. He exited the boat just before a deer charged down the path and caused Bombur to fall in the water, which put him in an enchanted sleep for six days, and when he woke up, he had forgotten the whole journey. Later, after the Dwarves had been captured by the [[spiders]] and rescued by Bilbo, it was Dwalin who first realised that Thorin was missing,<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref> for at that point, though unknown to the Dwarves, Thorin had been captured by the Wood-Elves.

At the opening of the barrels after the escape from the halls of the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]], Dwalin and Balin were two of the most unhappy Dwarves and did nothing to help pull out other Dwarves as they arrived in [[Lake-town]], where they were greeted extremely fondly.<ref>{{H|Welcome}}</ref>Afterwards, though the [[Master of Lake-town]] didn't believe that Thorin was truly the [[King under the Mountain]], they left for the mountain. When the last week of autumn arrived it was Dwalin who complained the most about Bilbo's inactivity. He felt that Bilbo, with his "invisible ring", ought to go through the [[Front Gate]] of Erebor and spy things out.<ref>{{H|Doorstep}}</ref>

After [[Smaug]] went to destroy Lake-town, the dwarves entered and Thorin's search for the [[Arkenstone]] began. Dwalin later fought in and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]] along with several others from the company (all but Thorin and Fíli and Kíli). Afterwards he received his fourteenth share and chose to live in Erebor under the rule of Thorin's cousin and new king after his death, [[Dáin II]].<Ref>{{H|Return}}</ref>

=== Later life ===
Dwalin lived in great wealth in Erebor after the Battle of the Five Armies. In {{TA|2989}}, his brother Balin set out on a quest to reclaim [[Moria]] though Dáin was against it. He set out with others (such as [[Óin]] and [[Ori]]). For about 5 years messages came from Moria and it seemed good, until suddenly news stopped (though unknown to him, the colony was destroyed by [[Orcs]]).

As Bilbo packed some oddments in {{TA|3001}} before departing the Shire, Bilbo brought Dwalin's green hood he had given him, though the colour had worn out. Dwalin was one of seven of the ten Dwarves of Thorin's company who were still living in Erebor when [[Frodo Baggins]] came to [[Rivendell]], as reported by [[Glóin]] before the [[Council of Elrond]].<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref> It is possible that he fought in the [[Battle of Dale]] against Sauron's forces, the [[Easterlings]], under King Dáin (though the king was slain). Dwalin lived until {{FoA|91}}, passing at the age of 340,<ref name="Line">{{App|Durin}}, The Line of the Dwarves of Erebor</ref> later than any other members of [[Thorin and Company]].

== Etymology ==
In [[Norse mythology]], ''Dvalinn'' is a chief Dwarf.<ref>Snorri Sturlusson, ''Prose Edda'', "[[wikipedia:Skaldskaparmal|Skaldskaparmal]]"</ref> The origin of the name is uncertain; suggested etymologies are "one lying in a trance",<ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'', p. 32</ref> "numb" and "dawdler".<ref>Henry A. Bellows (ed.), ''Völuspá'', "[http://cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/PoeticEdda/Voluspo.htm Poetic Edda]"</ref> Both words, ''dvalen'' ("to sleep") ''dvelja'' ("to delay") derive from the same root.<ref>Chester Nathan Gould, "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion", published in ''Publications of the Modern Language Association of America'', Vol 44 (1929), issue #4, pp. 939-967</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]] ''{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| DAI | | | | | | | | BOR | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]] ''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†|BOR=[[Borin]] ''{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree| THR | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]] ''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†|FAR=[[Farin]] ''{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree| THR | | | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]] ''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†|FUN=[[Fundin]] ''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†|GRO=[[Gróin]] ''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''}}
{{familytree| |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree| THO | | BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |THO=[[Thorin]] ''{{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†|BAL=[[Balin]] ''{{TA|2763|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†|DWA='''DWALIN''' ''{{TA|2772|n}} - {{FoA|91}}''|OIN=[[Óin]] ''{{TA|2774|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†|GLO=[[Glóin]] ''{{TA|2783|n}} - {{FoA|15}}''}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |GIM=[[Gimli]] ''{{TA|2879|n}} - {{FoA|120}}+''}}
{{familytree/end}}

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the early version of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', it was Dwalin rather than Balin who spotted the Trolls' fire in the woods (and it was stated that Dwalin was always the Dwarves' look-out).<ref>{{HH|Trolls}}, p. 91</ref> This contradicted the fact that Balin was the Dwarf who was looking for Bilbo at the inn at the start of the adventure<ref>{{HH|Trolls}}, p. 89</ref> and Tolkien eventually made Balin the permanent look-out. However, Dwalin remained the first Dwarf to arrive at Bag End<ref name="Party"/> (what would be expected of the Company's look-out). Dwalin was also the first to notice that Thorin was missing after the battle with the spiders,<ref name="Flies"/> a testament to his observational abilities.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
{{Gallery
|title=Dwalin in adaptations
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Dwalin.jpg‎|Dwalin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Dwalin.JPG|Dwalin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Dwalin.jpg|Dwalin in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Dwalin.jpg|Dwalin in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]
}}

=== Films ===
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''
:Dwalin is omitted. [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref>

'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Dwalin does not have a blue beard, but a white one with a long nose and a green hood (looking as Balin, though he wears a red hood and glasses). He speaks only one line on his own (by [[Paul Frees]]), when the Dwarves are in front of the [[Back Door]] saying" "Well, what now?"; otherwise, he only speaks in unison with the rest of the Company though it is unknown whether he survived the Battle of the Five Armies, as seven dwarves passed away during the battle.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:Dwalin is played by [[Graham McTavish]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Dwalin in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio:

:{{Blockquote|Renowned as a great Warrior, Dwalin speaks his mind plainly and is not one to suffer fools lightly. Fiercely loyal, he is Thorin Oakenshield’s staunchest supporter with an unshakeable belief in his friend’s leadership. A powerful and bruising fighter, Dwalin has a natural tendency to distrust anyone who is not a Dwarf and is particularly suspicious of Elves. Proud, brave and one of the tallest of the Dwarves, Dwalin will bow to none but those who have earned his respect.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}

=== Radio series ===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:[[Lockwood West]] plays the role of Dwalin.

'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''
:Carl Hague is uncredited as the voice of Dwalin.{{fact}}

'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''
:Dwalin is played by Friedrich W. Bauschulle.

'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:Dwalin is present, but no actor is specified for the role of Dwalin.

=== Games ===
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''
:Dwalin is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76, accessed [[24 April|April 24]] [[2011]]</ref>

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Dwalin is a blue-bearded Dwarf, who is not seen in the game (other than cut-scenes) until [[Lake-town]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:In {{TA|3016}}, during the default introduction for new Dwarf and Elf player characters, Dwalin leads a party of dwarves from the [[Lonely Mountain]] to [[Thorin's Halls|Thorin's Hall]] to investigate why the Steward appointed by Thorin, "Gormr Doursmith" of the "Dourhand" clan, has ceased sending tribute to Erebor. After the Dourhands' treachery is revealed and they are expelled, Dwalin becomes the new Steward of Thorin's Hall and maintains this position through the War of the Ring.

:Following the [[Siege of Erebor]], Dwalin travels to Erebor to pay respect to the new king [[Thorin Stonehelm]] and, along with the other surviving dwarves of the Company, visits the tomb of [[Thorin Oakenshield]].

'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Rise to War]]'':'''
:If the player chooses the Erebor faction at the start of the game,Dwalin will be received as part of the game's tutorial.

{{references}}
{{Thorin and Company}}
{{companyroute}}
{{hobbitfilms}}
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
[[Category:Dwarves]]
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]
[[Category:Longbeards]]
[[Category:Norse names]]
[[Category:Third Age characters]]
[[de:Dwalin]]
[[fi:Dwalin]]
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:dwalin]]

Thorin's hall

2022-11-25T00:42:39Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{sources}}
{{unnamed}}
{{kingdom
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Thorin's Halls.jpg|250px]]
| name=Thorin's Halls
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Blue Mountains]], beyond the [[Lhûn]]<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien (1955), ''[[The Return of the King]]'', 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, Appendix B p. 369; {{ISBN|0 04 823047 2}}</ref>
| capital=
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Durin's Folk]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Khuzdul]]
| govern1=[[King of Durin's Folk]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{TA|2802}}
| event2=
| event2date=
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Kingdom Under the Mountain|Lonely Mountain]]
}}
'''Thorin's Halls''' were the main western realm of [[Durin's Folk]], led by King [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and later [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]].

==History==
===Establishment and Thráin's reign===
Several years after the [[Sack of Erebor]] by the dragon [[Smaug]], the exiled [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's folk]] [[Thrór]] was murdered by [[Orcs]]. [[Thráin|Thráin II]] led a host of Dwarves from his and other house in a [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs | great war]] against the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]. After that, Thráin's people moved to the hills of [[Dunland]] and stayed for some time before moving to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established their Halls in the year {{TA|2802}}.

For nearly forty years Thráin ruled his people in the Ered Luin but was driven to obsession by his [[Ring of Thrór | ring of power]]. In {{TA|2841|n}} he left with a small group of followers to return to the Erebor determined to kill Smaug and take his father's realm back. But in {{TA|2845|n}} while encamped on the eves of [[Mirkwood]] Thráin was captured by the servants of the [[Necromancer]] and taken to [[Dol Guldur]]; where he was tortured till his death many years later. His followers including [[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]] did not know his fate, and after searching for days they returned to the Ered Luin.

===Thorin's rule===
Thorin was made the ruler of Durin's folk, and under his leadership, his people prospered, their trade increased as well as their numbers, not only from birth but wandering Longbeards heard of Thorin's realm and came to him.
[[File:Matěj Čadil - Thorin in Blue Mountains.jpg|thumb|left|[[Matěj Čadil]] - ''Thorin in Blue Mountains'']]
Thorin ruled in the Ered Luin for nearly one hundred years, until he met [[Gandalf]] the Wizard who helped him concoct a plan to take back Erebor from Smaug; he left his halls for the last time on a [[Quest of Erebor|quest to take back his former home]]. After many months [[Thorin and Company]] took the mountain as theirs and Thorin declared himself [[King under the Mountain]] after Smaug was killed; but after a [[Battle of Five Armies | great battle]] with Orcs and [[Wargs]] Thorin was mortally wounded and died, never being able to enjoy the realm he gained.

===Dissolvement as the Capital===
After Thorin's death, his cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] of the [[Iron Hills]] became king of Durin's folk; and when news reached [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains | Durin's folk in the Ered Luin]] that Erebor was retaken, it is believed that most of them moved to the Lonely Mountain. Therefore, Thorin's Halls became a sub-realm of Durin's folk.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:"Thorin's Hall" is one of the major cities in the game. Following the death of Thorin, many [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]] move away and the rule of Thorin's Hall falls to the "[[Dourhands]]": a clan of Blue Mountain Dwarves who are slowly corrupted by the Dark Lord. In {{TA|3016}} King Dáin sends a company of Longbeards to investigate the Dourhands, which results in the rogue dwarves being thrown out and [[Dwalin]] becoming the Steward of Thorin's Hall.

:Thorin's Hall is the default location for Dwarf characters to begin their journey in Middle-Earth: the city itself is safe from dangers, but outlying outposts face the threats of wild beasts, remaining Dourhands and occasional [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]].

{{references}}
* {{App|Durin}}
* {{UT|Quest}}
* {{PM|Dwarves}}, pages 313, 328

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]

[[de:Thorins Hallen]]

Blue Mountains

2022-11-25T00:31:10Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{sources}}
{{location infobox
| name=Blue Mountains
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - Blue Mountain Dwarf Hold.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Blue Mountain Dwarf Hold" by Rob Alexander
| pronun=
| othernames=Ered Luin, Ered Lindon, Western Mountains, Mountains of Lune
| location=Between [[Ossiriand]]/[[Lindon]] and [[Eriador]]
| type=Mountain range
| description=Boundary between [[Eriador]] and [[Lindon]] with [[Dwarf realms]]
| regions=
| towns=[[Nogrod]] [[Belegost]] [[Thorin's Halls]] Newer halls in the Southern chain
| inhabitants=[[Broadbeams]] [[Firebeards]] Later [[Longbeards]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Blue Mountains
}}
The '''Blue Mountains''' ([[Sindarin|S.]] '''''Ered Luin'''''), also known as the '''''Ered Lindon''''', was the mountain range at the far west of [[Eriador]].

== History ==
=== Early history ===
In the early days of [[Arda]] after the fall of the [[Two Lamps]], the Blue Mountains were formed as the [[Valar]] widened the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] and thrust [[Middle-earth]] eastward to protect [[Valinor]].<ref>{{SM|5b}}, pp. 238-239</ref> The Blue Mountains lined up with the [[Grey Mountains (ancient)|Grey Mountains of the southlands]], forming the western wall of [[Arda]]. These two ranges lay parallel to the [[Orocarni|Red Mountains]] in the northeast and [[Yellow Mountains]] in the southeast that formed the eastern wall. At their northern end, a narrow gap separated the Blue Mountains from the [[Iron Mountains]], which stretched across the entire north of Middle-earth.<ref>{{SM|4a}}</ref>

Sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]] two [[Fathers of the Dwarves|Dwarven Fathers]] awoke under [[Dolmed|Mount Dolmed]] and founded the two westernmost houses of the [[Dwarves]] (the [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]]). They subsequently built two great city-states, [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]].

In the [[First Age]], the Blue Mountains were an unbroken line separating Eriador from [[Beleriand]]. Seven rivers flowed from its western side, and the land these rivers flowed through was known as [[Ossiriand]]. Later, when the [[Green-elves]] settled there, the land was called [[Lindon]], and the mountains sometimes referred to as the ''Ered Lindon''.
Wandering Elves would also hunt in the Blue Mountains.<ref>{{S|10}}</ref>

The Blue Mountains were ruined during the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the First Age, and in the south central end of the range the sea broke through. The [[Lhûn|River Lhûn]] now flowed through the mountains to the [[Gulf of Lune]]. On the western side a small section of Lindon remained, and here the retreating [[Elves]] built the kingdom of [[Lindon]], ruled by [[Gil-galad|Ereinion Gil-galad]], last [[High King of the Noldor]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

The Dwarven cities of Nogrod and Belegost were also ruined when the mountains were broken, causing most of the Dwarves to migrate east to [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], leaving a remnant behind. However, there remained some Dwarves on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains in days afterwards.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

=== Third Age ===

By the Third Age, Dwarves dwelt in the east side of the Blue Mountains, especially in the parts south of the [[Gulf of Lhun]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

In {{TA|1974}}, fleeing the fall of [[Fornost Erain]], [[Arvedui]] briefly hid in old dwarven mines in the far north of the Blue Mountains.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

It also became the new home for many of [[Durin's Folk]] who were exiled from their halls in [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] by [[Smaug]] the [[Dragons|Dragon]] who had [[Sack of Erebor|driven them out]]. After the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], King [[Thráin|Thráin II]] established his throne in the Southern range beyond [[the Shire]] ({{TA|2802}})<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> and later his son [[Thorin]] ruled after he went missing. During Thorin's reign, many of the wandering Longbeards joined him in [[Thorin's Halls|his halls]] and they became prosperous in a fashion. However, Erebor was retaken from Smaug by Thorin and company in {{TA|2941}}, and it can be assumed most if not all of Durin's folk relocated there.

However the dwarf-mines remained active even by the [[Fourth Age]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Ered Luin.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Ered Luin'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of ''[[ered]]'' ("mountains") and ''[[luin]]'' ("blue").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 66</ref>

==Other names==
Other names were '''Ered Lindon''' ("Mountains of Lindon") and the [[Westron]] name '''Mountains of Lune'''.{{fact}}

The ''[[Etymologies]]'' show [[Noldorin]] alternative names, ''Lhúnorodrim'' and ''Lhúndirien'' ("Blue Towers"), and also the Middle [[Quenya]] ''Lúnoronti'',<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 370</ref> which is first used in a passage of the [[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)#The further development of The Fall of Númenor|further development of The Fall of Númenor]].<ref>{{LR|P1II4}}, p. 30</ref>

In [[Ælfwine]]'s [[Old English]] translations, the Blue Mountains are named ''Hǽwengebeorg''.<ref>{{SM|7An}}, p. 341</ref>

In the Second Age the Men of Middle-earth called Ered Luin the '''Western Mountains'''.<ref>{{UT|4a}}</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''
:The Blue Mountains are featured as a location of a fight between Dwarves and [[Drogoth]].
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Ered Luin map.jpg|thumb|Map of Ered Luin from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Blue Mountains appear as the game's westernmost region, Ered Luin. Ered Luin is the beginner's region for four of the game's races: Elves, [[Calaquendi|High Elves]], Dwarves, and "[[Stiffbeards#Portrayal in adaptations|Stout-axe]]" dwarves. The region's storyline is based around a conflict in the early stages of the [[War of the Ring]] between the allied Elves and Longbeards and a rogue clan of Dwarves called the "[[Dourhands]]" and their allies, the "Blue Crag" [[Orcs|Goblins]].

:In addition to the dwarven capital at [[Thorin's Halls|Thorin's Hall]], Ered Luin also contains the city of "Gondamon" in the "Low Lands" of the region and the outpost of "Noglond" between the two cities. The Elven territory along the shore of the Lhûn is known as "Falathlorn", and contains the settlements "Duillond" and "Celondim". The dwarves' port city of "Kheledûl" remains under Dourhand control, as does "Sarnúr", a recently-unearthed ancient dwarven city. The fortress of "Orodost" and the blockaded pass to the [[Grey Havens]], "Rath Teraig", are occupied by goblins.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''
:Although the Blue Mountains do not appear in the game, they are mentioned by the Dwarf [[Grof]]. He tells the player that the Blue Mountains are prosperous, but that they lately find more iron than gold.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Beleriand]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Lindon]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]

[[de:Ered Luin]]
[[fi:Sinivuoret]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/montagnes_bleues]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Ered Luin map.jpg

2022-11-25T00:31:03Z

Sullathron: Map of Ered Luin as it appears in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Maps of Eriador

== Summary ==
Map of [[Blue Mountains|Ered Luin]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

Walls of Moria

2022-11-25T00:29:30Z

Sullathron:

[[File:Donato Giancola - Walls of Moria.jpg|250px|thumb|''Walls of Moria'' by [[Donato Giancola]]]]
The '''Walls of Moria''' were the western rocky cliffs at the base of the [[Misty Mountains]].

The [[Doors of Durin]] were built upon that surface, and by the craft of its makers, the doorway blended into it when closed.<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>

Before the Walls, there was a shallow valley climbing westward to a small cliff and then to a road between the [[Stair Falls]], and the ancient [[Eregion]].
==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - The Walls of Moria map.jpg|thumb|Map of the Walls of Moria from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''
:Fellowship passes the Walls of Moria before reaching the Durin's Gate.

'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]'':'''
:The Walls of Moria are a small sub-area of Eregion, where the "Iron Garrison", an expedition of Dwarves from [[Erebor]] and the [[Iron Hills]], seek to gain entry into [[Moria]]. Players must pass through this place before entering the Mines themselves. This may not be so easy considering the [[Watcher in the Water]] still lurking in the deep waters.

==See also==
* '''[[Doors of Durin]]'''
* '''[[:Category:Images of the Doors of Durin|Images of the Doors of Durin]]'''

{{references}}
[[Category:Moria]]
[[Category:Walls]]

Swanfleet

2022-11-25T00:25:21Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{location infobox
| name=Swanfleet
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Nîn-in-Eilph
| location=On the lower course of the [[Glanduin]] in [[Eriador]]
| type=Marsh
| description=Vast marsh
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Swans
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Swanfleet''' or '''Nîn-in-Eilph''' was a marshy area in eastern [[Eriador]] through which the lower reaches of the [[Glanduin]] (or "Swanfleet river") flowed before it joined the [[Mitheithel]] (Hoarwell).<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> The Swanfleet was effectively an inland delta, with uncertain streams and a very uncertain difference between land and water.

It strongly resembled the [[Gladden Fields]] on the other side of [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]], and as such many [[Stoors]] felt right at home here after their migration into [[Eriador]]. These Stoors remained here until the [[Great Plague]] nearly wiped them out, and the remainder then went to the [[Southfarthing]] of [[the Shire]].

At the east end of the Swanfleet was a waterfall, beyond which was a ford over the Glanduin,<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref> from where led a road to the ruins of [[Ost-in-Edhil]], the ruined city of [[Eregion]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Nîn-in-Eilph'' is [[Sindarin]] for "water-lands of the Swans".<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 7</ref>
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the first printings of ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]'', [[Pauline Baynes]] wrongly labels "R[iver] Swanfleet" as the lower part of the R. Glanduin; Swanfleet is not a river. The mistake was corrected in later prints.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxvi</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg|thumb|Map of Swanfleet from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The name Swanfleet is applied not only to the delta, which is specifically called "Wadewater", but to the entire surrounding region east of the [[Gwathló]]. This includes "Western [[Eregion]]" and the lands about the [[Old South Road]] on the edge of [[Enedwaith]]. Several villages of [[Men]] and [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] can be found here, as can the ruins of "[[Ost-in-Edhil|Caras Gelebren]]", capital of Eregion.

:Swanfleet is presented as an optional starting location available to new characters of all races, as opposed to the default starting regions of [[Bree-land]], [[Blue Mountains|Ered Luin]], and [[the Shire]], to which new characters are sent depending on their race.
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

Swanfleet

2022-11-25T00:25:06Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{location infobox
| name=Swanfleet
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Nîn-in-Eilph
| location=On the lower course of the [[Glanduin]] in [[Eriador]]
| type=Marsh
| description=Vast marsh
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Swans
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Swanfleet''' or '''Nîn-in-Eilph''' was a marshy area in eastern [[Eriador]] through which the lower reaches of the [[Glanduin]] (or "Swanfleet river") flowed before it joined the [[Mitheithel]] (Hoarwell).<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> The Swanfleet was effectively an inland delta, with uncertain streams and a very uncertain difference between land and water.

It strongly resembled the [[Gladden Fields]] on the other side of [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]], and as such many [[Stoors]] felt right at home here after their migration into [[Eriador]]. These Stoors remained here until the [[Great Plague]] nearly wiped them out, and the remainder then went to the [[Southfarthing]] of [[the Shire]].

At the east end of the Swanfleet was a waterfall, beyond which was a ford over the Glanduin,<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref> from where led a road to the ruins of [[Ost-in-Edhil]], the ruined city of [[Eregion]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Nîn-in-Eilph'' is [[Sindarin]] for "water-lands of the Swans".<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 7</ref>
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the first printings of ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]'', [[Pauline Baynes]] wrongly labels "R[iver] Swanfleet" as the lower part of the R. Glanduin; Swanfleet is not a river. The mistake was corrected in later prints.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxvi</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg|thumb|Map of Swanfleet from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The name Swanfleet is applied not only to the delta, which is specifically called "Wadewater", but to the entire surrounding region east of the [[Gwathló]]. This includes "Western [[Eregion]]" and the lands about the [[Old South Road]] on the edge of [[Enedwaith]]. Several villages of [[Men]] and [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] can be found here, as can the ruins of "[[Ost-in-Edhil|Caras Gelebren]]", capital of Eregion.

:Swanfleet is presented as an optional starting location available to new characters of all races, as opposed to the default starting regions of [[Bree-land]], [[Ered Luin]], and [[the Shire]], to which new characters are sent depending on their race.
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

Barrow-downs

2022-11-25T00:21:01Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px|Fog on the Barrow Downs by Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of treeless hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> They were called the Barrow-downs, because many of the hills were crowned with [[barrows]] (burial mounds). Standing stones stood on some of the green mounds. The Barrow-downs were a treeless country that was covered with grass and turf.<ref name=Barrow>{{FR|Barrow}}, pp. 136-142</ref>

==History==
In the [[First Age]] the ancestors of the [[Edain]] built many of the barrows in the Barrow-downs before they migrated west to [[Beleriand]].<ref name=ArgelebII>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kindom and the Dúnedain'', entry for King Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref>

In the [[Second Age]] many Men that were descended from the ancestors of the Edain, primarily from the [[House of Beor|Folk of Beor]] and partly from the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] lived near [[Lake Evendim]], in the [[North Downs]], in the [[Weather Hills]] and in the land between.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> It is not known if they lived as far south as the Barrow-downs at that time. During the [[Dark Years]] Men who were related to the [[Dunlendings]] had migrated from the valleys of the [[White Mountains]] to the empty lands as far north as the Barrow-downs.<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref>

When [[Elendil]] escaped to [[Middle-earth]] from the [[Downfall of Númenor]] and established the [[Realms in Exile]] in {{SA|3320}}<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 3320, p. 1084</ref> the Barrow-downs became a part of the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1039</ref> The Barrow-downs were revered by the [[Dúnedain]] of Arnor, because many of the barrows had been built by their forefathers in the First Age, and they buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=ArgelebII/>

After the division of the kingdom of Arnor into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and [[Cardolan]] in {{TA|861}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> the Barrow-downs became a part of the kingdom of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kindom and the Dúnedain'', entry for the time after King Eärendur, p. 1039</ref>

In {{TA|1409}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1409, p. 1086</ref> a large army from the kingdom of [[Angmar]] invaded the kingdom of Cardolan. The Dúnedain of Cardolan were defeated and Cardolan was ravaged, but a part of the Dúnedain of Cardolan defended the Barrow-downs or fled into the safety of the [[Old Forest]]. The forces of Angmar were eventually defeated by [[Elves]] from [[Lindon]], [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]] and subdued for a while.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kindom and the Dúnedain'', entry for King Arveleg I, p. 1040</ref>

Around {{TA|1636}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> the [[Great Plague]] spread to Cardolan from the South-west and most of the population of Cardolan died. The [[Witch-king]] sent<ref name=Other>{{UT|Other}}</ref> [[Barrow-wights|evil spirits]] from Angmar and Rhudaur to the Barrow-downs, which inhabited the deserted barrows.<ref name=ArgelebII/> It is possible that the terror of the Barrow-wights prevented any attempt to resettle the Barrow-downs.<ref name=Araval>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni, 23. Araval</ref>

Around September 24 {{TA|3018}} the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145</ref> Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]], visited the Barrow-downs, roused the Barrow-wights to be on the watch<ref name=Other/> in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer and left on September 27<ref name=RC/>.

On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018}}<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, September 28, p. 1091</ref> [[Frodo]], [[Sam]], [[Pippin]] and [[Merry]] were trapped in the downs by a [[Barrow-wights|wight]], probably in the same mound which contained the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]]<ref name=ArgelebII/> (it is likely that Merry saw his last memories in his dreams, because he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=RC/> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]]. Tom took a brooch set with blue stones for [[Goldberry]] and said that it was long ago worn by a fair woman on her shoulder and that he and Goldberry would not forget her.<ref name=Barrow/> It is possible that the brooch had belonged to the wife of or a woman from the familty of the [[last prince of Cardolan]], because it was in the barrow that contained his grave.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Etymology==
A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, entry , '''Barrow-downs''', p. 766</ref>

In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b63ee6a6c41e9862d6|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names (1.21)|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=2022-09-23}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of the plural<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-344758281.html|articlename=S. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=05 March 2022}}</ref> ''tyrn'' of ''[[torn]]'' ("burial mound") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("wraith, spirit of dead").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C with corrections and expansions, The Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni 20. Argeleb II, p. 194</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrows were said to belong to the men that “fought against the evil foes” when “the world was still young”. The cairn where the Hobbits were trapped was said to be the barrow of a prince of this kingdom that died during the war (the identification of the buried prince with the [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince]] and the occurrence of Cardolan, Angmar and Carn Dûm are only in subsequent versions).<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, pp. 127-128</ref><ref>{{TI|Bree}}, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions of Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, he mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors, the children and the fair maidens of the past, suggesting they were interred there and Bombadil had met them long ago.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

In an earlier version of what would later become Appendix A King Araval of Arthedain tried to resettle Cardolan, but the Barrow-wights terrify anybody who attempt to live near the Barrow-downs.<ref name=Araval/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs, part of the [[Bree-land]] region, are divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called "[[Othrongroth]]".

:A further southern part of the downs, specifically called Tyrn Gorthad, is part of the [[Cardolan]] region. It contains the ruins of "Dol Ernil", the capital of the ruling Princes of Cardolan after Cardolan's line of kings failed. Like the Barrows in Bree-land, it is also haunted by the restless Dead.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Barrow-downs

2022-11-25T00:20:31Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}
{{location infobox
| name=The Barrow-downs
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px|Fog on the Barrow Downs by Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
| gallery=the Barrow-downs
}}
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of treeless hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> They were called the Barrow-downs, because many of the hills were crowned with [[barrows]] (burial mounds). Standing stones stood on some of the green mounds. The Barrow-downs were a treeless country that was covered with grass and turf.<ref name=Barrow>{{FR|Barrow}}, pp. 136-142</ref>

==History==
In the [[First Age]] the ancestors of the [[Edain]] built many of the barrows in the Barrow-downs before they migrated west to [[Beleriand]].<ref name=ArgelebII>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kindom and the Dúnedain'', entry for King Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref>

In the [[Second Age]] many Men that were descended from the ancestors of the Edain, primarily from the [[House of Beor|Folk of Beor]] and partly from the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] lived near [[Lake Evendim]], in the [[North Downs]], in the [[Weather Hills]] and in the land between.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> It is not known if they lived as far south as the Barrow-downs at that time. During the [[Dark Years]] Men who were related to the [[Dunlendings]] had migrated from the valleys of the [[White Mountains]] to the empty lands as far north as the Barrow-downs.<ref>{{App|Men}}, p. 1130</ref>

When [[Elendil]] escaped to [[Middle-earth]] from the [[Downfall of Númenor]] and established the [[Realms in Exile]] in {{SA|3320}}<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 3320, p. 1084</ref> the Barrow-downs became a part of the kingdom of [[Arnor]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1039</ref> The Barrow-downs were revered by the [[Dúnedain]] of Arnor, because many of the barrows had been built by their forefathers in the First Age, and they buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=ArgelebII/>

After the division of the kingdom of Arnor into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and [[Cardolan]] in {{TA|861}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> the Barrow-downs became a part of the kingdom of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kindom and the Dúnedain'', entry for the time after King Eärendur, p. 1039</ref>

In {{TA|1409}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1409, p. 1086</ref> a large army from the kingdom of [[Angmar]] invaded the kingdom of Cardolan. The Dúnedain of Cardolan were defeated and Cardolan was ravaged, but a part of the Dúnedain of Cardolan defended the Barrow-downs or fled into the safety of the [[Old Forest]]. The forces of Angmar were eventually defeated by [[Elves]] from [[Lindon]], [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]] and subdued for a while.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kindom and the Dúnedain'', entry for King Arveleg I, p. 1040</ref>

Around {{TA|1636}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> the [[Great Plague]] spread to Cardolan from the South-west and most of the population of Cardolan died. The [[Witch-king]] sent<ref name=Other>{{UT|Other}}</ref> [[Barrow-wights|evil spirits]] from Angmar and Rhudaur to the Barrow-downs, which inhabited the deserted barrows.<ref name=ArgelebII/> It is possible that the terror of the Barrow-wights prevented any attempt to resettle the Barrow-downs.<ref name=Araval>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C, The Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni, 23. Araval</ref>

Around September 24 {{TA|3018}} the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145</ref> Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]], visited the Barrow-downs, roused the Barrow-wights to be on the watch<ref name=Other/> in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer and left on September 27<ref name=RC/>.

On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018}}<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, September 28, p. 1091</ref> [[Frodo]], [[Sam]], [[Pippin]] and [[Merry]] were trapped in the downs by a [[Barrow-wights|wight]], probably in the same mound which contained the grave of the [[last prince of Cardolan]]<ref name=ArgelebII/> (it is likely that Merry saw his last memories in his dreams, because he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name=RC/> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], who amassed the barrow’s mighty hoard and gave them four special [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]]. Tom took a brooch set with blue stones for [[Goldberry]] and said that it was long ago worn by a fair woman on her shoulder and that he and Goldberry would not forget her.<ref name=Barrow/> It is possible that the brooch had belonged to the wife of or a woman from the familty of the [[last prince of Cardolan]], because it was in the barrow that contained his grave.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Etymology==
A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, entry , '''Barrow-downs''', p. 766</ref>

In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref>

The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c35b63ee6a6c41e9862d6|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names (1.21)|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=2022-09-23}}</ref>

'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of the plural<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-344758281.html|articlename=S. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=05 March 2022}}</ref> ''tyrn'' of ''[[torn]]'' ("burial mound") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("wraith, spirit of dead").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, manuscript C with corrections and expansions, The Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni 20. Argeleb II, p. 194</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the earlier versions of the story, the barrows were said to belong to the men that “fought against the evil foes” when “the world was still young”. The cairn where the Hobbits were trapped was said to be the barrow of a prince of this kingdom that died during the war (the identification of the buried prince with the [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince]] and the occurrence of Cardolan, Angmar and Carn Dûm are only in subsequent versions).<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, pp. 127-128</ref><ref>{{TI|Bree}}, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions of Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, he mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors, the children and the fair maidens of the past, suggesting they were interred there and Bombadil had met them long ago.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

In an earlier version of what would later become Appendix A King Araval of Arthedain tried to resettle Cardolan, but the Barrow-wights terrify anybody who attempt to live near the Barrow-downs.<ref name=Araval/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.

'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Barrow-downs, part of the [[Bree-land]] region, are divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called "[[Othrongroth]]".

:A further southern part of the Downs, specifically called Tyrn Gorthad, is part of the [[Cardolan]] region. It contains the ruins of "Dol Ernil", the capital of the ruling Princes of Cardolan after Cardolan's line of kings failed. Like the Barrows in Bree-land, it is also haunted by the restless Dead.

'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''

:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]
[[fi:Hautakerot]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]

Bree-land

2022-11-25T00:16:24Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{location infobox
| name=Bree-land
| image=[[File:Matěj Čadil - Bree-land.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Bree-land" by Matěj Čadil
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Eriador]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=
| towns=[[Bree]], [[Staddle]], [[Combe]], [[Archet]]
| inhabitants=[[Bree-men]], [[Hobbits]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The term '''Bree-land''' referred to the land around the [[Bree-hill]], which contained a few settlements:<ref>{{FR|I9}}</ref>

*'''[[Bree]]''' proper was on the south-western side of [[Bree-hill]], the major township of the area with the famous ''[[The Prancing Pony|Prancing Pony]]'' inn.

*'''[[Staddle]]''' was populated primarily by hobbits who made a living from light agriculture of pipeweed, which the hobbits were especially fond of smoking. Staddle was on the south-eastern side of Bree-hill, sitting south of Combe and Archet. It was the only of the villages (other than Bree itself) visible from the [[East Road]].

*'''[[Combe]]''' was populated primarily by Men, with some hobbits, all of whom made a living from agriculture. Combe was situated on the borders of the '''[[Chetwood]]''' and on the edge of Bree-hill, between the villages of Archet and Staddle.

*'''[[Archet]]''' was the settlement furthest north. Located in the [[Chetwood]], it was populated primarily by [[Men]].

==History==
The origins of its [[Men of Bree|inhabitants]] are obscure, but apparently they were [[Pre-Númenóreans]], related to the [[Dunlendings]], who had moved far to the North during the [[Dark Years]], and the Bree-landers managed to survive through the violent history of Middle-earth until they were absorbed into [[Arnor]]. It was also the only place in Middle-earth where Men lived with Hobbits on a daily basis: the population of the Bree-land had become a mix of Men and Hobbits, who had migrated from [[Angmar]] around {{TA|1300}}. The ratio varied between each of the four townships of the Bree-land.

In any case, they were still thriving in Bree long after Arnor had collapsed and the memory of [[Kings of Arnor|fallen kings]] faded into the grass. The now independent land enjoyed the (unknowing) protection of the [[Rangers of the North]]. After the [[War of the Ring]], Bree-land became part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]].
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Bree-Land map.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Bree-land from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
==Portrayal in adaptations==

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Bree-land is a major region and one of the starting locations available to new characters. It encompasses not only the four villages and their immediate surroundings, but all the terrain from [[Buckland]] in the far west to the [[Weather Hills]] to the far east. The [[Old Forest]], [[Barrow-downs]], [[Midgewater Marshes]] and [[Chetwood]] are all included within its boundaries.

:During the [[War of the Ring]], Bree-land is threatened by both [[Isengard]] and [[Angmar]]. [[Saruman]]'s [[ruffians]] and [[half-orcs]] came up from the south and camp at [[Andrath]] and the "Bree-fields", while Angmar's Orcs encroach from the [[North Downs]]. Angmar also temporarily secured the allegiance of the "Blackwold" bandit gang, which sets off the events of the Bree-land introduction quests.

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Breeland]]
[[fi:Briimaa]]

Ruffians

2022-11-25T00:02:01Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ added LOTRO

The '''Ruffians''' were a group of [[Men]] from near [[Isengard]].

==History==
The Ruffians followed [[Sharkey]] to [[the Shire]] in {{TA|3018}}.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}</ref> They were his main operatives, commanding the hobbits around, collecting the crop and surpressing any dissent. Many were killed in the [[Battle of Bywater]]; some were captured, and some fled. Those who died were buried in the [[Battle Pit]].<ref>{{RK|Scouring}}</ref>
==Etymology==
A ruffian refers to a scoundrel, rascal, or unprincipled, deceitful, brutal and unreliable person.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ruffian Ruffian] Wiktionary entry</ref>
==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''
:[[John Bott]] plays a ruffian.

'''2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''
:The voices of two ruffians are provided by Martin Vitek and Ivan Laca.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Ruffians in league with Sharkey can be found in regions throughout central [[Eriador]], including [[Bree-land]] and [[the Shire]]. They are classified as "Brigands", a common type of enemy found across Middle-earth.

{{references}}

[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]

Wolves

2022-11-24T23:57:11Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

__NOTOC__
{{disambig-more|Wolves|[[Wolf (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:Quinton Hoover - Orc-mounts.jpg|thumb|[[Quinton Hoover]] - ''Orc-mounts'']]

'''Wolves''' were animals that could be found within [[Middle-earth]] during all three ages.

== History ==
=== First age ===
Wolves were of old allied with the [[Dark Lord]],<ref name= "Fifth">{{S|Fifth}}</ref> and were often used as steeds by the [[Orcs]].<ref name= "Beren">{{S|Beren}}</ref> Wolves, or creatures in wolf-shapes, first came to [[Beleriand]] over mountain passes or through dark forests alongside other fell creatures during [[Morgoth|Melkor's]] third age of captivity.<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref>

During [[Fingolfin|Fingolfin's]] suicidal duel with [[Morgoth]], his body was broken and cast to great wolves of [[Angband]].<ref name= "Fingolfin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> [[Rochallor]] stayed with Fingolfin until his death. Yet when he was assailed by the great wolves, the great steed escaped an immediate death by outrunning them due to his swiftness only to die when his heart broke upon coming to [[Hithlum]].<ref>{{GA|157}}</ref>

When [[Sauron]] took over the isle of [[Tol Sirion]], he built a watch-tower upon it and renamed the isle to [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]], and becoming the ''"Lord of [[Werewolves]]"''.<ref name= "Fingolfin"/> These werewolves of Angband were bred from the great wolf [[Draugluin]]. Of which, [[Carcharoth]] was said to be the greatest of those descended from him.<ref name= "Beren"/>

When [[Gorlim]] was deceived into betraying [[Barahir]], he heard wolf howls when the deception was unmasked and Sauron revealed himself.<ref name= "Beren"/>

When Sauron had sent many wolves into the [[Talath Dirnen]], [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]] took their [[Hounds|wolf-hounds]], of whom [[Huan]] was their chief, and hunted the wolves down. It was said that Huan would meet his end upon encountering the [[Carcharoth|greatest wolf]] to walk upon [[Arda]].<ref name= "Beren"/>

When Huan and [[Lúthien]] assailed Sauron's watch-tower, they were met with an army of wolves which Sauron sent to attack them on the bridge one by one before sending [[Draugluin]] himself, only for him to be also be killed by Huan. After his death, [[Sauron]] decided to take on the form of the [[Wolf-Sauron|mightiest wolf]] in order to fulfill the prophecy of Huan's death, but failed and yielded [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]].<ref name= "Beren"/>

Wolves were among the creatures that fought for Morgoth during the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], after which, they moved freely alongside Orcs into [[Beleriand]] as far southwards as [[Nan-tathren]] and [[Ossiriand]].<ref name= "Fifth"/>

Wolves were among the Orcs that were holding [[Túrin]] captive. Four of these Wolf-sentinels were shot by the [[Elves|Elf]], [[Beleg]] to free his friend.<ref>{{CH|9}}</ref>

Wolves were among the forces that Morgoth used to assail the city of [[Gondolin]].<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref>

=== Third age ===
During the [[Watchful Peace]], [[Aragorn I|Aragorn]] ruled as the fifth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] for only eight years before his life was cut short in {{TA|2327}}, when he was killed by wild wolves in [[Eriador]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>

After [[Gandalf]] had escaped [[Isengard]], [[Saruman]] sent out wolves and orcs in pursuit.<ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

On [[13 January]] of {{TA|3019}} the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] camped at [[Hollin]] and were attacked by wolves.<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> The next morning no remains of Wolves were found around.

== Other names ==
'''Wolf''' is also used as a short form of '''[[Werewolves|Werewolf]]'''.

In [[Quenya]], one of the words for "wolf" is ''ñarmo'' or ''narmo''. Cognates of the same meaning are [[Doriathrin]] ''garm'', and [[Noldorin]] ''garaf''. (A "wolf-howl" is ''naule'' in Quenya, and ''gaul'' in Noldorin.)<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 377 (roots [[ÑGAR(A)M|ÑGAR(A)M-]] and [[ÑGAW|ÑGAW-]])</ref>

Another Quenya word for "wolf" is ''ráka''. Cognates, also meaning "wolf", are [[Noldorin|Exilic Noldorin]] ''draug'' and Doriathrin ''drôg''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 354 (root [[DÁRAK|DÁRAK-]])</ref>

In [[Gnomish]], one of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early conceptions of an [[Elvish|Elven]] language, "wolf" is ''harog'' or ''harw''; "a she-wolf" is ''harach'';<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 48</ref> [[Qenya]] has ''ulku'' "wolf".<ref>{{PE|16}}, p. 85</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In [[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]], the discarded [[Valar]] siblings, [[Makar]] and [[Meássë]], hunted wolves and [[Bears]] within the black mountains.<ref>{{LT1|III}}</ref>

In [[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]], it was said that poisonous snake dwelled where wolves roamed.<ref>{{LT2|I}}</ref>

== Inspiration ==
* Possibly wolves on the plains outside [[Bloemfontein]].
{{quote|Only a few hundred yards beyond the houses [in Bloemfontein] was the open veldt where '''wolves, wild dogs''', and jackals roamed and menaced the flocks, and where after dark a post-rider might be attacked by a marauding lion.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]}}

There are, however, no wolf species native to Southern Africa.

== Portrayal in adaptations ==
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'''''
:[[Lobelia Sackville-Baggins]] believes that wolves are in the Shire, and demands that [[Frodo Baggins]] alert the local [[Shirriff]], [[Robin Smallburrow]] about it by ringing Bywater's town bell. Robin initially dismisses Lobelia and Frodo's warning, but this changes when he is attacked by a white wolf the following night, and Frodo must save him. More wolves are encountered outside Bywater, then in the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], and the streets of [[Bree]].

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Wolves are found in nearly every region of Middle-earth. The term specifically applies to the standard variety, which are most often found wild, occasionally tamed by [[ruffians|brigands]], but never ridden. [[Wargs]] have their own distinct classification and appearances, and are the creatures used as mounts by [[Orcs|Orcs and Goblins]].

'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''
:In the [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]] of the first season, wolf-tracks are spotted by [[Dilly Brandyfoot]], causing [[Elanor Brandyfoot]] to spot a wolf atop a hill and then order the [[Harfoots|Harfoot]] children back to the community's current dwelling place. In the [[Adar (episode)|third episode]], it is revealed during [[Sadoc Burrows|Sadoc Burrows's]] speech of remembrance that one Harfoot, [[Daffodil Burrows]], was killed and taken by wolves during a previous migration.

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Images of wolves|Images of wolves]]

{{References}}

{{Wolves}}

[[Category:Wolves]]
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]
[[de:Wölfe]]
[[fi:Sudet]]

Wargs

2022-11-24T23:52:34Z

Sullathron: /* Games */ cleaned up, updated LOTRO info

{{race infobox
| name=Wargs
| image=[[File:John Howe - Wargs.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Wargs" by [[John Howe]]
| pronun=
| othernames=Wild Wolves
| origin=
| location=Anduin Vale, [[Misty Mountains]]
| affiliation=[[Sauron]], [[Orcs]]
| rivalry=
| language=
| people=
| members=
| lifespan=
| distinctions=
| height=
| hair=
| skin=
| clothing=
| weapons=
}}
{{quote|So here you all are still! ... Not eaten up by Wargs or goblins or wicked bears yet I see|[[Beorn]]}}<ref name=Queer/>
'''Wargs''' or '''Wild Wolves'''<ref name=H17/> were a race of evil [[wolves]]<ref name=H6/>, as called by the [[Northmen]] of Rhovanion.<ref name=L297/>

==Characteristics==
Wargs were an evil breed of [[Demons|demonic]] wolves,<ref name=L297>{{L|297}}</ref><ref name=Gene>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Gene Wolfe]]" (letter)</ref> suggesting that they were inhabited by evil spirits. The origin of the breed is unknown - perhaps they were among the creatures bred by [[Morgoth]] in the [[Elder Days]].<ref>{{HM|MB}}, p. 218</ref> In any case, [[Gandalf]] listed the Wargs among [[Sauron]]'s servants in the late [[Third Age]].<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref>

The Wargs were seen in [[Rhovanion]] and they were often allied with the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], and used as mounts. Wargs were clever and used a tongue, the "''[[Warg-language|dreadful language of the Wargs]]''".<ref name=H6/>

==History==
[[File:Ron Walotsky - Wargs.jpg|thumb|left|Ron Walotsky - ''Wargs'']]
In {{TA|2941}}, the Wargs appeared once to meet the [[Orcs|Goblins]] and organize a raid to the nearby villages, in order to drive the [[Woodmen]] out and capture some slaves. As a pack of Wargs approached east of the [[Misty Mountains]] to meet them, [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Gandalf]], and [[Thorin and Company]] were escaping the goblins. Gandalf seeing the pack coming, suggested to climb the trees and [[Dori]] helped Bilbo in the nick of time.

The Wargs, thinking that the Dwarves are allies of the Woodmen, surrounded the glade and didn't let them descend. Gandalf then used his [[magic]] to light up pinecones and hurl them against the Warg until he drove them out. The wolves that had caught fire fled into the forest and had set it alight in several places, since it was high summer, and on this eastern side of the mountains there had been little rain for some time. However the guards left under the trees did not go away. Eventually Goblins showed up and lit the trees the Dwarves were onto, until the [[Eagles]] came to rescue them.<ref name=H6>{{H|6}}</ref>

The Goblins and the Wargs insisted on looking for the band, since Gandalf had killed the [[Great Goblin]], and also burnt the chief wolf's nose. They went as far as [[Beorn]]'s homestead, but he caught a pair of them and stuck the goblin's head outside the gate and nailed the warg-skin to a tree just beyond<ref name=Queer>{{H|7}}</ref>

Wargs appeared once more, ridden by the Goblins, at the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref name=H17>{{H|17}}</ref> After this, the Wargs had vanished from the woods, so that men went abroad without fear.<ref>{{H|18}}</ref>

A band of Wargs, unaccompanied by Orcs, attacked the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] in [[Eregion|Hollin]].<ref>{{FR|II4}}</ref>

==Etymology and names==
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] derived the word ''warg'' from [[Old English]] ''wearg-'', Old High German ''warg-'', and [[Old Norse]] ''varg''-r., all of these terms literally translating to ''strangler'', ''choker''.<ref name=Gene/><ref>[[Douglas A. Anderson]], ''[[The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition]]'', pp. 146-7, note 9</ref> The word specifically is understood to be [[Northern Mannish]] which "caught on" throughout the [[Westlands]].<ref>{{L|250}}</ref>

While Norse ''vargr'' was a common synonym for ''wolf'', Old English ''wearg'' was used only for an outlaw or hunted criminal.<ref>{{HM|SG}}, "Appendix C: Old English Poem of Attila", p. 373 (note 37)</ref>

In a list of Old English equivalents of [[Elvish]] words, ''[[Balrogs#Etymology|Balrog]]'' is glossed as having the equivalent ''Bealuwearg''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]], the Old English word contains the elements ''bealu'' ("evil"; as in ''bale(ful)'') and ''wearg'' ("wolf, outlaw"; whence the ''Wargs'').<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref>

==Inspiration and influences==
In Old Norse mythology, wargs (''vargr'', a synonym for "wolf", ''ulfr'') are in particular the wolf [[wikipedia:Fenrir|Fenrir]] and his sons [[wikipedia:Skoll|Skoll]] and [[wikipedia:Hati|Hati]].

Tolkien mentioned in a letter that the episode of wargs in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' was "''in part derived from a scene''" in [[Wikipedia:Samuel Rutherford Crockett|S. R. Crockett]]'s novel ''[[The Black Douglas]]''.<ref>{{L|306}}</ref>

Tolkien also noted that [[Gene Wolfe]], one of his readers, seems to have picked up his concept of the Wargs, which occurs in Wolfe's science fiction short story "Trip, Trap" (1967): "''There was also what looked like a very big wild dog or wolf, a'' Warg".<ref name=L297/><ref name=MB2257>{{HM|MB}}, p. 225, note 7</ref> [[John D. Rateliff]] has further commented that Tolkien's Wargs were likely influential on the creation of the wolf-like beasts ''[[Wikipedia:Worg (Dungeons & Dragons)|worgs]]'' in later literature related to [[Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons & Dragons]] and in other fantasy worlds.<ref name=MB2257/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
<gallery>File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Warg.jpg|A Warg in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey- Gundabad Wargs.jpg|Wargs in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]</gallery>

===Radio===
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''
:The Wargs are given fully-voiced dialogue in English, though it's unclear if it's meant to be [[Westron]], or their own language translated for the audience's sake.

===Films===
'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''
:Wargs are seen as large wolves ridden by Goblins. They do not have a fear of fire.

'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''
:Wargs appear to be more like a "hyena-bear-wolf hybrid" rather than wolves, in an effort to distinguish them from regular wolves by presenting them as some sort of distant cousin. However, it should be noted that Tolkien never actually described Wargs beyond stating they were demonic wolves.

'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''
:The Wargs are visually more wolf-like than in the preceding [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' films]]. They are mentioned to be from [[Gundabad]] and are ridden by [[Orcs]] under [[Azog]] who hunt Thorin and Co. Azog himself rides an enormous [[Warg Matriarch|white-haired Warg]].

===Games===
'''1982-1997: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''
:Classified as Undead Beings, the Wargs are said to be bred from cursed wolves, inhabited by an evil spirit, "''being artificially long-lived''", and that their "''body dissipates when slain''". The Wargs are described as being larger, fiercer, and more intelligent than normal wolves.<ref>{{ICE|2012}}, p. 129</ref><ref>{{ICE|2016}}, p. 151</ref>

'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''
:Wargs are a Hazard Creature. Different factions of Wargs are the ''Wargs of the Forochel'' and the ''Misty Mountain Wargs'', and related minions are the ''War-warg'' and ''The Warg-king''.

'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''
:Wargs are taller and darker than regular wolves, but due to the progression in the game, pose less of a threat; whereas wolves are only encountered by a stick-wielding [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], wargs appear only in levels in which the player is [[Gandalf]] or [[Aragorn]].

'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''
:Wargs are portrayed as large wolves. They only appear in cutscenes, and are non-fightable.

'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Wargs, including Wargs ridden by [[Orcs|Orcs and Goblins]], are a common enemy found throughout the game. "Warg Stalkers" are one of the Monster Player classes available for Player versus Monster Player combat in the [[Ettenmoors]]. Monster Player Wargs rely on stealth to ambush players, and some computer-controlled Wargs also demonstrate this ability.

:They look and fight rather like [[Wolves]], and both are classified as Beasts, but Wargs are of a distinct type and appearance , being more monstrous than ordinary wolves. Their appearances vary, typically depending on region, and Warg Stalkers can acquire and choose from several such cosmetic appearances.

==See also==
*[[:Category:Images of Wargs|Images of Wargs]]
{{references}}
{{wolves}}

[[de:Warge]]
[[fr:encyclo/biologie/faune/wargs]]
[[fi:Hukat]]
[[Category:Other races]]
[[Category:Wolves]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]

Ettenmoors

2022-11-24T23:39:30Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{location infobox
| name=Ettenmoors
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - Ettenmoors.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Ettenmoors" by Rob Alexander
| pronun=
| othernames=Ettendales, Troll-fells
| location=Eastern [[Eriador]], north of the [[Trollshaws]]
| type=Moorland
| description=Highland region infested with Trolls
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Trolls]], possibly [[Orcs]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''The Ettenmoors''' were a mountainous, wild, and untamed land that lay north of [[Rivendell]].

Also called the '''troll-fells''',<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref> the region was likely infested with [[Trolls]].

The Ettenmoors included the land of the [[Ettendales]], which consisted of valleys reaching into the foothills of the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 188</ref>

It is speculated that [[Mount Gram]], from where a host of [[Orcs]] [[Battle of Greenfields|attacked]] [[the Shire]], was located in the Ettenmoors.<ref>{{HM|AME}}, pp. 75, 80</ref>
==History==
It was here that in {{TA|1975}} the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] fled after his defeat in the [[Battle of Fornost]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] [[Arador]] was slain by trolls in this area<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref> in {{TA|2930|n}}.<ref>{{App|North}}</ref>

Around [[November]] {{TA|3018}}, scouts from [[Rivendell]] investigated the Ettenmoors for any activities concerning the servants of [[Sauron]], but they came with no warning news.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref>
==Etymology==
{{seealso|etten}}
The name ''Ettenmoors'' consists of ''[[etten]]'' and ''moor'' ("high barren land").<ref name=RC/>

"Fells" translates to hills or moorland, thus "troll-fells" were hills in which [[trolls]] lived.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 183</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the "first phase" of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', map sketches label the source of Hoarwell as [[Dimrill Dale]](s), but when the name was displaced, the region was renamed Hoardale, changed to "Entish Dales" or "Entish Lands". This was before [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] conceived the [[Ents]] of ''[[The Two Towers]]'' and the adjective "entish" directly refers to Old English ''eōten'' "giant"<ref>{{RS|1XId}}</ref> (see also [[#Etymology|Etymology]] section).

Later Tolkien decided to change it into "Trollfells" (capitalized without a hyphen): he wrote on a map: "Alter Entish Lands to [Trollfells > Bergrisland >] Ettenmoor". This is also the first mention of Ettenmoor(s) in the legendarium.<ref name="Map">{{TI|Map}}, p. 306</ref>

==Inspiration==
The name ''Ettenmoors'' is similar to the land of [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Ettinsmoor Ettinsmoor] of [[The Chronicles of Narnia|Narnia]] by [[C.S. Lewis]]. In ''The Silver Chair'' Lewis mentions that it is inhabited by [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Ettin Ettins], giants who often play the game of Cockshies, throwing rocks at a gorge, much like the [[giants|stone giants]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2002-5: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game]]'':'''
:The Ettenmoors are the homeland of the ''[[Etten]]s'' who resemble [[Hill-trolls]], but they possess "''not one but [[Two-headed Trolls|two long heads]]''".<ref>{{D|Fell}}</ref>
[[Image:Ettenmoors map LOTRO.jpg|thumb|Map of the Ettenmoors from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Ettenmoors is the region where Player vs Monster Player play takes place, pitting the "Army of [[Angmar]]" against the "Coldfells Army" of the [[Free Peoples]]. The two factions each have a home base which cannot be entered by the opposing side and a secondary base which can be assailed but not captured. Between them are five major control points: the keeps of "Lugazag", "Tirith Rhaw", and "Tol Ascarnen", the "Isendeep Mine", and "Grimwood Lumber Camp"; as well as several smaller outposts, all of which can be captured by either side.

:Other sites of interest include the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] village "Hoarhallow", its [[Orcs|Goblin]] counterpart, "Grothum", as well as dens of [[bears]], [[eagles]], [[Dragons|drakes]], [[Wargs]], and other beasts that align with one side or are hostile to all.

==See also==
*[[Coldfells]]
*[[Two-headed Trolls]]
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[de:Ettenöden]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/eriador/landes_d_etten]]
[[fi:Jättijängät]]

Hoarwell

2022-11-24T23:20:29Z

Sullathron:

{{location infobox
| name=Hoarwell
| image=[[File:Ralph Damiani - Across Middle-earth - The Last Bridge.png|250px]]
| caption="The Last Bridge" by [[:Category:Images by Ralph Damiani|Ralph Damiani]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Mitheithel'' ([[Sindarin|S]])
| location=Eastern [[Eriador]], running from the [[Misty Mountains]] down to [[Tharbad]]
| type=River
| description=A rushing river<ref name=Mutton>{{H|Mutton}}</ref>
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The river '''Hoarwell''', or '''Mitheithel''' was a river traversing eastern [[Eriador]].
==Course==
It began in the northern [[Misty Mountains]] west of the [[Rhimdath]] River and about 100 miles north of [[Rivendell]]. The Hoarwell flowed west past the [[Ettenmoors]] and then curved southward, skirting the western edge of the [[Trollshaws]]. Flowing under the [[Last Bridge]] on the [[East-West Road]], it coursed southward until it was joined by the [[Bruinen]] or "Loudwater". The Hoarwell turned south-west until at [[Tharbad]] it met with the [[Glanduin]], forming the fenland called ''Nîn-in-Eilph'' or "[[Swanfleet]]". Beyond this point the combined waters were called the [[Gwathló]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
The Hoarwell was within the boundaries of [[Arnor]] when the realm was founded.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> In {{TA|861}}<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> when Arnor was dismembered, the river was within the confines of [[Rhudaur]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

Around {{TA|1150|n}}, the [[Stoors]] came over the [[Redhorn Pass]] and settled in the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle]], the land between the Hoarwell and the Loudwater. When [[Angmar]] became powerful about {{TA|1300|n}}, these hobbits moved over the Hoarwell and settled near [[Bree]].<ref name="TA"/> Later, the [[Fallohides]] followed them down the river and joined the other kinds of Hobbits.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref>

In May {{TA|2941|n}},<ref name="TA"/> [[Thorin and Company]] crossed the Hoarwell on the Last Bridge (and later that night encountered the trolls).<ref name=Mutton/>

On [[11 October]] {{TA|3018|n}}, [[Glorfindel]] drove the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] from the Last Bridge<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> and left a beryl on the roadway to show that the path was safe.<ref>{{FR|I12}}</ref> Two days later, after finding the elf-stone, [[Aragorn]] led the hobbits across the bridge.<ref name="Great"/>

==Etymology==
''Hoarwell'' is a combination of ''hoar'' ("greyish-white") and [[Old English]] ''well'' ("well", "spring", "stream").<ref name=Hoar>{{HM|RC}}, "Prologue", p. 15</ref>

The [[Sindarin]] name ''Mitheithel'' has the same meaning: "hoary spring".<ref name=Hoar>{{HM|UI}}, "Prologue", p. 15</ref> It is composed of ''[[mith]]'' ("pale grey") and ''[[eithel]]'' ("spring", "source").<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 772</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the 1937 version of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' the Hoarwell was described as a rushing ''red'' river coming from the mountains ''in front'' of the company. In the 1966 edition the adjective "red" was removed and the river came from the north in order to match the geography of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Most of the Hoarwell is open to exploration, from its sources in the [[Ettenmoors]] to its confluence with the [[Gwathló]]. Only part of it between the Ettenmoors and the Trollshaws is inaccessible.
{{references}}

[[de:Mitheithel]]
[[fr:Mitheithel]]
[[fi:Mitheithel]]

[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Rivers]]

Swanfleet

2022-11-24T23:11:23Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{location infobox
| name=Swanfleet
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Nîn-in-Eilph
| location=On the lower course of the [[Glanduin]] in [[Eriador]]
| type=Marsh
| description=Vast marsh
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Swans
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Swanfleet''' or '''Nîn-in-Eilph''' was a marshy area in eastern [[Eriador]] through which the lower reaches of the [[Glanduin]] (or "Swanfleet river") flowed before it joined the [[Mitheithel]] (Hoarwell).<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> The Swanfleet was effectively an inland delta, with uncertain streams and a very uncertain difference between land and water.

It strongly resembled the [[Gladden Fields]] on the other side of [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]], and as such many [[Stoors]] felt right at home here after their migration into [[Eriador]]. These Stoors remained here until the [[Great Plague]] nearly wiped them out, and the remainder then went to the [[Southfarthing]] of [[the Shire]].

At the east end of the Swanfleet was a waterfall, beyond which was a ford over the Glanduin,<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref> from where led a road to the ruins of [[Ost-in-Edhil]], the ruined city of [[Eregion]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Nîn-in-Eilph'' is [[Sindarin]] for "water-lands of the Swans".<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 7</ref>
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the first printings of ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]'', [[Pauline Baynes]] wrongly labels "R[iver] Swanfleet" as the lower part of the R. Glanduin; Swanfleet is not a river. The mistake was corrected in later prints.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxvi</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg|thumb|Map of Swanfleet from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The name Swanfleet is applied not only to the delta, which is specifically called "Wadewater", but to the entire surrounding region east of the [[Gwathló]]. This includes "Western [[Eregion]]" and the lands about the [[Old South Road]] on the edge of [[Enedwaith]]. Several villages of [[Men]] and [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] can be found here, as can the ruins of "[[Ost-in-Edhil|Caras Gelebren]]", capital of Eregion.
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

Ost-in-Edhil

2022-11-24T23:09:25Z

Sullathron: added LOTRO adaptation

{{location infobox
| name=Ost-in-Edhil
| image=[[File:Felix Sotomayor - Ost-in-Edhil cropped.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Ost-in-Edhil" by [[:Category:Images by Felix Sotomayor|Felix Sotomayor]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Probably near the [[Sirannon]] many miles downstream from the west-gate of [[Moria]]
| type=City
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Elves of Eregion]]
| created={{SA|750}}<ref name=Concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>
| destroyed={{SA|1697}}<ref name=SA1697>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1697, p. 1083</ref>
| events=[[Sack of Eregion]]
}}
{{quote|Deep they delved us, high they builded us, fair they wrought us, but they are gone.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Ring Goes South]]<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 283</ref>}}

'''Ost-in-Edhil''' ({{SA|750}} – {{SA|1697|N}}, existed for c. 947 years) was the chief city in the elven realm of [[Eregion]]<ref name=Concerning/> in [[Eriador]].

The highroad connected Ost-in-Edhil with the [[Doors of Durin|west gate of Moria]].<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> It was the only road of old from the west to [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] and ran along the river [[Sirannon]]. Ost-in-Edhil was not within sight of the road for many miles from Moria.<ref name=Journey>{{FR|Journey}}, p. 300</ref> As a consequence, it is possible that Ost-in-Edhil was located near the river Sirannon many miles downstream from its source at the west gate of Moria.

==History==
Around {{SA|700}} [[Galadriel]] and her husband [[Celeborn]], who were regarded as the Lord and Lady of the [[Eldar]] in Eriador founded the elven realm of Eregion. The Elves of Eregion were primarily [[Noldor]]. [[Celebrimbor]], a Noldorin smith who had accompanied Galadriel and Celeborn, and other elven smiths founded the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], a brotherhood of Elven craftsmen.<ref name=Concerning/>

Around {{SA|750}} the [[Noldor]] started to build Ost-in-Edhil.<ref name=Concerning/> The Elves of Ost-in-Edhil also built<ref>{{FR|Journey}} "the Elven-way from Hollin", p. 303</ref> a highroad that connected the city with the west gate of Khazad-dûm.<ref name=Rings/>

In {{SA|1200|n}} a mysterious craftsman named [[Annatar]] came to the city. Annatar claimed to have been sent as an emissary by the [[Valar]] to aid the Elves. Although [[Galadriel]] did not trust Annatar and treated him with contempt, Annatar reacted with patience and courtesy, because he wanted to avoid an open conflict with her at the moment. Annatar was more successful to by accepted by the smiths of the Gwaith-i-Mírdain and in secret instructed them in the art of smithing. After some time the Gwaith-i-Mírdain fell under his influence.<ref name=Concerning/>

Between {{SA|1350}} and {{SA|1400|n}} Annatar persuaded the Gwaith-i-Mírdain to rebel against the rule of Galadriel and Celeborn and to seize control over the elven realm of Eregion. As a consequence Galadriel left Eregion with her daugther [[Celebrian]] and travelled through Khazad-dûm to the elven realm of [[Lothlórien|Lórinand]]. Celeborn did not want to enter Khazad-dûm and stayed in Eregion where he was ignored by Celebrimbor.<ref name=Concerning/>

After the Gwaith-i-Mírdain started to forge the [[Rings of Power]] Annatar left Eregion around {{SA|1500}}<ref name=Concerning/> and returned to [[Mordor]]. Around {{SA|1590}} Celebrimbor completed the forging of the [[Three Rings|three Rings of Power of the Elves]].<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1590, p. 1083</ref> Around {{SA|1600}} Annatar, who was in truth [[Sauron]] forged a [[The One Ring|master ring]] in Mordor with the fire of [[Mount Doom]] to dominate the wearers of the Rings of Power. When Sauron put the master ring on his finger Celebrimbor</ref> Celebrimbor<ref>{{FR|Council}}, p. 253</ref> and the other Elves became aware of his plan to be the master of the wearers of the Rings of Power and took their rings off<ref name=Rings/> and Celebrimbor revolted against Sauron.<ref name=Concerning/> After Sauron became aware of the revolt of Celebrimbor, he started to gather an army to take the Rings of Power from the Elves of Eregion by force.<ref name=Concerning/>

In {{SA|1695}} the forces of Sauron came through [[Rohan|Calenardhon]], invaded Eridaor and began the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].<ref name=Concerning/> Only two years later, in {{SA|1697}}<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1697, p. 1083</ref> the forces of Sauron [[Sack of Eregion|stormed and destroyed Ost-in-Edhil]].<ref name=Concerning/>

After four years,<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1701, p. 1083</ref> Sauron and his army were eventually defeated by the Elves with help from the [[Númenóreans]] in {{SA|1701}} and Sauron fled back to Mordor.<ref name=Concerning/>

Fourty-seven centuries later the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] travelled for many miles on the broken and decayed road that once led from Ost-in-Edhil, along the [[Sirannon]], towards the West Gate of [[Moria]] without seeing the ruins of Ost-in-Edhil.<ref name=Journey/>

==Etymology==
''Ost-in-Edhil'' is a [[Sindarin]] name.<ref name=Eldamo>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-401426927.html|articlename=S. ''Ost-in-Edhil'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=06 February 2022}}</ref> It means "Fortress of the Eldar".<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Ost-in-Edhil''</ref> Paul Strack suggests that the name is a combination of ''[[ost]]'' ("fortress", "fort", "stronghold", "citadel", "fortified town", "enclosure"), the plural ''in'' of the definite article ''[[i]]'' and the plural ''Edhil'' of ''[[edhel]]'' "Elf".<ref name=Eldamo/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:As the game does not have the rights to the name "Ost-in-Edhil", other names are used for [[Eregion]]'s capital. "Mirobel, the Jewel-town" is applied to the eastern part of the city, in the game's region of Eregion proper. It includes "Tham Mírdain": the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain|jewelsmiths']] school and library, as well as the Ring-forges. The larger, western part of the city, "Caras Gelebren, the Silver Bastion", lies within the [[Swanfleet]] region.

:In addition to exploring the late [[Third Age]] ruins, players can experience a flashback scenario in which they defend Caras Gelebren during [[Sack of Eregion|its fall]].
{{References}}

[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Noldor]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Ost-in-Edhil]]
[[fi:Ost-in-Edhil]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/eriador/ost-in-edhil]]

Enedwaith

2022-11-24T22:56:32Z

Sullathron: added LOTRO adaptation

{{cleanup}}
{{location infobox
| name=Enedwaith
| image=[[File:Matěj Čadil - Enedwaith.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Enedwaith" by Matěj Čadil
| pronun={{respell|eh|ned|weyeth}}
| othernames=Central Wilderness<ref name=n76>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 76</ref>
| location=Between the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Isen]]; south of [[Minhiriath]] and north-west of [[Rohan]]
| type=Region
| description=
| regions=[[Dunland]]
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}

'''Enedwaith''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[eˈnedwa͡ɪθ]}}), also spelled '''Enedhwaith''' (pron. {{IPA|[eˈneðwa͡ɪθ]}}), the '''Central Wilderness'''<ref name=n76/>, was a region in [[Eriador]] between the river [[Gwathló]] and the river [[Isen]].

==Geography==
Enedwaith was a region between the river Gwathló and the coast of the [[Belegaer]] sea from the mouth of the Gwathló to the mouth of the river Isen in the west, the river [[Glanduin]] in the north, the [[Misty Mountains]] in the east and the river [[Isen]] in the south.<ref name=Glanduin>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name ''Glanduin'', first paragraph</ref><ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> Enedwaith consisted primarily of open plains without mountains.<ref name=GwathloFirst>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, first paragraph</ref>

==History==
===Earliest inhabitants===
Many of the inhabitants of the forests in Enedwaith were of the same kind as the [[Haladin|Folk of Haleth]], the second folk of the [[Edain]]. They moved westwards later than the Folk of Haleth and had stayed in [[Eriador]] either in settlements or wandering around and had not moved on to [[Beleriand]]. The language of the Folk of Haleth was not related to the language of the [[House of Hador|Folk of Hador]] and the [[House of Bëor|Folk of Bëor]].<ref name=Atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>

===Second Age===
At the time of the explorations of [[Aldarion]], the heir to the throne of [[Númenor]], Enedwaith was covered by an almost continuous forest with the exception of the great fens of the [[Swanfleet]]. The native inhabitants were quite numerous and warlike and lived in scattered communities in the forests without a central leadership. In the beginning the native inhabitants of Enedwaith were in awe of the Númenóreans.<ref name=ThirdParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the river Gwathló, third paragraph</ref> Enedwaith was still covered with a dense forest at the time of the earlier settlements of the Númenóreans.<ref name=Atani/>

The native inhabitants started to ambush the Númenóreans when the felling of trees by the Númenoreans became devastating to the forests. As a consequence, the Númenóreans treated the native inhabitants as enemies. The natives of Enedwaith that survived the conflicts with the Númenóreans fled into the eastern mountains where afterwards was Dunland.<ref name=ThirdParagraph/>

In the time of the Númenórean King [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] settlers between [[Pelargir]] and the [[Gulf of Lune]] classified the inhabitants of the forests of Minhiriath as [[Men of Darkness|Men of Shadow]] instead of as [[Middle Men]], because of their hostility to the Númenóreans and because the Númenóreans did not recognize them as kinsmen of the Edain, because the language of the inhabitants of the forests of Minhiriath was not related to the languages of the Folk of Hador and the Folk of Beor, which were closely related and from which the [[Adunaic]] language of Númenor was descended.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, including Note 72</ref>

After the establishment of the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor in {{SA|3320}}, Enedwaith belonged to neither of those two kingdoms.<ref name=Glanduin/>

===Third Age===
In the earlier centuries of Arnor and Gondor<ref name=NM>{{NM|P3xxii}}, p. 378</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 650</ref><ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}</ref> the region of Enedwaith belonged to neither of those two kingdoms.<ref name=Glanduin/> In those ancient days the Gwathló was the eastern border of Arnor and the Isen was the western border of Gondor.<ref name=Isen>{{UT|11c}}, note to the text, first paragraph</ref> Until the decay of Arnor both kingdoms shared an interest in this region, but were mainly concerned with the building and maintenance of the [[North-South Road]], which was the main route of transport between the two kingsdoms except by sea, and of the bridge at the fortified town and haven of [[Tharbad]] and of the long causeways on which the road ran to Tharbad on either side of the Gwathló across the fens in the plains of Enedwaith.<ref name=Glanduin/> There were no permanent settlements of people of Númenórean origin in Enedwaith,<ref name=Glanduin/> except at Tharbad,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> where a large garrison of soliders, mariners, engineers<ref name=Glanduin/> and river-wardens was stationed.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> In addition, the drainage works were built and maintained and the banks of the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Gwathló were strengthened.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/>

After the decay and receding of the kingdom of Arnor, which had originally included Minhiriath,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/>, Enedwaith became a part of Gondor during the days of the Kings of Gondor. Like before, Gondor was mainly concerned with the maintenance and patrolling of the North-South-Road.<ref name=Isen/>

After the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} the region fell quickly into decay and turned back into wild fenlands long before the War of the Ring.<ref name=Glanduin/> A fairly numerous, barbarous folk<ref name=GwathloSecond/> of [[Drúedain]] continued to live as fishers and fowlers in the marshlands of the mouths of the Gwathló and the Isen<ref name=Isen/> and between the mouths of those rivers<ref name=GwathloSecond/> and the remnants of the people that the Rohirrim later called Dunlendings continued to live in the foothills of the western side of the Misty Mountains<ref name=Isen/> in the east of Enedwaith.<ref name=GwathloSecond/>

After the death of the last king of [[Arthedain]], [[Arvedui]] and the end of the kingdom of Arthedain, in {{TA|1975}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1975</ref> and the death of the last king of Gondor, [[Eärnur]], in {{TA|2050}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2050</ref> the weakened realm of Gondor retreated from Enedwaith and the Isen and the Gap of [[Calenardhon]] became the western border of Gondor. As a consequence, the Dunlendings of Enedwaith ceased to be subjects of Gondor.<ref name=Isen/>

After the [[Fell Winter (Third Age)|Fell Winter]] of {{TA|2911}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911, p. 1089</ref> Enedwaith was devasted by great floods and the city of [[Tharbad]] was ruined and deserted in {{TA|2912}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2912, p. 1089</ref>

At the time of the [[War of the Ring]] the south-east of Enedwaith was still in places well-wooded, but most of the plains were grasslands.<ref name=GwathloSecond>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref>

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was reestablished by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1042</ref> It is probable that Enedwaith was resettled, because [[Gandalf]] announced that the Greenway would be opened again, that there would be people and fields where there was wilderness before and that there would be room enough for people between the Isen and the Greyflood.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}, p. 993</ref>

==Etymology==
''Enedwaith'' is a [[Sindarin]] name.<ref name=Eldamo>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2452686109.html|articlename=S. ''Enedwaith'' pn.|website=Eldamo|accessed=15 March 2022}}</ref> It means "middle-region" or "middle-people".<ref name=Letter168>{{L|168}}}</ref> It contains the element ''ened(h)'' ("middle, centre").<ref name=Letter168/> Its second element is the probably [[Lenition|lenited]] form ''waith''<ref name=Eldamo/> of ''[[gwaith]]'' ("people").<ref>{{S|Elements}}, entry ''gwaith''</ref>

The form ''Enedwaith'' appears in the [[General Map of Middle-earth]], but [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] suggested ''Enedhwaith'' in his annotations to [[Pauline Baynes]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Daniel Helen|articleurl=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed/|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|website=The Tolkien Society|accessed=5 August 2018}}</ref>

While writing ''[[Of Dwarves and Men]]'' Tolkien typed ''Enedwaith'' and subsequently added ''h'' manually on the typed text, until he started typing ''Enedhwaith'' which he maintained in ''[[The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor]]''. [[Christopher Tolkien]] preferred the spelling ''Enedwaith'' for the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' for agreement with the published ''[[Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 66</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Enedwaith map.jpg|thumb|Map of Enedwaith from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The game's Enedwaith region encompasses the north-eastern part of that land, between [[Eregion]] and [[Dunland]]. It is a mysterious place, haunted by spirits, though it is also inhabited by [[Dunlendings|Dunlending]] outliers called "Algraig", as well as a village of [[Stoors]]. "Thrór's Coomb" in the [[Misty Mountains]] is where the [[Longbeards]] settled for a time during their exile.

:The territory just east of the [[Gwathló]] and [[Tharbad]], south of "Western Eregion", and surrounding the [[Old South Road]] is considered part of the [[Swanfleet]] region.
{{references}}
{{navigation
| title=Enedwaith
| north-west=[[Minhiriath]]
| north=[[Eregion]]
| north-east=[[Lothlórien]]
| west=[[Belegaer]]
| east=[[Misty Mountains]]
| south-west=[[Belegaer]]
| south=[[Gondor]]
| south-east=[[Rohan]]
}}
[[Category:Pre-Númenóreans]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Rohan]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Enedwaith map.jpg

2022-11-24T22:48:06Z

Sullathron: Map of Enedwaith as it appears in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Maps of Eriador

== Summary ==
Map of [[Enedwaith]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

Eregion

2022-11-24T22:28:52Z

Sullathron: added LOTRO adaptation

{{kingdom
| image=[[File:Donato Giancola - The Fellowship in Hollin.jpg|250px]]
| name=Eregion
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[eˈreɡjon]}}
| othernames=Hollin
| location=The far southeast of [[Eriador]], directly to the west of [[Khazad-dûm]]
| capital=[[Ost-in-Edhil]]
| towns=
| regions=
| population=[[Elves of Eregion]]
| language=[[Sindarin]]
| govern1=[[Lord of Eregion]]
| govern2=
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=
| event1=Foundation
| event1date={{SA|750}}
| event2=[[Three Rings]] made
| event2date={{SA|1590}}
| event3=[[Sack of Eregion|Destroyed]]
| event3date={{SA|1697}}
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=[[Rivendell]]
}}
{{Quote|We have reached the borders of the country that Men call Hollin; many Elves lived here in happier days, when Eregion was its name...|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Ring Goes South]]"}}
'''Eregion''' or '''Hollin''' was a realm of the [[Noldor]] in [[Eriador]] during the [[Second Age]], located near the [[Walls of Moria]], under the shadow of the [[Misty Mountains]]. It was the only lasting Noldorin realm outside [[Lindon]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

==History==
===Foundation===
After the end of the [[First Age]], most of the [[Noldor]] who remained in [[Middle-earth]] dwelt in [[Lindon]] under the rule of [[Gil-galad]], their [[High King of the Noldor|High King]].<ref name=rings/> After some seven centuries, [[Celebrimbor]], the grandson of [[Fëanor]], chose to depart from Lindon and passed eastward, drawn by the promise of mithril in the mines of the Dwarves. Many Elves followed [[Celebrimbor]] and founded the realm of Eregion.<ref name="AppB1">{{App|B1}}</ref> Its capital, [[Ost-in-Edhil]], was founded in {{SA|750}}.<ref name="AppB1"/> It was at this time that [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]] travelled from [[Lake Nenuial]] and settled in Eregion for a while.<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>

The Elves of Eregion lived in harmony and trading freely with the [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] civilization of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. A high road ran from Ost-in-Edhil to Khazad-dûm, and an unprecedented friendship between the two races began in that time.<ref name=rings/> Within Eregion, an important society or guild of craftsmen emerged with Celebrimbor as its leader: these were the ''[[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]'', "the People of the Jewel-smiths", and their work was said to be the greatest since the time of [[Fëanor]].<ref name=rings/>

===Creation of the Rings===
{{main|Rings of Power}}
In {{SA|1200}}, the Elves of Eregion became friends with [[Sauron]], under the guise of [[Annatar]], the "Lord of Gifts".<ref name="AppB1"/> After "[[Annatar]]" taught and assisted the [[Gwaith-i-Mirdain]] with creating the [[Rings of Power]], he left Eregion. Celebrimbor's smiths proceeded then to forge [[Three Rings|Three]] more on their own with the knowledge already gained from him. Their forging was completed by around {{SA|1590}}.<ref name="AppB1"/> Annatar didn't learn about them, and they were "unsullied", free from Sauron's corrupting influence.

When Sauron created the [[One Ring]] in {{SA|1600}}, the Elves who wore the Rings of Power heard his voice and realised they had been deceived.<ref name=rings/><ref name="AppB1"/> In {{SA|1693}}, Celebrimbor sent his three rings away for safekeeping: he gave [[Nenya]] to [[Galadriel]] in [[Lothlórien]], who advised him to send the other two to [[Lindon]], away from Sauron, so he gave [[Vilya]] to [[Gil-galad]] and [[Narya]] to [[Círdan]].<ref name="rings"/><ref name="AppB1"/>

===War and destruction===
[[File:Mark Poole - Eregion.jpg|thumb|''Eregion'' by [[:Category:Images by Mark Poole|Mark Poole]]]]
{{main|War of the Elves and Sauron}}
The Elves of Eregion did not stand alone against Sauron. From [[Lindon]], [[Gil-galad]] sent a force commanded by [[Elrond]] to lend them aid. Before Elrond could come to Eregion, the Dark Lord demanded that the Rings of Power be turned over to him, and when he was refused he brought his full force against Eregion.<ref name="Galadriel"/> In {{SA|1697}}, [[Ost-in-Edhil]] fell, with [[Celebrimbor]] himself leading a last desperate defence on the steps of the Jewel-smiths' [[House of the Mírdain|guild house]].<ref name="Galadriel"/> He was taken captive by the [[Orcs]], then shot through with Orc-arrows, and by some accounts, Sauron used Celebrimbor's body as a banner as he turned to face Elrond's army approaching from the north.<ref name="Galadriel"/>

Sauron gathered up the Rings of Power that remained, and laid waste the land of Eregion, bringing an end to its people. The surviving Elves of Eregion seem to have scattered, as there are various accounts of their fates. Some fled northward to join Elrond's host, and that host was itself forced into retreat; some of these Elves of Eregion settled at [[Rivendell]] when Elrond founded it shortly afterwards.<ref name="Galadriel"/> They were joined there by others of their kind who had escaped into the [[Rhovanion|Wild]], and only later found their way to safety. Many of these people seem to have later abandoned [[Middle-earth]] and sailed into the [[West]].<ref name="Galadriel"/>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Eregion.mp3|Ardamir}}
{{Pronounce|Hollin.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Eregion'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "Holly-region"<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 266</ref> or "Land of Holly"<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Eregion''</ref>. It was called "Hollin-land" or short "Hollin" in [[Westron]]<ref name=RC>{{HM|N}}, p. 772</ref> by Men.<ref>{{S|Rings}}, sixth paragraph</ref> ''Hollin'' is an old form, still used locally, of "[[holly]]". The region abounded in holly-trees.<ref name=RC/> Paul Strack suggests that the name is a combination of ''[[ereg]]'' ("holly") and the suffix ''-ion'' ("-region").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3696772425.html|articlename=S. ''Eregion'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=06 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' it is stated that "''[[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]] therefore went eastwards, about the year 700 of the Second Age, and established the (primarily but by no means solely) [[Noldor]]in realm of Eregion.''"<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> This contradicts the information published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' which gives the founding of Eregion in the year 750.<ref name="AppB1">{{App|B1}}, entry "750"</ref> It is possible to reconcile the texts if 700 is seen as the year of their moving eastwards with 750 as the year of the foundation of Eregion; the canonicity of this, however, is unknown.

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Eregion map.jpg|thumb|Map of Eregion from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The Eregion region encompasses most of the realm, including the [[Walls of Moria]], "Nan Sirannon", the western entrance to the [[Caradhras#Redhorn_Gate|Redhorn Gate]], and "Mirobel" and "Tham Mírdain" on the eastern side of [[Ost-in-Edhil|the capital]]. For gameplay purposes, Western Eregion is part of the [[Swanfleet]] region. This includes the main part of the capital, "Caras Gelebren", and the border with [[Angle (Eriador)|the Angle]].
{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
[[Category:Elven realms]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Noldorin locations]]
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]

[[de:Eregion]]
[[fi:Paatsamala]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/houssaye]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg

2022-11-24T22:24:15Z

Sullathron:

==Summary==
Map of the [[Swanfleet]] region as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Eregion map.jpg

2022-11-24T22:24:06Z

Sullathron:

==Summary==
Map of most of [[Eregion]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Eregion map.jpg

2022-11-24T22:23:57Z

Sullathron: == Summary == ==Summary== Map of most of Eregion as it appears in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Maps of Eriador

== Summary ==
==Summary==
Map of most of [[Eregion]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg

2022-11-24T22:23:07Z

Sullathron:

== Summary ==
==Summary==
Map of the [[Swanfleet]] region as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

South Downs

2022-11-24T22:10:06Z

Sullathron: added image from LOTRO

{{location infobox
| name=South Downs
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - South Downs.jpg|250px]]
| caption=The South Downs as featured in [[The Lord of the Rings Online]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south-east of [[Bree]], east of the [[Barrow-downs]]
| type=Hills
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''South Downs''' was a range of hills that ran through the central regions of [[Eriador]]. They were a dreary, empty land with scarce vegetation.<ref>{{FR|I11}}</ref><ref>{{FR|I12}}</ref>

Walking along the [[East-West Road]] from [[Bree]] to the [[Weather Hills]], one could see the Downs to the south. The [[Greenway]], running through the [[Andrath]], separated the South Downs from the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref>{{HM|FR}}, "[[General Map of Middle-earth]]" [map]</ref><ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

{{references}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Hills]]
[[de:Südhöhen]]
[[fi:Etelän ylänkö]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - South Downs.jpg

2022-11-24T22:09:42Z

Sullathron: ==Summary== The South Downs as they appear in The Lord of the Rings Online. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Images of Eriador

== Summary ==
==Summary==
The [[South Downs]] as they appear in [[The Lord of the Rings Online]].

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Images from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Images of Eriador]]

Cardolan

2022-11-24T22:02:12Z

Sullathron: /* Portrayal in adaptations */

{{kingdom
| image=[[Image:Cardolanrotwk.jpg|250px]]
| name=Cardolan
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]
| capital=
| towns=[[Tharbad]]
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]
| population=[[Dúnedain]] [[Hobbits]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]
| govern1=King of Cardolan
| govern2= [[last prince of Cardolan|Prince of Cardolan]] (vassal of [[Arthedain]])
| govern3=
| currency=
| holiday=
| precededby=[[Arnor]]
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor
| event1date={{TA|861}}
| event2=Abandoned
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event3=
| event3date=
| event4=
| event4date=
| event5=
| event5date=
| followedby=
}}
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.

==Description==
The borders of Cardolan were the river [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] from the [[Brandywine Bridge]] down to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] in the west, the river [[Mitheithel|Hoarwell]] from the [[Last Bridge]] down to the river [[Gwathló]] and down to the Sea in the east, the [[East Road|Great East Road]] in the north and the coast of [[Minhiriath]] from the mouth of the Brandywine to the mouth of the Gwathló in the south. The possession of the [[Weather Hills]] and the land westwards towards Bree was disputed between Cardolan, [[Rhudaur]] and [[Arthedain]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1039</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], the [[Greenway]] and the deep dike with a steep wall on the further side at the northern boundary of Cardolan<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 148</ref> just to the south of the Great East Road<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, pp. 146</ref>.<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref>

==History==
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. There was often stife among the three kingdoms, because Rhudaur and Cardolan desired to possess the Weather Hills and the land westwards towards Bree, especially [[Weathertop]], because the tower on it contained the most important ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' of the North and the other two palantíri of the North were also held by Arthedain.<ref name="Eriador"/> While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, it soon failed in Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name="Eriador"/>

In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1050, p. 1085</ref> and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085</ref> It is possible that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.

===War with Angmar===
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1300, p. 1086</ref>

[[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor, because no descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made a secreat league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> It is possible that Cardolan acceped Arthedain’s claim and that the vassal ruler of Cardolan had the title prince of Cardolan.<ref group=note>In the entry for the year 1356 of manuscript T4 of {{PM|Third}} king Argeleb is slain in battle with Cardolan and Rhudaur and both realms resist his claim to overlordship, but the section ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'' in {{App|Eriador}} only mentions that his claim was resisted by Rhudaur and that he was slain in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar without mentioning that Cardolan resisted the claim or that he died in battle with Cardolan. In addition Cardolan later helps Arthedain in the wars with Rhudaur and Angmar. Furthermore, a [[Last prince of Cardolan|prince]] of Cardolan, rather than a king of Cardolan is mentioned later.</ref> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur and Angmar in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1356, p. 1086</ref> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador"/>

However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan, took Weathertop and destroyed the tower of Amon Sûl. The [[last prince of Cardolan]] was interred in the Barrow-downs that year. Some say that he was interred in the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1041</ref> It is likely that [[Merry]] saw the last memories of the last prince of Cardolan in his dreams in the tomb,<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref> because he mentioned an attack by the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]" and a spear in his heart.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, p. 143</ref> A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1041</ref>

In {{TA|1636}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> most of the people of Cardolan died from the [[Great Plague]], especially in Minhiriath. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the Barrow-downs.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', p. 1041</ref> In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]] attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the [[Barrow-wights]] terrified anyone who attempted to dwell near the Barrow-downs.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}} manuscript C with corrections and expansions, The Northern Line of Arnor: the Isildurioni, 23. Araval, pp. 195, 209-210</ref>

===Legacy===
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}.<ref>{{App|TA}} entry for the year 1974, p. 1086</ref>).

During the [[War of the Ring]] ({{TA|3018}}) the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan around September 24. Their chief, the [[Witch-king]], moved to [[Andrath]] and visited the Barrow-downs, where he stayed for three days in order to rouse the Barrow-wights. According to the rare manuscript ''[[The Hunt for the Ring|The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders]]'', the [[Witch King]] empowered the Barrow-wights and slew the [[Ranger]]s in order to trap the [[Ring]]-bearer - a strategy that would almost work; he left on September 27.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145-6</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref><ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref>

Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.

[[Tom Bombadil]] was seemingly involved (at least as a spectator) in the wars between Cardolan and Angmar, although it is unknown at which extent. After freeing the hobbits from the barrow, he took a brooch for Goldberry and showed grief discovering it belonged to a “fair” woman he met long ago, usually identified with the wife of the [[last prince of Cardolan]].<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref>

== Other versions of the legendarium ==
In the earlier versions of the story, Cardolan was an unnamed ancient kingdom that “fought against the evil foes” long ago. The cairn where the Hobbits were trapped was the barrow of a prince who died during the war (the identification with the [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince]] and the occurrence of Cardolan, Angmar and Carn Dûm are only subsequent).<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref><ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), [[The Treason of Isengard]], From Bree to the Ford and Rivendell, p. 37</ref>

Also, in the earlier versions of Tom Bombadil’s statement regarding the blue-jewelled brooch he took for Goldberry, and the mysterious lady that once wore it, he mentioned that “they shall not forget” the kings, the warriors, the children and the fair maidens of the disappeared kingdom, suggesting Bombadil had personally met the men of Cardolan.<ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 128</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}
''Cardolan'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. Its meaning is not glossed, but several authors suggest it means "Red Hill Land" and is a compound of ''[[caran]]'' ("red"), ''[[dol]]'' ("hill") and ''[[-iand|-(i)an(n)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref>{{HM|GS}}, p. 371</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2202489439.html|articlename=S. ''Cardolan'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=08 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=Clewley>{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3600df6700ce9c85c040|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (363.63)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref> It is possible that the reference to red hills in the name Cardolan is based on the presence of red rock similar to the red stone just west of the [[Ford of Bruinen|ford over the river Loundwater]]<ref>{{FR|Flight}}. p. 213</ref> in Rhudaur.<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=https://www.glyphweb.com/arda/c/cardolan.php|articlename=Cardolan|website=The Encyclopedia of Arda|accessed=03 March 2022}}</ref>

An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name=Clewley/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Cardolan map.jpg|thumb|Map of Cardolan from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Cardolan, translated as "Land of Red Hills", is featured in its ruined and mostly-abandoned state at the end of the [[Third Age]].

:The northern boundary of the old realm is considered part of [[Bree-land]]; however, the main part of Cardolan lies within its own in-game region of that name. It encompasses the southern reaches of the [[Old Forest]], [[Andrath]], and [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]]; the [[South Downs]]; the wetlands of "Sedgemead" along the [[Gwathló]]; and "Ruddymore" in the south-west, along the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]].

:The [[Orcs|Orc]]-infested ruins of [[Tharbad]] are in the south-easternmost part of Cardolan, where the road runs into the [[Swanfleet]] region.

{{references|n}}
[[Category:Arnor]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Mannish realms]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Cardolan]]
[[fi:Cardolan]]
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]

Tharbad

2022-11-24T21:59:36Z

Sullathron: added LOTRO adaptation

{{cleanup}}
{{location infobox
| name=Tharbad
| image=[[File:Rob Alexander - The Ruins of Tharbad.jpg|250px]]
| caption="The Ruins of Tharbad" by [[:Category:Images by Rob Alexander|Rob Alexander]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| location=[[Eriador]], on the [[Gwathló]] river
| type=Ford/town
| description=
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=[[Men]]
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
'''Tharbad''' was a ford<ref name=pat>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''pat-'', p. 34</ref> and ruined town<ref name=South>{{FR|South}}, p. 274</ref><ref name=UI>{{HM|UI}}, entry ''Tharbad'', p. 15</ref> at the river [[Gwathló]] on the southern border of [[Eriador]]<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, first paragraph, p. 1039</ref>.

==Geography==
Tharbad was located on the southern border of [[Eriador]] a few miles downstream from the confluence of the river [[Hoarwell]] and the river [[Glanduin]], which formed the river Gwathló.<ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref> The lower part of the [[Glanduin]] was a fenland called the [[Swanfleet]] and the natural state of the upper [[Gwathló]] near Tharbad was a slow wide river that spread into a fenland. The land around Tharbad was later drained to strengthen the banks of the river to allow the construction of causeways, a bridge, a harbour and a town. Ships with a smaller draught could be sailed or rowed up the Gwathló as far as Tharbad.<ref>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló</ref>

The North-South Road crossed the river Gwathló at Tharbad.

==History==
===Second Age===
In the early [[Second Age]] the '[[Swanfleet]]' river, entered the southern part of the [[Noldor|Noldor]]in realm [[Eregion]]. After he took the sceptre
in {{SA|883}}<ref>{{UT|4a}}, ''Chronology'', second paragraph</ref> the King of [[Númenor]], [[Tar-Aldarion]] traveled up the River Gwathló to Tharbad and met [[Galadriel]] there.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative'', fourth paragraph</ref>

Such early river voyages were also made by hardy explorers of [[Númenor]], in ships of smaller draught,<ref name=UT>{{HM|UT}}</ref> but such journeys up the Gwathló increased rapidly after the Númenóreans constructed a small harbour at the river's estuary to exploit the local timber: '[[Vinyalondë]]', 'the New Haven'.

By {{SA|1695}}, the Númenóreans were devastating the forests below Tharbad, and had been obliged to build forts both at the Haven and along the river, to protect their ship-building yards and wood-stores from the local population, who were understandably hostile, treated as enemies.<ref name="GC"/>

Despite overrunning all of Eriador in the war which began in that year, Sauron's armies had eventually been forced back to the fortified River Gwathló, where they were held. Beforehand, Sauron had not enough force to spare for any assault upon the forts, but late in the war he had summoned more forces, which were approaching from the south-east, and were indeed in [[Enedwaith]] at the Crossing of Tharbad, which was only lightly held.<ref name="GC">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>

Whether Tharbad's defences - which presumably consisted of the most northerly of the Gwathló's river forts - were overcome is uncertain, but Tharbad did become the site of [[The Battle of the Gwathló]], where after having his army caught in the rear by [[Ciryatur]], who had hurried up the Gwathló from [[Lond Daer]], "Sauron was routed utterly.."<ref name=UT/>

Tharbad is not mentioned in surviving records for more than 1500 years after the war: the whole region was largely ignored by the elves and the Númenóreans following the destruction of Eregion and the forests "and the continued hostility of the surviving natives."{{fact}}

The site of the ford became very important after the founding of [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] in {{SA|3320}}, however, and saw extensive development:

A need had arisen "..to undertake the great works of drainage and dyke-building that (would make) a great port on the site where Tharbad stood.."<ref name=UT/>

The ford was deepened to receive sea-going vessels, and the massive fenlands above it were extensively drained, until a much smaller Swanfleet was all that remained. Tharbad's new river-port was spanned by a bridge, the immense labour of which "was shared by the North and South Kingdoms", and included "a fortified town and haven about the [[Bridge of Tharbad|great bridge]] over the [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]."<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>

These fortifications around the town were "raised there on great earthworks on both sides of the river..", and '[[Greenway|The Great South Road]]', which was built at the same time to connect the two nations, passed across the bridge via "long causeways that carried the road to it on either side across the fens.."<ref name=UT/>

It is probable that Tharbad became part of the kingdom of Arnor in {{SA|3320}}, because after the establishment of the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor, Enedwaith belonged to neither of those two kingdoms<ref name=Glanduin>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name ''Glanduin'', first paragraph</ref> and the Gwathló was the eastern border of Arnor and the Isen was the western border of Gondor<ref name=Isen>{{UT|11c}}, note to the text, first paragraph</ref>.

===Third Age===
In the earlier centuries of Arnor and Gondor<ref name=NM>{{NM|P3xxii}}, p. 378</ref><ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, p. 650</ref><ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}</ref> the region of Enedwaith between the Gwathló and the Isen belonged to neither of those two kingdoms.<ref name=Glanduin/> Until the decay of Arnor both kingdoms shared an interest in Enedwaith, but were mainly concerned with the building and maintenance of the [[North-South Road]], which was the main route of transport between the two kingsdoms except by sea, and of the bridge at the fortified town and haven of Tharbad and of the long causeways on which the road ran to Tharbad on either side of the Gwathló across the fens in the plains of Enedwaith.<ref name=Glanduin/> There were no permanent settlements of people of Númenórean origin in Enedwaith,<ref name=Glanduin/> except at Tharbad,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> where a large garrison of soliders, mariners, engineers<ref name=Glanduin/> and river-wardens was stationed.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> In addition, the drainage works were built and maintained and the banks of the rivers [[Mitheithel]] and Gwathló were strengthened.<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/>

When the Kingdom of Arnor was divided in {{TA|861}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 861, p. 1085</ref> [[Minhiriath]], the region between the river [[Baranduin]] and the river Gwathló became a part of [[Cardolan]], one of the three successor states of Arnor.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', first paragraph, p. 1039</ref> As a consequence, Tharbad probably became a part of Cardolan.

From about {{TA|1150}}, the [[Stoors]], a tribe of hobbits, migrated to and settled in<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1150, p. 1085</ref> the area between Tharbad and the borders of Dunland,<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}, p. 3</ref> but they left around {{TA|1630|n}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year ''c.'' 1630, p. 1085</ref>.

After the [[Great Plague]] spread north-west from Gondor in {{TA|1636}},<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 1636, p. 1086</ref> most of the people of Cardolan died, especially in Minhiriath.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, ''The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain'', entry for king Argeleb II, p. 1041</ref> After that Minhiriath was almost completely deserted,<ref name=SecondParagraph>{{UT|6d}}, discussion of the name Gwathló, second paragraph</ref>, but some survivors of the plague continued to live in Tharbad. After the decay and receding of the kingdom of Arnor, which had originally included Minhiriath,<ref name=NM/><ref name=RC/><ref name=VT/> Enedwaith became a part of Gondor during the days of the Kings of Gondor. Like before, Gondor was mainly concerned with the maintenance and patrolling of the North-South-Road.<ref name=Isen/> As a consequence, it is possible that the town of Tharbard became a part of Gondor. However, after the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636}} the region fell quickly into decay and turned back into wild fenlands long before the War of the Ring.<ref name=Glanduin/>

The survivors of the great plague remained in Tharbad, and the Great (now Old) South Road continued to be an important trade route for another 350 years until the fall of Arthedain in {{TA|1974|n}}, and the end of the 'days of the Kings' in Gondor 76 years later. From {{TA|2050|n}}, the nearby native [[Dunlendings]], as well as the people left in Tharbad no doubt, ''..ceased in fact to be subjects of Gondor; the Royal Road was unkempt in Enedwaith, and the Bridge of Tharbad became ruinous, and was replaced only by a dangerous ford.''<ref>{{UT|Isen}}</ref>

After the [[Fell Winter]] of {{TA|2911}}<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2911, p. 1089</ref> in {{TA|2912}} Enedwaith and Minhiriath were devastated by great floods and Tharbad was ruined and deserted<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2912, p. 1089</ref>.

Over a century later in {{TA|3018}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 4 July and 24 October</ref> the North-South Road no longer existed except for the crumbling remains of the causeways on both sides of the river and the river was crossed by [[Boromir]] on a ford that was formed by the ruings of the bridge.<ref name="GC"/> The ford was so dangerous<ref name="GC"/> that Boromir lost his horse when he crossed the river at the ford.<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}, p. 374</ref>

Before 22 September {{TA|3018}} the [[Ringwraiths]] cross the Greyflood on their way to the [[Shire]].<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 22 September, the reach the Sarn Ford on that day, p. 1091</ref>

On 27 September {{TA|3018}} Gandalf crossed the Greyflood<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, 27 September, p. 1091</ref> with his horse [[Shadowfax]] at Tharbad.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 552 citing from ''The Hunt for the Ring'', Marquette manuscript 4/2/33</ref>
Others occasionally crossed the ruined bridge - at their peril - including the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], servants and spies of [[Saruman]], as well as the [[Rangers of the North]] who sought [[Aragorn]] in Rohan in {{TA|3019|n}}.

After the War of the Ring at the end of the [[Third Age]], the North-kingdom of Arnor was reestablished by [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}, p. 1042</ref> It is probable that the town of Tharbad and its bridge were rebuilt, because [[Gandalf]] announced that the Greenway would be opened again, that there would be people and fields where there was wilderness before and that there would be room enough for people between the Isen and the Greyflood.<ref>{{RK|Homeward}}, p. 993</ref>

==Etymology==
''Tharbad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name. It means "road-crossing".<ref name=UI/> It is composed of the elements ''thar'' ("across", "over") and ''pad'' ("walk", "step").<ref>{{PE|17}}, entries S ''thar-'' and S ''pad-'', p. 34</ref> Its original meaning is said to have been "the Stepping Stones". Tharbad was originally a ford over which one could walk.<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry S ''thar-'', p. 34</ref> The name Tharbad was already used for the ford before the town was established.<ref name=pat/>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:Tharbad is part of the [[Cardolan]] region, at the border of [[Swanfleet]]. It is also the dividing point between the [[Greenway]] and the [[Old South Road]]. The ruins are occupied by [[Orcs]], and an expedition of hopeful settlers from Bree-land camp nearby.
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

{{references}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Fords]]
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]
[[de:Tharbad]]
[[fi:Tharbad]]
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/eriador/tharbad]]

Swanfleet

2022-11-24T21:53:41Z

Sullathron: added LOTRO adaptation

{{location infobox
| name=Swanfleet
| image=
| caption=
| pronun=
| othernames=Nîn-in-Eilph
| location=On the lower course of the [[Glanduin]] in [[Eriador]]
| type=Marsh
| description=Vast marsh
| regions=
| towns=
| inhabitants=Swans
| created=
| destroyed=
| events=
}}
The '''Swanfleet''' or '''Nîn-in-Eilph''' was a marshy area in eastern [[Eriador]] through which the lower reaches of the [[Glanduin]] (or "Swanfleet river") flowed before it joined the [[Mitheithel]] (Hoarwell).<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> The Swanfleet was effectively an inland delta, with uncertain streams and a very uncertain difference between land and water.

It strongly resembled the [[Gladden Fields]] on the other side of [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]], and as such many [[Stoors]] felt right at home here after their migration into [[Eriador]]. These Stoors remained here until the [[Great Plague]] nearly wiped them out, and the remainder then went to the [[Southfarthing]] of [[the Shire]].

At the east end of the Swanfleet was a waterfall, beyond which was a ford over the Glanduin,<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref> from where led a road to the ruins of [[Ost-in-Edhil]], the ruined city of [[Eregion]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Nîn-in-Eilph'' is [[Sindarin]] for "water-lands of the Swans".<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 7</ref>
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In the first printings of ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]'', [[Pauline Baynes]] wrongly labels "R[iver] Swanfleet" as the lower part of the R. Glanduin; Swanfleet is not a river. The mistake was corrected in later prints.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. lxvi</ref>

==Portrayal in adaptations==
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg|thumb|Map of Swanfleet from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.]]
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''
:The name Swanfleet is applied not only to the delta, which is specifically called "Wadewater", but to the entire surrounding region east of the [[Gwathló]]. This includes Western [[Eregion]] and the lands about the [[Old South Road]] on the edge of [[Enedwaith]]. Several villages of [[Men]] and [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits]] can be found here.
{{references}}
[[Category:Eriador]]
[[Category:Regions]]
[[Category:Swamps]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Swanfleet map.jpg

2022-11-24T21:52:50Z

Sullathron: ==Summary== Map of Cardolan as it appears in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Maps of Eriador

== Summary ==
==Summary==
Map of [[Cardolan]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Angle map.jpg

2022-11-24T21:36:30Z

Sullathron: Sullathron uploaded a new version of File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Angle map.jpg

==Summary==

Map of the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==

{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]

[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Trollshaws map.jpg

2022-11-24T21:34:55Z

Sullathron: Sullathron uploaded a new version of File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Trollshaws map.jpg

==Summary==
Map of the [[Trollshaws]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Bree map.jpg

2022-11-24T21:33:09Z

Sullathron: ==Summary== Map of Bree as it appears in ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. ==Licensing== {{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}} Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online Category:Maps of Bree-land

== Summary ==
==Summary==
Map of [[Bree]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Bree-land]]

File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Cardolan map.jpg

2022-11-24T21:32:03Z

Sullathron:

==Summary==
Map of [[Cardolan]] as it appears in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''.

==Licensing==
{{Fairuse-Standing Stone Games}}

[[Category:Maps from The Lord of the Rings Online]]
[[Category:Maps of Eriador]]